Estiecep

Biomedical Technology
1. A mammography service examined 327 patients during the third calendar quarter of 1996. 719 films
were exposed during this period, eight of which were repeats. What is the repeat rate?
a. 45.5%
b. code 2.45%
c. 1.1%
d. 54.52%
repeat rate=
no . repeated films
x 100
total no . of films
repeat rate=
8
x 100
719
repeat rate=1.1
2. A type of luminescence where the visible light is emitted only during the stimulation of the phosphor.
.
a. fluorescence b. phosphorescence
c. after glow
d. any of the above
3. If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to side at its widest point, and its image on chest radiograph
measures 14.7 cm, what is the magnification factor?
.
a. 0.85 b. 1.18
c. 0.15
d. 2.2
object
image
MF=
MF=
14.7 cm
12.5 cm
MF=1.18
4. Radiation doses in the range of approximately200 to 1000 rad produce the
.
a. Gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome
b. Central Nervous System (CNS) syndrome
c. Hematologic syndrome
d. Prodomal syndrome
5. Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation through a grid ratio of patient dose with and without grid
.
a. Bucky factor
b. Damadian factor
c. Grid ratio
d. Roentgen equivalent
6. A radiographic single-phase unit installed in a private office has a maximum capacity of 100
milliseconds of 120kVp and 500mA. What is the power rating?
.
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1
a. 42 kW
b. 60 kW
c. 600W
Power rating=( 0.7 ) x
mA x kVp
1000
Power rating=( 0.7 ) x
( 500 ) (120)
1000
d. 24kW
Power rating=42 kW
7. Who completes the development of first computed tomographic (CT) scanner (EMI, Ltd.) in 1973?
.
a. Mistretta
b. Forssmann
c. Kuhl
d. Hounsfield
8. It is the study of the response of an image receptor to x-rays

.
a. sensitometry
b. xeroradiography
c. xeroradiometry
d. spectrometry
9. Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to that without a grid

.
a. grid ratio
c. Collidge factor
b. contrast improvement factor

d. Bucky factor
10. Analysis of persons irradiated therapeutically with superficial x-rays has shown that the skin
erythema dose required to affect 50% of persons so irradiated is about
.
a. 200 rad
b. 400 rad
c. 600 rad
d. 800 rad
11. ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05 to ____ Hz

.
a. 1000
b. 540
c. 100
d. 40
12. Find the potential generated if blood flowing in a vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a magnetic field of
250 G. Assume a volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm per second.
.
a. 206 uV
b. 309 uV
E=
QB
50 a
E=
( 175 cc . s ) (250 G)
50 (0.9 cm)
c. 903 uV
d. 260 uV
E=309 uV
13. Period during which heart contracts.
.
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2
a. Diastole
b. Systole
c. block mode
d. Synapse
14. Apparatus for measuring blood pressure

.
a. defibrillator
c. plethysmograph
b. electrocardiogram
d. sphygmomanometer
15. Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J imparted to an electron stream by an X-ray device,
calculate the frequency in MHz.
.
a. 10^6 MHz
b. 45.29 MHz
f=
E
h
f=
6.624 x 10 J
34
6.624 x 10 J s
c. 10^10 MHz
d. 300 MHz
18
f = 10^10 MHz
16. It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and won Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in 1905. It refers
to the emission of electrons from a clean metallic surface (phototube) when electromagnetic
radiation (light waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
.
a. Photoelectric effect
c. Bremsstrahlung
b. Compton effect
d. Mie effect
17. Unit of radiation exposure or amount of X-ray radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9 ion pairs per
cubic centimetre of air at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
.
a. Curie
c. Radiation absorbed dose (rad)
b. Roentgen
d. Gray
18. An optical electronic device that measures the color concentration of a substance in solution.
.
a. colorimeter
c. spectrophotometer
b. flame photometer
d. chromatograph
19. Recording of heart sounds

.
a. ultracardiography
c. electrocardiogram
b. cardioacoustics
d. phonocardiography
20. Recorder for measuring galvanic skin resistance

.
a. electrodermograph
c. electrocorporealograph
b. electromyograph
d. electrogalvanograph
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Digital and Data Communications

1. It consists of 36 unique codes representing the 10 digits and 26 uppercase letters
a. Discrete code
b. code 39
c. continuous code
d. 20 code
2. The first fixed- length character code developed for machines rather than for people
a. ASCII Code b. Gray Code
c. EBCDIC code
d. Baudot Code
3. The early pioneer in the development of error-detection and correction procedures

a. Richard W. Hamming b. William R. Hamming c. Emile Baudot d. Samuel Baudot
4. The most reliable convolutional coding scheme for error detection
a. checksum
b. LRC c. CRC d. VRC
5. For the given parameters, determine the energy per bit-to noise power density ratio
C = 10e-12 W
fb = 60 kbps
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W
B = 120 kHz
a. 16.2 dB
b. 14.2 dB
Eb
C B
=10 log
x
N0
N fb
c. 20.2 dB
d. 22.2 dB
12
Eb
10 W
120 kHz
=10 log
x
14
N0
1.2 x 10 W 60 kbps
6. A signal at the input to a mu-law compressor is positive with its voltage one-half the maximum value.
What proportion of the maximum output voltage is produced?
a. 0.786Vmax
b. 0.876Vmax
c. 0.867Vmax
d. 0.678Vmax
uVin
)
Vmax
ln(1+u)
ln(1+
v =Vmax
ln (1+
v =Vmax
( 255 ) (0.5 Vmax )

)
Vmax
ln(1+255)
v =0.876 Vma x
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4
7. Inaccuracies caused by the representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of a number of

discrete values.
a. alias signal
b. slope overload c. distortion d. quantizing errors
8. Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate by using knowledge of the way in which voice sounds
are produced
a. vocoder
b. codec c. sample-and-hold circuit d. ADC
9. A coding scheme that records the change in signal level since the precious sample
a. unipolar code b. PPM c. PCM d. delta modulation
10. Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when coding an analog signal for digital
transmission
a. aliasing
b. foldover distortion c. either a or b d. neither a nor b
11. A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12000 frames per minute with
each frame carrying an average of 10000 bits. What is the throughput of this network?
a. 1 Mbps
b. 2 Mbps c. 3 Mbps d. 4 Mbps
T h roug h put=
12 000 x 10 000
60
= 2 Mbps
12. A telephone subscriber line must have an SNRdB above 40. What is the minimum number of bits?
a. 3.56
b. 5.63 c. 6.35 d. 3.65
SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40

n = 6.35
13. The thick coaxial cable implementation of standard Ethernet
a. 1000 Base-T
b. 10 Base-T
c. 10 Base 2 d. 10 Base 5
14. A bit pattern or a character added to the beginning and the end of a frame to separate the frames
a. Flag
b. Firewall c. Frameguard d. Footprint
15. An IPv4 has an address space of how many?

a. 4294967296
b. 6927694924
c. 2449692769 d. 9672969442
232 = 4294967296
16. What is the bit rate of STS 1?
a. 51.84 Mbps b. 64 kbps c. 100 Mbps d. 2.4 GHz
17. A block coding technique in which four bits are encoded into a five bit code
a. Baudot
b. 2B1Q Encoding
c. 4B/5B Encoding d. 4A/5A Encoding
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17. A national standards organization that defines standards in the United States
a. ANSI
b. FCC
c. ITU d. CCITT
18. In asynchronous transmission, one or more bits to indicate the end of transmission
a. trailer
b. flag
c. escape byte
d. stop bit
19. What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS-3 service?
a. 1.368 Mbps
b. 1.480 Mbps
c. 2.048 Mbps
d. 6.024 Mbps
Digital Communications
1. The minimum sampling rate according to Nyquist Theorem
a
b
c
d
equal to the lowest frequency of a signal

equal to the highest frequency of a signal
twice the bandwidth of a signal
twice the highest frequency of a signal
2. It is used in wireless applications in which stations must be able to share the medium without
interception by an eavesdropper and without being subject to jamming from a malicious intruder
a. modulation
c. multiple access
b. Multiple access
d. Spread spectrum
3. An error detection method which uses ones complement arithmetic

a
Checksum
CRC
Simple-parity check
Two-dimensional parity check
4. It is a connecting device between two internetworks that use different models

a
b
c
d
Bridge
Gateway
Repeater
router
5. It is an undesired shift or width change in digital bits of data due to circuitry action which causes bits
to arrive at different times
a. alias
c. jitter
b. impulse
d. parity
6. In PCM system, it is the ratio of the maximum input voltage level to the smallest voltage level that
can be quantized
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6
Dynamic range
Figure of merit
Quality factor
Noise figure
7. A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using a time slot of 2 bits, determine the frame
duration
a
b
c
d
20s
50s
100s
400s
The link carries 50,000 frames /sec

The frame duration = 1/50,000 = 20s
8. Determine the Hamming distance for the codewords ( 10101, 11001)
a
b
c
d
one
two
three
five
10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two 1)

9. An address space is the total number of addresses used by the protocol, such
What is the address space of IPv6?
a 232
b 264
c 296
d 2128
as IPv4 and IPv6.
10. It is a standard designed by ITU to allow telephones in the public telephone network to talk to
computers/terminals connected to the internet
a. H. 111
b. H.123
c. H.321
d. H. 323
11. A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors, how
many bits are needed to send the complete contents of a screen?
a
b
c
d
12 Gigabits
1. 2 Gigabits
120 Megabits
12 Megabits
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1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb

1024 colors requires 10 bits , 210 = 1024
BULSU ESt
Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver of communications system.
a. Decoding
b. Companding c. compression d. Coding
A device launches or receives a wave in a transmission line or waveguide in one direction only.
a. crossed-field tube b. directional coupler c. linear-beam tube d. slow-wave structure
A type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses velocity modulation
of the electron beam
a. buncher
b. Gunn device
c. Bunching
d. klystron
A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each pulse represents the amplitude of the information signal at
a given time.
a. PAM
b. PCM
c. PDM
d. PPM
Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver of communications system.
a. Decoding
b. Companding c. compression d. Coding
_______________ is used to position samples of the different message signals in non-overlapping time
slots.
a. FDM b. TDM c. CSMA-CD d. Hamming Code
A ___________ is similar to a phasor diagram except that the entire phasor is not drawn.
a. Product modulator
b. constellation diagram c. truth table d. none of the above
It was the first fixed length character code.
a. ASCII Code
b. Baudot Code c. Morse Code
d. EBCDIC Code
It involves transmitting each character twice.

a. Error Correction
b. Redundancy c. Checksum
d. Parity
The __________ provides the mathematical justification for using a Gaussian Process as a model for a large
number of different physical phenomena in which the random variable, at a particular instant of time, is the
result of a large number of individual random events.
a. Gaussian Theorem
b. Central Limit Theorem
c. Poisson Distribution d. Gaussian Distribution
A set of communication facilities allowing direct access to 64kpbs data streams (or multiples of) for drop and
insert. A form of cell relay, supports B-ISDN.
a. synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) b. Synchronization
c. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
d. Asynchronous
A series of pulses, in which the timing of each pulse represents the ampltitude of the information signal at a
given time.
a. Pulse Width Modulation b. Pulse Code Modulation
c. Pulse Duration Modulation d. Pulse Position Modulation
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8
A line of sight radio link operating at a frequency of 6GHz has a separation of 40km between antennas. An
obstacle in the path is located 10km form the transmitting antenna. By how much must the beam clear the
obstacle?
a.11.6m b. 11.6ft c. 10.6m d. 10.6ft
Variation in received field strength over time due to changes in propagation conditions.
a. Repeater b. Fading c. Fresnel Zone d. Diversity
The atomic weight of an element is approximately determined by
a. the number of neutrons
the number of electrons
b. the number of protons c. the number of protons and neutrons
d.
Of the following substances the most conductor is

a. air
b copper
c. iron d. salt water
The volt is the standard unit of
a. currrent b. charge c. electromotive force d. resistance
Which of the following antenna types is not designed for transmitting at 10 Ghz
a. horn antenna
b dish antenna
c. Zepp antenna
d. helical antenna
The type of radio wave responsible for long distance communications by multiple skips is the:
a. Ground Wave b. Direct Wave c. Surface Wave d. Sky Wave
Line of sight communications is not a factor in which frequency range?
a. VHF b. UHF c. HF d. Microwave
It refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission medium after encoding and modulation have
occurred.
a. Bit rate b. Baud c. bit d. Signalling element
It was the first fixed-length character code developed for machines rather than people.
a. ASCII code b. Baudot code c. EBCDIC code d. Code 39
A receiver-transmitter station used to increase the communications range of VHF, UHF and microwave
signals is called a(n):
a. Transceiver b. Remitter c. Repeater d. Amplifier
It represents the simplest whole number ratio of the various types of atoms in a compound.
a. molecular formula
b. chemical formula c. reactants
d. empirical formula
It is a term that is often misunderstood and commonly confused with bit rate (bps
a. Bandwidth
b ASK
c. Baud d. FSK
Defined as the optimum level of a test tone on a channel at same point in a communication system.
a. transmission level point
b. transmission level
c. data level point
d. error detection
Duplicating each data unit for the purpose of detecting errors is a form of error detection called
___________.
a. burst
b. redundancy
c. error correction
d. error detection
Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz signal.
a. 0.0075m
b. 75m
c. 750m
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9
d. 0.075m
What is the device that converts energy from one form to another?
a. transducer
b. converter
c. transceiver
d. inverter
It may be defined as any undesired voltages or currents that ultimately end up appearing in the receiver
output.
a. reflection b. Electrical noise c. interference
d. loss
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s. Assuming no noise.
a. 1,000
b. 10,100
c. 10,000
d. 100,000
Microwaves are frequencies above _____ GHz.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 1
d. None of the above
The government agencies that regulates radio communications in the US is the ________.
a. NCC
b. FCC
c. KB
d. PDCC
A wave guide acts a/an _______ filter
.a. high-pass
b. low-pass
c. Either a or b
Coax is not used beyond frequencies of about ______ GHz.

a. 6
b. 10
c. 4
d. 2
Data Communications refers to the transmission of ________.

a. voice
b. video
c. Computer data d. All of the above
Determine the peak frequency deviation for a binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, space
frequency of 51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps
a. 1 kHz
b. 1.5 kHz
c. 2 kHz
d. 2.5 kHz
It is often used to compare the performance of one digital modulation technique to another.
a. bandwidth efficiency c. dynamic range
b. baud rate
d. Costas loop
It is the process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
a. quantization
c. aliasing
b. sampling
d. digitization
For a PCM system with a maximum analog frequency of 4kHz, determine the minimum sample rate.
a. 8 kHz
b. 9 kHz
c. 10 kHz
d. 11 kHz
It is another relatively simple form of redundancy error checking where each character has a numerical value
assigned to it.
a. Checksum
c. Longitudinal redundancy checking
b. Vertical redundancy checking
d. Cyclic redundancy checking
It is a modulation and multiplexing technique that distributes the signal and its sidebands over a very wide
bandwidth.
a. Spread spectrum
c. Frequency division multiplexing
b. Phase shift keying
d. Quadrature amplitude modulation
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The computers that hold shared files, programs and the network operating system. They also provide access
to network resources to all the users of the network.
a. Servers
c. Transmission media
b. Clients
d. Peripherals
It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that provides transmission channels capable of supporting
transmission rates greater than the primary data rate.
a. Broadband ISDN
c. LAN Topology
b. Asynchronous Transfer Mode
d. Ethernet
It is the only error-correction scheme that actually detects and corrects transmission errors when they are
received without requiring a transmission..
a. Forward Error Correction
c. Code 39
b. Character Synchronization
d. Line Control Scheme
This OSI Layer is responsible for network availability, data storage and processor capacity. It also determines
the type of dialogue available.
a. Session layer
c. Data layer
b. Network layer
d. Transport layer
It is often defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a straight line through
a vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects.
a. transmission loss
b. atmospheric loss
c. freespace path
d. spreading loss
loss
What do you call the accumulation of additional sounds such as wind, street noise, other voices that
contribute to what the listener hear?
a. natural sound
b. ambience
c. sound amplitude
d. flutter sound
It is a single transmission path from transmitter to receiver with line of sight range.
a. diversity
b. direct path
c. jitter
d. hop
It is defined by the average rate at which energy is carried out per unit area.
a. Harmonics
b. Intensity
c. Frequency
d. Interference
What happens to the frequency of the wave and to its wavelength when a sound wave produced in one
medium enters another medium with a different speed?
a. the frequency of the
b. the frequency of the
c. the frequency of the
d. the frequency of the
wave and wavelength
wave changes while the wave stays the same
wave and wavelength
changes
wavelength stays the
while the wavelength
remains the same
same
changes
An interest rate of 10% compounded continuously is desired of an investment of P15,000. How many years
will be required to recover the capital with the desired interest if P2,500 is received each year?
a. 3.579 years
b. 5.973 years
c. 9.375 years
d. 7.953 years
What is the pH level of toilet soap?
a. 14
b. 4
c. 10
The process of combining multiple audio signals into one track is called?
a. audio mixing
b. stereo panning
c. stereo mixing
The speed of sequence of musical notes is called?
a. pitch
b. tempo
c. timbre
d. musical
instrument digital
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11
d. 7
d. audio signal processing
interface (MIDI)
If the frequency of a sound is increased, what will happen to its pitch?
a. decreases
b. increases
c. remains the same
d. none of the above
A type of microwave protection system where each working channel has a dedicated back up or spare
channel.
a
Frequency
diversity
b. Space diversity
c. Hybrid diversity
d. Hot Standby
A method of nonspontaneous lysing (splitting) of a substance by the input of electrical energy, and is often
used to decompose a compound into its elements.
a. extraction
b. electrolysis
c.excitation d. fixation
Also known as Pin 21 of the RS-232 interface on D connector, this connection allows signals to be
transmitted from the DCE to the attached DTE whenever there is a high probability of an error in the received
data due to the quality of the circuit falling below a predefined level.
a. DCE transmitter signal
element timing
b. color quality selector
c. signal quality
detector
It is the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

a. ionic bonding
b. covalent bonding
c. metallic bonding
d. DTE transmitter signal

element timing
d. multiple bonding
What is the process in which the system adapts to the incoming audio level to keep the signal large enough
to fill the systems dynamic range?
a. Decorrelation
b. Lattice quantization
c. Companding
d. Level allocatio
______ which means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have changed.?
a. singe bit error
b. double bit error
It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet implementation.

a. 1000 Base-SX
b. 1000 Base-LX
c. burst error
c. 1000Base-T

d. 1000 Base-CX
It is a digital process that allows several connections to share the high bandwidth of a link.
a. TDM
b. FDM
IEEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer?

a.NCF
b.PCF
c. WDM
c.DCF

d. (b) and (c)
It is the oldest microwave tube design which is commonly used in radar transmitters where they can
generate peak power levels in the megawatt range.
a. Klystron
b. Magnetron
c. Microstrip
d. crossed field tube
A modulation process wherein both frequence and phase remains constant while the amplitude changes.
a. PSK
b. ASK
c. FSK
d. QAM
It is the most powerful redundancy checking technique which is based on binary division.
a. cheksum
b. parity check
c. cyclic redundancy
d. two dimensional parity
check
What do you call the element with electrical properties between those of an insulator and a conductor?
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12
a. Semiconductor
b. Conduclator
c. Insuductor
d. Medium conductor
It is the term applied to any method of extinguishing a debt, principal and interest, by a series of payments,
usually at equal intervals.
a. calculation of fixed
b. amortization
c. capacity costing
d. repeatability
charges
assumption
In pulse-code modulation, it translates the quantized samples into digital code words.
a. ADC b. DAC c. encoder d. Decoder
It is an error detection technique in which a redundant bit is appended to every data unit so that the total
number of 1s in the unit (including the parity bit) becomes even.
a. vertical redundancy check b. longitudinal redundancy check
c. cyclic redundancy check
d. Checksum
A local area network topology in which the individual terminal, microcomputers or workstations are connected
directly to a central computer.
a.Star
b. Ring c. Bus d. Mesh
The only way to achieve high data rates with a narrowband channel is to increase the number of bits per
symbol, the most reliable way to do this is to use a combination of amplitude and phase modulation known
as _________.
a quadrature amplitude modulation b. phase shift keying
c. frequency shift keying
d. frequency modulation
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 16-bit quantizing.
a. 4.82 dB b. 25.84 dB c. 51.68 dB d. 98.08 dB
Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM signal.

a. 12000 baud b. 1200 baud c. 120000 baud d. 12 baud
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo.
a.0.6 dB b. 1 dB c. 0.4 dB d. 0.8 dB
Telephone switch that connects only to other switches, and not to individual customers.
a.central office b. toll station c. tandem office d. PSTN
It is a form of digital modulation similar to PSK except the digital information is contained in both amplitude
and the phase of the transmitted carrier.
a. FSK b. ASK c. QAM d.BPSK
The most common circuit used for demodulating binary FSK signals.
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13
a. squarer b. PLL c. bandpass filter d.frequency divider

We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal
using AM? Ignore FCC regulations for now.
a
4 KHz
b. 8 GHz
c. 8 KHz
d. 4 GHz
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we modulate the signal using
FM? Ignore FCC regulations.
a. 8
b.
c.
36
d. 40
For PCM system with the following parameters determine the minimum number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz, maximum decoded voltage=2.55,
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5
a. 7
b.
c 8
d. 9
A network topology in which data circulates from one computer to the next in sequence.
a. ring
b. star
c. bus
d. mesh
Find the maximum dynamic range for linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing
a. 2.01 dB
b. 20.1 dB
c. 49.92 dB
d. 4.992 dB
What frequencies would be generated by a telephone using DTMF signalling, when the number 8 is
pressed?
a. 697 Hz and 1477 Hz b. 941 Hz and 1633 Hz
1209 Hz
c. 852 Hz and 1336 Hz
d. 770 Hz and
It is a means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle of the transmitted signal.
a. FSK
b. PSK
c. ASK
d. QAM
The name given for a set of standards for communicating among computers in which the primary purpose is
to serve as a structural guideline for exchanging information between computers, workstations and networks.
a. OSI
b. TCP/IP
c. PDU
d. LAN
Any transmission system which conveys more than one signal simultaneously can experience this type of
interference due to the reception of portions of a signal from one channel in another channel.
a. Distortion
b. Noise
c. Crosstalk
d. Echo
What type of digital modulation scheme uses two or more different output frequencies?
a. PSK
b.
FSK
c.
QAM
d. QPSK
It is an error-correcting code used for correcting transmission errors in synchronous data streams.
a. Hamming code
b. Morse Code c. ASCII code
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14
d. Baudot code
A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of computers to share the same network.
a. TCP/IP
b. HTTP
c. FTP
d. SMTP
Noise that is primarily caused by lightning. Often called as Static Noise.

a. external noise
c. atmospheric noise
b. equipment noise
d. space noise
A modulation technique in which the frequency of the modulated signal varies with the amplitude of the
modulating signal
a
b
AM
PM
b. FM
d. HM
Is a form of constant amplitude angle modulation similar to standard frequency modulation except the
modulating signal is a binary signal that varies between two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously
changing analog waveform.
a. ASK b. FSK c. CP-FSK d. BPSK
The highest layer in the hierarchy and is analogous to the general manager of the network by providing
access to the OSI environment.
a. Application layer b. Presentation Layer c. Transport layer
d. Session Layer
What is the equation for Hartleys Law?

a. I=ktB
b.
C=2Blog2M
c. fa=fs-fm
d. N=2^m
Network topology wherein individual terminals, microcomputers and workstations are connected directly to a
central computer.
a. Mesh
b.
Bus
c.
Ring
d.
Star
The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same time on a network
a. multitasking
b.
cross-over
c.
collision
d.
Traffic
A term used to describe a telephone instrument whose handset is on its cradle, ready to receive a ring signal
a. On hook
b. Off hook
c. crosstalk
d. Sidetone
The most commonly used digital modulation scheme.

a. PCUM b. PPM c. PDM
d. PCM
Simple form of redundancy error checking where each character has a numerical value assigned to it. The
characters within a message are combined together to produce an error checking character.
a. CRC b. LRC c. Checksum d. VRC
Is an eight-bit fixed length character set developed in 1962 by the International Business Machines
Corporation.
Page
15
a. ASCII code b. Baudot Code c EBCDIC code d. Code 39

An attempt is made to transmit base band frequency of 30khz using a digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1khz. What audible frequency would result?
a. 14.1KHz
b. 74.1KHz
c. 14.1MHz
d. 7.05KHz
Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has a S/N of 1023?

a. 16,000 b/s
b. 30,000 b/s
c. 25,000b/s
d. 3000 b/s
Designed to send characters of the message with the specified bit rate but without any fixed timing
relationship from one character to the next.
a. asynchronous b. synchronous
c. error detection
d. error correction
Token Ring Standard

a. 802.2
b. 802.3
c. 802.4
d. 802.5
It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from a receiver signal.

a. Carrier Recovery
b. Squaring Loop
c. Costas Loop
d. Remodulator
It is a potential problem whenever two metallic conductors carrying different signals are located in close
proximity to each other.
a. Hybrid
b. Noise
c. Crosstalk
d. Echo suppresors
What is the termed refer as the rapid degradation of output signal quality with channel induced errors?
a threshold effect
b intersymbol interference
c. quantization
d. Saturation
What was the first fixed-length character code developed for machines rather than for people?
a ASCII code
b EBCDIC code c. Code 39 d. Baudot code
A source whose output satisfies the condition of statistical independence among letters in the sequence is
said to be_____.
a memoryless b stationary
c. entropy
d. Equivocation
Calculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio with sampling rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per
sample.
a. 420 b/s
b. 420 Kb/s
c. 420 Mb/s
d. 420 Gb/s
Handles error recovery, flow control (synchronization), and sequencing (which terminals are sending and
which are receiving). It is considered the media access control layer.
a. Transport Layer b. Session Layer
c. Data Link Layer
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16
d. Application Layer
A MAC protocol for LANs, with stations connected topologically or logically in a ring. Or the IEEE 802.5 LAN
standard.
a. Token Ring
b. Token Bus
c. Token
d. Topology
A network topology where each device is connected to a centre point and all data is routed through that
point.
a. Star stop transmission
c. Star network
b. Star bits
d. Star wired ring network
A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a glass tube for an active medium, dye is circulated into the tube with
a pump. A powerful pulse of light excites the organic dye.
a. Solid Lasers
c. Gas Lasers
b. Semiconductor Lasers
d. Liquid Lasers
Codes that have a restriction on the number of consecutive 1s or 0s in a sequence.

a. Fixed weight code
c. Systematic code
b. Linear Block codes

d. Run length limited code
Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s and 1s that alert the receiving system to the coming frame
and enable it to synchronize its input timing
a.
padding b. preamble
c.
CRC
d. Signalling
Every letter was encoded into fixed length of binary code words of length 5.
a. Manchester Code b. Baudot Code
c. Trellis Code
d. Morse Code
The composite signal that modulates the FM carrier.

a. narrowband b.baseband
c.
sideband
d. Singleband
It is a simple means of error detection. It involves the addition of one extra bit to the bits that encode a
character.
a. Parity b. Checksum
c. Hamming code
d. Cyclic redundancy check
A data compression scheme that uses fewer bits to represent more frequently occurring characters or bit
patterns and more bits to represent those occur less frequently.
a. Cyclic redundancy check
d. Bit overhead
b. Bit stuffing
c. Huffman coding
Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital communication systems.

a. Bit rate
b. Baud rate
c. Data rate
d. Flow rate
It is the process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a finite number of conditions.

a. Coding b. Sampling c. Companding
d. Quantization
It is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude that can easily be decoded
by the digital to analog converter in the receiver.
a. Sampling rate
b. Noise Ratio c. Dynamic Range
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17
d. Coding Efficiency
It is the institution that developed the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Intertchange).
a. ISO
b. ANSI
c. FCC
d. IEEE
In early 1900s, he showed that any composite signal is a sum of a set of sine waves of different frequencies,
phases and amplitudes.
a. Henri Fourier b. Robert Fourier c. Jean-Baptiste Fourier d. Harry Nyquist
Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1.
a. 100001011 b. 011110100 c. 010000101 d. 110000101
Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK signal, what is the baud rate?
a. 3000 Hz b. 2000 Hz c. 12000 Hz d. 6000 Hz
Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal.
a. 8000 bps b. 4000 bps c. 2000 bps d. 500 bps
It is an electronic device that is used for computer communications through telephone lines.
a. hub b. Modem c. Router d. NIC
A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A signal is transmitted down
this line using a four level code. What is the maximum theoretical data rate?
a. 59.795 kbps b. 18 kbps c. 78 kbps d. 41.795 kbps
Showed mathematically that it is posssible to reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from periodic samples,
as long as the sampling rate is at least twice the frequency of the highest frequency component of the signal.
a. Shannon-Hartley b. Claude E. Shannon c. Harry Nyquist
d. R. Hartley
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing.
a. 62.24 dB b. 49.92 dB c. 20.10 dB d. 15.78 dB
In operation, many modern codecs achieved compresion by first encoding the signals using a 12-bit linear
PCM code, then converting the 12-bit linear code into an 8-bit compressed code by discarding some of the
bits. This is a simple example of:
a. Compression b. Differential PCM c. Vocoders d. Digital Signal Processing
Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-and-hold circuit such that the sample has the same amplitude
for its whole duration.
a. Natural Sampling b. Flat-topped Sampling
Sampling
d. Radom Sampling
c. State
The basic building block of the FDM hierarchy.

a. Message Channel
b. Group
c. Multiplexer
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18
d. Small Group
The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a 200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate of 270.883 kbps. Calculate
the frequency shift between mark and space.
a. 135.4165kHz
b. 100kHz
c. 270.883kHz
d. 200kHz
For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km on coaxial cable with a velocity factor of 0.66. What is the
propagation delay?
a. 12.6s
b. 8.33s
c. 1.27 s
d. 13.88 s
A signal at the input to a -Law compressor is positive, with its volatage one-half the maximum value. What
proportion of the maximum output voltage is produced?
a. 0.876Vo
b. 0.678Vo
c. 0.768Vo
d. 0.867Vo
A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo
a. 0.8dB
b. 0.4004 dB
c. 0.6 dB
d. 2.6 dB
Who invented the telegraph?

a. Carl Friedrich
b. Samuel F.B Morse
c. Alexander Grahambell
d. Emile Baudot
The simplest modulation technique, where a binary information signal modulates the amplitude of an analog
carrier.
a. Ampitude-Shift Keying
b. Frequency-Shift Keying
c. Continous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying

d. Phase-Shift Keying
Is the lowest Open System Interconnection hierarchy and is responsible for the actual propagation of
unstructured data bits (1s and 0s) through a transmission medium.
a. Physical Layer
b. Data Link Layer
c. Network Layer d. Transport Layer
Error-correction scheme that actually detect and corrects transmission errors when they are received without
requiring a retransmission.
a. Forward error correction b. Hamming code
c. Retransmission
d. CRC
It allows the overall complexity of the system to be broken down into individual function layers- that operate
essentially by themselves.
a. Data Rate b. Transparency c. Physical Layer d.Format
This are very useful pictorial representations that clearly show the protocol operations such as words or
convetional drawings.
a. State Transition Diagram b. Flow Chart Diagram
Diagram
c. Block DIagram
Pair of wires that connects the central office to the users phone
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19
d. Circuit
a . trunk
b. local loop
c. Telephone wire
d. Network nodes
How long does it take to dial the number 784-3745 using pulse dialing with .5s inter digit time?
a. 6.5s
b. 7.2s
c. 6.8s
d. 12.5s
Network that connects users who are in the same general location
a. WAN
b. Star Tropology
c. LAN
d. Bus Tropology
A balanced modulator that will used in conjuction with a microwave generator, power amplifier, and bandpass filter, up-converts the IF carrier to an RF carrier and amplifies the RF to the desired output power.
a. IF/RF modulator b. Transmit Modulator c. Recieved Modulator d. Equalizer
What is the equation for Hartleys Law?
a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M
c. fa=fs-fm
d N=2^m
The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same time on a network
a. multitasking
b.
cross-over
c.
collision
d.
traffic
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 HHz. What is the bandwidth modulate the signal using FM?
Ignore FCC regulation.
A. 50 MHz b. 40MHz c. 30 MHz d. 20MHz
Used to established a point to point connection across a network.
a. ARP
b.FTP
c.TCP
d.UDP
An attempt is made to transmit a baseband frequency of 25kHz using digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency would result?
a. 39.1kHz
b.19.1kHZ
c.29.1kHz
d.14.1kHz
Defines the rules of the conversation the message passing among the network users
a. network protocol
b. Internet protocol
c. Data
d. Information protocol
Responsible for providing signals to the loop sensing activity and sending phone signals at the end of the
loop
a. SLIC
b. Interface card
c. SCLIC
d. Network card
The typical amount of voltage in dc use in the battery of the central office with respect to ground
a. -48
b.+72
c. +48
d. -72
A network that is composed of a smaller lan that are closely link. It is needed for areas spread out
geographically
a. MAN B. Network tropology
c. WAN
d. Linking system
How many central office allotted for each exchange?
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20
a.2
b. 1
c.3
d. 5
It is a method of switching that provides a separate physical path for each symbol
A. circuit switching b. packet switching
c. space switching d. time switching
The central office detects a request for service from a telephone by:
a. flow of loop current
b. no loop current
c. a ringing signal
d. dial pulses
The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it moves through a network. It controls and ensures the end
to end integrity of the data message propagated through the network between two devices.
A. Application
b. Transport
c. Physical
d. Session
The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in terms of dBm. If the receiver is receiving 200 mW, what is the
corresponding dBm of this signal?
a. 46dBm
b. -46 dBm
c. 23 dBm
d. -23 dBm
An antenna with a noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is connected to a receiver input with a noise temperature
of 300 K. Given the reference temperature T0 = 290 K, find the noise figure of the system.
a. 0.97 dB
b. 3.6 dB
c. 6.02 dB
d. 7.2 Db
The modulation index of an AM radio station is 0.75. If the carrier power is 500W, what is the total transmitted
power?
a.
391 W
b. 438 W
c. 641 W
d. 688 W
An FM transmitter system is using a 1MHz crystal oscillator to generate a very stable 108MHz final carrier
frequency. The output of the crystal oscillator is fed to a x36 multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz
signal. The sum output of the mixer is filtered out, while the difference is fed to another multiplier in order to
generate the final carrier frequency. What is the multiplier value?
a. 108
b. 3
c. 1.5
d. 72
A/an _______ is a range of frequency in which the upper frequency is double the lower frequency.
a.
bandwidth
b. frequency doubler
c. octave
d. harmonics
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a narrowband FM receiver with deviation maximum of 10 kHz and a
maximum intelligence frequency of 3 kHz. The S/N input is 3:1.
a. 10
b. 12
c. 14
d. 16
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
= x fi
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be
Page
21
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
A small variable capacitance in parallel with each section of ganged capacitor is called _______.
a.
trimmer
b. converter
c. padder
d. autodyne
: How many wavelengths long are required for a pair of conductors to be considered as a transmission line?
a.
b.
c.
1/10
d. 5/8
Determine the time taken for a signal to travel down a 10 m transmission line, if its velocity factor is 0.7.
a. 23.33 ns
b. 14.52ns
c.
76.8 s
d. 47.6 ns

T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns
The maximum voltage standing wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial cable is 52 V and its minimum voltage is
17 V. How many percent of the incident power is the reflected power?
a. 51%
b. 26%
c. 3%
d. 97%

2 = Pr/Pi
= SWR-1
SWR+1
; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin = 52/17 = 3.05
= 3.05 1 = 0.51
3.05 +1
Thus : 2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
The reflected power is 26 % of the incident power
At exactly one-quarter wavelength, the short-circuited transmission line behaves as a(an) ___________
circuit.
a. inductive
b. capacitive c. parallel-resonant
d. series-resonant
Determine the phase-shift represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz signal to a 75-ft cable with a dielectric
constant of 2.3.
a. 108 degrees b. 4.8degrees c. 52 degrees d. 250 degrees
= 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees
Page
22
Which of the following is a flat conductor separated by an insulating dielectric from a large ground plane that
is usually one-quarter or one-half wavelength long?
a. stripline b. microstrip c. twin-lead wire d. shielded-pair
One complete revolution around a Smith Chart represents _________ wavelengths.
a.
b.
c. 1
d. 2
: A mismatched transmission line is also referred to as a ___________ line.

a. lossy
b. lossless
c. non-resonant
d. resonant
It is the ratio of the speed of propagation on a line to that of light in free-space.

a. velocity factor b. refractive index c. dielectric constant
d. standing-wave ratio
Which of the following is the most widely used UTP cable that can carry baseband data at rates up to 100
Mbps at a range up to 100m?
a. CAT 4
b. CAT 5
c.
CAT 5e
d. CAT 6
The modulated peak value of a signal is 125V and the unmodulated carrier value is 85V. What is the
modulation index?
a.0.47
b. 1.47
c. 0.68
d. 0.32
m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax Ec = 125 85 = 40 V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
The total transmitted power of an AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier power of 50kW when modulated 80
percent is:
a. 62.5kW
b. 66W
c. 66kW
d. 40kW
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
One of the advantages of DSB is the savings of great deal of power. Which of the following is the reason why
it is not widely used?
a. the signal occupies a narrow bandwidth
b. the signal has a low S/N
c. the signal is weak at high frequencies
d. the signal is difficult to demodulate
If the input in a transmitter is collector-modulated, the system is called a _______________________.
a. low level modulator
b. high-level modulator
Page
23
c. differential- amplifier modulator

d. lattice modulator
The input to an FM receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency deviation caused by the noise if the
modulating frequency is 1.5KHz and the permitted deviation is 4KHz?
a. 1,460.8 Hz
b. 547.8 Hz
c. 2.67 Hz
d. 4,107.3 Hz
= fm
= sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
= (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz
What circuit is used to return the frequency response of a signal to its normal, flat level?
a. pre-emphasis b. de-emphasis
c. carrier-recovery d. frequency-multiplier
It is the most common means of overcoming the problems of quantizing error and noise.
a. multiplexing b. companding c. amplifying d. anti-aliasing
________________ means that the characteristics and performance of an antenna are the same whether
the antenna is radiating or intercepting an electromagnetic signal.
a. antenna reciprocity
c. antenna grounding
b. antenna polarization
d. tower sway
: Which of the following methods is used to lower the resonant frequency of a shortened vertical antenna?
a. loading coil
b. top hat loading
c.
drooping radials
d. grounding
Calculate the gain (relative to an isotropic) of a parabolic antenna that has a diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of
60% and operates at a frequency of 4 GHz.
a. 39.8 dBi
b. 41.94 dBi
c. 37.66dBi
d. 79.53 dBi
G = 2 D2/ 2
= 3x108/ 4MHz = 0.075 m
G = 0.62(3)2
0.0752
G= 9474.8
G = 10 log 9474.8
G = 39.8 dBi
It is a phenomenon caused by any support insulators used at the ends of the wire antenna.
a. skin effect
b. end effect c. faraday effect d. miller effect
MIT EST ANTENNAS

Which of the following is not a reason why most half-wave antennas are mounted horizontally at low
frequencies
Page
24
a. physical construction is easier

b. more cost-effective
c. mounting is easier
d. support is easier
The shape of the electromagnetic energy radiated from or received by an antenna is called the
a. signal shape
b. electromagnetic pattern
c. radiation pattern
d. antenna pattern
Antennas that transmit an equal amount of energy in the horizontal direction are called
a. bi-directional
b. unidirectional
c. omnidirectional
d. unilateral
The ability of an antenna to send or receive signals over a narrow horizontal directional range is referred to
as
a. focal factor
b. permittivity
c. directivity
d. horizontal range
A basic antenna connected to a transmission line plus one or more additional conductors that are not
connected to the transmission line form a
a. parasitic array
b. bi-directional array
c. half-wave dipole
d. counterpoise
: An antenna made up of a driven element and one or more parasitic elements is generally referred to as a
a. Hertz antenna
b. Marconi antenna
c. collinear antenna
d. Yagi antenna
Which antennas usually consist of two or more half-wave dipoles mounted end to end?
a. Hertz
b. Marconi
c. collinear
d. Yagi
A stacked collinear antenna consisting of half-wave dipoles spaced from one another by one-half
wavelengths is the
a. broadside array
b. end-fire array
c. wide-bandwidth array
d. parasitic array
Page
25
When the characteristic impedance of the transmission line matches the output impedance of the transmitter
and the impedance of the antenna itself,
a. the SWR will be 10:1
b. the SWR will be 1:10
c. minimum power transfer will take place
d. maximum power transfer will take place
A one-quarter wavelength of coaxial or balanced transmission line of a specific impedance connected
between a load and a source in order to match impedances is
a. a balun
b. an autotransformer
c. a Q section
d. dummy load
MIT EST MICROWAVE
By how much should two antennas be separated for space diversity in the 11 GHz band?
a. 5.5 m
b. 7.5m
c. 9.5m
d. 11.5m
200 3 x10 8
200 c
s
d 200
5. 5 m
f
9
11x10
s
What is the phase velocity of a rectangular waveguide with a wall separation of 3 cm and a desired
frequency of operation of 6 GHz?
a. 3.45 x 108 m/s b. 4.35 x 108 m/s c. 4.53 x 108 m/s d. 5.43 x 108 m/s
A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose that there is an obstacle midway between the
transmitter and receiver. By how much must the path between the towers clear the obstacle in order
to avoid diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz?
a. 17.52 m
b. 10.51 m
c. 8.76 m
d. 7.52 m
How far from the transmitter could a signal be received if the transmitting and receiving antennas
where 40 m and 20 m, respectively, above level terrain?
Page
26
a. 44.5 km b. 45.4 km c. 54.4 km d. None of the choices
A signal propagated in a waveguide has a full wave of electric intensity change between two further
walls, and no component of the electric field in the direction of propagation. The mode is
a. TE11 b. TE10 c. TM22 d. TE20
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the
isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much power is dissipated in the load?
a. 1 W b. 851 mW c. 750 mW d. 638 mW
Pout
1W
0 .7
anti
log
10
SW R
1
0 .5
SW R
1
851.14 mW
PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the
isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much power returns to the source?
a. 250 mW
b. 350 W
1W
Pout
anti
log

0.7
10
c. 535 W d. 690 W
851.14 mW
SW R
1
0. 5
SW R
1
PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW

Preflected Pout 2 212.78 mW
Preturned
212.78 mW
534.49 W
26
a nti
log
10
It is a microwave device that allows RF energy to pass through in one direction with very little loss,
but absorbs RF power in the opposite direction.
a. multiplexer b. circulator c. isolator d. wave trap
A metal wrapped around the parabolic antenna aperture to eliminate sidelobes interfering nearby
stations is called
a. radome b. shield c. shroud d. bass drum
The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide _________.
a. is greater than in free space
Page
27
b. depends only on the waveguide dimensions and the free space wavelength
c. is inversely proportional to the phase velocity
d. is directly proportional to the group velocity
MIT EST SATCOM
Geostationary satellites are located at ____ with respect to the equator.
a. 00 longitude
b. 00 latitude
c. 450 longitude
d. 900 latitude
The quality of a space-link is measured in terms of the ______ ratio.

a. S/N
b. G/T c. C/N
d. EIRP
Why does the downlink frequency appear to vary by several kHz during a low earth orbit satellite
pass?
a
b
c
d
The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing, causing the Kepler effect
The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing, causing the Bernoulli effect
The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing, causing the Boyles Law effect
The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing, causing the Doppler effect
The most ambitious LEO constellation to date is ______.

a
b
c
d
Iridium
NAVSTAR
Teledesic
Globalstar
A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish designed for C-band (4 GHz) operation. The owner wants to
use the same dish with a new feedhorn, for Ku-band (12 GHz) satellites. What effect will the change
in frequency have on the gain and beamwidth of the antenna?
a
b
c
d
Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth decreases to 1/3 of its former value.
Gain decreases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth decreases to 1/3 of its former value.
Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth increases to thrice of its former value.
Gain decreases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth increases to thrice of its former value.
The moon orbits the earth with a period of approximately 28 days. How far away is it? Assume
circular orbit.
a. 380 Mm b. 382 Mm
c. 384 Mm d. 386 Mm
Page
28
What is the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an Earth station if the angle of
elevation is 300?
a. 6400 km b. 39000 km c. 42400 km d. 46000 km
What is the nominal uplink frequency for the Ku band?

a
b
c
d
6 GHz
4 GHz
14 GHz
12 GHz
To cover all inhabited regions of the earth, the number of polar-orbit satellites required is
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 5
MIT EST
A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 ohms and a loss resistance of 5 ohms, measured at the
feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency.
a. 90%
b. 91%
c. 92%
d. 93%
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%
Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5 dBd, respectively. Which has a greater gain?
a. The first antenna has a higher gain.
b. The second antenna has a higher gain.
c. Both antennas have the same gain
d. Cannot be determined
A half-wave dipole is sometimes called:
a. Marconi antenna
b. Yagi antenna
c. Hertz antenna
d. none of the choices
An antenna's beamwidth is measured
a. from +90 to 90
b. between half-power points
c. from front to back
d. between the minor side-lobes
Page
29
"Ground Effects" refers to the effects on an antenna's radiation pattern caused by

a. radio signals reflecting off the ground
b. buildings and other structures on the ground
c. fading
d. faulty connection of the feed cable ground
An antenna can be matched to a feed line using
a. a shorted stub
b. an LC network
c. a loading coil
d. all of the choices
As the length of a "long-wire" antenna is increased
a. the number of lobes increases
b. efficiency decreases
c. the number of nodes decreases
LPDA stands for
a. Low-Power Dipole Array
b. Log-Periodic Dipole Array
c. Low-Power Directed Array
d. Log Power Dipole Array
Field strength at a distance from an antenna is measured with
a. a slotted line
b. an EIRP meter
c. a dipole
d. a field-strength meter
A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier
a. active antenna
b. passive antenna
c. coil
d. LC antenna
NEU EST BOARD
The height above mean sea level of a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit around Earth is:
a. 35,786 miles
b. 35,786 NM
c.
35,786 feet
d. 35,786 km
The location of a satellite is generally specified in terms of

a.
azimuth & elevation b. latitude & longitude
c. true morth
d. Bearing
A point in the orbit of an object orbiting the earth that is located closest to Earth.
a. perigee
b.
apogee
c.
apex
d. subsatellite point
Page
30
Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit 500 km above the earths surface.
a.
76
km/s
b.
76 m/s
c.
7.6 km/s
d.
7.6 km/s2
4 x1011
d 6400
v
Formula :
Where : v = velocity in meters per second

d = distance above earths surface in km
4 x1011
(500 6400)
= 7.6 km/s
Find the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit 36,000 km above the earths surface if the earths
radius is 6400 km.
a.
1440 mins
Formula :
Where :
b.
24 days
c.
3,600 sec
d. 1440 sec
C
v
T = orbital period
C = circumference
v = orbital velocity
C = 2r
= 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) = 266.4 x 106 m
4 x1011
3.07km /s
(36,000 6400)
C 266.4 x10 6 m
24hrs
v 3.07x10 3 m / s
or 1440 minutes
The outline of a communications satellite antenna pattern on the earth is known as:
b. propagation pattern
c. spot
d. footprint
a. beam
Calculate the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an earth station where the angle of elevation
is 30.
(earths radius = 6400 km, height of satellite above earth is 36 X 10 3 km)
a. 36,000 km
b. 36,000 mi
c. 39,000 km
d. 39,000 mi.
Page
31
d (r h) 2 (r cos ) 2 r sin
Formula :
d = distance to the satellite in km
r = radius of the earth in km (6400 km)
h = height of satellite above equator ( 36 x 103 km)
= angle of elevation to satellite at antenna site

Solution :
d (6400 36x10 3 ) 2 (6400cos 30) 2 6400sin 30

=
39,000 km
A satellite access technique where each earth station transmits a short burst of information during a specific
time slot.
a. FDMA
b. DAMA
c.
TDMA
d.
SCADA
An earth station antenna look angle is determined by :

a. azimuth & elevation b. longitude & latitude c. bearing
d. true north
An ITU radiocommunication standards for satellite services which provides information on the range of
frequencies that can be used by fixed satellite service systems for emergency and disaster relief operations.
a. ITU-R M1854 b. ITU-R S 009 c. ITU-R S.1001-2
d. ITU-R S.004
NEU EST BROADCAST
As per Philippine standard, frequency allocation of AM Radio Broadcasting is from
.
a
535 to 1605 kHz
535 to 1705 kHz
526.5 to 1605 kHz
526.5 to 1705 kHz
Part of broadcasting in a day that refers to that period of time between 1000 UTC to 2200 UTC. UTC stands
for Universal Time Coordinates.
.
a
daytime period
experimental period
nighttime period
primetime period
An AM broadcast service area in which groundwave field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not subject to objectionable
interference or objectionable fading.
.
a
primary service area
intermittent service area
secondary service area
none among these
In antenna mast or tower construction, the required obstruction painting and/or lighting must be imposed on
mast or tower more than from the ground level.
Page
32
.
a
100 ft
150 ft
200 ft
250 ft
Regarding the design of AM antenna, what should be the polarization of the radiator?
.
a
horizontal
vertical
circular
elliptical
As per Phillipine standard, what is the minimum frequency separation in any service area for adjacent AM
radio stations?
.
a
40 kHz
200 kHz
36 kHz
300 kHz
What is the maximum power allowable for remote pick-up stations used as broadcast auxillary services for
AM and FM broadcast stations?
.
a
10 W
15 W
35 W
200 W
What is the classification of an FM station having an ERP not exceeding 30kW?

.
a
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
What is the modulation used for the stereophonic subcarrier of FM composite baseband signal?
.
a
AM DSB FC
AM SSB
AM DSB SC
AM VSB
What is the pilot subcarrier frequency used in FM stereophonic transmission?

.
a
15 kHz
19 kHz
30 kHz
38 kHz
The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the power loss in transmission line is around 10 W and the
antenna has a power gain of 6 dB, what is the ERP of the station in kW?
.
a
5 kW
30 kW
20 kW
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):

GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW
Frequency allocation of FM broadcast in the Philippines
.
Page
33
19.96 kW
535 1605 kHz
50 15000 Hz
88 108 MHz
174 216 MHz
What is the color TV system adopted by the Philippines?

.
a
NTSC
SECAM
PAL
none among choices
Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is

.
a
3.579554
3.580545
3.579455
3.579545
193.25 MHz
Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 9.

.
a
175.25 MHz
187.25 MHz
199.25 MHz

fNLB = 174 + (N 7)6, using Arithmetic Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 = 186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier frequency of channel 9
What is the maximum allowable ERPs for channels 7 13 in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu?
.
a
100 kW
350 kW
316 kW
1 MW
At NTSC standard, the number of lines per frame = ________ lines/frame

.
a
485
525
625
585
At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent line period?
.
a
66.556 usec
65.556 usec
63.556 usec
6 MHz
64.556 usec
Nominal RF bandwidth of NTSC TV channel

.
a
4.2 MHz
4.5 MHz
Page
34
5.35 MHz
A land mobile station used for the transmission of TV program materials and related communications from
the scenes of events occuring at remote points from TV broadcast station studios to TV broadcast station.
.
a
TV Pick-up station
TV Inter-city Relay station
TV STL station
TV Satellite link station
NEU EST RADIO AND WAVE PROPAGATION

For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital modulation, what is the ideal RF bandwidth?
.
a. 4 MHz
b. 5 MHz
c. 6 MHz
d. 7 MHz
For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol combinations is 64 symbols and the number of bits to
produce this is
n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is
BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz
What is the mode of radio wave propagation that utilized ionosphere as a medium of transmission and / or
reception of radio signals?
.
a. ground wave
b. sky wave
c.
space wave
d. all of these
What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a frequency of 220 MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon
foam as its dielectric, r = 2?
.
a. 1.0 m
b. 0.85 m
c. 0.96 m
d. 1.36 m
c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec

velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (r) = 1 / sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c
Therefore the velocity of the radio signal in the coaxial line is
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) = 212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x 106 m/sec approx.)
so that the wavelength of the signal is
= vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636 m or 0.96 m approx.
What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (r2 = 2) medium of a radio wave from air (r1 = 1.0) if its angle of
incidence is 45?
.
a. 24
b. 26
c.
28
d. 30
An ionosphere layer also termed as absorption layer because it absorbs most of the frequencies above 100
kHz is known as the layer.
Page
35
.
a. D
b. E
c.
F1
d. F2
As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Classifications, what is the classification of Super High
Frequency?
.
a. metric
b. decimetri
c
c. centimetri
c
d. millimetri
c
SHF band: 3 GHz 30 GHz

max = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m = 100 cm
min = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m = 1 cm
SHF band wavelength classification is ranging from 1 cm to 100 cm. Therefore it is centimetric wave.
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) separate antennas and receivers for each single transmitter?
.
a. frequency
diversity
b. space
diversity
c.
angle
diversity
d. quadrature
diversity
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) different frequencies in a simplex path?
.
a. frequency
diversity
b. space
diversity
c.
angle
diversity
d. quadrature
diversity
What is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron density is 2 x 10 6 per cm3?
.
a. 11 MHz
b. 12 MHz
c. 13 MHz
d. 14 MHz
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3

fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere. The maximum virtual height of the layer
is 110 km. at the midpoint of the path and the critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio
stations is 500 km, what is the suitable value for the optimum working frequency? Use flat terrain analysis.
.
a. 8.2 MHz
b. 8.3 MHz
c. 8.4 MHz
d. 8.5 MHz
For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv

i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25 angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25 = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.
Page
36
The power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. This law is known
as
.
a
Faradays law
Inverse Square law
Snells law
Gauss law
The lowest portion of the ionosphere that is useful for long-distance communication by amateurs; about 100
to 115 km above the earth is known as the layer. This is often termed as the Kennely-Heavyside layer.
.
a. D
b. E
c.
F1
d. F2
A graph which shows the radiation in actual field strength of electromagnetic fields at all points which are at
equal distance from the antenna is known as
.
c
Frequency Response
Smith Chart
Radiation Pattern
FCC F(50,50) Graph
The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation resistance is 30 . What is the value of its loss
resistance?
.
a. 75
b. 15
c.
12
d. 6.58
= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss
Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 or 6.58 approx.
A phenomenon on the surface of the sun with appearance and disappearance of dark irregularly shaped
areas.
.
a. SID
b. 11-year
sunspot
c.
Sporadic E-layer
d. Ionospheric storms
What should be done to increase the transmission distance at frequencies higher than HF bands?
.
c
increase antenna gain
increase transmitter power
increase antenna height
increase receiver sensitivity
Page
37
Which of the following factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to reduce
attenuation?
.
a
electrical properties of the terrain
antenna polarization
frequency
all choices
A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. What is the designated band of stations frequency?
.
a. MF
c.
b. HF
VHF
d. UHF
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within 3 30 MHz range designated as HF band
What is the total radio horizon distance between an 80 ft transmitting station and a 20 ft receiving station?
.
a. 53.66
km
b. 53.66 mi
c.
18.97
km
d. 18.97 mi
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)

dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi
A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 meters from a test antenna whose directive gain is 2.15
dB. How much power was fed into the test antenna?
.
a. 1 W
c. 3 W
b. 2 W
d. 4 W
From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4d2

PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3 W approx.
NEU EST WIRELINE AND WIRELESS
Identical telephone numbers in different parts of a country are distinguished by their ___.
a. language digits
b. area codes
c. central office codes
Telephone traffic is measured ____.
Page
38
d. access digits
a
b
in erlangs
c. by the relative congestion
c. with echo cancellers

d. in terms of the grade of service
In a cellular telephone system, each cell site contains a ____.

a
b
touch tone processors

control computer
c. repeater
d. direct link to a branch exchange
When the signal from a mobile cellular unit drops below a certain level, what action occurs?
a. the cell site switches antennas
b. the call is terminated
c. the unit is handed off to a closer cell

d. the MTSO increases power level
In a cellular telephone system, group of cells is called ___.

a. sector
b. cluster
c. site
d. cell segment
In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are transmissions from base stations to mobile units (Downlink)
a. forward links
b. reverse links
c. TRX
d. TRA
A CDMA mobile measures the signal strength from the base as -100 dBm. What should the mobile
transmitter power be set to as a first approximation, considering - 76 dB at mobile power contol?
a. 150 mW
b. 200 mW
c. 250 mW
d. 300 mW
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo.
a. 0.2 dB
b. 0.4 dB
c. 0.6 dB
d. 0.8 dB
The typical voltage across a telephone when on-hook is:

a. 48 volts DC
b. 48 volts, 20 hertz AC
c. 90 volts DC
d. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC
Central offices are connected by:

a. local loops
c. both a and b
b. trunk lines
In telephony, call blocking is:
a. cannot occur in the public telephone network
b. occurs on the local loop when there is an electrical power
c. occurs only on long-distance cables
d. occurs when the central office capacity is exceeded
The cable used for local loops in telephone system is mainly:
a. twisted-pair copper wire
b. shielded twisted-pair copper wire
c. coaxial cable
d. fiber-optic
Page
39
failure
In DTMF, the four vertical frequencies are ____.

a. 1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
b. 697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz
c. 679Hz,770Hz, 852Hz, 941Hz
d. 1208Hz,1336Hz,1747Hz,1633Hz
In DTMF, the Horizontal frequencies
a. 1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
b. 697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz
c. 679Hz,770Hz, 852Hz, 941Hz
d. 1208Hz,1336Hz,1747Hz,1633Hz
In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are transmissions from mobile units to base stations (Uplink)
a. forward links b. reverse links
c. TRX
d. TRA
In DTMF, the horizontal frequencies is also known as

a. low group frequencies
b. high group frequencies
c. mid group frequencies
d. top group frequencies
In DTMF, the Vertical frequencies is also known as

a. low group frequencies
b. high group frequencies
c. bottom group frequencies
d. top group frequencies
The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a telephone system is restricted in order to:
a. allow lines to be "conditioned"
b. prevent "singing"
c. allow signals to be multiplexed

d. all of the above
This is the highest-ranking office in the DDD network in telephony in terms of the size of the geographical
area served and the trunking options available.
a. section center
b. regional center
c. primary center
d. all of the above
In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for:

a. American Mobile Phone System
b. Analog Mobile Phone Service
c. Advanced Mobile Phone System

d. Advanced Mobile Phone Service
In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for:

a. Base Station Controller
b. Base Signal Controller
c. Basic Service Contract

d. Basic Service Code
Page
40
In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for:

a. Mobile Switching Center
b. Mobile Service Cellular
c. Maximum Signal Carrier

d. Minimum Signal Carrier
In GSM, voice channels are called:

a. traffic channels
b. voice channels
c. bearer channels
d. talking channels
In Mobile Communications, GSM uses:

a. frequency hopping
b. direct-sequence modulation
c. CDMA
d. all of the above
In Mobile Communications, IMSI stands for:

a. Integrated Mobile Subscriber Identification
b. International Mobile Subscriber Identification
c. Interim Mobile Subscriber Identification
d. Intermodulation System Interference
NEU EST
An acoustical phenomenon wherein the sound continues to persist after the cause of sound has stopped
resulting in repeated reflections is called
.
a. echo
b. reverberati
on
c.
reflectio
n
d. diffractio
n
A group of filters has 1/3 octave of spacing. If the initial frequency is 25 Hz, what is the next frequency
available for the filter?
.
a. 50 Hz
b. 12.5 Hz
c.
75 Hz
+ 26 dBu is how many volts?

.
a. 7.75 V
b. 15.5 V
c.
31 V

V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V
Page
41
d. 62 V
d. 31.5 Hz
A type of microphone that uses the principle of a capacitor as a means of transduction. It uses a polarizing
voltage of between 9 and 48 V of DC supply applied to its diaphragm by an external power supply.
.
a
Dynamic
Condenser
Ribbon
Carbon
Determine the sound power in Watts produced by the banks alarm if a by-stander heard the alarm at a
sound pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-stander is 100 ft away from the bank.
.
b
55.68 W
58.56 W
58.65 W
56.
85
W
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dB-PWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10]
W = 58.65 Watts
A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at 1 meter distance and input electrical power of 1 W. How
loud is the SPL at distance of 20 meters if this speaker is driven to 10 W of electrical power?
.
a. 82 dBSPL
b. 69 dBSPL
c.
65 dBSPL
d. 79 dBSPL

SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log (10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
A number from 0 to 1 representing the ability of a surface material to absorb sound energy is known as
.
d
Sound absorption
Absorption Coefficient
Reflection coefficient
Room Constant
The difference in dB between the loudest level of sound and the softest passage of sound is known as _
Page
42
.
e
Headroom
gain
signal-to-noise ratio
dynamic range
NEU2 EST RADIATION AND wave propagation

The highest frequency that can be used for skywave propagation between two specific points on earths
surface.
a. Critical Frequency
d. mid frequency
b. MUF
c. Cut-off frequency
Variation in signal loss caused by natural weather disturbances.

a. attenuation
d. weather loss
b. fading
c. spreading loss
Determine the radio horizon for a transmit antenna that is 200 m high and a receiving antenna that is 100 m
high
a. 99.5km
b. 96.5 km
c. 95.87 km
d. 97.5 km

D = 17ht + 17hr
= 17(200) + 17(100)
= 99.5 km
The height above the earths surface from which a refracted wave appears to have been reflected
a. actual height
d. mean height
b. virtual height
c. average height
The highest frequency that can be used for skywave propagation between two specific points on earths
surface.
a. Critical Frequency
d. center frequency
b. MUF
c. Cut-off frequency
Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the horizon level.

a. ground waves
d. space waves
b. surface waves
c. sky waves
TIP EST FIBER OPTIC1
Page
43
The most common light used in fiber-optic links is

a Infrared
d. Ultraviolet
b. Red
c. Violet
In the telecommunications industry, the most commonly used fiber(s) are

a. 50 micron
b. 62.5 micron
c. 50 and 62.5 micron
d. 125 micron
The abrupt change in refractive index from core to cladding of fiber-optic cable is called the
a. Total internal reflection
b. Numerical aperture
c. Dispersion
d. Step index
A technique that is used to minimize the pulse dispersion effect is to

a. Use a higher frequency light source
b. Use plastic cladding
c. Minimize the core diameter
d. All the above
Which is not an important characteristic of a light detector?
a. Responsitivity
b. Dark current
c. Power consumption d. Response speed
The dispersion of light in fiber-optic cable caused by a portion of the light energy traveling in the cladding is
called
a. Modal dispersion
b. Material dispersion
c. Waveguide dispersion
d. Cable dispersion
Recent laser developments for fiber-optic communication include
a. Distributed feedback (DFB)
b. Vertical cavity surface emitting (VCSEL)
c. Heterojunction
d. Distributed feedback (DFB) and vertical cavity surface emitting (VCSEL)
Which of the following considerations is important when deciding between using a diode laser or an LED?
a. Response time
b. Power levels
c. Temperature sensitivity
d. Failure characteristics
In 1815, the correct explanation of diffraction was given by
a. Maxwell
b. Rayleigh
c. Fresnel
Page
44
d. Snell
It is the central part of the optical communication system

a. Light Source
b. Optical Fiber
c. Photodetector
The light energy that is always emitted or absorbed in discrete units

a. Light Ray
b. Boson
c. Quanta
d. Light
Which of the following Ethernet fiber optic standard uses synchronous, Centralized Clock?
a. 10 Base-FL (Link)
d. Both a & c
b. 10 Base-FB (Backbone)
c. 10 Base-FP (passive)
It is a mixed, multiple-service standard to allow the transmission of voice and video over an FDDJ network.
a. FDDI - II
b. FDDI - I
c. Hi PPI
d. Escon
It is a layer of plastic that surrounds a fiber or group of fibers

a. Buffer Tube
b. Bulkhead
c. Cladding
d. Jacket
TUP-M EST (antenna)

The angular separation between the two half-power points on the power density radiation pattern.
a
Bandwidth b Beamwidth c. Footprint

d. Azimuth
Refers to the direction in space of electric vector of the electromagnetic wave radiated from an antenna and
is parallel to the antenna itself.
a
Propagation b. Coordinates
c. Polarization d. Azimuth
Placing a metallic array on the antenna effects to increase the current at the base of the antenna, and also to
make the current distribution more uniform. What is this called?
.
a. Reflector b. Grounding c. Top loading d. Feeding
What principle that states that the properties of an antenna are independent of whether it is used for
transmission or reception.
.
a. Alternation b. Diplexer c. Reciprocity d. Repeatability
Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors
are often used at that frequency as antennas outside broadcast television microwave links.
Page
45
.
a. 140
b. 70
c. 3.50
d. 0.8750
This is often used to cure the problem of great thickness required of lenses used at lower microwave
frequencies or for strong curved wavefronts.
.
a. Splicing b. Zoning c. Curving d. Polarizing
A structure-generally metallic and sometimes very complex-designed to provide an efficient coupling

between space and the output of a transmitter or input to a receiver.
.
a. Stub b. Antenna c. Transmission line d. waveguide
The ratio comparing the power density generated by a practical antenna in some direction, with that due to
an isotopic antenna radiating the same total power.
.
a. directivity
b. Directive gain
d. Elementary doublet
c. bandwidth
Any array that is directional at right angles to the plane of the array is said, by inference, to have
__________.
.
a. Broadside
b. Broadside array
c. Broadside action
d. End-fire array
The ratio of the focal length to the mouth diameter is called __________ of the parabola, just as in camera
lenses.
.
a. focus
d. aperture
b. resolution
c. feed
Corresponds to a resonant transmission line, and the dipole antennas describe so far have been resonant.
a. Non-resonant antenna
c. Antenna arrays
b. Resonant antenna
TUP- M EST (fiber optics)

An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What numerical aperture does the fiber have?
a. 0.852
b.
0.352
c.
1.032
Page
46
d. 0.235
By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is:

=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What is the acceptance angle?
a.
22.8
b. 18.6
c. 20.6
d. 23.6

By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is:
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
By equation (20.8), the acceptance angle is:
0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6
For a single-mode optical cable with 0.25-dB/km loss, determine the optical power 100km from a 0.1-mW
light source.
a. -25dBm
b. -45dBm
c. -35dBm
d. -30dBm

P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316W
P(dBm)= 10log
= -35dBm
For an optical fiber 10km long with a pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km, determine the maximum digital
transmission rates for return-to-zero.
a.
10Mbps
b. 20 Mbps
c. 50 Mbps
d. 5 Mbps
Fb=
=20Mbps
In fiber optics, it is a measure of the conversion efficiency of a photodetector. It is the ratio of the output
current of a photodiode to the input optical power and has the unit of amperes per watt
a. Dark current
b. Responsivity
c. Spectral Response
d. Light Sensitivity
A phenomenon also called stress corrosion resulting if the glass fiber is exposed to long periods of high
humidity?
Page
47
.
a
Static fatigue
Absorption
Scattering loss
Dispersion
The theory which states that when visible light or high-frequency electromagnetic radiation illuminates a
metallic surface, electrons are emitted.
.
a
Photoelectric effect
Plancks law
Photoemission effect
Ray Theory of light
The science of measuring only light waves that are visible to the human eye
a
Radiometry
Photometry
Optometry
Optics
The process of constructing an ILD that is similar to LED except that the ends are highly polished.
a.epitaxially grown
b. Planar diffusion
c. lasing d. None of the above
A phenomenon in optical fibers communication system that is caused by the difference in the propagation
times of light rays that take different paths down the fiber.
.
a
Pulse spreading
Wavelength distortion
Rayleigh scattering
Microbending
UDM EST
For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17C with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the
thermal noise power in dBm .
a. 134dBm
b. 130dBm
c. -134dBm
Page
48
d. 130dBm
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

N = KTB
B = 1 x 104 Hz
T(kelvin) = 17C + 273 = 290 K

= (1.38 x 10 -23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17 W
N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm

0.001
A 300 resistor is connected across the 300 antenna input of a television receiver. The bandwidth of the
receiver is 6MHz, and the resistor is at room temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the receiver
input.
a. 5.4 V
d. 6.7 V
3.12 V
b.
4.5 V
c.

VN =
=
4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 )
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 V
The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100W and the noise power is 1 W. At the output, the signal
power is 1W and the noise power is 30mW. What is the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?
a.
3.5
b.
4.5
c.
d.

(S/N)p = 100W
1W
(S/N)o = 1W
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100
33.5
= 100
= 33.3
=3
It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient
temperature. Calculate the receivers sensitivity.
a
-84dBm
b. -98dBm
c. -80dBm
d. -75dBm

S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10logf + desired S/N
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98 dBm
A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K) connected via a coupling network (T eq= 40
K) to a microwave receiver (Teq=52 K referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receivers input
over a 1-MHz frequency range?
Page
49
.
a
1.75 x 10-15W
b. 1.75 x 10-12W
c. 1.15 x 10-15W
d. 1.15 x 10-12W

PN = KTf
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10-15 W
Equivalent temperature of a passive system having the same noise power output of a given system.
a
b
c
d
Noise figure
Total temperature
Equivalent temperature
Noise temperature
The noise voltage produced across a 50 is input resistance at a temperature of 302C with a bandwidth of
6 MHz is ______.
a
5.15 V
b. 3005mV
c. 2124mV
d. 2.24V

VN =
=
4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)
= 2.24V
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast FM program that has a maximum intelligence
frequency of 5 kHz. The input S/N is 2
a
2.5
b.
30
c.
d.
25

= x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz
75 kHz = 30
2.5 kHz
UPHSD EST Control System
The technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship to generate an output with logical 0s and 1s
determined by comparing the phase of two successive data bits is
a.
CSU/DSU b. DPSK
c. TDM
d. CVSD
A special digital modulation technique that achieves high data rates in limited-bandwidth channels is called
.
a
b
c
d
Delta modulation
Pulse-coded modulation (PCM)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
Page
50
FSK systems are much superior to two-tone amplitude-modulation systems with respect to
.
a
b
c
d
Noise performance
Bandwidth requirements of the channel
Ionospheric fading characteristics
Power consumption
Using an oscilloscope to display overlayed received data bits that provide information on noise, jitter, and
linearity is called a(n)
.
a
b
c
d
Eye pattern
Constellation pattern
Statistical concentration
Loopback
The type of radio transmission that uses pseudorandomly switched transmissions is known as
.
a
b
c
d
Facsimile
Spread spectrum
Synthesizing
Compression
The acronym CDMA refers to ________.

.
a
b
c
d
Channel-division multiple-access systems

Carrier-division multiple-access systems
Capture-division multiple-access systems
Code-division multiple-access systems
The acronym OFDM refers to ________.

.
a
b
c
d
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Over Frequency Division Multiplexing
Optional Frequency Division Modulation
Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
Using radio to transmit gathered data on some particular phenomenon without human monitors is known as
.
a
b
c
d
Radio facsimile
Radio telemetry
Radio teletype
Radio multiplexing
Page
51
The acronym for the form of data transmission in which the modulating wave shifts the output between two
predetermined frequencies is _____.
.
a
b
c
d
FSK
PSK
FPF
FSA
Pseudorandom implies a sequence that can be _____ but has the properties of randomness.
a
b
c
d
decoded
detected
re-created
minimized
______ implies that both analog and digital signals share the same channel bandwidth.
a
b
c
d
AM
Hybrid
FM
RF
Telemetry may be defined as _____ metering.

.
a
b
c
d
distance
specialized
remote
data
Which is not a type of pulse modulation?

.
a
b
c
d
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM)
Pulse-position modulation (PPM)
PPM and PWM are superior to PAM systems in

.
a
b
c
d
Noise characteristics
Bandwidth characteristics
Simplicity in design
Frequency response of the intelligence signal
A procedure that decides which device has permission to transmit at a given time is called
.
a
b
c
Line control
Protocol
Flow control
Page
52
d Sequence control
The major difficulty faced by delta modulators is
.
a
b
c
d
Excessive noise producing errors

Slope overload
Insufficient frequency response of the intelligence signal
Complexity of design
The AT&T T1 lines

.
a
b
c
d
Use 16-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels

Use delta modulation and include 48 voice channels
Use 8-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels
Use delta modulation and include 24 voice channels
The ground wire in a USB cable is ______.

a
b
c
d
Yellow
Blue
Red
Brown
A(n) ________ is used to allow a digital signal to be transmitted on an analog channel.

.
a
b
c
d
codec
alias
modem
PSK
The bit ________ is the amount of power in a digital bit for a given amount of time.
.
a
b
c
d
error
energy
joule
hp
The relationship for bit rate to ________ bandwidth is defined by the Shannon-Hartley theorem.
.
a
b
c
d
modem
codec
channel
amplifier
In an S/H circuit, the time that it must hold the sampled voltage is
.
a
Aperture time
Page
53
b
c
d
Acquisition time
Flat-top time
Dmin
Error signals associated with the sampling process are called

.
a
b
c
d
Foldover distortion
Aliasing
Nyquist rate
Foldover distortion and aliasing
A(n) ________ is a single LSI chip containing both the ADC and DAC circuitry.
a
b
c
d
modem
DSP
codec
ASIC
The NRZ digital signal-encoding format has a ________ component in the waveform.
a
b
c
d
dc
sinusoidal
harmonic
parity
ReedSolomon codes utilize a technique called ________ to rearrange the data into a nonlinear ordering
scheme to improve the chance of data correction.
.
a
b
c
d
pseudorandom
BSC
interleaving
quantizing
UST - EST ELECTRONICS

The electric field intensity is measured in:
a. V/m b. V-m
c. C/m
d. V/C
It is a result of an increase in the charge density in dielectric materials.
a. polarization b. dipole moment
d. potential difference
c. potential
It refers to the maximum antenna gain.

a. directivity
d. power density
b. directive gain c. power gain
Page
54
The maximum horizontal distance between the transmitter and the receiver for line of sight propagation is
known as:
a. radio horizon
b. range
c. single hop distance d. service region
Typical mode of radiation of helical antenna is:

a. end fire
b. normal
d. differential mode
c. common mode
The electric field is perpendicular to the earths surface, the polarization is:
a. vertical
d. circular
b. normal
c. horizontal
In what major RF band is ground wave basically applied?

a. MF
b. HF
c. VHF
d. UHF
A measure of mismatch in a transmission line

a. reflection coefficient
c. standing wave ratio
b. propagation delay
d. all of these
The highest frequency that can be set back to earth by the ionosphere, if wave is sent vertically upward.
a. maximum usable frequency (muf)b.propagating frequency
c. critical frequency
d. cut-off frequency
Travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna.
a. ground wave b. scatter
d. sky wave
c. space wave
VLF waves are for some types of services because

a. of low powers required
c. they are very reliable
b. the transmitting antennas are of convenient size

d. they penetrate the ionosphere easily
It is the distance between two wave fronts having the same phase at any given instant.
a. wavefront
b. wavelength c. wave distance
d. field intensity
It is a piece of transmission line which is normally short-circuited at the far end.

a. terminator
b. stub c. quarter wave transformer
Page
55
d. none of these
A 50 ohms transmission line is connected to a 30 ohm resistive load. Calculate the reflection coefficient.
a. 0.35
b. 0.25
c. 0.10
d. 0.15
The characteristic impedance of a transmission line does not depend upon

a. conductor spacing
c. length
b. conductor diameter
d. conductor radius
Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the impedance measured at the _______ when its length
is infinite.
a. input b. shorted end of the line c. output
d. midsection
Which region of the ionosphere is mainly responsible for long-distance night time communications?
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. A layer
d. F layer
Which is properly terminated antenna?

a. rhombic
b. dipole
c. marconi
d. Hertz
Occurs when the radio beam is at point of grazing over an obstacle.

a. diffraction b. Refraction
c. Absorption d. reflection
A microwave communications system, space loss calculation formula is

a. 92.4 + 10 log F + 20 log D
c. 92.4 + 20 log F + 20 log D
b. 94.2 + 10 log F + 20 log D

d. 94.2 + 20 log F + 20 log D
UST EST DATA COMMUNICATION

Is an OSI Layer which is responsible for providing error-free communications across the physical link
connecting primary and secondary stations (nodes)
a.Data Link Layer b. Transport Layer c. Session Layer
d. Presentation Layer
Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude that can be decoded by the
digital-to-analog converter.
a. Step size
b. Quantization Error
d. Dynamic range
c. Resolution
Page
56
Is a PCM system which uses a single bit PCM code to achieve digital transmission of analog signals.
a.Trellis Coding
b. Delta modulation
c. Differential PCM
d. QAM
Is a redundancy error detection scheme that uses parity to determine if a transmission error has occurred
within a message and is sometimes called message parity.
a. Longitudinal redundancy check
b. Vertical redundancy check
c. Character Parity Check
d. Checksum
Is an n-bit data register inside the UART that keeps track of the UARTs transmit and receive buffer registers.
a. Control Register
c. Control and Status Register
b. Status Word register

d. Command register
Is an access method used primarily with LANs configured in a bus topology.

a
CSMA/CD
b. CSMA
c. CSMA/CA
d. MA
c. 40 bits
d. 48 bits
IP version 4 address length is

a
32 bits
b.
24 bits
Is a multiport bridge that provides bridging function.

a. Repeater
b. hub
c. Router
d. Switch
Is a device which operates in the Network layer and it makes forwarding decisions on the basis of network
addresses.
a. Repeater
b. hub
c. Router
d. Switch
OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is

a. 51.84 Mbps
b. 1.544 Mbps
c. 3 Mbps
d. 2.048 Mbp
Is one in which all computers share their resources with all the other computers on the network.
a. Dedicated client server network
b. Peer-to-peer client/server network
c. Peer-to-peer network
d. All of the above
Is used to interface DTEs to digital transmission channels
a. Data modem
b. Router
c. Splitter
d. Channel service unit
Modulation which combines encoding and modulation to reduce the
Page
57
probability of error.
a. DPSK
b. FSK
c.
QAM
d. TCM
Is an empirical record of a systems actual bit error performance

a.
ER
b. BER
c. EER
d. BERT
Is an error-correcting code used for correcting transmission errors in synchronous data streams.
a. Trellis Code
d. Hamming code
b. EBCDIC
c.
Bisync Code
Page
58

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Biomedical Technology

d. any of the above

Power rating=( 0.7 ) x

Power rating=( 0.7 ) x

8. It is the study of the response of an image receptor to x-rays

9. Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to that without a grid

b. contrast improvement factor

11. ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05 to ____ Hz

14. Apparatus for measuring blood pressure

19. Recording of heart sounds

20. Recorder for measuring galvanic skin resistance

Digital and Data Communications

3. The early pioneer in the development of error-detection and correction procedures

b. LRC c. CRC d. VRC

( 255 ) (0.5 Vmax )

7. Inaccuracies caused by the representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of a number of

b. slope overload c. distortion d. quantizing errors

b. codec c. sample-and-hold circuit d. ADC

b. foldover distortion c. either a or b d. neither a nor b

b. 2 Mbps c. 3 Mbps d. 4 Mbps

b. 5.63 c. 6.35 d. 3.65

SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40

b. Firewall c. Frameguard d. Footprint

15. An IPv4 has an address space of how many?

c. 4B/5B Encoding d. 4A/5A Encoding

equal to the lowest frequency of a signal

3. An error detection method which uses ones complement arithmetic

Two-dimensional parity check

4. It is a connecting device between two internetworks that use different models

The link carries 50,000 frames /sec

10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two 1)

as IPv4 and IPv6.

1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb

It involves transmitting each character twice.

b. Central Limit Theorem

c. Poisson Distribution d. Gaussian Distribution

b. the number of protons c. the number of protons and neutrons

Of the following substances the most conductor is

d. None of the above

Coax is not used beyond frequencies of about ______ GHz.

Data Communications refers to the transmission of ________.

c. Computer data d. All of the above

d. none of the above

b. color quality selector

It is the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

d. DTE transmitter signal

b. double bit error

It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet implementation.

d. none of the above

IEEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer?

d. None of the above

b. Ring c. Bus d. Mesh

Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM signal.

a. squarer b. PLL c. bandpass filter d.frequency divider

c. 852 Hz and 1336 Hz

b. Morse Code c. ASCII code

Noise that is primarily caused by lightning. Often called as Static Noise.

What is the equation for Hartleys Law?

The most commonly used digital modulation scheme.

a. ASCII code b. Baudot Code c EBCDIC code d. Code 39

Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has a S/N of 1023?

Token Ring Standard

It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from a receiver signal.