6.

002x

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS

Inside the Digital Gate

Reading: Chapter 6 of A&L

Review

The Digital Abstraction

l Discretize value: 0, 1
l Static discipline -- digital devices meet voltage thresholds

sender

VOH
VOL

VIH
VIL

receiver

Specifies how gates must be designed

2

Review
Combinational gate abstraction
outputs function of input alone
satisfies static discipline

A
B

C
NAND

A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
10

C
1
1
1
3

Review

A digital circuit

A
B
D

C
3 gates here

A Nehalem class microprocessor from Intel has approx 1 billion gates

The RAW multicore chip (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/raw/) built by students
at CSAIL, MIT, had about 3 million gates
The 64-core Tile processor from Tilera has approx a half billion gates

Review

A digital circuit

A
B
C

Demo

D
h&p://localhost:8000/sta2c/book/p027.jpg

How to build a digital gate

Analogy

Use this
insight to
build an
AND gate.
6

How to build a digital gate

Electrical Analogy

Key: we need a switch device

New Switch Element

Consider abstract
switch device

Equivalent ckt
For
mechanical
switch,
control
mechanical
pressure

3-Terminal device
if C = 0: short circuit between in and out
else: open circuit between in and out

Now, consider this circuit

10

Behavior of this circuit

11

What about?

12

What about?

13

We can also build compound gates

VS

D
A

Now lets get back to reality we need a physical switch

14

The MOSFET Device

Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
Field-Effect Transistor
3 terminal lumped element
behaves like a switch
G: control terminal

D, S: behave in a symmetric
manner (for our needs)
15

The MOSFET Device

G
S

VT ~ 1V

Understand its
operation by
viewing it as a
two-port
element

ut
o
k
c
Che extbook
the t s
for itnal
inter ture
Struc .7
Sec 6

for example

Switch model (S model) of the MOSFET

16

Check the MOS device

i
on a scope

Demo

DS

iDS
iG

vDS

vGS

You get two v-i

relations;
One for each
switch setting

iDS

vs vDS

vDS

(As we will see soon, note that the actual MOSFET behavior is quite a bit more complex. The
above switch characterization is a gross simplification. If you cannot wait, check out Section
7.3 of the textbook for the actual MOSFET characteristics)

17

A MOSFET Inverter
A

A, B: Logic value
vIN: Voltage value

Note the power of

abstraction:
The abstract inverter
gate representation
hides internal details
such as power supply
connections, RL, GND,
etc. When we build
digital circuits, the
and
are common
across all gates!

18

We can plot the relationship between the

input and output voltages
vIN

vOUT

Called voltage
transfer
characteristic

vOUT
5V

VS = 5V
RL

vOUT
vIN

0V V
T =1V

5V

vIN
19

Question: The T1000 model laptop needs gates that

satisfy a static discipline with voltage thresholds given
below. Does our inverter qualify?

1:
sender
0:

VOL = 0.5V

VIL = 0.9V

VOH = 4.5V

VIH = 4.1V

VOH
VOL

vIN

vOUT

1
receiver

VIH
VIL

0
20

Does our inverter satisfy the voltage

thresholds for this static discipline?
5V

0V

VOUT

VT =1V

5V

VIN

vIN

vOUT

VOL = 0.5V

VIL = 0.9V

VOH = 4.5V

VIH = 4.1V
1

VOH 4.5

VIH 4.1

VOL 0.5

VIL 0.9

21

vIN
Does our inverter satisfy the static
discipline for these different thresholds?

vOUT

VOUT

5V

0V

VT =1V

5V

VOL = 0.2V

VIL = 0.5V

VOH = 5.1V

VIH = 4.5V

VIN

VOL = 0.2V

VIL = 0.5V

VOH = 5.1V

VIH = 4.5V

22

How about these thresholds?

5V

0V

vIN

vOUT

VOUT

VT =1V

VOL = 0.5V
VOH = 4.5V

5V

VOL = 0.5V

VIL = 1.5V

VOH = 4.5V

VIH = 3.5V

VIN

VIL = 1.5V
VIH = 3.5V
23

Switch Resistor (SR) Model of MOSFET

a more accurate MOSFET model
D
G
D

vGS < VT

S
D

vGS VT

S
24

SR Model of MOSFET
MOSFET
S model
iDS

D
G

vGS VT

vGS < VT
VDS

MOSFET
SR model

Demo

RON

iDS

vGS VT

vGS < VT
VDS

25

Using the SR model

VS
RL

vOUT
C

26

Transfer Function for Inverter using

the SR MOSFET Model
vIN

vOUT
VS

vOUT

vIN

RON

5V
VS

RL

C=0

vOUT

RL
C=1

vIN

vOUT
RON

0V V
T =1V

5V

vIN
27

Does our inverter satisfy the voltage

thresholds for this static discipline?
5V

0V

VOUT

vIN

vOUT

VOL = 0.5V

VIL = 0.9V

VOH = 4.5V

VIH = 4.1V
1

VOH 4.5

VIH 4.1

VOL 0.5

VIL 0.9

0.45V

VT =1V

5V

VIN

So, our inverter satisfies this static discipline

28

Some Interesting Insights

Our Digital Subcircuits are Linear
VS

VS

D
A
B

A
B

D
C

29

Static Power in Digital Circuits

VS
RL

A=1
B=1

RON

C=0

RON

30

Analog and Digital (or Mixed Signals)

are Everywhere

31