NOTES by: Jonas Marvin Anaque RM, RN

Salmonellosis is a type of food poisoning - foodborne

diseases
caused by Salmonella enterica bacterium
common in the summer
Food may be contaminated during food processing or
food handling.
Food may become contaminated by the unwashed
hands of an infected food handler.
Reptiles, baby chicks and ducklings, and small rodents
such as hamsters are particularly likely to
carry Salmonella.
Beef, poultry, milk, and eggs are most often infected
with salmonella.
Symptoms : Diarrhea, Fever, and Abdominal cramps.
Incubation period: 12 to 72 hours
illness usually lasts 2 to 7 days
Person-to-person transmission through the faecal-oral
route
Dehydration is the most common complication.
To prevent salmonellosis:
Do not eat raw or undercooked eggs.
Cook foods until they are well done.
Avoid raw or unpasteurized milk or other dairy
products.

NOTES by: Jonas Marvin Anaque RM, RN

Thoroughly wash hands, cutting boards, counters,
knives, and other utensils after handling uncooked
foods.
Wash your hands before handling any food
Wash your hands after contact with animal feces.

Cholera

acute diarrhoeal infection

caused by bacteria Vibrio cholerae.
also known as "blue death" because a person's skin
may turn bluish-gray from extreme loss of fluids.
Cause: Unsafe or unsanitary source of Water
Cholera has been found in two animal
populations: shellfish and plankton
Food transmission can occur when people harvest
seafood such as oysters in waters infected with
sewage, as Vibrio cholerae accumulates in oysters
talaba
A rapid dipstick test is available to determine the
presence of V. cholerae.
Symptoms
Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that can
cause severe acute rice watery diarrhoea. may
have a fishy odor
Afebrile- Fever is rare
Patients can be lethargic, and might have
sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin,
decreased skin turgor, or wrinkled hands and
feet.

NOTES by: Jonas Marvin Anaque RM, RN

Kussmaul breathing is present because

of acidosis from stool bicarbonate losses and lactic
acidosis associated with poor perfusion
Cholera can be diagnosed by a stool test.
Prevention involves improved sanitation and access
to clean water.
The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy
Rice-based solutions are preferred.
Zinc supplementation is useful in children.
In severe cases, intravenous fluids, such
as Ringer's lactate

Prevention :
Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of
infected fecal waste water
Sewage: antibacterial treatment of
general sewage by chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light.
Water purification: All water used for drinking,
washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either
boiling, chlorination, ozone water treatment,
ultraviolet light sterilization (e.g. by solar water
disinfection), or antimicrobial filtration in any area
where cholera may be present.

Cloth filters or sari filtration

Surveillance
-

seasonal mostly

Vaccine

during rainy seasons.

NOTES by: Jonas Marvin Anaque RM, RN

-

Dukoral vaccine, an orally administered, inactivated whole cell vaccine

Cholera vaccines that are given by mouth provide

reasonable protection for about six months.

Sari filtration

sari (a long cloth garment) to filter drinking water.

It involves folding a sari four to eight times.

TKO program by DOH Tubig Kubeta Oresol Program

promoting oral rehydration therapy was T.K.O. (Tubig,

Kubeta, Oresol): Kontra Kolera in 1995.
The said program was launched in the light of the
nationwide cholera epidemic.
Home made ORS 1 glass of clean water + 4 tsp of
sugar and a pinch of salt
ImmediateTreatment

Replace lost body fluid by giving Oral Rehydration

Solution (ORESOL) or a homemade solution composed of
1 teaspoon of salt, 4 teaspoons of sugar mix to 1 liter of
water.
Updates: 1 liter of clean water + 8 tsp of sugar and 2
tsp of salt taker for every 4 hours

NOTES by: Jonas Marvin Anaque RM, RN

Prevention and Control
Drink only safe and clean water. If unsure, boil
drinking water (Upon reaching boiling point, extend
boiling for two or more minutes), or
Do water chlorination.
Keep food away from insects and rats by covering it.
Wash and cook food properly.
Sanitary disposal of human waste.
Use toilet properly and clean toilet everyday.
Wash hands with soap after using toilet and before
eating.
Keep surroundings clean to prevent flies and other
insects and rodents from breeding.