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The following assumptions are made in deriving the formula for critical
buckling load (Euler Buckling Load).
1. The compressive loads are applied at the ends of the column without
eccentricity.
2. The column is perfectly straight before the loads are applied.
3. The ends of the column are frictionless pins (or hinges), which
allow the column to buckle about any axis of the cross-sections.
4. The column is made of homogeneous and isotropic material.
5. The self-weight of the column is ignored.
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The critical buckling load (Euler Buckling Load) Pcr for an ideal pin-ended
column is given by:-
Pcr =
2 EI
L2
(in N)
Le = K*L
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Pcr =
2 EI
le
or
Pcr =
2 EI
( KL) 2
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SLENDERNESS RATIO
Radius of Gyration
The measure of slenderness of the cross-section of the column is its radius
of gyration, r, defined as:-
rxx =
I xx
A
and
ryy =
I yy
A
where Ixx and Iyy = moment of inertia about x-x and y-y axis.
A = area of the cross-section.
In most cases, it is required to determine the axis for which the radius of
gyration is the smallest, because that is the axis about which the column
would likely buckle.
Slenderness Ratio
A column has been described as relatively long, slender member loaded in
compression. This description is stated in relative terms and is not very
useful for analysis.
The measure of the slenderness of a column must take into account the
length, the cross-sectional shape and dimensions of the column, and the
manner of attaching the ends of the column to the structures that supply
loads and reactions to the column. The commonly used measure of
slenderness is the slenderness ratio, defined as:-
SR =
( KL) = Le
r
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(c)
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(d)
(e)
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In (a), the Euler buckling load of a long column with both ends pinned is
2 EI
given by Pcr =
.
L2
In (b), a curve of critical buckling load Pcr is plotted against the column
length L.
It shows that when the column length approaches to infinity, the critical
buckling load approaches to zero. This means that when you exert a very
small compressive load on a very slender column, the column buckles.
When the column length approaches to zero, the buckling load approaches
to infinity. This means that a very short column can support an extremely
large load regardless the material strength of the column. Is this make sense?
Definitely NOT. From the above discussion, we note that there are
limitations on the use of the Eulers Formula.
In (c), the moment of inertia about one axis is greater than that about the
other and the effective lengths about both axes are the same. Theoretically,
the member can potentially fail by buckling about either axis as shown in (d).
However, the load required to cause it to buckle about the stronger axis
exceeds the load which will cause buckling about the weak axis. Therefore
2 EI yy
as shown in (e).
the member will buckling at Pcry =
L2
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cr
Pcr
2E
=
=
A Le 2
r
Consider Pcr =
2 EI
Le
and cr
Pcr 2 EI 2 Er 2
2E
=
= 2 =
=
2
2
A
Le A
Le
Le
r
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The above criteria may be expressed in terms of the slenderness ratio the
column can be considered a long column if the following is true:
Le
2E
Slenderness Ratio
>
y
rmin
where
If the slenderness ratio Le/r is greater than the expression on the right, the
column is considered long and the Eulers formula can be applied.
If Le/r is less than the expression on the right, the Eulers formula cannot
be used. The column should be designed as a short column or
intermediate column.
Critical
Stress cr
Euler's Formula
Invalid
Euler's Formula
Valid
(Le /r)1
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Critical
Stress cr
yield C
Short
Columns
Long Columns
When the slenderness ratio falls in between CD, the column is treated as a
short column. When the slenderness ratio falls in between DB, the column
is treated as a long column and its behaviour is governed by Eulers
Formula.
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Some examples of efficient column shapes are shown below. (a) Hollow
circular section, (b) Hollow square section, (c) Built-up box section, (d)
Equal-leg angles with plates, (e) Channels with plates and (f) Two equal-leg
angles.
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BRACING
In order to increase the compressive load carrying capacity of a column,
bracing is normally used. The addition of bracing decreases the effective
length of columns. The addition of bracing must be done with care. If it is
not done properly, no benefit is gained and even a loss is incurred due to the
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(a)
(b)
(c)
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Pinned
Le = L/2
Bracing a column changes its effective length and consequently its buckling
mode. The more a column is braced, the shorter its effectively length
becomes and the greater the load that is required to cause buckling. If
bracing is used, it is usually more effective when placed symmetrically.
Bracing in
both directions
Le = L/2
Pinned
(a)
No bracing
2 EI
P1 =
L2
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(c)
Third-point bracing
2 EI
P3 =
= 9 P1
2
L
3
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Le = L/3
Bracing in
both directions
Le =2 L/3
Bracing in
both directions
Le = L/3
Le = L/3 Le = L/3
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ALLOWABLE LOAD
The allowable load is calculated by dividing the critical buckling load by a
Factor of Safety, F.S.. That is,
Pa =
Pcr
F. S.
Compressive
Stress = P/A
Crushing stress
c =P/A
Buckling stress
cr
Factor of Safety
Allowable
stress
Slenderness Ratio (Le /r)
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Example 1
A uniform column AB is 3 m in height and having a square hollow section
as shown in the figure. Using Eulers formula and a factor of safety of two,
determine the allowable load for the column and the corresponding normal
stress. Use E = 200 GPa and yield = 250 N/mm2.
P
Free
10 mm
120 mm
3m
120 mm
A Fixed
Solution:
Effective length = K*L = 2* 3 = 6m
Cross-sectional area = 1202 1002 = 4400 mm2
Moment of Inertia, Ixx = Iyy = (1204 1004)/12 = 8.947*106 mm4
Euler Buckling Load, Pcr =
2 EI
2
6000 2
le
= 490600 N = 490.6 kN
Pcr 490600
= 111.5 N / mm 2
=
A
4400
< yield = 250 N / mm 2 O.K.
Critical stress cr =
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Example 2
An axially loaded aluminum column is 6 m long and has the cross-section as
shown in the figure. The column is pin-connected at both ends. Determine
(a) the critical Euler load for this column, (b) the critical stress for this
column. Use E = 75 GPa and yield = 150 MPa.
200 mm
Y
20 mm
X
Y
360 mm
Solution:
Effective length le = K*L = 1* 6 = 6m
Cross-sectional area = 360*200 320*160 = 20800 mm2
As Ixx < Iyy, then the column will buckle about x-x axis.
Ixx = (360*2003 320*1603) / 12 = 1.308*108 mm4
The Euler buckling load is: 2 EI xx 2 75 x10 3 1.308 x10 8
Pcr =
=
= 2689500 N = 2689.5 kN
2
2
6000
le
The critical stress is:P
2689500
cr = cr =
= 129.3 MPa < yield = 150 MPa O.K.
A
20800
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Example 3
A circular hollow aluminum tube is used as an axially loaded column. The
column is fixed at the bottom and is pinned at the top. The tube is 4.5 m
long, has an outside diameter of 60 mm and an inside diameter of 40 mm.
Calculate the allowable load that the column can carry if a factor of safety of
2.5 is used. Use E = 75 GPa and yield = 150 MPa.
Solution:
Effective length le = K*L = 0.707* 4.5 = 3.1815m
Cross-sectional area =
I=
(60
64
(60
4
40 2 = 1571 mm 2
40 4 = 510509 mm 4
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Example 4
A steel column with a height of 8 m is fixed at its bottom. At the top of the
column, it is braced in its weaker direction and it is free to move in its
stronger direction. The cross-section of the column is shown in the figure.
Determine the allowable load that the column can carry if a factor of safety
of 3 is used. Use E = 205 GPa and yield = 275 MPa.
Y
350 mm
30 mm
250 mm
350 mm
50 mm
50 mm
Y
Solution:
Area of the section, A = (3502 320*250) = 42500 mm2
Moment of Inertia Ixx = (3504 320*2503) / 12 = 8.339*108 mm4
Moment of Inertia Iyy = 2*50*3503 / 12 + 250*303 / 12 = 3.579*108 mm4
Effective length when buckling about x-x axis,
lex = Kx*L = 2*8 = 16 m (Fixed Free support condition)
Effective length when buckling about y-y axis,
ley = Ky*L = 0.707*8 = 5.656 m (Fixed Pinned support condition)
Buckling load about x-x axis,
2 EI xx 2 205 x10 3 8.339 x10 8
Pcrx =
=
= 6590600 N = 6590.6 kN
2
16000 2
lex
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200 mm
Q1.
15 mm
300 mm
Q2.
Q3.
B
W
3m
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Q4.
1m
C
4m
Q5.
2m
C
1.5m
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1m
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Q6.
A
1m 1.5m
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