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International Ata-Trk Ala-Too University

Subject: Turkey in World Politics
Lecturer: Ibrahim Denetim
Student: Vildana Izmailova
Group: IR-4A

The reforms of Atatrk within 1920-1936

Atatrk's Reforms (tur.Atatrk Devrimleri.) are series of political, legal, cultural, economic and
social changes which have turned the Turkish Republic in the present secular nation-state.
Reforms have been carried out during the reign of Atatrk in accordance with the ideology of
Kemalism. The main essence of the reform was the planting of a number of Western values and
achievements in the Turkish society. Political reforms have led to such serious changes in
society that began to fade many traditions of the Ottoman society, and eventually was revised
and changed the whole system of society of the former Ottoman Empire.
Turkish Republic (tur. Trkiye Cumhuriyeti) was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923 by
the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
On April 23, 1920 was the opening session of the Turkish Grand National Assembly which
combined legislative, executive and judicial power. The first speaker of the TGNA himself
became Kemal Atatrk. As a result, on 1 November, 1922 Atatrk officially abolished the
Ottoman sultanate, and the caliphate and sultanate were separated from each other. March 1,
1924, he promised to parliamentarians

"to release the policy from Islamic slavery" and "to

clear Islam from the policy". March 3, 1924, Mustafa Kemal offers a total secularization of
Turkey, which was adopted by unanimity. Sharia court proceedings and the transfer of vakuf
property at the disposal of offices created by the General Vakuf were canceled in Turkey. The
changes in legislation were radical, because Atatrk took the French model of secular society as
a basis. The essence of the European model was:

-Guarantees of freedom of conscience (freedom to practice any religion)

-The separation of religion from the state,
-Stop using civilian funds for religious purposes,
-Pin the legal system of control religion,
-Liberation of the education system of religion, tolerance of all who change religion or declares
himself an atheist,
-Removal of religious restrictions on persons holding public office,
-Making a new public education system, free from Islam and Sharia law,
-Creating legal structures based on the Swiss Civil Code.
Quran was translated into the Turkish language, which at that time was a terrible sin. In order to
limit the rights and powers, Kemal A. created the Office of Religious Affairs. Kemal Atatrk also
advocated the importance of the Turkish language. If you have another nationality, but you live
in Turkey, respectively, you must speak Turkish. October 13, 1923 the Turkish capital was
moved from Istanbul to Ankara. The main goal of the economic reforms was comprehensive
union of Turkey, the elimination of foreign influence in the economy and the improvement of
internal communications in the country. An important step was the nationalization of all railways
which were built in the country. Mustafa Kemal strongly supported the emancipation of women.
It meant the giving all Turkish women the right to vote and to be elected.

The comparison of nation-state building processes of early Turkish Republic with the
nation-state building processes of Kyrgyz Republic, following the collapse of the Soviet
Union.
Turkey has changed the paradigm of imperial foreign policy on the concept of building a nationstate. In other words, it rejected the idea of domination over the Arab world - the Middle East
and North Africa - in favor of building a strong state. Atatrk took a course to build a developed

democratic state in western style. In April 1924, the parliament of the country under the
leadership of Atatrk adopted the Constitution, according to which the Turkish Republic was
proclaimed a parliamentary democracy. Together with the struggle against Islam, struggle
developed for the purity of the Turkish nation and culture. However, with the abolition of the
personality cult of the Prophet, was formed a new cult - around Mustafa Kemal. In public life
Atatrk stood on the positions of hard statism (active state intervention in private and public life
of citizens). Statism policy, the cult of personality, nationalization - all this as a whole consistent
with the spirit time and the same processes, taking place in Europe, from Lisbon to Vladivostok.
In foreign policy significant progress has been achieved - the country once again won
recognition from the leading states. In 1932 Turkey was accepted into the League of Nations, and
in 1936 at a conference in Montreux Swiss secured the right to strengthen the defenses of
Bosporus and Dardanelles, and close them for military ships and commercial vessels of the
enemy.
Kyrgyz Republic was proclaimed sovereign on 31 August 1991.It is a unitary, democratic
Republic which constructed on the basis of a legal secular state, living under the Constitution
which was adopted by the people of the Kyrgyz Republic. Despite such a significant reduction in
social and economic indicators there were conducted market reforms, which led to the
institutional and legal, and regulatory framework for sustainable economic growth. After the
collapse of the Soviet Union, waves of privatization took place in Kyrgyzstan. A large part of the
property was transferred from the state to private rule. At the same time the radical changes
taking place in agriculture. The collective farms were completely unsustainable in the new
conditions, because they were completely dependent on government subsidies. Instead, there are
host of single or multi-family farms, which have become the main form of enterprise in the
Kyrgyz agriculture. As Turkey introduced Lira, In May 1993 Kyrgyzstan has introduced its own
national currency (Som) and became one of the first countries that have emerged from the ruble
zone. Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan actively reveals itself as an independent country. The Kyrgyz

Republic has entered into various international organizations such as the UN or OSCE. Kyrgyz
language becomes the main language and Russian language-secondary. In Kyrgyzstan, there is a
variety of religions, but the core is Islam. Education remained at the Soviet level, although now
many schools and universities which train on European standards.
In comparison, we see that both aspired to independence and self-recognition. The system of
Government is the same, almost the same purpose. Kemal Atatrk did not allow disappearing of
state property, when in Kyrgyzstan almost all was passed into private hands.

Sources:
1)http://www.academia.edu/7382239/Nation_Building_Process_of_Turkey_From_late_Ottoman
_Empire_to_Atatrk_Turkey
2)https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/_
3)http://www.open.kg/about-kyrgyzstan/kyrgyz-economy/page,2,241-ekonomika-kyrgyzstana-v1991-2005-godah.html
4) http://kghistory.akipress.org/unews/un_post:2159