Lecture Notes

M.Kaliamoorthy AP/EEE, PSNACET

Operational impedances for a synchronous machine with four rotor windings
Construction
A 2 pole 3 phase wye-connected salient pole synchronous machine is shown in the figure given
below. The stator windings are identical and sinusoid ally distributed windings displaced 120
degrees with Ns equivalent turns and resistance rs. The rotor is equipped with a field winding
and three damper windings. The field winding (fd winding) has N fd equivalent turns with
resistance rfd.One damper winding has the same magnetic axis as the field winding. This
winding is kd winding, has Nkd equivalent turns with resistance rkd.The magnetic axis of second
and third damper windings, the kq1 and kq2 windings, is displaced 90 degrees a head of the
magnetic axis of the fd and kd windings. The kq1 and kq2 windings have N kq1 and Nkq2
equivalent turns with resistance rkq1 and rkq2.It is assumed that all the rotor windings are
sinusoidally distributed. Also it is assumed that the direction of positive stator currents is out of
the terminals convenient to describe generator action.

The magnetic axes of the stator windings are denoted by as, bs and cs axes. The q axis is the
magnetic axes of the kq1 and kq2 windings while the d axis is the magnetic axis of the fd and
kd windings. Because the synchronous machine is generally operated as a generator, it is
convenient to assume that the direction of positive stator current is out of the terminals as
shown in the figure above. With this convention the voltage equation in machine variables may
be expressed in matrix form as,
Derivation
Vabcs rs iabcs p abcs ..............(1)
Vqdr rr iqdr p qdr ...................( 2)

(- ve sign for rs because genertaor action)

Lecture Notes
M.Kaliamoorthy AP/EEE, PSNACET
In the above expression s and r subscripts denote variables associated with the stator and rotor
windings, respectively. Both rs and rr are diagonal matrices. In particular

rs diag rs

rs
rs 0
0

rs

rr diag rkq1

rkq 2

0
0 ........................................(3)
rs

0
rs
0

rkq1

rkd

r fd

rkq 2

0
0

r fd

0
.............( 4)
0

rkd

The flux linkages equations becomes

abcs Ls

T
qdr Lsr

Lsr iabcs

.............(5)
Lr iqdr

We can write Stator inductance matrix L s (Self and Mutual between stator phases) as (Refer
Lecture Notes on Symmetrical synchronous machine and MMF waveforms)

LA LB cos 2 r
2
3

Lls LA LB cos 2 r
3

1
LA LB cos 2 r
2

Lls LA LB cos 2 r

Ls LA LB cos 2 r
2
3

LA LB cos 2 r
3
2

LA LB cos 2 r
2
3

1
LA LB cos 2 r
2
2

Lls LA LB cos 2 r
3

...(6)

Similarly self and mutual inductance of the damper windings are as given below; the
inductance matrix Lsr and Lr may be expressed as

Lr

Llkq1 Lmkq1
L
kq1 kq 2

0
0

Lkq1 kq 2
Llkq 2 Lmkq 2

0
0

0
0

0
0

Llfd Lmfd
L fdkd

L fdkd

Llfd Lmfd

..........(7)

Lsr

Lskq1 cos r

Lskq1 cos r

Lskq1 cos r 2

Lskq 2 cos r

Lskq 2

cos r

Lskq 2 cos r

Lsfd sin r
2
sin r

Lskd

Lsfd sin r

Lskd

Lsfd

The magnetizing inductances are defined as

3
L A LB ..............................(9)
2
3
L A LB ..............................(10)
2

Lmq
Lmd

Lskd sin r

2
sin r
.......(8)
3

sin r

Lecture Notes
M.Kaliamoorthy AP/EEE, PSNACET
The relation ship between mutual inductances and magnetizing inductances are given as below
(proof of which is given in lecture notes)
N kq1 2

Lmq ...........................(11)
N
s 3

Lskq1

N kq 2
Ns

Lmq ..........................(12)
3

Lskq 2

N fd
Ns

Lmd .............................(13)
3

N kd
Ns

Lmd ............................(14)
3

Lsfd

Lskd

Lmfd

Lmkq1

N kq1

Ns

Lmkq 2

N kq 2

Ns

N fd

Ns
N kd
Ns

Lmkd

2
Lmq ........................(15)
3

2
Lmd ............................................(18)
3

N kq 2

Lkq1kq 2

L fdkd

2
Lmq ........................(16)
3

2
Lmd ............................................(17)
3

N kq1

Lmkq1

Lmkq 2 ....................(19)
N

kq
1
kq
1

N fd
N kd
Lmkd ..........................( 20)
Lmfd

N fd
N kd

It is convenient to incorporate the following substitute variables that refer the rotor variables to
the stator windings:
'

2 N j
i j .......................( 21)

3 N s

ij

Ns
'
v j ...........................(22)
v j
Nj
N

s
j '
Nj

j ...........................( 23)

Where j may be kq1, kq2, fd or kd

The flux linkages may be now written as

abcs Ls
' 2 L' sr
qdr
3

L' sr i
abcs .............(24)
'
L r i ' qdr

Lecture Notes
Where Ls is defined in the equation (6) and

M.Kaliamoorthy AP/EEE, PSNACET

Lmq cos r

L' sr Lmq cos r

Lmq cos r 2

Lmq cos r

Lmd sin r

Lmq cos r

Lmd sin r

Lmq cos r

Lmd sin r

L'lkq1 Lmq
Lmq

L'lkq 2 Lmq
Lmq

Lr
'

0
0

Lmd sin r

0
0

Lmd sin r
.......( 25)
3

Lmd sin r

0
0

..........(26)

L lfd Lmd
Lmd

Lmd
L'lfd Lmd
'

0
0

The voltage equations in terms of machine variables referred to the stator windings are
rs pLs
Vabcs
V ' 2 p L' sr T
qdr
3
Where

i
abcs

..............( 27)
'
'
'
r r pL r i qdr

pL' sr

3 N s
r j
rj ..........................(28)
2 N j
'

3 N s
L lj
2 N j
'

Llj ........................( 29)

TORQUE EQUATIONS IN MACHINE VARIABLES

The energy stored in the coupling field of a synchronous machine may be expressed as
Wf

1
iabcs T Ls Lls I iabcs iabcs T L' sr i ' qdr 1 3 i ' qdr
2
2 2

L
T

'

L' lr I i ' qdr ........(30)

Form the above discussions Ls and Llr are only function of rotor position and Lr is not a
function of rotor position so we can eliminate last term of (30) and since it is a generator i abcs is
negative and for a P pole machine the above equation can be modified for torque expression
as follows

P
T
Ls Lls I iabcs iabcs T L' sr i ' qdr ...........(31)
iabcs
2
r
r
2

Te

In expanded form the above equation becomes

Lecture Notes

M.Kaliamoorthy AP/EEE, PSNACET

2 1 2 1 2
i

i
i

i
i

2
i
i
sin
2

L L as bs cs as bs as cs bs bs r

md mq 2 2

3 3 2 2

i bs i cs 2iasibs 2iasics cos 2r

1 1

P
3
Te Lmq i 'kq1 i 'kq 2 ias ibs ics sin r ibs ics cosr
2
2
2 2

L i' fd i 'kd i 1 i 1 i cos 3 i i sin

as bs cs r bs cs r
md
2
2 2

........(32)