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English-English
DICTIONARY
TECHNICAL
A N P R
English-English
A
a
abandoned workings
abandonment
Abandonment of a mining claim may be
by failure to perform work, by
conveyance, by absence, and by lapse of
time. The abandonment of a mining
claim is a question of intent. To constitute
an
abandonment
of
a
mining
claim, there must be a going away and a
relinquishment of rights, with the
intention never to return and with a
voluntary and independent purpose to
surrender the location or claim to the next
comer.
aa
A Hawaiian term for lava consisting of a
rough
assemblage
of
clinkerlike
scoriaceous masses. It is contrasted with
pahoehoe used to designate the
smoother flows. Pron. ah-ah. Fay; Hess
Abbe jar
In mineral processing, a porcelain jar used
for
laboratory
batch
grinding
tests in ceramic ware. Pryor, 1
a axis
a. One of the three crystallographic axes
used
as
reference
in
crystal
description. It is oriented horizontally,
front
to
back.
b. One of the three reference axes used in
describing
a
rock
fabric
possessing monoclinic symmetry, such as
progressive simple shear. The a
axis is the direction of tectonic transport.
Abbe refractometer
An instrument to determine the index of
refraction of a liquid between two
high-index glass prisms.
Abbe theory
The visibility of an object under the
microscope is directly proportional
English-English
ABC system
abime
A.B. Meco-Moore
abernathyite
Abney level
Abel's reagent
abnormal place
aberration
A working place in a coal mine with
adverse geological or other conditions
and in which the miner is unable to earn a
wage,
based
on
the
pricelist,
equal to or above the minimum wage. A
term
generally
associated
with
stalls or pillar methods of working. Nelson
English-English
subjected
to
a
standardized
abrasion procedure in a rotating drum.
abraser
A device for assessing the wear resistance
of surfaces. The specimen to be
tested is rubbed alternately by the flat
faces of two weighted abrasive
wheels that revolve in opposite directions
through
frictional
contact
with
the specimen and exert a combined
abrasive, compressive, and twisting
action twice in each revolution of the
specimen holder. Osborne
abrasive
a. Any natural or artificial substance
suitable
for
grinding,
polishing,
cutting, or scouring. Natural abrasives
include
diamond,
emery,
garnet,
silica sand, diatomite, and pumice;
manufactured abrasives include esp.,
silicon carbide, fused alumina, and boron
nitride.
AGI
b. Tending to abrade or wear away. AGI
abrasion
a. The mechanical wearing away of rock
surfaces by friction and impact of
rock particles transported by wind, ice,
waves, running water, or gravity.
abrasive formation
A rock consisting of small, hard, sharpcornered, angular fragments, or a
rock, the cuttings from which, produced
by the action of a drill bit, are
hard, sharp-cornered, angular grains,
which grind away or abrade the metal
on bits and drill-stem equipment at a rapid
rate.
abrasion hardness
Hardness expressed in quantitative terms
or numbers indicating the degree
to which a substance resists being worn
away by frictional contact with an
abrasive material, such as silica or
carborundum
grits.
Also
called
abrasion resistance; wear resistance. Long
abrasion index
The percentage of a specially prepared 3in by 2-in (76-mm by 51-mm)
sample of coke remaining on a 1/8-in (3.2mm) mesh British Standards test
sieve after the sample of coke has been
English-English
abraumsalze
abriachanite
absolute chronology
of
absolute
a. In chemistry, free from impurity or
admixture.
Hess
b. In physics, not dependent on any
arbitrary
standard.
Hess
c. Frequently used in the trades to indicate
a
thing
as
being
perfect
or
exact. Abbrev. abs. Crispin
absolute age
absolute humidity
absolute atmosphere
absolute ownership
absolute isohypse
A line that has the properties of both
constant
pressure
and
constant
height above mean sea level. Therefore, it
can be any contour line on a
constant-pressure chart, or any isobar on a
constant-height
chart.
Hunt
English-English
absolute permeability
absolute potential
absorbed water
absolute zero
The temperature at which a gas would
show no pressure if the general law
for gases would hold for all temperatures.
It is equal to -273.16 degrees
C or -459 degrees F.
absolute pressure
a. Total pressure at a point in a fluid
equaling the sum of the gage
ressure and the atmospheric pressure.
absorbent formation
absolute roof
absorbents
absolute time
absorber
absolute temperature
English-English
absorption hygrometer
absorption
absorption loss
absorptiometer
absorption rate
a. The rate, expressed in quantitative
terms, at which a liquid, such as a
drilling circulation medium, is absorbed
by the rocks or rock materials
penetrated by the drill bit. Long
b. The amount of water absorbed when a
brick is partially immersed for 1
min; usually expressed either in grams or
ounces per minute. Also called
suction rate; initial rate of absorption.
ACSG, 1
English-English
absorption spectra
Specific wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation
have
precisely
the
energy to cause atomic or molecular
transitions in substances they are
passing through; their removal from the
incident
radiation
produces
reductions in intensity of those
wavelengths, or absorption spectra,
characteristic of the substance under
study.
abutment load
In underground mining, the weight of rock
above
an
excavation
that
has
been transferred to the adjoining walls.
Pryor, 3
abutment pillars
absorption spectrum
abysmal sea
abundant vitrain
That part of the sea occupying the ocean
basins proper. Fay
abyss
a. A very deep, unfathomable place. The
term is used to refer to a
particularly deep part of the ocean, or to
any
part
below
3,000
fathoms
(18,000 ft or 5.5 km). Hunt
abutment
A surface or mass provided to withstand
thrust,
for
example,
the
end
supports of an arch or bridge. In coal
mining, (1) the weight of the rocks
above a narrow roadway is transferred to
the solid coal along the sides,
which act as abutments of the arch of
strata spanning the roadway; and (2)
the weight of the rocks over a longwall
face is transferred to the front
abyssal
a. Pertaining to an igneous intrusion that
occurs
at
considerable
depth,
or to the resulting rock; plutonic.
b. Pertaining to the ocean environment or
depth zone of 500 fathoms (3,000
ft or 915 m) or deeper; also, pertaining to
English-English
the
organisms
of
that
environment.
AGI
c. Of, or pertaining to, deep within the
Earth, the oceanic deeps below
1,000 fathoms (6,000 ft or 1.83 km), or
great depths of seas or lakes
where
light
is
absent.
d. In oceanography, relating to the greatest
depths
of
the
ocean;
relating
to the abyssal realm.
abyssal zone
The marine-life zone of the deep sea
embracing the water and bottom below
a depth of 6,000 ft (1.83 km). Stokes
abyssal deposit
A deposit of the deep sea, accumulating in
depths
of
more
than
1,500
fathoms (9,000 ft or 2.7 km) of water;
these deposits comprise the organic
oozes, various muds, and red clay of the
deepest regions. CTD
abyssobenthic
Relating to that part of the abyssal realm
that
includes
the
ocean
floor;
pertaining to or living on the ocean floor
at great depths. CTD
abyssal injection
abyssopelagic
The process by which magmas,
originating at considerable depths, are
considered to have been driven up through
deep-seated contraction fissures.
abyssal plain
An area of the ocean floor with a slope of
less than 1 in 1,000 or flat,
nearly level areas that occupy the deepest
portions of many ocean basins.
Schieferdecker
acanthite
A monoclinic mineral, 4[Ag2 S] ;
dimorphous
with
argentite,
pseudohexagonal, in slender prisms; sp gr,
7.2 to 7.3; a source of silver.
abyssal realm
The deep waters of the ocean below 1,000
fathoms or 6,000 ft (1.83 km).
abyssal theory
may
be
applied
bituminous materials. Hess
English-English
to
other
accessory mineral
Any mineral the presence of which is not
essential
to
the
classification
of the rock. Accessory minerals generally
occur
in
minor
amounts;
in
sedimentary rocks they are mostly heavy
minerals.
accelerator
a. A machine that accelerates electrically
charged
atomic
particles,
such
as electrons, protons, deuterons, and alpha
particles,
to
high
velocities.
Lyman
b. A substance added to increase the rate
of
a
chemical
reaction.
Nelson
accessory plate
a. The quartz wedge inserted in the
microscope
substage
above
the
polarizer
in
order
to
estimate
birefringence and to determine optical
sign of uniaxial minerals.
accelerometer
A seismometer with response linearly
proportional to the acceleration of
earth materials with which it is in contact.
AGI
acceptor
A charge of explosives or blasting agent
receiving
an
impulse
from
an
exploding donor charge.
accessory
a. Applied to minerals occurring in small
quantities
in
a
rock.
The
presence or absence of these minor
minerals
does
not
affect
the
classification or the naming of the rock.
Holmes,
2
b. Fragments derived from previously
solidified volcanic rocks of related
origin; i.e., the debris of earlier lavas and
pyroclastic
rocks
from
the
same
cone.
c. Said of pyroclastics that are formed
from fragments of the volcanic
cone or earlier lavas; it is part of a
classification
of
volcanic
ejecta
based on mode of origin, and is equivalent
to resurgent ejecta.
access road
A route constructed to enable plant,
supplies, and vehicles to reach a
mine, quarry, or opencast pit. In remote
and
isolated
regions,
the
provision of an access road may be very
costly. Nelson
English-English
accumulator conveyor
accretion vein
accuracy
accumulation
a. In coal mining, bodies of combustible
gases that tend to collect in
higher parts of mine workings and at the
edge of goaves and wastes. They
are found in cavities, at ripping lips, at
other
sheltered
places
protected from the ventilating current, and
at
the
higher
sides
of
rise
faces.
Mason
b. The concentration or gathering of oil or
gas
in
some
form
of
trap.
Commercial accumulation is a volume or
quantity
sufficient
for
profitable
exploitation. AGI
acetamide
A trigonal mineral, CH3 CONH2 .
acetylene
The most brilliant of illuminating gases,
C2
H2
.
It
may
be
produced synthetically from its elements,
by incomplete combustion of coal
gas, and commercially from calcium
carbide, CaC2 . It also may be
produced by reaction with water. Used in
manufacturing explosives. Formerly used
as an illuminating gas in mines and
around
drill
rigs.
When
combined with oxygen, acetylene burns to
produce an intensely hot flame
and hence now is used principally in
welding
and
metal-cutting
flame
torches.
accumulator
a. A cylinder containing water or oil under
pressure
of
a
weighted
piston
for hydraulic presses, hoists, winches, etc.
It is between the pumps and
the presses, keeps a constant pressure on
the system, and absorbs shocks.
b.
A
storage
battery.
c. In oceanography, a spring of rubber or
steel
attached
to
a
trawling
warp, to lessen any sudden strain due to
the trawl catching. CTD
acetylene tetrabromide
Yellowish liquid; CHBr2 CHBr2 ; sp gr,
2.98
to
3.00;
boiling
point, 239 to 242 degrees C with
English-English
Nelson
b.
Slender
needlelike
c. Refers to needlelike crystals.
achavalite
acid
crystal.
acicular powder
In powder metallurgy, needle-shaped
particles. ASM, 1
Acheson graphite
Artificial graphite made from coke by
electric
furnace
heating.
Bennett
Acheson process
achirite
acid clay
achroite
acid cure
acicular
English-English
acid-dip survey
acid flux
acidic
acid drainage
acid embrittlement
acidization
acid-forming materials
Earth materials that contain sulfide
minerals or other materials that, if
exposed to air, water, or weathering
processes, form acids that may create
acid drainage.
acid-etch tube
A soda-lime glass tube charged with dilute
hydrofluoric
acid,
left
in
a
borehole for 20 to 30 min to measure
inclination as indicated by the angle
of etch line on the tube. May be fitted in a
clinometer.
acidize
To treat a limestone or dolomitic
formation with dilute hydrochloric acid
to enlarge its void spaces. Wheeler, R.R.
English-English
acid leach
acid neutralizers
English-English
acid strength
acid water
acid slag
Needle-shaped.
Slag that contains substantial amounts of
active silica.
aciniform
acid sludge
acinose
a. Grapelike; applied to the structure of
clustered
mineral
aggregates.
b. Granulated; like grape seeds; applied to
the
texture
of
some
mineral
aggregates.
acid soil
acinote
A soil with a pH of less than 7.0. AGI
Former name for actinolite.
acid steel
aclinal
Steel melted in a furnace with an acid
bottom and lining and under a slag
containing an excess of an acid substance,
such as silica.
English-English
acoustic dispersion
The change of speed of sound with
frequency. Hunt
acmite
acoustic impedance
A brown variety of aegirine having
pointed terminations.
acopolado
Mex. Ore containing 50 to 60 oz/st (1.56
to
1.88
kg/t)
of
silver.
Hess
acoustic
Used when the term that it modifies
designates something that has the
properties, dimensions, or physical
characteristics associated with sound
waves. Hy
acoustic interferometer
An instrument for making physical
observations upon standing waves. It may
be used, e.g., to measure velocity,
wavelength, absorption, or impedance.
Hunt
acoustic log
A continuous record made in a borehole
showing the velocity of sound waves
over short distances in adjacent rock;
velocity is related to porosity and
nature of the liquid occupying pores. AGI
acoustic-radiation pressure
A unidirectional steady-state pressure
exerted upon a surface exposed to
an acoustic wave. Such a steady pressure
is
usually
quite
small
in
magnitude and is really observable only in
the
presence
of
very
intense
sound waves. Hunt
English-English
acoustic radiometer
An instrument for measuring acousticradiation pressure by determining the
unidirectional steady-state force resulting
from
reflection
or
absorption
of a sound wave at its boundaries. Hunt
acoustic resistance
Product of longitudinal wave velocity and
density, being the property that
controls the reflective power at a
boundary plane. Schieferdecker
acoustic theodolite
acoustics
An instrument designed to provide a
continuous vertical profile of ocean
currents at a specific location. Hunt
acoustic wave
a. The waves that contain sound energy
and by the motion of which sound
energy is transmitted in air, in water, or in
the ground. The wave may be
described in terms of change of pressure,
of
particle
displacement,
or
of
density.
AGI
b. Used increasingly to study the physical
properties
of
rocks
and
composition of gases. Investigations may
be made both in situ and in the
laboratory. Nelson
acoustic scattering
The irregular reflection, refraction, or
diffraction
of
sound
waves
in
many directions. Hy
acoustic sounding
acquired lands
acoustic-strain gage
An instrument for measuring strains; e.g.,
in
concrete
linings
to
shafts
generally inapplicable
lands. SME, 1
English-English
to
acquired
acre-inch
The volume of water, soil, or other
material that will cover 1 acre, 1 in
deep (1 ha, 1.1 cm deep). AGI
acre
a. A measure of surficial area, usually of
land. The statute acre of the
United States and England contains
43,560
ft2
(4,840
yd2;
2
4,047 m ; or 160 square rods). The socalled
Scotch
acre
2
2
contains about 6,150 yd (5,142 m ), and
the
Irish
acre
7,840 yd2 (6,555 m2 ). There are various
special
or
local acres in England (as in Cheshire or
among the hop growers), varying
from 440 yd2 (368 m2 ) to more than
10,000
yd2
(8,361
m2
).
Standard,
2
b. Can. In Quebec, a linear measure that
equals the square root of 43,560,
or approx. 208.7 ft (63.6 m). Fay
c. For the calculation of coal reserves, a
convenient
rule
is
to
allow
1,200 st/ft (coal thickness) per acre (8,821
t/m/ha).
For
known
and
dependable areas, 1,500 st/ft per acre
(11,027
t/m/ha)
may
be
used.
Nelson
acre-yield
The average quantity of oil, gas, or water
recovered from 1 acre (0.4 ha)
of a reservoir. AGI
actinide
A chemical element with atomic number
greater
than
88;
all
are
radioactive.
actinide element
a. One of the group of chemical elements
of
increasing
atomic
number,
starting with actinium (atomic number 89)
and
extending
through
atomic
number 103. These elements occupy one
single
place
in
the
extended
periodic table, in the same group into
which
the
rare-earth
elements
(lanthanides)
are
classified.
b. One of the radioactive elements, atomic
numbers
89
to
103.
Hurlbut
acreage rent
Royalty or rent paid by the lessee for
working and disposing of minerals
at the rate of so much per acre.
actinolite
A monoclinic mineral, 2[Ca2 (Mg,Fe)5 Si8
O22
(OH)2 ] in the hornblende series
Mg/(Mg+Fe2+
)
=
0.5
to
0.89 of the amphibole group; forms a
series with tremolite; green, bladed,
acicular, fibrous (byssolite asbestos), or
massive
(nephrite
jade);
prismatic
cleavage;
in
low-grade
metamorphic rocks.
acre-foot
The quantity of water that would cover 1
acre, 1 ft deep (1 ha, 13.6 cm
deep). One acre-foot contains 43,560 ft3
(1,233 m3 ).
English-English
activated alumina
Highly porous, granular aluminum oxide
that preferentially absorbs liquids
from gases and vapors, and moisture from
some
liquids.
McGraw-Hill, 1
activation
a. In the flotation process of mineral
dressing, the process of altering
the surface of specific mineral particles in
a
mineral
pulp
to
promote
adherence of certain reagents. Pryor, 3
b. The changing of the passive surface of
a metal to a chemically active
c. In the flotation process of ore
beneficiation, the process of altering
the surface of specific mineral particles in
an
ore
pulp
to
promote
adherence of certain reagents. Henderson
d. The process of making a material
radioactive by bombardment with
neutrons, protons, or other nuclear
particles.
activated carbon
Carbon, mostly of vegetable origin, and of
high adsorptive capacity.
activated clay
A clay whose adsorbent character or
bleaching action has been enhanced by
treatment with acid. CCD, 2
activated coal plow
With a view to applying the coal plow to
seams too hard to be sheared by
the normal cutting blade, German mining
engineers have developed various
types of power-operated cutters. One
consists
of
a
series
of
compressed-air picks mounted above each
other;
another,
of
a
resonance
pattern, houses two high-speed motors
eccentrically mounted and rotating
in opposite directions. The latter imparts a
vibration
to
the
cutting
edge
equivalent to 2,500 blows per minute with
a stroke of 3/16 to 1/4 in (4.8
to 6.4 mm) and a force of approx. 200 st
(181 t). Mason
activation analysis
A method for identifying and measuring
the chemical elements in a sample
to be analyzed. The sample is first made
radioactive by bombardment with
neutrons, charged particles, or other
nuclear
radiation.
The
newly
radioactive atoms in the sample give off
characteristic
nuclear
radiations
that can identify the atoms and indicate
their quantity.
activating agent
activator
English-English
active agent
Surface-active substance that immunizes
solids
against
a
parting
liquid.
Hess
active earth pressure
The minimum value of lateral earth
pressure exerted by soil on a
structure, occurring when the soil is
allowed to yield sufficiently to
cause its internal shearing resistance along
a
potential
failure
surface
to be completely mobilized.
active workings
All places in a mine that are ventilated and
inspected
regularly.
Federal Mine Safety
activity
active entry
a. In nuclear physics, the rate of decay of
atoms
by
radioactivity.
It
is
measured
in
curies.
Bennett
b. The ideal or thermodynamic
concentration of a substance, the
substitution of which for the true
concentration, permits the application
of the law of mass action.
further
movement.
actual horsepower
The horsepower really developed, as
proved by trial. Standard, 2
English-English
adamic earth
acute bisectrix
a. The line that bisects the acute angle of
the
optic
axes
of
biaxial
minerals.
Fay
b. The angle <90 degrees between the
optic axes in a biaxial crystal, bxa.
CF:optic angle
adamsite
A greenish-black muscovite found in a
schist at Derby, VT; has been called
margarodite.
Dana,
1
[ ( k
DICTIONARY
TERMS:Adam's
snuffbox
Hollow,
roughly
rectangular
pebble
[\B]Adam's snuffbox[\N]
adamantine
a. Like the diamond in luster. Webster 3rd
b. Diamond hard. A commercial name for
chilled steel shot used in the
adamantine drill, which is a core-barrel
type of rock-cutting drill with a
cutting edge fed by these shots.
CF:vitreous
ada mud
A conditioning material that may be added
to
drilling
mud
in
order
to
obtain satisfactory cores and samples of
formations. Williams
adamantine luster
adapter trough
Diamondlike luster. Hurlbut
A short section of a shaker conveyor
trough that serves as a connecting
link between any two sizes of trough.
Jones, 1
adamellite
See:quartz monzonite
English-English
added diamonds
adelite
As
used
by
the
diamond-bit
manufacturing industry, the number or
carat
weight of new diamonds that must be
added to the resettable diamonds
salvaged from a worn bit in order to have
enough
to
set
a
new
bit.
Long
additive
A correction applied to times of seismic
reflections
measured
from
an
arbitrary time origin. The additive is
normally applied for the purpose of
translating the time origin to correspond to
the
datum
elevation
chosen
for computation, and it is algebraic in
sign. AGI
addlings
adhesive slate
adiabatic calorimeter
adhesion
adiabatic compression
Compression in which no heat is added to
or subtracted from the air and
the internal energy of the air is increased
by an amount equivalent to the
external work done on the air. The
increase in temperature of the air
during adiabatic compression tends to
increase the pressure on account of
the decrease in volume alone; therefore,
the
pressure
during
adiabatic
English-English
adipite
An
aluminosilicate
of
calcium,
magnesium, and potassium having the
composition of chabazite. Dana, 1
adiabatic efficiency
A compression term obtained by dividing
the power theoretically necessary
to compress the gas and deliver it without
loss
of
heat,
by
the
power
supplied to the fan or compressor
driveshaft.
adit
a. A horizontal or nearly horizontal
passage driven from the surface for
the working or dewatering of a mine. If
driven
through
the
hill
or
mountain to the surface on the opposite
side,
it
would
be
a
tunnel.
adiabatic expansion
Expansion in which no heat is added to or
subtracted
from
the
air,
which
cools during the expansion because of the
work
done
by
the
air.
Lewis
adiabatic temperature
The temperature that would be attained if
no heat were gained from or lost
to the surroundings. Newton, 1
adit end
The furthermost end or part of an adit
from its beginning or the very
place where the miners are working
underground
toward
the
mine.
Hess
adit level
Mine workings on a level with an adit.
adinole
adjacent sea
English-English
adjustment of error
adobe charge
adjutage
adobe flat
Nozzle or tube from which hydraulic
water is discharged.
admission
See:admittance
admittance
adobe shot
a. In a crystal structure, substitution of a
trace
element
for
a
major
element of higher valence; e.g., Li+ for
Mg2+
.
Admitted
trace elements generally have a lower
concentration relative to the major
element in the mineral than in the fluid
from
which
the
mineral
crystallized. CF:capture; camouflage.
b. The reciprocal of impedance or the ratio
of
complex
current
to
voltage
in a linear circuit. AGI
adobe
A fine-grained, usually calcareous, hardbaked clayey deposit mixed with
silt, usually forming as sheets in the
central or lower parts of desert
basins, as in the playas of the
southwestern United States and in the arid
parts of Mexico and South America. It is
probably
a
windblown
deposit,
although it is often reworked and
redeposited
by
running
water.
AGI
adsorption analysis
Separation by differential adsorption.
Pryor, 1
English-English
adular
See:adularia
advance development
adularescence
S. Afr. Development to provide an ore
reserve
in
advance
of
mining
operations. Beerman
advanced gallery
In tunnel excavation, a small heading
driven in advance of the main
tunnel.
advanced materials
Materials developed since 1960 and being
developed at present that exhibit
greater strength, higher strength-density
ratios,
greater
hardness,
and/or
one or more superior thermal, electrical,
optical,
or
chemical
properties,
when compared with traditional materials
(Sorrel,
1987)
and
with
properties needed to perform a specific
function and often entirely new
functions. SME, 1
adularia
A colorless, moderate- to low-temperature
variety
of
orthoclase
feldspar
typically with a relatively high barium
content.
adularia moonstone
Precious moonstone, a gem variety of
adularia.
advance gate
Gate road that is driven simultaneously
with the longwall coal face, when
the advancing longwall technique is used,
but which is maintained some 10
to 20 yd (9 to 18 m) or more in advance of
the face. The area immediately
ahead of the coal face is therefore
preexplored, and steps can be taken to
cope with minor disturbances and thus
prevent a serious loss of output.
Nelson
advance
a. The work of excavating as mining goes
forward
in
an
entry
and
in
driving rooms; to extract all or part of an
area;
first
mining
as
distinguished
from
retreat.
BCI
b. Rate at which a drill bit penetrates a
rock
formation.
Long
c. Feet drilled in any specific unit of time.
Long
d. The linear distance (in feet or meters)
driven during a certain time in
English-English
advance overburden
advance working
advancing
advance stope
A stope in which sections of the face or
some
pillars
are
a
little
in
advance of the others. This is achieved
either by beginning the stoping of
the section that is to be advanced earlier,
or by proceeding more quickly.
Stoces
adventurine
Spelling variant of aventurine.
adverse
advance stripping
To oppose the granting of a patent to a
mining claim.
adverse claim
A claim made to prevent the patenting of
part of the ground within the
area in question; e.g., an adverse claim is
made
by
a
senior
locator
to
exclude the part of his or her claim that is
overlapped by the claim of a
junior locator, when the junior locator is
applying
for
patent.
Lewis
advance wave
The air-pressure wave preceding the flame
in
a
coal-dust
explosion.
The
bringing of the dust into suspension is
accomplished by such a wave and
the violent eddies resulting therefrom.
Rice, 2
adverse intent
The terms "claim of right," "claim of
title," and "claim of ownership,"
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25
English-English
advertised out
aegirine-augite
A
monoclinic
mineral,
(Ca,Na)(Ca,Mg,Fe)Si2 O6 , in the range
20% augite to 20% aegirine end members
of the pyroxene group. Formerly
called acmite-augite, aegirineaugite.
aedelforsite
aenigmatite
aegirine
aegirite
aedelite
See:prehnite
aeolian
AED process
See:eolian
An
electrostatic
process
under
development, in which fine-size dry coal
is
passed through an ionized field that
selectively charges the coal and the
liberated mineral matter. The output of the
ionizer
is
then
fed
into
an
electrostatic separator where the coal and
impurities are separated.
Aeonite
Trade name for a bitumen allied to
wurtzilite.
Similar
to
elaterite.
Tomkeieff; English
aerate
a. To expose to the action of the air; to
supply or to charge with air.
Standard,
2
b. To charge with carbon dioxide or other
gas,
as
Standard, 2
soda
English-English
water.
aerial cableway
An arrangement of overhead cable
supporting a traveling carriage from
which is suspended a skip or container
that can be lowered and raised at
any desired point. Nelson
aeration
a. The introduction of air into the pulp in a
flotation
cell
in
order
to
form
air
bubbles.
BS,
5
b. In mineral beneficiation, use of copious
air
bubbled
into
mineral
pulps
(1) to provide oxygen in cyanidation, (2)
to prevent settlement of solids,
and (3) to remove aerophilic minerals in
froth flotation by binding them
into a mineralized froth that is temporarily
stabilized
by
frothing
agents.
Pryor,
1
c. The process of relieving the effects of
cavitation
by
admitting
air
to
the section affected. Seelye, 1
aerial mapping
The taking of aerial photographs for
making maps and for geologic
interpretation. AGI
aerial photograph
Any photograph taken from the air, such
as a photograph of a part of the
Earth's surface taken by a camera mounted
in an aircraft.
aeration zone
aerial railroad
aerator
An apparatus for charging water with gas
under pressure, esp. with carbon
dioxide. Standard, 2
aerial
Relating to the air or atmosphere.
Subaerial is applied to phenomena
occurring under the atmosphere as
subaqueous is applied to phenomena
occurring underwater. Fay
aerial spud
A cable for moving and anchoring a
dredge. Fay
English-English
case
of
a
forcing
fan)
and
indicates the extent to which the total
pressure produced by the fan is
absorbed within the fan itself. Sinclair, 1
aerial survey
a. A survey using aerial photographs as
part of the surveying operation.
AGI
b. The taking of aerial photographs for
surveying purposes. AGI
aerodynamic diameter
The diameter of a unit density sphere
having the same terminal settling
velocity as the particle in question. ANSI
aerial tramway
A system for the transportation of
material, such as ore or rock, in
buckets suspended from pulleys or
grooved wheels that run on a cable,
usually
stationary..
Fay; Peele
aerodynamic fan
A fan that consists of several streamlined
blades
mounted
in
a
revolving
casing. The cross section and spacing of
the
blades
are
designed
aerodynamically. This design ensures that
the
air
flows
without
recirculation between the blades and
leaves the rotor in a steady and
regularly
distributed
stream.
This
appreciably
reduces
frictional,
conversion, and recirculation losses. Fans
of a convenient size can handle
large volumes of air at the highest
pressures likely to be required in
mine ventilation.
aerobe
An organism that lives in the presence of
free
oxygen.
The
oxygen
is
usually
used
in
the
cell's
metabolism.:aerobic
aerobic
a. Said of an organism (esp. a bacterium)
that
can
live
only
in
the
presence of free oxygen; also, said of its
activities.
AGI
b. Said of conditions that can exist only in
the
presence
of
free
oxygen.
CF:anaerobic
aerodynamic instability
Flutter that may occur in a structure
exposed to wind force. This form of
instability can be guarded against by
suitable design. Hammond
aeroclay
aeroembolism
Clay, particularly china clay, that has been
dried
and
air
separated
to
remove any coarse particles. Dodd
aerodynamical efficiency
This furnishes a measure of the capacity
of
a
fan
to
produce
useful
depression (or positive pressure in the
English-English
principally
by
neuralgic
pains,
cramps, and swelling, and sometimes
results
in
death.
aeromagnetic prospecting
A technique of geophysical exploration of
an
area
using
an
airborne
magnetometer to survey that area.
AGI
aerofall mill
A short, cylindrical grinding mill with a
large
diameter,
used
dry,
with
coarse lumps of ore, pebbles, or steel balls
as
crushing
bodies.
The
mill
load is flushed with an air stream to
remove
finish
mesh
material.
Pryor, 3
aerometer
aerofloc
aerial ropeway
aerofoil-vane fan
aerial spud
A cable for moving and anchoring a
dredge. Fay
aeroides
aerial survey
English-English
aerodynamic diameter
The diameter of a unit density sphere
having the same terminal settling
velocity as the particle in question. ANSI
aerial tramway
A system for the transportation of
material, such as ore or rock, in
buckets suspended from pulleys or
grooved wheels that run on a cable,
usually
stationary.
Fay; Peele
aerodynamic fan
A fan that consists of several streamlined
blades
mounted
in
a
revolving
casing. The cross section and spacing of
the
blades
are
designed
aerodynamically. This design ensures that
the
air
flows
without
recirculation between the blades and
leaves the rotor in a steady and
regularly
distributed
stream.
This
appreciably
reduces
frictional,
conversion, and recirculation losses. Fans
of a convenient size can handle
large volumes of air at the highest
pressures likely to be required in
mine ventilation.
aerobe
An organism that lives in the presence of
free
oxygen.
The
oxygen
is
usually used in the cell's metabolism.
aerobic
a. Said of an organism (esp. a bacterium)
that
can
live
only
in
the
presence of free oxygen; also, said of its
activities.
AGI
b. Said of conditions that can exist only in
the
presence
of
free
oxygen.
CF:anaerobic
aerodynamic instability
Flutter that may occur in a structure
exposed to wind force. This form of
instability can be guarded against by
suitable design. Hammond
aeroclay
aeroembolism
aerodynamical efficiency
This furnishes a measure of the capacity
of
a
fan
to
produce
useful
depression (or positive pressure in the
case
of
a
forcing
fan)
and
indicates the extent to which the total
pressure produced by the fan is
absorbed within the fan itself. Sinclair, 1
English-English
aerofall mill
aerometer
aerofloc
aerosol
aerosite
Former name for pyrargyrite.
aerofoil-vane fan
An improved centrifugal-type mine fan.
The vanes, of aerofoil section, are
curved backward from the direction of
rotation. This fan is popular in
British coal mines, and total efficiencies
of
about
90%
have
been
obtained.
Aerosol
Trade name of strong wetting agent based
on
sulfonated
bi-carboxy-acid
esters. Pryor, 3
aerohydrous
a. Enclosing a liquid in the pores or
cavities,
as
some
minerals.
Standard,
2
b. Characterized by the presence of both
air
and
water.
Standard, 2
aerugite
A grass-green to brown nickel arsenate,
perhaps
Ni17
As6
O
;
an
analysis
gave
48.77%
nickel.
It
is
32
an
oxidized
vein
mineral.
Hess
aeroides
Pale sky-blue aquamarine beryl.
aerugo
aeromagnetic prospecting
a. Copper carbonate, due to weathering of
the
metal;
esp.,
the
patina
adhering
to
old
bronzes.
Hess
b. Copper rust; verdigris; esp., green
copper
rust
adhering
to
old
bronzes. Standard, 2
English-English
aeschynite
An
orthorhombic
mineral,
(Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)2
(O,OH)6
;
radioactive; occurs in black sands and
pegmatites.
African emerald
aethiops mineral
A former name
isometric HgS .
for
metacinnabar;
aetite
a. A nodule consisting of a hard shell of
hydrated iron oxide within which
yellow iron oxide becomes progressively
softer toward the center, which
may
be
hollow.
Fay
b. See:eaglestone
afterblast
affinity
During an explosion of methane and
oxygen, carbon dioxide and steam are
formed. When the steam condenses to
water a partial vacuum is created,
which causes an inrush or what is known
as an afterblast. Cooper
afterblow
A-frame headgear
afterbreak
of
Lewis
overlying
English-English
materials.
afterburst
a. A tremor as the ground adjusts itself to
the
new
stress
distribution
caused by new underground openings.
b. In underground mining, a sudden
collapse of rock subsequent to a rock
burst.
aftersliding
In mine subsidence, an inward movement
from the side, resulting in a pull
or draw beyond the edges of the workings.
Briggs
aftercooler
A device for cooling compressed air
between the compressor and the mine
shaft. By cooling and dehumidifying the
air, and thus reducing its volume,
the capacity and efficiency of the pipeline
are
increased.
Nelson
afwillite
A monoclinic mineral, Ca3 Si2 O4 (OH)6 ;
it
is
formed as portland cement is hydrated
under special conditions, and where
calcium silicate is autoclaved (as in sandlime brick manufacture).
afterdamp
The mixture of gases that remain in a
mine after a mine fire or an
explosion of combustible gases. It consists
of
carbonic
acid
gas,
water
vapor (quickly condensed), nitrogen,
oxygen, carbon monoxide, and in some
cases free hydrogen, but usually consists
principally of carbonic acid gas
and nitrogen, and is therefore irrespirable.
Fay
agalite
A fine fibrous variety of
pseudomorphous after enstatite.
talc
agalmatolite
A soft, waxy stone--such as pinite,
pyrophyllite, or steatite--of a gray,
green, yellow, or brown shade; used by
the Chinese to simulate jade for
carving small images, miniature pagodas,
and similar objects.
aftergases
Gases produced by mine explosions or
mine fires. Fay
agardite
aftershock
English-English
agaric mineral
a. A soft, pulverulent hydrated silicate of
magnesium in Tuscany, IT, from
which floating bricks can be made. Fay
b. A light, chalky deposit of calcium
carbonate formed in caverns or
fissures in limestone.
agate
a. A kind of silica consisting mainly of
chalcedony in variegated bands or
other patterns; commonly occupying vugs
in
volcanic
and
other
rocks.
AGI
b. A translucent cryptocrystalline variety
of
variegated
chalcedony
commonly mixed or alternating with opal
and
characterized
by
colors
arranged in alternating stripes or bands, in
irregular
clouds,
or
in
mosslike forms; occurs in virtually all
colors,
generally
of
low
intensity, in vugs in volcanic rocks and
cavities
in
some
other
rocks.
CF:onyx, moss agate.
Agecroft device
A device placed in the rail track to arrest a
forward
runaway
tram.
The
front axle of a descending tram traveling
at
normal
speed
depresses
the
catch and allows it to drop back in time
for the back axle to pass over.
Should the tram be traveling at excessive
speed, the tail end of the catch
arrests the rear axle. Mason
agate jasper
An impure variety of agate consisting of
jasper with veins of chalcedony.
agate opal
agent
Opalized agate. Fay
a. The manager of a mining property. Zern
b. On a civil engineering contract, the
responsible
representative
of
the
contractor, acting for him or her in all
matters.
Hammond
c. Before nationalization in Great Britain,
the term referred to the chief
official of a large coal mine or group of
mines under the same ownership.
After nationalization, the equivalent term
agatized wood
A variety of silicified wood which
resembles any variety of agate.
age
a. The formal geochronologic unit of
lowest rank, below epoch, during
English-English
is
group
manager.
Nelson
d. A chemical added to pulp to produce
desired changes in climate of the
system. Pryor, 3
agglomerate screening
A coarse-fraction concentration method
used in milling pebble phosphate
that is based on flowing reagentized feed
over
a
submerged
sloping,
stationary
screen.
Agglomerated
phosphate particles float on top of the
screen and are recovered at the lower end.
Sand particles pass through the
screen and are removed as a tailings
fraction. Each screen section is
approx. 3 ft (0.9 m) wide by 4 ft (1.2 m)
long and treats 2 to 3 st/h (1.8
to 2.7 t/h) of feed. Arbiter
age ratio
The ratio of daughter to parent isotope
upon which the age equation is
based. For a valid age determination, (1)
the
isotope
system
must
have
remained closed since solidification,
metamorphism, or sedimentation, (2)
the decay constant must be known, and (3)
the
sample
must
be
truly
representative of the rock from which it is
taken. AGI
agglomerating value
A measure of the binding qualities of coal
but
restricted
to
describe
the
results of coke-button tests in which no
inert material is heated with the
coal sample. CF:agglutinating value
agglomeration
a. In beneficiation, a concentration
process based on the adhesion of pulp
particles to water. Loosely bonded
associations of particles and bubbles
are formed that are heavier than water;
flowing-film
gravity
concentration
is used to separate the agglomerates from
nonagglomerated
particles.
Agglomeration also refers to briquetting,
nodulizing,
sintering,
etc.
Gaudin,
1
b. See:kerosine flotation
agglutinate
A
welded
pyroclastic
deposit
characterized by vitric material binding
the pyroclasts, or sintered vitric
pyroclasts. Also spelled agglutinite.
AGI
English-English
agglutinating power
See:caking index
agglutinating value
A measure of the binding qualities of a
coal and an indication of its
caking
or
coking
characteristics.
Applicable with reference to the ability
of fused coal to combine with an inert
material
such
as
sand.
CF:agglomerating value
aging
A change in the properties of a substance
with time. precipitation hardening. Nelson
agglutinating-value test
Agitair flotation machine
A laboratory test of the coking properties
of
coal,
in
which
a
determination is made of the strength of
buttons made by coking a mixture
of powdered coal and 15 to 30 times its
weight of sand.
agglutination
agitation dredging
See:cementation
aggradation
a. The building up of the Earth's surface
by
deposition;
specif.,
the
upbuilding performed by a stream in order
to
establish
or
maintain
uniformity
of
grade
or
slope.
b. A syn. of accretion, as in the
development of a beach. The spread or
growth of permafrost, under present
climatic conditions, due to natural or
artificial causes. AGI
agitation ratio
In older type gravity concentrators, such
as tables and vanners, the ratio
between the average diameter of a mineral
particle and the diameter of a
gangue particle that travels at equal speed.
aggregate
agitator
English-English
the
drawings,
specification,
schedule, conditions of tendering, and
general conditions of contract and
the tender.
agricolite
A former name for eulytite.
agricultural geology
The application of geology to agricultural
needs,
e.g.,
mineral
deposits
used as fertilizers or the location of
ground
water.
AGI
aglaite
A pseudomorph of spodumene in which
the spodumene has been replaced by
muscovite either as pinite or as visible
plates.
Also
called
pihlite
and
cymatolite in the belief that the material
was a new mineral. Hess
agricultural lime
a. Either ground quicklime or hydrated
lime whose calcium and magnesium
content is capable of neutralizing soil
acidity.
ASTM
b. Lime slaked with a minimum amount of
water to form calcium hydroxide.
CCD, 2
agmatite
Migmatite with appearance of breccia.
CF:contact breccia
agrite
agnesite
A brown, mottled calcareous stone.
Schaller
agrogeology
agonic line
See:agricultural geology
An isogonic line that connects points of
zero
magnetic
declination.
Its
position changes according to the secular
variation
of
the
Earth's
magnetic field.
aguilarite
An orthorhombic mineral, Ag4 SeS .
ahlfeldite
agreement
A monoclinic mineral, NiSeO3 .2H2 O;
forms
a
series
with
cobaltomenite; rose colored; vitreous
luster;
no
cleavage;
conchoidal
English-English
airafibrite
See:hemafibrite
aikinite
air-avid surface
aimafibrite
See:hemafibrite
air barrage
AIME
American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical
Engineers.
Statistical Research Bureau
air
air bell
English-English
air belt
In a cupola furnace, an annular air space
around the furnace, from which
air is forced into the furnace. Henderson
airblast
See:aeromagnetic prospecting
airborne magnetometer
An instrument used to measure variations
in
the
Earth's
magnetic
field
while being transported by an aircraft.
AGI
air box
a. A rectangular wooden pipe or tube
made in lengths of 9 to 15 ft (2.7 to
4.6 m) for ventilating a heading or a
sinking
shaft.
Fay
b. A box for holding air. Fay
c. The conduit through which air for
heating rooms is supplied to a
furnace. Standard, 2
airblasting
A method of blasting in which
compressed air at very high pressure is
piped to a steel shell in a shot hole and
discharged. BS, 12
air breakers
A method of breaking down coal by the
use of high-pressure compressed air.
McAdam, 2
air block
Air trapped in the upper end of an
unvented inner tube of a double-tube
core barrel, which, when sufficiently
compressed, acts like a solid and
stops further advance of core into the
inner
tube.
Long
air brick
A hollow or pierced brick built into a wall
to allow the passage of air.
air bridge
A passage through which a ventilating
current is conducted over an entry
or air course; an overcast.
English-English
N
needle
needle instrument
needle bearing
An antifriction bearing using very smalldiameter
rollers
between
wide
faces. Nichols, 1
needled
Pocketed, as when face bars are set with
the face end of the bar pocketed
into the coal adjacent to the roof. TIME
negative crystal
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40
English-English
negative element
neighborite
negative elongation
Lathlike, rodlike, or acicular crystals in
which the slow polarized light
ray lies across the long direction of the
crystal.
CF:positive elongation
negligence
nelsonite
negative moment
See:hogging moment
negative rake
English-English
neomorphic
Pertaining to the texture of a recrystallized
rock
in
which
the
shape
of
the grains is threadlike.
neokerogen
Organic debris deposited among marine
sediments and modified by bacterial
action in such a way as to form the source
material
of
petroleum,
or,
under certain conditions, to form the
kerogen
of
oil
shales.
Tomkeieff
neolite
A silky, fibrous, stellated, green, hydrous
magnesium-aluminum
silicate.
Standard, 2
Neolithic
nepheline
In archaeology, the last division of the
Stone Age, characterized by the
development of agriculture and the
domestication
of
farm
animals.
Correlation of relative cultural levels with
actual
age
(and,
therefore,
with the time-stratigraphic units of
geology) varies from region to
region. Adj: pertaining to the Neolithic.
AGI
neomineralization
nepheline syenite
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42
English-English
neptunian dike
nephelinite
See:neptunism
neptunism
nephelinitoid
A nepheline-rich groundmass in an
igneous rock; the glassy groundmass in
nepheline rocks. AGI
neptunite
A monoclinic mineral, KNa2 Li(Fe,Mn)2
Si8
Ti2
O24 ; forms red to black prismatic crystals;
occurs
in
late
stages
of reduced, silica-deficient environments;
e.g.,
alkaline
igneous
rocks
and veins in serpentinite.
nephelinization
The process of introduction
replacement by nepheline. AGI
of
or
nephelometry
The measurement of the cloudiness of a
medium; esp. the determination of
the concentration or particle sizes of a
suspension by measuring, at more
than one angle, the scattering of light
transmitted
or
reflected
by
the
medium. CF:turbidimetry
neritic
nephrite
neritic zone
English-English
another
formation.
AGI
b. A fitting of the next-smaller-size casing
inside
the
casing
already
set
in a borehole, or of one tube inside
another.
nero-antico
net
A black marble found in Roman ruins,
probably
from
the
Taenarian
peninsula, Greece.
nesquehonite
An orthorhombic mineral, Mg(HCO3
)(OH).2H2
O
;
forms
low-temperature
efflorescences,
particularly as an alteration product of
lansfordite. Named for a coal mine at
Nesquehoning, PA.
ness
A British term used esp. in Scotland for a
promontory,
headland,
or
cape,
or any point or projection of the land into
the sea; commonly used as a
suffix to a place name, e.g., Fifeness. Also
called nose. AGI
net-corrected fill
Net fill after making allowance for
shrinkage
during
compaction.
Nichols, 1
nest
a. A concentration of some relatively
conspicuous element of a geologic
feature, such as a nest of inclusions in an
igneous
rock
or
a
small,
pocketlike mass of ore or mineral within
net cut
English-English
net fill
Nettleton method
An
indirect
means
of
density
determination in which a closely spaced
gravity traverse is run over some
topographic feature, such as a small
hill or valley. When the profile of
observed
values
is
plotted,
the
gravitational effect of the feature itself is
calculated
at
each
observation point along the profile and
removed from the observed value
for that point. The calculation is repeated
a
number
of
times,
different
densities being assumed for each
computation. The density value at which
the hill is least conspicuous on the gravity
profile
is
considered
to
be
most nearly correct. Dobrin
net texture
See:network structure
nether
The lower part of, as in nether roof;
opposite
of
the
term
"upper."
TIME
nether roof
a. The strata directly over a coal seam.
The props set at the face hold
only the nether roof. E.g., if the props
carry a load of 20 st (18.1 mt)
each and are set 4 ft (1.2 m) apart each
way, the supported weight is 1.5
st/ft2
(14.6
t/m2).;
absolute roof; overarching weight;
immediate
roof.
Nelson
b. In mine subsidence, the immediate roof
of limited depth, such as timber
might be expected to support. Briggs
nether strata
network
net slip
On a fault, the distance between two
formerly adjacent points on either
side of the fault, measured on the fault
surface
or
parallel
to
it.
It
English-English
neutral atmosphere
network structure
Atmosphere in which there is neither an
excess nor a deficiency of oxygen.
neutral axis
The line of zero fiber stress in any given
section of a member subject to
bending; it is the line formed by the
intersection of the neutral surface
and the section. Roark
Neuenburg saw
A plow consisting of a 2-in (5.1-cm) steel
plate 6 ft by 20 in (1.8 m by
50.8 cm) of seven pieces hinged together
to follow floor rolls; picks on
the face edge cut in both directions. The
minimum workable seam is 14 in
(35.6 cm) on gradients of 35 degrees to 70
degrees . Maximum face length
is 80 yd (73.2 m). The machine is used in
the Ruhr. Nelson
neutral equilibrium
A body is said to be in neutral equilibrium
if
on
being
slightly
displaced
it remains in its new position; e.g., a ball
placed
on
a
horizontal
surface or a cone supported on its side on
a
horizontal
surface.
Morris
neuk
neutralize
The tailgate corner of a face behind the
face
conveyor
tension
end.
Trist
Neumann lamellae
neutral lining
Straight, narrow bands parallel to the
crystallographic
planes
in
the
crystals of metals that have been subjected
to
deformation
by
sudden
impact. They are actually narrow twin
band,
and
are
most
frequently
observed in iron. CTD
neuropteris
neutral point
English-English
neutral stress
neutral pressure
neutral zone
neutron
neutral refractory
a. A refractory that is neither strongly
basic nor strongly acid, such as
chrome, mullite, or carbon. ARI
b. A refractory that is resistant to chemical
attack
by
both
acid
and
basic slags, refractories, or fluxes at high
temperatures. ASTM
neutral salt
neutron density
English-English
neutron log
Newaygo screen
neutron logging
The mean sea level now used as the
British Ordnance Datum for leveling. It
was determined as the result of several
years'
observations
at
Newlyn,
Cornwall, England, and differs at various
places by more than 0.3 m from
levels based on the Liverpool datum,
which it supersedes. Hammond
Newmann hearth
Nevadan orogeny
Late
Jurassic-Early
Cretaceous
diastrophism in Western North America.
English-English
new scrap
niccolite
The
material
generated
in
the
manufacturing process of articles for
ultimate
consumption;
it
includes
defective castings, clippings, turnings,
borings, drosses, slags, etc., that are
returned
directly
to
the
manufacturing process or sold directly for
reprocessing.
new sand
Nicholls' technique
A technique used in the determination of
elastic
constants
of
rock
in
situ. Longitudinal and shear waves are
generated
in
rock
by
small
explosive charges in shallow drill holes.
Accelerometers
and
strain
gages
are employed to measure arrival times for
both waves. From wave velocities
and measured density, Poisson's ratio,
modulus of elasticity, modulus of
rigidity, Lame's constant, and bulk
modulus
can
be
calculated.
Lewis
Newtonian fluid
Term marking the distinction, made in
mineral
processing
that
involves
agitation, between a truly viscous
(Newtonian) liquid and one in which
shear
or
apparent
viscosity
(pseudoviscosity)
varies
with
the
dimensions
of the containing system and the speed of
agitation.
The
latter
type
of
fluid is said to be non-Newtonian. Pryor,
3
nickel
a. An isometric mineral, elemental Ni;
hard;
metallic;
silver-white;
a
native metal, esp. in meteorites; also
alloyed with iron in meteorites.
b. A silvery white, hard, malleable,
ductile,
somewhat
ferromagnetic
element. Symbol: Ni. It takes on a high
polish and is a fair conductor of
heat and electricity. Used for making
stainless
steel
and
other
corrosion-resistant metals and is chiefly
valuable
for
the
alloys
it
forms. Also used extensively in coinage,
in
desalination
plants
for
converting sea water into fresh water, and
in
making
nickel
steel
for
English-English
nickel bloom
nickel iron
nickelite
nickel carbonyl
A former name for nickeline.
A volatile compound of nickel, Ni(CO)4 ,
formed
by
passing
carbon
monoxide over the heated metal. The
compound is decomposed into nickel and
carbon monoxide by further heating. It is
used
on
a
large
scale
in
industry for the production of nickel from
its ores by the Mond process.
CTD
nickel ocher
An early name for annabergite. Fay
nickelous oxide
a. NiO; green, becoming yellow. Found in
nature as the mineral bunsenite.
Soluble in acids and in ammonium
hydroxide; insoluble in water; sp gr, 6.6
to 6.8. NiO absorbs oxygen at 400 degrees
C
forming
Ni2
O3
which is reduced to NiO at 600 degrees C.
Used
in
nickel
salts
and
in
porcelain
painting.
CCD,
2
b. Isometric; green to black; molecular
weight,
74.71;
melting
point,
1,990 degrees C; sp gr, 6.67. Used for
painting
on
china.
Bennett; Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 2
nickel glance
See:gersdorffite
nickel green
See:annabergite
nickeliferous
Containing nickel.
nickeline
English-English
nickel oxide
nicking
nickel plating
a.
Nicol
prism.
b. Any apparatus that produces polarized
light,
e.g.,
Nicol
prism
or
Polaroid..
nicolite
nickel pyrite
A former name for nickeline.
See:millerite
Nicol prism
nickel-skutterudite
A special prism for producing polarized
light, made from two pieces of
Iceland spar (calcite) cemented together
with
Canada
balsam.
Light
entering the prism is split into two
polarized
rays;
of
these,
the
ordinary ray is totally reflected at the
balsam
layer
while
the
extraordinary ray is able to pass through
the
prism.
In
a
petrological
microscope two Nicol prisms are
incorporated.
nickel vitriol
See:morenosite
English-English
Niggli's classification
a. A classification of igneous rocks on the
basis
of
their
chemical
composition, similar in some respects to
the norm system. It was proposed
in 1920 by the Swiss mineralogist Paul
Niggli.
AGI
b. A classification of ore deposits, the
major groups being plutonic, or
intrusive, and volcanic, or extrusive. It
was
proposed
in
1929.
AGI
nine-inch straight
A standard 9-in by 4-1/2-in by 2-1/2-in
(22.9-cm by 11.4-cm by 6.4-cm)
straight brick.
nine-point sample
Final sample taken for test when a small
quantity of finely ground mineral
is required for assay. A suitable quantity
of
dry
material
is
thoroughly
mixed on glazed cloth or paper, if
necessary, being rolled lightly with a
round bottle to break down any floccules.
It is then flattened to a disk
and eight equal segments are marked out
diametrically
with
a
spatula.
Approx. equal quantities are taken from
each segment and from the center,
making the nine points of withdrawal.
Pryor, 3
night emerald
See:evening emerald
night pair
Corn. Miners who work underground
during the night. The night shift.
Fay
night shift
The coal miners' shift from about 12:00
p.m. to 8:00 a.m. It may be a
coal-winning shift, but in general it is a
preparation
or
maintenance
shift. Nelson
ningyoite
An orthorhombic mineral, (U,Ca,Ce)2
)2
.1-2H
(PO4
2 O ; rhabdophane group; occurs in an
unoxidized
zone
of
the
Ningyo-toge Mine, Tottori prefecture,
Japan.
nigritite
A product of the coalification of fix
bitumens rich in carbon; insoluble
or only slightly soluble in organic
solvents.
It
is
subdivided
into
polynigritite, humonigritite, exinonigritite,
and
keronigritite.
Tomkeieff
niobite
See:columbite
niobium
A shiny, white, soft, and ductile metallic
element.
Symbol,
Nb
(niobium)
or Cb (columbium). The name niobium
was adopted by the International Union
nil
English-English
niperyth
See:penthrite
nipple
niobium nitride
Ni-resist
A cast iron consisting of graphite in a
matrix of austenite. It contains
3.0% carbon, 14.0% nickel, 6.0% copper,
2.0% chromium, and 1.5% silicon;
it has a high resistance to growth,
oxidation, and corrosion. CTD
nip
a. Where the roof and the floor of a coal
seam
come
close
together
pinching the coal between them. CF:want
b. The contact ends of a cable for quick
attachment
to
a
power
cable.
BCI
nital
See:Boylston's reagent
niter
English-English
nitro
An abbrev. for nitroglycerin or dynamite.
nitrocalcite
niter cake
A monoclinic mineral, Ca(NO3 )2 .4H2 O ;
water
soluble; soft; occurs as an efflorescence,
e.g., on walls and in limestone
caves.
nitrocellulose
a. A salt of nitric acid; e.g., silver nitrate
or
barium
nitrate.
Standard,
2
b. A mineral compound characterized by a
fundamental
anionic
structure
of
NO3- . Soda niter, NaNO3 , and niter,
,
KNO3
are nitrates. CF:carbonate; borate. AGI
c. Salts formed by the action of nitric acid
on
metallic
oxides,
hydroxides, and carbonates. Readily
soluble in water and decompose when
heated. The nitrates of polyhydric alcohols
and
the
alkyl
radicals
explode
violently. CTD
nitratine
nitrocotton
A
trigonal
mineral,
NaNO3
;
rhombohedral cleavage; water soluble
with a cooling taste; occurs only in very
arid
regions.
Formerly
called
soda niter.
nitrification
nitrogelatin
The formation of nitrates by the oxidation
of
ammonium
salts
to
nitrites
(usually by bacteria) followed by
oxidation of nitrites to nitrates. It is
See:gelatin dynamite
nitrogen
English-English
nitrogen fixation
nitroglycerin explosive
nitroglycerin powder
Explosive usually characterized by a low
nitroglycerin content, up to 10%
, and a high ammonium nitrate content of
80% to 85%, with carbonaceous
material forming the remainder of the
composition.
This
composition
produces a powdery consistency and,
consequently,
nitroglycerin
powders
have relatively poor water-resistance
properties, so that they should be
used only in dry conditions. Their storage
properties
are
fairly
good,
but
this is largely dependent on the protection
given
after
manufacture,
for
example, in the methods of cartridging
and packing. The main application
of these explosives is in quarrying and
mining where the ground to be
blasted is relatively soft. McAdam, 2
nitroglycerin
CH2 NO3 CHNO3 CH2 NO3 ; pale yellow;
flammable; explosive; thick liquid;
soluble in alcohol; soluble in ether
in all proportions; slightly soluble in
water; melting point, 13.1 degrees
C; and explosion point, 256 degrees C.
Used as an explosive, in the
production of dynamite and other
explosives, as an explosive plasticizer
in solid rocket propellants, and as a
possible
liquid
rocket
propellant.
Molecular weight, 227.09; triclinic or
orthorhombic when solid; sp gr,
1.5918 (at 25 degrees C, referred to water
at
4
degrees
C);
soluble
in
methanol and in carbon disulfide; very
soluble in chloroform; and slightly
soluble in petroleum ether. This highly
explosive liquid is made by mixing
nitrohydrochloric acid
English-English
See:aqua regia
nitrolite
An excellent and cheap explosive in
powder form, consisting of the
constituents ammonium nitrate + trotyl +
nitroglycerin
+
silicon.
Fraenkel
nitrosulfuric acid
nitromagnesite
A monoclinic mineral, Mg(NO3 )2 .6H2 O
;
water
soluble; white; an efflorescence in
limestone caverns.
nitromuriatic acid
nitrous oxide
See:aqua regia
nitrostarch explosive
Nitrostarch explosives have been used to a
limited
extent
for
over
50
years. When these explosives were first
introduced,
nitrostarch
was
the
principal explosive ingredient in their
composition.
Of
recent
years,
because of the trend toward the lowsensitivity,
noncap
sensitive
nitrocarbonitrates and ammonium nitrateoil
mixtures,
certain
grades
of
explosives are being produced with low
amounts of sensitizers. Some of
these explosives today contain a very
large
percentage
of
ammonium
nitrate, and nitrostarch is used only in
small
quantities
to
act
as
a
sensitizer. Pit and Quarry
niveau surface
See:equipotential surface
noble
a. A term used to express great value or
purity,
as
in
a
noble
metal
(e.g., platinum); or inertness, as in a noble
gas
(e.g.,
helium).
b. An adj. usually modifying "metal" or
"gas"
and
referring
to
those
elements which do not normally combine
with oxygen or other non-metallic
elements under near-surface conditions;
thus they commonly occur as native
nitrosubstitution
English-English
noble gas
A rare inert gas: helium, neon, argon,
krypton,
xenon,
and
radon.
nodular structure
nobleite
See:orbicular structure
nodule
a. A small, irregularly rounded knot, mass,
or
lump
of
a
mineral
or
mineral aggregate, normally having a
warty or knobby surface and no
internal structure, and usually exhibiting a
contrasting
composition
from
the enclosing sediment or rock; e.g., a
nodule of pyrite in a coalbed, a
chert nodule in limestone, or a phosphatic
nodule
in
marine
strata.
Nodules can be separated as discrete
masses from the host material.
AGI
b. One of the widely scattered
concretionary lumps of manganese,
cobalt,
iron, and nickel found on the floors of the
world's
oceans;
esp.
a
manganese nodule. Etymol: Latin
nodulus, small knot. CF:concretion
AGI
c. A rounded material accretion built of
successive
layers,
of
easily
handled
size.
Pryor,
3
d. A small, rounded, irregularly shaped
noble metal
A metal with marked resistance to
chemical
reaction,
particularly
to
oxidation and to solution by inorganic
acids. The list includes mercury
and the precious and platinum-group
metals.
no-cut rounds
In blasting underground, drilling all holes
straight
into
the
face.
Lewis
nodular
a. Composed of nodules; e.g., nodular
bedding consisting of scattered to
loosely packed nodules in matrix of like
or
unlike
character.
AGI
mass, as those of
malleable cast iron. Rolfe
English-English
graphite
in
nolanite
A hexagonal mineral, (V,Fe,Ti)10 O14
(OH)2
;
rare;
forms tabular prisms and plates;
associated with uranium ores at
Beaverlodge, SK, Canda, and with native
gold
and
various
tellurides
at
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.
nodulizing
a. The forming of rounded shapes by the
application to fine coal of a
gyratory, rotary, or oscillatory motion,
without
the
use
of
pressure.
BS,
5
b. See:balling
nominal area
Of a screen, the total area of the screen
deck exposed to the flow of the
material feed. BS, 5
noise
a.
Any
undesired
sound.
NCB
b. By extension, any unwanted
disturbance such as undesired electric
waves
in any transmission channel or device.
NCB
c. In gravity and magnetic prospecting,
disturbances in observed data due
to more or less random inhomogeneities in
surface
and
near-surface
material.
AGI
d. In seismic prospecting, all recorded
energy
not
derived
from
the
explosion of the shot. Sometimes loosely
used
for
all
recorded
energy
except events of interest. AGI
nominal bandwidth
In a filter, the difference between the
nominal upper and lower cutoff
frequencies. This difference may be
expressed in cycles per second, as a
percentage of the pass-band center
frequency, or as the difference between
the upper and lower cutoffs in octaves. Hy
nominal capacity
A notional figure expressed in tons per
hour used in the title of a
flowsheet and in general descriptions of
the plant, applying to the plant
as a whole and to the specific project
under consideration. It may be
taken as representing the approximate
tonnage expected to be supplied to
the plant during the hour of greatest load.
BS, 5
noise level
In observed
fluctuations
signals. AGI
or recorded data,
not
attributable
the
to
nominal price
An estimate of the price for a future
month date which is used to
designate a closing price when no trading
has taken place in that date.
Also used for current price indications in
similar
circumstances
physical trading. Wolff
English-English
in
nonbanded coal
Coal that does not display a striated or
banded appearance on the vertical
face. It contains essentially no vitrain and
consists
of
clarain
or
durain, or of material intermediate
between the two. AGI
non-Bessemer ore
Ore containing up to about 0.18%
phosphorus. Newton, 1
nomogram
noncaking coal
nomograph
See:nomogram
noncoal mine
nonangular unconformity
A mine in which the material being mined
is incombustible or contains at
least 65% by weight of incombustible
material,
and
in
which
the
underground atmosphere in any open
workings contains less than 0.25% by
volume of flammable gas. CFR, 2
See:disconformity
nonasphaltic pyrobitumen
English-English
noncoking coal
A bituminous coal that burns freely
without softening or any appearance of
incipient fusion. The percentage of
volatile matter may be the same as for
coking coal, but the residue is not a true
coke. Fay
noncore bit
See:plug bit
noncombustible
noncore drilling
Any material that will neither ignite nor
actively
support
combustion
in
air at 1,200 degrees F (649 degrees C)
when
exposed
to
fire.
nonconformable
nonconformity
a. An unconformity developed between
sedimentary rocks and older rocks
(plutonic igneous or massive metamorphic
rocks) that had been exposed to
erosion before the sediments covered
them. The restriction of the term to
this usage was proposed by Dunbar &
Rodgers (1957). Although the term is
well known in the classroom, it is not
commonly used in practice (Dennis,
1967).
AGI
b. A term that formerly was widely, but is
now less commonly, used as a
syn. of angular unconformity, or as a
generic term that includes angular
unconformity. Term proposed by Pirsson
(1915). AGI
nondestructive testing
Methods of examination, usually for
soundness, which do not involve
destroying or damaging the material or
part
being
tested.
It
includes
radiological
examination,
magnetic
inspection,
etc.
Also
called
nondestructive inspection. Rolfe
nondiamond core drill
A rotary or percussive-type drill equipped
with
core-cutting
tools
or
bits, the cutting points of which are not
inset
with
diamonds.
Long
nonel
Editorial Grupo Universitario: grupouniversitario@hotmail.com
60
English-English
See:nonelectric blasting
nonelectric blasting
The firing of one or more charges using
safety
fuse,
igniter
cord,
detonating cord, shock or gas tubing, or
similar
nonelectric
materials
to
initiate
a
blasting
cap.
shock tube system. Federal Mine Safety
nonflowing well
A well that yields water at the ground
surface only by means of a pump or
other lifting device.
nonfreezing explosive
Explosive to which 15% to 20% of
nitroethylene glycol has been added. This
acts as a freezing-point depressant and
prevents
freezing
at
ordinary
temperatures. Polar or Arctic explosives
are
nitroglycerin
explosives
of
this type. Higham
nonferrous
Of, or relating to, a metal or compound
that does not contain appreciable
quantities of iron; ores that are not
processed primarily for their iron
content.
nongraded sediment
nonferrous alloy
a. In geology, detrital sediment, loose or
cemented,
containing
notable
amounts of more than one grade; e.g.,
loam
or
boulder
clay.
nonferrous metallurgy
nonhardening salt
nonferrous metals
nonluminous flame
English-English
nonmagnetic rod
nonmetallic mineral
nonmagnetic steel
Steel alloyed with 12% or more of
manganese, chromium, or nickel. Such an
alloy cannot be removed from a passing
stream of ore by an ordinary guard
magnet. Magnetic permeability is below
1.05. Pryor, 3
nonmetal
A chemical element (as boron, carbon,
phosphorus,
nitrogen,
oxygen,
sulfur, chlorine, or argon) that is not
classed as a metal because it does
not exhibit most of the typical metallic
properties. An element that, in
general, is characterized chemically by the
ability
to
form
anions,
acidic
oxides and acids, and stable compounds
with hydrogen. Webster 3rd
nonmetallic minerals
Minerals are conveniently divided into
metallic
and
nonmetallic
groups,
and then arranged in subdivisions
according to the elements which form
their main constituents. The nonmetallic
minerals (carbon, diamond, coals,
bitumen, asphalt, boron, sulfur, rock salt,
etc.)
lack
the
properties
of
the metallic minerals such as a bright
metallic
luster,
hardness,
density,
and good conduction of heat and
electricity. Nelson
nonmetallic
a. Of or pertaining to a nonmetal. AGI
b. Said in general of mineral lusters other
than
metallic
luster.
CF:submetallic
luster
c. An industrial mineral; usually used in
the plural. AGI
non-metallic minerals
nonmetallic armor
Rocks, minerals, and select naturally
occurring and synthetic materials of
economic value, exclusive of fuel and
metallic ore minerals. The select
materials include peat, mineral-derived
English-English
conditions
unless
packed
in
sealed containers. The main use of nonnitroglycerin
explosives
is
in
primary blasting in quarries and opencast
mining, although they are used
in some underground work, particularly in
ironstone
mining.
The
combination of high strength and
relatively high velocity of detonation
also makes them applicable for secondary
blasting
by
plaster
shooting.
McAdam, 2
nonpareil brick
An insulating brick.
nonpermissible explosive
An explosive that is not approved in law
for use in gassy mines.
non-Newtonian flow
Flow in which the relationship of the
shear stress to the rate of shear
strain is nonlinear; i.e., flow of a
subsurface in which viscosity is not
constant. AGI
nonpolarizable electrode
nonnitroglycerin explosive
nonproductive formation
nonrotating rope
A wire rope composed of 18 strands of 7
wires each; the inner 6 strands
are left lay and outer 12 strands are right
lay.
It
is
esp.
fabricated
for
use where loads are handled in free
suspension, as in lifting of loads
with a single line. Lewis
English-English
nonsegregating chute
A chute, usually used to charge stoker
hoppers, so designed as to deliver
coal in a mixed state rather than having
the
large
lumps
tend
to
be
deposited separate from the fine.
nonspin cable
A wire or fiber cable so constructed as to
reduce twisting to a minimum.
Long
nonselective mining
The object of nonselective mining is to
secure a low cost, generally by
using a cheap stoping method combined
with
large-scale
operations.
This
method can be used in deposits where the
individual
stringers,
bands,
or
lenses of high-grade ore are so numerous
and
so
irregular
in
occurrence
and separated by such thin lenses of waste
that
a
selective
method
cannot
be employed. Nonselective methods of
stoping include caving, top slicing,
some forms of open stoping, and
shrinkage stoping under most conditions.
Jackson, 2
nonspin differential
A differential that will turn both axles,
even
if
one
offers
no
resistance. Nichols, 1
nonspinning rope
A rope wire consisting of 18 strands of 7
wires
each,
in
2
layers;
the
inner layer consists of 6 strands lang lay
rope
and
left
lay
around
a
small hemp core, and the outer of 12
strands regular lay, right-hand lay.
Will carry a load on a single end without
untwisting. Hunt
nonsequence
A diastem or other relatively unimportant
sedimentary
or
stratigraphic
interruption.
CF:unconformity;
paraconformity.
nonstranded rope
A rope in which the wires are not laid up
in
strands
but
in
concentric
sheaths, and in opposite directions in the
different
sheaths,
which
gives
the rope nonspinning properties. The outer
sheaths
are
composed
of
specially shaped interlocking wires, and
there is no hemp core in the
rope. Sinclair, 5
nonsignificant anomaly
An anomaly that is superficially similar to
a
significant
anomaly
but
is
unrelated to ore. Formerly called false
anomaly. Hawkes, 2
nonstructural
A phase transformation not involving
structural rearrangement, e.g., Curie
point in magnetism.
nonsparking tool
English-English
nontabular deposit
nonweathering coal
nontectonite
Any rock whose fabric shows no influence
of movement of adjacent grains;
e.g., a rock formed by mechanical settling.
Some
rocks
are
transitional
between a tectonite and a nontectonite.
AGI
nonwetted
a. A term used in the flotation process and
applied
to
certain
metallic
minerals that are not wetted with water
but are easily wetted with oil.
Fay
b. As used by diamond-bit setters, a
diamond inset in a metal or alloy
that has not adhered to or wetted the
surface of the diamond. Long
nontronite
A monoclinic mineral, Na0.33 Fe3+2
(Si,Al)4
O10 (OH)2 .nH2 O ; smectite group;
expansive,
a
swelling clay; earthy; occurs in vesicles
and
veins
in
weathered
basalt
and as an alteration product of volcanic
glass.
Norbide
Trade name for boron carbide, an artificial
abrasive;
chemical
formula,
BC. It is markedly harder than silicon
carbide and second only to diamond.
AIME, 1
nonuniform flow
nordite
An
orthorhombic
mineral,
(La,Ce)(Sr,Ca)Na2
(Na,Mn)(Zn,Mg)Si6
O17 ; forms pale brown crystals on the
Kola Peninsula, Russia.
nonvitreous
norite
A relative term as applied to ceramic
products
based
on
the
water
absorbing characteristics; i.e., brick, tile,
etc.,
which
absorb
water
in
excess of that given by the specifications
would
be
described
as
nonvitreous.
nonvitrified
norm
See:nonvitreous
English-English
normal corrosion
When used in connection with galvanic
corrosion, it may refer to corrosion
of the anodic metal when there is no
contact with the dissimilar metal.
Schlain
normal depth
The depth of water in an open conduit that
corresponds
to
uniform
velocity
for the given flow. It is a hypothetical
depth under conditions of steady
nonuniform flow, the depth for which the
surface
and
bed
are
parallel;
also termed the neutral depth. Seelye, 1
normal
a. Of or pertaining to a solution having a
concentration
of
1
g-equivalent
weight of solute per liter of solution;
commonly used term in analytical
chemistry.
b.
Used
to
designate
aliphatic
hydrocarbons, their derivatives, or alkyl
radicals, the molecules of which contain a
single
unbranched
chain
of
carbon atoms.
normal dip
See:regional dip
normal displacement
See:dip slip
normal air
normal fault
normal arc
A term specif. intended to differentiate
between
the
arcs
that
are
commonly observed and the low-pressure
skittering arcs.
normal field
In magnetic prospecting, the smoothed
value of a magnetic field component
as derived from a large-scale survey,
worldwide or of continental scope.
normal calorie
English-English
normal price
normal fold
See:symmetrical fold
normal scale
normal haul
See:effective temperature
normal shift
In a fault, the horizontal component of the
shift,
measured
perpendicular
to the strike of the fault.
normalized steel
Steel that has been given a normalizing
heat treatment intended to bring
all of a lot of samples under consideration
into the same condition.
normal solution
A solution made by dissolving 1 gequivalent weight of a substance in
sufficient distilled water to make 1 L of
solution.
CTD
normalizing conveyor
A conveyor that moves material through a
normalizing furnace under heat.
normal stress
The stress component at right angles to a
given plane.ASCE
normally consolidated
Said of a soil deposit that has never been
subjected
to
an
effective
pressure greater than the existing
overburden pressure and one that is
also completely consolidated by the
existing overburden. ASCE
normal pressure
Usually equal to the weight of a column of
mercury
760
mm
in
height.
Approx.
14.7
psi
(101.4
kPa).
Webster 3rd; Fay
(25
Urquhart
degrees
English-English
C).
normal theory
A theory claiming that the removal of a
coal seam caused the overlying
strata to fracture at right angles to the
inclination
of
the
beds.
Subsidence observations do not support
this
theory.
normal travel-time curve
In fan shooting, a time-distance curve
obtained along a profile in some
nearby area that does not contain geologic
structures
of
the
type
being
sought. AGI
normative
The adj. of norm.
normative mineral
A mineral whose presence in a rock is
theoretically possible on the basis
of certain chemical analyses. A normative
mineral
may
or
may
not
be
actually
present
in
the
rock.
AGI
norstrandite
A
triclinic
mineral,
Al(OH)3
;
cryptocrystalline; a constituent of
strongly weathered soils, of laterites and
bauxites.
norm system
north end
A
system
of
classification
and
nomenclature of igneous rocks based on
the
norm of each rock. It is used in detailed
petrologic
studies
rather
than
in ordinary geologic or mining work.
Norsk-Staal process
Norwalt separator
English-English
nose in
Eng. A stratum is said to nose in when it
dips beneath the ground into a
hillside in a V-form or nose form.
noselite
Norwegian cut
See:nosean
A variation of the ordinary cut that may be
said
to
represent
a
combination of the latter and the fan cut.
The
first
drill
holes
are
formed with a sharper angle toward the
working
face,
which
facilitates
breaking. This type of cut has been
employed successfully in headings of
small section, the cut hole being blasted
first,
followed
by
the
bench
holes. In order to obtain the maximum
possible advance the cut may also be
deepened after blasting, during the first
pause in working, e.g, the whole
section
then
being
broken
out
simultaneously. Fraenkel
nose out
a. Eng. A nose-shaped stratum cropping
out.
Fay
b. To diminish by losing stratum after
stratum and getting into the lower
part of the measure; said of a coal seam.
Standard, 2
nose pipe
The inside nozzle of a tuyere. Standard, 2
nosin
See:nosean
nose
nosite
a. Scot. A point; a projecting angle of coal
or
other
mineral.
Also
called
ness.
Fay
b. The lead face of the crown of a
diamond
bit.
Long
c. A short plunging anticline without
closure.
d. To dip or run in the form of a
geological nose. Webster 3rd
See:nosean
notch
a. An angular recess cut in the ends of a
crossbar of a timber set to fit
over a corresponding wedge in the upright
posts. With the advent of steel
arches, the craft of notching is becoming
extinct.
nosean
English-English
b.
Eng.
See:let
into
c. A small weir made for use in measuring
flow
in
laboratory
models
of
hydraulic
structures.
d. A hollow formed by the undermining of
a cliff, as a result of wave
erosion and/or solution. Schieferdecker
notch effect
noumeite
See:garnierite
novackite
notcher
A machine tool in a steel-fabrication shop
used to strip the flanges from
the ends of rolled steel joists. Hammond
notching
novaculite
Nottingham system
English-English
NQ
a. The inner part of a large mold,
corresponding to the core in small
work.
Standard,
2
b. The bottom or drag of a molding flask,
as distinguished from the cope.
Standard, 2
noxious gas
N rod bit
nozzle brick
N-truss
A bridge or roof truss that has parallel
upper and lower chords and an
arrangement of web members consisting
of tension diagonals and compression
verticals, with the vertical struts
separating the panels. Also known as a
Pratt truss.
nozzleman
In metal mining, one who operates a
hydraulic giant or monitor (nozzle)
used to direct a high-pressure stream of
water
against
a
bank
of
gold-bearing gravel to erode and force the
gravel
into
sluiceboxes,
where
the gold separates out and is caught by
riffles
(cleats).
nubber
a. Mid. A block of wood about 12 in (30.5
cm) square, for throwing mine
cars off the road in case the couplings or
ropes
break.
Fay
b. See:stopblocks
NPN process
A modification of the basic Bessemer
process. The main feature is the
shortening of the blow by increasing the
pressure of the blast as much as
possible. Normally, the melt is cooled by
the addition of scrap or iron
ore, but it is claimed that a fairly high
temperature
can
be
maintained
nuclear-assisted mining
The use of a nuclear explosive for
fracturing
and
fragmenting
large
volumes of ore underground into rubble
chimneys,
in
preparation
for
block-cave-type
leaching. SME, 1
mining
English-English
or
in-situ
nuclear log
See:radioactivity log
nuclear magnetism log
nuclear magnetometer
See:nuclear resonance magnetometer
nuclear powerplant
Any device, machine, or assembly thereof
that converts nuclear energy into
some form of useful power, such as
mechanical or electric power. In a
nuclear electric powerplant, heat produced
by a reactor is used to make
steam, and the steam drives a turbine
generator in the conventional way.
Lyman
nucleation
The beginning of crystal growth at one or
more points. AGI
nucleometer
A Geiger counter employing 20 Geiger
tubes to increase the sampling area
and overcome the inefficiency of a 1-tube
counter. Ballard
nuclear reaction
Editorial Grupo Universitario: grupouniversitario@hotmail.com
72
English-English
nucleon
nugget model
nucleus
nuisance dust
nuclide
Any species of atom that exists for a
measurable length of time. A nuclide
can be distinguished by its atomic weight,
atomic
number,
and
energy
state. The term is used synonymously with
isotope.
A
radionuclide
is
the
same as a radioactive nuclide, a
radioactive isotope, or a radioisotope.
Lyman
Nujol
In flotation, any of a group of nonionizing
hydrocarbon
oils
that
act
as
collector agents by smearing action,
giving aerophilic quality to the
surface they selectively coat. Pryor, 3
Nullagine Series
Nuflex
nugget effect
nullah
English-English
Numidian marble
A general name for marbles of cream,
yellow, pink, and red color, found in
northern Africa. The quarries were
worked by the ancient Romans.
nutcracker
See:boulder buster
Nummulite limestone
NW
Nusse and
machine
Grafer
PIV/6
drilling
NX
A rotary machine used for drilling the
holes
in
combustible
gases
drainage. It is a two-speed, 150- to 250rpm
machine,
drill-rod
rotation
being operated by a 6-hp (4.47-kW)
motor. Traversing is done by a 2-hp
(1.5-kW) motor, a pinion of which
engages a toothed rack that runs the
length of the drill frame. A forward
drilling thrust of 4 st (3.6 t) is
possible. The machine measures 10 ft (3
m) overall and weighs about 1,000
lb (454 kg). With an improved high-speed
gearbox, 100 to 130 ft (30 to 40
m) of coal measures strata can be drilled
in a shift. Nelson
nut coal
a. An abbrev. for chestnut coal. Also
called
nuts.
Fay
b. Prepared bituminous coal that passes
through
2to
3-in
(5.1to
7.6-cm) round holes and over 3/4-, 1-, or
1-in
(1.9-,
2.54-,
or
3.2-cm)
holes, depending on the screening
practice. Anthracite, through 1-5/8-in
nylon belt
A rubber belt containing nylon fiber
reinforcing.
It
is
stronger
than
cotton-duck belts of equivalent size and
possesses
better
troughability
and fastener holding strength. Nylon belt
has the advantage of a long flex
English-English
nystagmus
English-English
O
objective glass
oakum
See:objective
objective lens
See:objective
oblique block
A quarry term applied to a block of stone
bounded by 3 pairs of parallel
faces--4 of the 12 interfacial angles being
right angles, 4 obtuse, and 4
acute.
Oamaru stone
A white, granular limestone found in large
quantities
in
Oamaru,
New
Zealand, and valued as a building stone.
oblique fault
obduction
English-English
oblique offset
The distance of a point from a main
survey line measured at an angle to
the latter that is not a right angle.
oblique projection
A pictorial view of an object showing its
elevation,
plan,
or
section
to
scale with parallel lines projected from the
corners, at 45 degrees or any
other angle, indicating the other sides.
Hammond
oblique slip
In a fault, movement or slip that is
intermediate in orientation between
the dip slip and the strike slip. CF:strike
slip
obsidian
oblique-slip fault
A black or dark-colored volcanic glass,
usually
of
rhyolite
composition,
characterized by conchoidal fracture. It is
sometimes
banded
or
has
microlites. Usage of the term goes back as
far as Pliny, who described the
rock from Ethiopia. Obsidian has been
used for making arrowheads, other
sharp implements, jewelry, and art
objects.
AGI
obsidianite brick
A scarp along a fault line, where the
topographically low area is on the
upthrown block. CF:resequent fault-line
scarp
observer
obtuse bisectrix
English-English
occupant
An occupant of a tract of land, as the word
ordinarily is used, is one who
has the use and possession thereof,
whether he resides upon it or not.
Ricketts
occidental cat's-eye
occupation
See:cat's-eye; tiger's-eye.
As used in the mining law, it is equivalent
to
possession,
and
the
right
to locate is included in the right to occupy,
and
incident
to
a
location
is the right of possession; but mere
occupancy of the public lands and
making improvement thereon gives no
vested right therein as against a
location made in pursuance of law.
Ricketts
occlude
To take in and retain (a substance) in the
interior
rather
than
on
an
external surface; to sorb. Used esp. of
metals
sorbing
gases;
e.g.,
palladium occludes large volumes of
hydrogen. Webster 3rd
occluded
occurrence
Contained in pores (said of gas occluded
in coal). Mason
See:mineral occurrence
occluded gas
ocean current
occlusion
oceanic trench
a. Taking up or incorporation of liquids in
solids or of gases in liquids.
AGI
See:trench
English-English
oceanographic dredge
octahedral borax
oceanography
octahedral cleavage
ocher
octahedral iron ore
A name given to various native earthy
materials used as pigments. They
consist essentially of hydrated ferric oxide
admixed with clay and sand in
varying amounts and in impalpable
subdivision. When carrying much
manganese ochers grade into umbers.
They are either yellow, brown, or red.
The best reds are sometimes obtained by
calcining
the
yellow
varieties.
They are called burnt ochers. Others are
obtained by calcining copperas or
as a residue from roasting pyrite. In
general, the native yellows and
browns are varieties of limonite and the
native
reds
are
varieties
of
hematite. One variety of red ocher is
known as scarlet ocher. Their value
as pigments depends not only on the depth
of color but also on the amount
of oil required as a vehicle.
CCD, 2
See:magnetite
octahedrite
a. A class of meteorites. Hey, 1
b. The most common iron meteorite
contains 6% to 18% nickel in the metal
phase; on etching, shows Widmanstaetten
structure owing to the presence of
intimate intergrowths (of plates of
kamacite with narrow selvages of
taenite) oriented parallel to the octahedral
planes.
c. A former name for anatase.
octahedron
a. A closed crystallographic form with
isometric symmetry and eight faces,
each an equilateral triangle; sometimes
called
a
regular
octahedron
to
distinguish it from the more general usage
defined
below.
Commonly
observed in isometric minerals, such as
fluorite,
pyrite,
magnetite,
and
diamond.
octagon
A polygon having eight sides. Jones, 2
English-English
b.
Less
precisely,
a
closed
crystallographic form composed of (or
bounded
by) eight triangular surfaces (a
bipyramid), such as in some samples of
anatase.
Plural:
octahedra.
Adj.:
octahedral.
ocular
octant
Eyepiece of a microscope. Pryor, 3
Each eighth of crystal space divided by
three
noncoplanar
axial
planes.
CF:dodecant
O'Donaghue formula
A formula used for calculating the
thickness of tubbing: t = hdF/2C + A,
where: t is the required thickness of
tubbing in inches; h is the pressure
of water in pounds per square inch; d is
the
diameter
of
the
shaft
in
inches; C is the crushing strength of cast
iron in pounds per square inch,
which may be taken as 95,000; F is the
factor of safety adopted between 5
and 10; and A is the allowance for
possible flaws and corrosion and may
vary from 1/4 to 1 in (6.4 to 25.4 mm),
averaging
1/2
in
(12.7
mm).
Sinclair, 2
octant search
Used to limit the number of sample data
points
used
for
estimating
intermediate spatial values. The search
neighborhood is divided into eight
equal-angle sectors. Constraints on
selection of data values to include in
the estimation include: minimum and
maximum of samples or the number of
consecutive empty sectors. If either
criteria
is
below
minimum,
an
interpolated value is not calculated.
Applies to any interpolation method
where a limited number of sample data
points
are
used
to
estimate
intermediate values.
O'Donahue's theory
A mine subsidence theory based on an
extension of the theory of the
normal. In it, subsidence is regarded as
taking place in two stages. There
is, first, a breaking of the rocks in which
the
lines
of
fracture
tend
to
run at right angles to the stratification.
This
is
followed
by
an
aftersliding, or inward movement from the
sides,
resulting
in
a
pull
or
draw beyond the edges of the workings.
Briggs
octaphyllite
a. A trioctahedral clay mineral. AGI
b. A group of mica minerals that contains
eight cations per ten oxygen and
two
hydroxyl
ions.
c. Any mineral of the octaphyllite group,
such
as
biotite;
a
trioctahedral
clay mineral. CF:heptaphyllite
octopus
A bin or tank to facilitate the concrete
lining
of
circular
shafts.
The
English-English
odontolite
oersted
a. The practical, cgs electromagnetic unit
of
magnetic
intensity.
A
unit
magnetic pole, placed in a vacuum in
which the magnetic intensity is 1 Oe
(79.577 A/m), is acted upon by a force of
1 dyn in the direction of the
intensity
vector.
AGI
b. Commonly used as the cgs unit of
magnetic-field intensity. Except in
magnetized media, a magnetic field with
an intensity (H) of 1 Oe has an
induction (B) of 1 Gs (0.1 mT). AGI
off-highway truck
A truck of such size, weight, or
dimensions that it cannot be used on
public highways.
official plat of survey
The expression in a patent according to
the official plat of survey of the
land returned to the general land office by
the
surveyor
general
refers
to
the description of the land as well as to the
quantity
conveyed.
Ricketts
off line
a. A condition existing when the drive rod
of the drill swivel head is not
centered and parallel with the borehole
being
drilled.
Long
b. A borehole that has deviated from its
intended
course.
Long
c. A condition existing wherein any linear
excavation
(shaft,
drift,
borehole, etc.) deviates from a previously
determined
or
intended
survey
line or course.
English-English
off-peak load
Electricity drawn at a period when the
power station that supplies it is
not fully loaded. Pryor, 3
offretite
A hexagonal mineral, (K2 ,Ca)5 Al10 Si26
O
72 .30H2 O ; zeolite group; commonly
intergrown
with
erionite
and levyne as a vein or cavity filling in
mafic lavas.
offset
offset deposit
a. A short drift or crosscut driven from a
main
gangway
or
level.
Fay
b. The horizontal distance between the
outcrops
of
a
dislocated
bed.
Fay
c. Of a fault, the horizontal component of
displacement,
measured
perpendicular to the disrupted horizon.
AGI
d. A side (horizontal) measurement of
distance perpendicular to a line,
usually a transit line. Seelye, 2
e. To collar and drill a borehole at some
distance
from
the
designated
site to avoid a difficult setup. Long
f. To drill a borehole near one previously
drilled,
which
may
have
been
lost, for purposes of correlation or to
determine
the
lateral
extent
of
mineralization.
Long
g. An abrupt change in the trend of a drill
hole,
usually
caused
by
a
small shelflike projection of rock
alongside one wall of the drill hole.
Long
h. A well drilled near the boundary of a
lease opposite a completed well
on an adjacent lease. offset well. Long
English-English
off-the-road hauling
Hauling that takes place off the public
highways, generally on a mining or
excavation site. The hauling units used are
generally
higher
and
wider
than those used in over-the-road hauling
since highway restrictions do not
limit size, weight, etc. CF:over-the-road
hauling
offset ridge
A ridge that is discontinuous because of
faulting. AGI
offset staff
offset well
ogie
See:offset
off-sider
ohm
offtake
ohmmeter
offtake lad
See:shackler
Ohm's law
offtake rod
The formula expressing Ohm's law is I =
E/R, in which I is the electric
current in amperes; E is the electromotive
force in volts; and R is the
resistance in ohms. Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, 2
English-English
oiled
A term used in flotation when a particle is
given
a
water
repellent
surface. When such a coating has been
formed, the particle is said to be
oiled or treated and ready to be floated.
Newton, 1
-oid
A suffix meaning "in the form of." AGI
oiler
oikocryst
a. In flotation, oil that provides a film
around
a
mineral
particle.
b. One of several types of mechanical
devices that deliver oil to machines
and into air or steam lines in controllable
amounts.
Also
called
atomizer;
line oiler; lubricator; oil pot; pineapple;
pot. Long
oilfield winch
An extremely powerful low-speed winch
on
a
crawler
tractor.
Nichols, 1
oil base
oil flotation
The residuum from the distillation of
petroleum. When paraffin is obtained
from petroleum, the original oil is said to
have a paraffin base; when the
residue is entirely asphaltic, the original
petroleum is said to have an
asphaltic base. Some petroleums have
both an asphaltic and a paraffin
base. API, 1
oil of vitriol
Concentrated sulfuric acid.
oil pot
oil-bearing shale
See:line oiler; oiler.
Shale impregnated with petroleum. Not to
be
confused
with
oil
shale.
Tomkeieff
oil pump
A hydraulic pump supplying oil under
pressure
to
the
hydraulic-feed
cylinders and pistons of a hydraulic-type
English-English
oil-temper
oldhamite
swivel
Long
head
on
diamond
drill.
oil shale
A kerogen-bearing, finely laminated
brown or black sedimentary rock that
will yield liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons
on
distillation.
CF:bituminous
shale
petrolo-shale. AGI
oilstone
okenite
Oldham stone duster
A triclinic mineral, Ca10 Si18 O46 .18H2 O ;
white; fibrous; commonly associated with
zeolites in basalts.
old age
a. The stage in the development of a
stream at which erosion is decreasing
in vigor and efficiency, and aggradation
becomes dominant as the gradient
is reduced. It is characterized by a broad
open valley with a flood plain
that may be 15 times the width of the
meander
belt;
numerous
oxbows,
bayous, and swamps; a sluggish current;
and slow erosion, effected chiefly
by mass-wasting at valley sides. AGI
b. The final stage of the cycle of erosion
of a landscape or region, in
which the surface has been reduced almost
to base level and the landforms
Oldham-Wheat lamp
A cap lamp designed for full self-service.
This
lamp,
weighing
6-5/8
lb
(3.0 kg), has a 4-V lead-acid battery in a
hard rubber case with covers of
stainless steel or nickel-plated hard brass.
The
switch
is
magnetically
operated and is situated in a sealed plastic
English-English
goods,
automobiles,
equipment, machinery, etc.
electrical
old silver
Silver made to appear old by the
application of graphite and grease.
old hole
old waste
See:main hole
Scot. Old or abandoned workings. Fay
oldland
old working
a. Any ancient land; specif. an extensive
area
(such
as
the
Canadian
shield) of ancient crystalline rocks
reduced
to
low
relief
by
long-continued erosion and from which
the materials of later sedimentary
deposits
were
derived.
AGI
b. A region of older land, behind a coastal
plain,
that
supplied
the
material of which the coastal-plain strata
were
formed.
AGI
c. A term proposed by Maxson and
Anderson (1935) for the land surface of
the old-age stage of the cycle of erosion,
characterized
by
subdued
relief. AGI
oleander-leaf texture
Leaf-shaped masses of stromeyerite (or
other minerals) in a matrix of
chalcocite (or other mineral). AGI
oleic acid
old scrap
See:hematite
Scrap derived from consumer goods that
have outlived their usefulness in
the economy; it includes discarded white
oligist iron
See:hematite
English-English
Oligocene
olivenite
oligoclase
A triclinic mineral, (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2
O8
]
;
plagioclase
series of the feldspar group; has NaSi
(albite) 10 to 30 mol % and CaAl
(anorthite) 90 to 70 mol %;
pseudomonoclinic with prismatic cleavage
and
characteristic polysynthetic twinning
commonly visible on cleavage traces;
white; may be chatoyant; a common rockforming mineral in igneous and
metamorphic rocks of intermediate to high
silica content; forms the entire
mass in some anorthosites; less commonly
a vein mineral.
olivine
A mineral group including fayalite, Fe2
SiO4
;
forsterite,
Mg2 SiO4 ; liebenbergite, (Ni,Mg)2 SiO4 ;
and
tephroite, Mn2 SiO4 ; orthorhombic; olive
green,
grayish
green, brown, or black; members
intermediate in the forsterite-fayalite
crystal solution series are common rockforming
minerals
in
gabbros,
basalts, peridotites, and dunites; alters
hydrothermally
to
serpentine.
Fayalite occurs in some granites and
syenites,
forsterite
in
thermally
metamorphosed dolomites, and tephroite
in iron manganese ore deposits and
their associated skarns..
oligonite
A former name for manganoan siderite,
(Fe,Mn)CO3 .
oligosiderite
A meteorite containing a small amount of
metallic iron. AGI
oligotrophic peat
Peat poorly supplied with nutrients.
Tomkeieff
English-English
olivine rock
old scrap
See:dunite
olivinite
a. In the International Union of Geological
Sciences
classification.
b. An olivine-rich ore-bearing igneous
rock
that
also
contains
other
pyroxenes and/or amphiboles.
old silver
Silver made to appear old by the
application of graphite and grease.
olivinoid
old waste
An olivinelike
meteorites.
substance
found
in
Scot. Old or abandoned workings. Fay
oldland
old working
oleander-leaf texture
Leaf-shaped masses of stromeyerite (or
other minerals) in a matrix of
chalcocite (or other mineral). AGI
oleic acid
English-English
oligist
oligotrophic peat
See:hematite
oligist iron
olivenite
See:hematite
An orthorhombic mineral, Cu2 AsO4 (OH)
;
adamantine
to
vitreous; a secondary mineral in copper
deposits.
Oligocene
An epoch of the early Tertiary Period,
after the Eocene and before the
Miocene;
also,
the
corresponding
worldwide series of rocks. It is
considered to be a period when the
Tertiary is designated as an era.
AGI
Oliver filter
A continuous-type filter made in the form
of
a
cylindrical
drum
with
filter cloth stretched over the convex
surface of the drum. The drum
rotates slowly about a horizontal axis, and
the lower part is immersed in
a tank containing the pulp to be filtered.
Arrangement
of
pressure
and
suction pipes on the interior of the drum
permits
the
application
of
suction to the filtering surface. As the
filter
passes
through
the
tank,
it picks up a layer of solid material and
emerges
carrying
a
layer
of
filter cake.
oligoclase
A triclinic mineral, (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2
O8
]
;
plagioclase
series of the feldspar group; has NaSi
(albite) 10 to 30 mol % and CaAl
(anorthite) 90 to 70 mol %;
pseudomonoclinic with prismatic cleavage
and
characteristic polysynthetic twinning
commonly visible on cleavage traces;
white; may be chatoyant; a common rockforming mineral in igneous and
metamorphic rocks of intermediate to high
silica content; forms the entire
mass in some anorthosites; less commonly
a vein mineral.
olivine
A mineral group including fayalite, Fe2
SiO4
;
forsterite,
Mg2 SiO4 ; liebenbergite, (Ni,Mg)2 SiO4 ;
and
tephroite, Mn2 SiO4 ; orthorhombic; olive
green,
grayish
green, brown, or black; members
intermediate in the forsterite-fayalite
crystal solution series are common rockforming
minerals
in
gabbros,
basalts, peridotites, and dunites; alters
hydrothermally
to
serpentine.
Fayalite occurs in some granites and
syenites,
forsterite
in
thermally
oligonite
A former name for manganoan siderite,
(Fe,Mn)CO3 .
oligosiderite
A meteorite containing a small amount of
metallic iron. AGI
English-English
old scrap
See:dunite
Scrap derived from consumer goods that
have outlived their usefulness in
the economy; it includes discarded white
goods,
automobiles,
electrical
equipment, machinery, etc.
olivinite
a. In the International Union of Geological
Sciences
classification,
old silver
olivinoid
old waste
An olivinelike
meteorites.
substance
found
in
Scot. Old or abandoned workings. Fay
oldland
old working
oleander-leaf texture
Leaf-shaped masses of stromeyerite (or
other minerals) in a matrix of
chalcocite (or other mineral). AGI
oleic acid
organic
CCD, 2
English-English
solvents.
oligosiderite
oligist
See:hematite
oligotrophic peat
oligist iron
See:hematite
olivenite
Oligocene
An orthorhombic mineral, Cu2 AsO4 (OH)
adamantine
to
vitreous; a secondary mineral in copper
deposits.
Oliver filter
A continuous-type filter made in the form
of
a
cylindrical
drum
with
filter cloth stretched over the convex
surface of the drum. The drum
rotates slowly about a horizontal axis, and
the lower part is immersed in
a tank containing the pulp to be filtered.
Arrangement
of
pressure
and
suction pipes on the interior of the drum
permits
the
application
of
suction to the filtering surface. As the
filter
passes
through
the
tank,
it picks up a layer of solid material and
emerges
carrying
a
layer
of
filter cake.
oligoclase
A triclinic mineral, (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2
O8
]
;
plagioclase
series of the feldspar group; has NaSi
(albite) 10 to 30 mol % and CaAl
(anorthite) 90 to 70 mol %;
pseudomonoclinic with prismatic cleavage
and
characteristic polysynthetic twinning
commonly visible on cleavage traces;
white; may be chatoyant; a common rockforming mineral in igneous and
metamorphic rocks of intermediate to high
silica content; forms the entire
mass in some anorthosites; less commonly
a vein mineral.
olivine
A mineral group including fayalite, Fe2
SiO4
;
forsterite,
Mg2 SiO4 ; liebenbergite, (Ni,Mg)2 SiO4 ;
and
tephroite, Mn2 SiO4 ; orthorhombic; olive
green,
grayish
green, brown, or black; members
intermediate in the forsterite-fayalite
crystal solution series are common rock-
oligonite
A former name for manganoan siderite,
(Fe,Mn)CO3 .
English-English
forming
minerals
in
gabbros,
basalts, peridotites, and dunites; alters
hydrothermally
to
serpentine.
Fayalite occurs in some granites and
syenites,
forsterite
in
thermally
metamorphosed dolomites, and tephroite
in iron manganese ore deposits and
their associated skarns..
olivine rock
old scrap
See:dunite
Scrap derived from consumer goods that
have outlived their usefulness in
the economy; it includes discarded white
goods,
automobiles,
electrical
equipment, machinery, etc.
olivinite
a. In the International Union of Geological
Sciences
classification,
b. An olivine-rich ore-bearing igneous
rock
that
also
contains
other
pyroxenes and/or amphiboles.
old silver
Silver made to appear old by the
application of graphite and grease.
olivinoid
old waste
An olivinelike
meteorites.
Standard, 2
substance
found
in
Scot. Old or abandoned workings. Fay
old working
oldland
Mine working that has been abandoned,
allowed to collapse, and perhaps
sealed off. Unless proper safeguards are
taken, old workings can be a
source of danger to workings in
production particularly if they are
waterlogged and their plan position is
uncertain.
oleander-leaf texture
Leaf-shaped masses of stromeyerite (or
other minerals) in a matrix of
chalcocite (or other mineral). AGI
English-English
oleic acid
oligonite
oligist
oligotrophic peat
See:hematite
oligist iron
See:hematite
olivenite
Oligocene
Oliver filter
A continuous-type filter made in the form
of
a
cylindrical
drum
with
filter cloth stretched over the convex
surface of the drum. The drum
rotates slowly about a horizontal axis, and
the lower part is immersed in
a tank containing the pulp to be filtered.
Arrangement
of
pressure
and
suction pipes on the interior of the drum
permits
the
application
of
suction to the filtering surface. As the
filter
passes
through
the
tank,
it picks up a layer of solid material and
emerges
carrying
a
layer
of
filter cake.
oligoclase
A triclinic mineral, (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2
]
;
plagioclase
O8
series of the feldspar group; has NaSi
(albite) 10 to 30 mol % and CaAl
(anorthite) 90 to 70 mol %;
pseudomonoclinic with prismatic cleavage
and
characteristic polysynthetic twinning
commonly visible on cleavage traces;
white; may be chatoyant; a common rockforming mineral in igneous and
metamorphic rocks of intermediate to high
silica content; forms the entire
mass in some anorthosites; less commonly
a vein mineral.
olivine
A mineral group including fayalite, Fe2
SiO4
;
forsterite,
Mg2 SiO4 ; liebenbergite, (Ni,Mg)2 SiO4 ;
and
English-English
olivine rock
See:dunite
old scrap
olivinite
old silver
Silver made to appear old by the
application of graphite and grease.
olivinoid
An olivinelike
meteorites.
Standard, 2
substance
found
in
old waste
Scot. Old or abandoned workings. Fay
oldland
old working
English-English
oleander-leaf texture
Leaf-shaped masses of stromeyerite (or
other minerals) in a matrix of
chalcocite (or other mineral). AGI
oligonite
oleic acid
A former name for manganoan siderite,
(Fe,Mn)CO3 .
oligosiderite
A meteorite containing a small amount of
metallic iron. AGI
oligist
oligotrophic peat
See:hematite
oligist iron
olivenite
See:hematite
An orthorhombic mineral, Cu2 AsO4 (OH)
;
adamantine
to
vitreous; a secondary mineral in copper
deposits.
Oligocene
An epoch of the early Tertiary Period,
after the Eocene and before the
Miocene;
also,
the
corresponding
worldwide series of rocks. It is
considered to be a period when the
Tertiary is designated as an era.
AGI
Oliver filter
A continuous-type filter made in the form
of
a
cylindrical
drum
with
filter cloth stretched over the convex
surface of the drum. The drum
rotates slowly about a horizontal axis, and
the lower part is immersed in
a tank containing the pulp to be filtered.
Arrangement
of
pressure
and
suction pipes on the interior of the drum
permits
the
application
of
suction to the filtering surface. As the
filter
passes
through
the
tank,
it picks up a layer of solid material and
emerges
carrying
a
layer
of
filter cake.
oligoclase
A triclinic mineral, (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2
O8
]
;
plagioclase
series of the feldspar group; has NaSi
(albite) 10 to 30 mol % and CaAl
(anorthite) 90 to 70 mol %;
pseudomonoclinic with prismatic cleavage
and
characteristic polysynthetic twinning
commonly visible on cleavage traces;
white; may be chatoyant; a common rockforming mineral in igneous and
English-English
olivine
A mineral group including fayalite, Fe2
SiO4
;
forsterite,
Mg2 SiO4 ; liebenbergite, (Ni,Mg)2 SiO4 ;
and
tephroite, Mn2 SiO4 ; orthorhombic; olive
green,
grayish
green, brown, or black; members
intermediate in the forsterite-fayalite
crystal solution series are common rockforming
minerals
in
gabbros,
basalts, peridotites, and dunites; alters
hydrothermally
to
serpentine.
Fayalite occurs in some granites and
syenites,
forsterite
in
thermally
metamorphosed dolomites, and tephroite
in iron manganese ore deposits and
their associated skarns..
olivine rock
See:dunite
old scrap
olivinite
old silver
Silver made to appear old by the
application of graphite and grease.
olivinoid
An olivinelike
meteorites.
Standard, 2
substance
found
in
old waste
Scot. Old or abandoned workings. Fay
oldland
old working
English-English
oleander-leaf texture
Leaf-shaped masses of stromeyerite (or
other minerals) in a matrix of
chalcocite (or other mineral). AGI
oligonite
A former name for manganoan siderite,
(Fe,Mn)CO3 .
oleic acid
Ch3 (CH2 ),CH:CH(CH2 )7 COOH ; a
mono-unsaturated fatty acid used in ore
flotation; insoluble in water; and
soluble in alcohol, ether, and in most other
organic
solvents.
CCD, 2
oligosiderite
A meteorite containing a small amount of
metallic iron. AGI
oligotrophic peat
oligist
See:hematite
oligist iron
olivenite
See:hematite
Oligocene
An epoch of the early Tertiary Period,
after the Eocene and before the
Miocene;
also,
the
corresponding
worldwide series of rocks. It is
considered to be a period when the
Tertiary is designated as an era.
AGI
Oliver filter
A continuous-type filter made in the form
of
a
cylindrical
drum
with
filter cloth stretched over the convex
surface of the drum. The drum
rotates slowly about a horizontal axis, and
the lower part is immersed in
a tank containing the pulp to be filtered.
Arrangement
of
pressure
and
suction pipes on the interior of the drum
permits
the
application
of
suction to the filtering surface. As the
filter
passes
through
the
tank,
it picks up a layer of solid material and
oligoclase
A triclinic mineral, (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2
O8
]
;
plagioclase
series of the feldspar group; has NaSi
(albite) 10 to 30 mol % and CaAl
(anorthite) 90 to 70 mol %;
pseudomonoclinic with prismatic cleavage
emerges
carrying
filter cake.
English-English
layer
of
olivine
olivinite
omnidirectional hydrophone
a. In the International Union of Geological
Sciences
classification,
b. An olivine-rich ore-bearing igneous
rock
that
also
contains
other
pyroxenes and/or amphiboles.
olivinoid
An olivinelike
meteorites.
Standard, 2
substance
found
in
olivinophyre
Porphyry containing olivine phenocrysts.
Fay
o.m.s.
a. Output (usually in hundredweights) per
manshift.
It
is
a
method
of
expressing the productivity of mines,
miners,
and
management.
Nelson
ollenite
A type of hornblende schist characterized
by abundant epidote, sphene, and
English-English
one shot
a. A borehole-survey instrument that
records a single inclination and/or
bearing reading on each round trip into a
borehole.
Long
b. Single shot.
on air
a. The state of a pump which is operating
although having no liquid in its
working
parts.
BS,
10
b. Scot. Said of a pump when air is drawn
at each stroke.
one-shot exploder
See:Little Demon exploder
one-spot strip mining
oncosimeter
Consists of three operations: the top
material is cast out of the way; pay
material is dug and trucked away; and the
top is pushed or cast back in.
Nichols, 1
one-way ram
onegite
A hydraulic cylinder in which fluid is
supplied to one end so that the
piston can be moved only one way by
power.
one-way ventilation
one-part line
onion-skin weathering
See:spheroidal weathering
See:peripheral ventilation
onlap
one-piece set
a. An overlap characterized by the regular
and
progressive
pinching
out,
toward the margins or shores of a
depositional basin, of the sedimentary
English-English
on line
onsetting machine
on short awn
A face in a direction between bord and
crosscut. Sinclair, 6
on sights
on long awn
A face between end and crosscut.
onofrite
Ontarian
on plane
Scot. In a direction at right angles to, or
facing,
the
plane
or
main
joints.
on-the-solid
a. Applied to a blasthole extending into
coal farther than the coal can be
broken
by
the
blast.
Fay
b. That part of a blasthole that cannot be
onsetter
a. The person in charge of loading and
unloading of cages or skips at the
English-English
broken
by
the
blast.
Fay
c. A practice of blasting coal with heavy
charges
of
explosives,
in
lieu
of undercutting or channeling. Fay
oolite
a. A sedimentary rock, usually a
limestone, made up chiefly of ooliths
cemented together. The rock was
originally
termed
"oolith."
AGI
b. A term often used for oolith, or one of
the
ovoid
particles
of
an
oolite. Etymol. Greek oon, egg.
CF:pisolite
on the track
Diamonds inset in the
concentric
circles
diamonds in any one
same groove cut
Long
crown
so
circle
into
of a bit in
that
the
follow the
the rock.
oolith
One of the small round or ovate
accretionary bodies in a sedimentary rock,
resembling the roe of fish, and having
diameters of 0.25 to 2 mm (commonly
0.5 to 1 mm). It is usually formed of
calcium carbonate, but may be of
dolomite, silica, or other minerals, in
successive
concentric
layers,
commonly around a nucleus such as a
shell fragment, an algal pellet, or a
quartz-sand grain, in shallow, waveagitated water; it often shows an
internal radiating fibrous structure
indicating
outward
growth
or
enlargement at the site of deposition.
CF:pisolith
ovulite. AGI
onyx
a. A chalcedonic variety of quartz with
color, chiefly white, yellow, red,
or black, in straight parallel bands; used
esp.
in
making
cameos.
CF:onyx
agate
b. A name applied incorrectly to dyed,
unbanded,
solid-color
chalcedony;
esp.
black
onyx.
c. Adj. Parallel banded; e.g., onyx marble
and
onyx
obsidian.
d. Jet black translucent layers of calcite
from
cave
deposits,
often
called Mexican onyx or onyx marble.
onyx agate
oolitic
onyx marble
Translucent,
generally
layered,
cryptocrystalline calcite with colors in
pastel shades, particularly yellow, brown,
and
green.
Mexican onyx; travertine. ASTM
oolitic limestone
An even-textured limestone composed
almost wholly of relatively uniform
calcareous ooliths, with virtually no
English-English
proportion
of
water
(as
much
as 20% but commonly 3% to 9%); occurs
in nearly all colors; transparent to
nearly opaque; typically shows a marked
iridescent
"play
of
color";
differs from quartz in being isotropic; has
a
lower
refractive
index
than
quartz and is softer, more soluble, and less
dense;
generally
occurs
massive and may be pseudomorphous
after other minerals; deposited at low
temperatures from silica-bearing water;
occurs in cracks and cavities of
igneous rocks, in flintlike nodules in
limestones, in mineral veins, in
deposits of thermal springs, in siliceous
skeletons
of
various
marine
organisms (such as diatoms and sponges),
in
serpentinized
rocks,
in
weathering products, and in most
chalcedony and flint. The transparent
colored varieties exhibiting opalescence
are
valued
as
gemstones.
opalescence
opacity
The quality of being opaque.
opal
An amorphous or microcrystalline
mineral, SiO2 .nH2 O ; may
be tridymite or cristobalite; has a varying
English-English
opalite
See:opal
opalized wood
Silicified wood.
opaque
Said of a material that is impervious to
visible
light
or
has
metallic
luster.
CF:transopaque;
translucent;
transparency; transparent; opacity
opencast mine
See:opencast
opaque-attrite
opencast working
Attritus that is opaque in thin sections.
Tomkeieff
opaque attritus
open circuit
opaque-durit
open-circuit mill
See:opaque-attrite
A grinding mill without classifiers. Nelson
open area
open-crib timbering
See:effective screening area
Shaft timbering with cribs alone, placed at
intervals. Fay
opencast
opencut
opencast method
English-English
open fire
Fire occurring in a roadway or at the coal
face in a mine. Such fires may
or may not be easily accessible. They may
be in the roof of a roadway or
seam, or in the kerf of a machine-cut face.
However,
they
are
quite
distinct in their initiation from gob fires.
An open fire may be ignited
by a blown-out shot, electrical failure, or
from
sparks
produced
by
friction.
opencut mine
An excavation for removing minerals
which is open to the weather.
opencut mining
See:surface mining; openpit mining.
open-drive sampler
open fold
A drive-type soil-sampling device that is
essentially
a
headpiece,
threaded to fit a drill rod, to which is
attached a removable length of
thin-wall brass or steel tubing. An
example
is
the
Shelby
tube.
Long
opener hole
The form of regenerative furnace of the
reverberatory type used in making
steel by the Martin, Siemens, and
Siemens-Martin
processes.
open-hearth furnace
English-English
for
ventilation.
Fay
c. Surface entrance to mine workings.
opening out
open-hearth process
The formation of a longwall face by
driving headings and cross headings
and connecting the faces to form a
continuous line of coal face. It may be
viewed as the final stage in development,
leading to full coal production.
In pillar-and-stall mining, opening out
would imply the setting off of the
main headings and subsidiary drivages for
the
formation
of
coal
pillars.
Nelson
openings
a. The parts of coal mines between the
pillars, or the pillars and ribs.
Fay
b. A series of parallel chambers or
openings, separated by pillars or
walls, in slate mining. The width of an
opening varies from 35 to 50 ft
(11 to 15 m) depending on roof
conditions. Nelson
open-hearth steel
See:open-hearth process
open hole
a. Coal or other mine workings at the
surface or outcrop. Also called
opencast;
opencut;
open
pit.
b. A borehole that is drilled without cores.
Nelson
c. Uncased portion of a borehole. Pryor, 3
d. A borehole free of any obstructing
object or material. Long
opening shot
In blasting into solid rock, the wedging
shot, gouging shot, or burn cut.
Leading shot fired to open up the rock
face by creating a cavity and
therefore easing the work done by later
shots in a round. Pryor, 3
opening
opening stock
a. A widening out of a crevice, in
consequence
of
a
softening
or
decomposition of the adjacent rock, so as
to
leave
a
vacant
space
of
considerable
width.
Fay
b. A short heading driven between two or
more parallel headings or levels
English-English
open lagging
openpit quarry
open pot
open off
open rock
Any stratum sufficiently open or porous to
contain a significant amount of
water or to convey it along its bed. AGI
opens
Large, open cracks or crevices and small
and large caverns. Long
open-sand casting
openpit mine
A mine working or excavation open to the
surface. See:strip mine
openpit mining
openset
English-English
open stope
a.
An
unfilled
cavity.
Nelson
b. Underground working place either
unsupported, or supported by timbers
or pillars of rock. Pryor, 3
open-stope method
a. Stoping in which no regular artificial
method of support is employed,
although occasional props or cribs may be
used to hold local patches of
insecure ground. The walls and roof are
self-supporting,
and
open
stopes
can be used only where the ore and wall
rocks
are
firm.
Jackson,
2
b. See:overhand stoping
open-top tubbing
A length of tubbing having no wedging
crib on the top of it. Fay
open traverse
A surveying traverse that starts from a
station
of
known
or
adopted
position but does not terminate upon such
a station and therefore does not
completely enclose a polygon. CF:closed
traverse
open-tank method
A method of treating mine timber to
prevent decay in which the timber is
immersed in a tank of hot preservative and
then
in
a
tank
of
cold
preservative. The preservatives used are
creosote,
zinc
chloride,
sodium
fluoride,
and
other
chemicals.
Bethell's process. Lewis
open working
Surface working, e.g., a quarry or
opencast mine. Among the minerals often
exploited by open workings are coal,
brown coal, gems; the ores of copper,
gold, iron, lead, and tin; and all kinds of
stone.
Also
called
open
work.
Nelson
open timbering
The usual method of setting timber or
steel supports in mines--they are
spaced from 2 to 5 ft (0.6 to 1.5 m) apart,
with
laggings
and
struts
to
secure the ground between each set. The
method is used in ground that does
not crumble or flow.
operating carrier
The mechanism used with the automatic
duckbill through which the extension
and retraction of the shovel trough are
controlled. Jones, 1
open-top carrier
The main use of this type of bucket
elevator has been in handling the
product of the larger crushers. Steel
buckets of large capacity, which may
English-English
operating cost
The sum of the costs of mining,
beneficiation, and administration gives
the operating cost of a mine. Nelson
operating engineer
See:hoistman
operating point
A ventilation system is composed of a fan
and a set of connected ducts. In
a mine ventilation system, mine openings
comprise the ducts. At a given
air density and with the fan operating at
constant
speed,
there
is
only
one head and quantity of airflow that can
result.
This
is
an
equilibrium
condition and is known as the operating
point
of
the
system.
Hartman, 2
operative temperature
Operative temperature is that temperature
of an imaginary environment in
which, with equal wall (enclosing areas)
and ambient air temperatures and
some standard rate of air motion, the
human body would lose the same
amount of heat by radiation and
convection as it would in some actual
environment at unequal wall and air
temperatures and for some other rate
of air motion. Strock, 2
operation
In crystallography, the rotation, reflection,
or
inversion
of
an
attribute
of a crystal structure to complete its
symmetry. CF:element
ophicalcite
A recrystallized metamorphic rock
composed of calcite and serpentine,
commonly formed by dedolomitization of
a
siliceous
dolostone.
Some
ophicalcites are highly veined and
brecciated and are associated with
serpentinite. AGI
operational capacities
Figures given on flowsheets to indicate
quantities
passing
various
points
in plant per unit time, taking account of
fluctuations
in
the
rate
of
supply and composition (as to size and
content of impurity), as follows:
(1) design capacity, the rate of feed,
defined by limits expressing the
extent and duration of load variations, at
which
specific
items
of
plant
subject to a performance guarantee must
ophiolite
A group of mafic and ultramafic igneous
rocks
ranging
from
spilite
and
basalt to gabbro and peridotite, including
rocks
rich
in
serpentine,
English-English
optical character
The designation as to whether optically
positive
or
optically
negative;
said of minerals. Fay
ophite
A general term for diabases that have
retained
their
ophitic
structure
although the pyroxene is altered to uralite.
The
term
was
originated
by
Palasson in 1819. AGI
optical constant
In optical mineralogy, any of the
following:
indices
of
refraction,
birefringence, optic sign, axial angles,
extinction
angles,
and
dispersion
of a nonopaque mineral. In ore
microscopy (mineragraphy), any of the
reflectances and anisotropy of opaque
minerals.
optical crystallography
ophitic
Applied to a texture characteristic of
diabases
or
dolerite
in
which
euhedral or subhedral crystals of
plagioclase are embedded in a mesotasis
of pyroxene crystals, usually augite. Also
said of a rock with such a
texture. CF:poikilitic
optical anomaly
optical diffraction
Constructive
interference
monochromatic
light;
labradorescence
plagioclase, fire in opal.
of
e.g.,
in
optical flat
Glass or other surface rendered truly
planar. Pryor, 3
optical calcite
optical glass
Crystalline calcite so clear that it has
value for optical purposes; e.g.,
polarizers.
English-English
optical mineralogy
optical twinning
optical property
Any of several effects of a substance upon
light.
Refractive
index,
double
refraction,
(and
its
strength,
birefringence), dispersion, pleochroism,
and color are gemmologically the most
important optical properties.
optic angle
optical pyrometer
The angle between the two optic axes of a
biaxial
crystal;
its
symbol
is
2V (less than 90 degrees ), 2Valpha , or
2Vgamma
,
depending on whether the optic direction
X or Z is in the acute bisectrix.
optic-axial angle
optical sign
See:optic angle
When a translucent crystal is viewed
under
microscope,
light
travels
through the mineral at a speed which
corresponds
with
its
refractive
index, as this is affected by the crystal
planes. A uniaxial crystal has a
negative optical sign when the velocity of
its
extraordinary
ray
exceeds
that of the ordinary ray and vice versa.
Calcite
is
negative;
quartz
positive. For biaxial crystals, the three
principal
directions
of
vibration are mutually at right angles.
optic axis
A direction of single refraction in a
doubly refracting mineral. Hexagonal
and tetragonal minerals have one such
axis,
and
are
termed
uniaxial;
rhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic
minerals have two optic axes and are
thus
biaxial.
Anderson
optics
optical square
English-English
optic sign
optimization
Coordination of various processing
factors, controls, and specifications
to provide best overall conditions for
technical
and/or
economic
operation. Pryor, 4
optional-flow storage
In coal preparation, optional-flow setups
are
those
where
coal
usually
goes to the plant but can be diverted into
English-English
storage,
either
in
bins
or
hoppers or on the ground. Coal Age, 3
opx
orbicular
samples
of
orbicular structure
orange heat
orcelite
A hexagonal mineral, Ni5-x As2 ; rosebronze;
at
the
Tiebaghe massif, New Caledonia.
ordered solid solution
order of crystallization
A variant of the clamshell bucket with
four or five leaves instead of the
clamshell's two. Each leaf ends in a
reinforced point. Its digging ability
is less than that of the clamshell, and its
principal
use
is
for
underwater excavation and digging.
Carson, 1
orangepeel sampler
See:stability series
English-English
order of reaction
A classification of chemical reactions
based on the index of the power to
which concentration terms are raised in
the
expression
for
the
instantaneous velocity of the reaction; i.e.,
on
the
apparent
number
of
molecules which interact. CTD
ordnance survey
Originally, a military mapping activity;
now a precise survey maintained
by government which maps land and
building features of Great Britain in
close detail. Pryor, 3
ordinary kriging
A variety of kriging which assumes that
local means are not necessarily
closely related to the population mean,
and which therefore uses only the
samples in the local neighborhood for the
estimate.
Ordinary
kriging
is
the most commonly used method for
environmental
situations.
ordonezite
A tetragonal mineral, ZnSb2 O6 ; brown.
ore
a. The naturally occurring material from
which a mineral or minerals of
economic value can be extracted
profitably or to satisfy social or
political objectives. The term is generally
but not always used to refer
to metalliferous material, and is often
modified by the names of the
valuable constituent; e.g., iron ore.;
mineral
deposit;
ore mineral. The term ores is sometimes
applied collectively to opaque accessory
minerals, such as ilmenite and magnetite,
in igneous rocks. AGI
ordinary ray
a. In a uniaxial crystal, that ray that travels
with
constant
velocity
in
any direction within it. Anderson
b. In mineral optics, a light ray that,
because
of
its
crystallographic
orientation,
follows
Snell's
law,
n=sini/sinr, where n is the refractive
index, i is the angle of incidence, and r is
the
angle
of
refraction.
In
anisotropic crystals, not all light rays
follow
Snell's
law
and
are,
hence, "extraordinary rays." CF:law of
refraction
ore band
Zone of rock rich in ore.
ore-bearing fluid
ordinate
See:hydrothermal solution
Y-axis; the vertical scale of a graph.
ore bed
ordnance bench mark
a. Metal-rich layer in a sequence of
sedimentary
rocks.
AGI
b. Economic aggregation of minerals
occurring between
sedimentary origin.
or
in
English-English
rocks
of
ore bin
ore boat
a. A receptacle for ore awaiting treatment
or
shipment.
Fay
b. Robustly constructed steel, wooden, or
concrete
structure
which
receives intermittent supplies of mined ore
and
can
transfer
them
continuously
by
rate-controlled
withdrawal systems (bottom gates and ore
feeders) to the treatment plant. Thus a
buffer stock is held which allows
a mine to hoist ore intermittently without
bringing
milling
operations
to
a standstill. It characteristically receives a
weighed-in
input
of
finely
broken ore from the final dry-crushing
section (usually between 1-in and
3/8-in (2.54-cm and 9.5-mm) maximum
particle size). The surge bin is a
much smaller one, able to receive a
dumped load of run-of-mine ore and to
transfer it at a regular rate to the crushing
system
between
arrivals
of
further skip loads. Pryor, 3
ore blending
Method whereby a mine, or a group of
mines, served by a common mill, sends
ores of slightly varied character for
treatment
and
separate
bins
or
stockpiles are provided. From these,
regulated percentages of ores are
drawn and blended to provide a steady
and predictable feed to the mineral
dressing plant. Pryor, 3
ore-bridge bucket
A clamshell grab bucket of 5 to 7 tons
capacity. Fay
ore car
A mine car for carrying ore or waste rock.
Weed, 2
ore block
A section of an orebody, usually
rectangular, that is used for estimates
of overall tonnage and quality.
English-English
ore chute
An inclined passage, from 3 to 4 ft
(approx. 1 m) square, for the transfer
of ore to a lower level, car, conveyor, etc.
It
may
be
constructed
through
waste fills.
ore developed
See:positive ore
ore cluster
ore developing
ore control
ore dike
Any tectonic, lithologic, or geochemical
features
considered
to
have
influenced the formation and localization
of ore. AGI
ore crusher
a. A machine for breaking up masses of
ore,
usually
prior
to
passing
through stamps or rolls.
ore district
A combination of several ore deposits into
one common whole or system.
b. See:crusher man
ore dressing
ore delfe
The cleaning of ore by the removal of
certain valueless portions, such as
by jigging, cobbing, vanning, etc.;
beneficiation; preparation.ore preparation.
Fay
a.
Ore
lying
underground.
b. Right or claim to ore from ownership of
land in which it is found.
ore deposit
ore expectant
a.
A
body
of
ore.
b. A mineral deposit that has been tested
and is known to be of sufficient
size, grade, and accessibility to be
producible to yield a profit. (In
controlled economies and integrated
industries, the "profit" decision may
be based on considerations that extend far
the
ore face
mining
English-English
district.
ore grader
In metal mining, a person who directs and
regulates
the
storage
of
iron
ores of various grades in bins at shipping
docks so that the grade of ore
contained in each bin will contain the
approximate
percentage
of
iron
guaranteed to the buyer (iron and steel
mills). DOT
ore guide
A gas or fluid that dissolves, receives by
fractionation,
transports,
and
precipitates ore minerals. A mineralizer is
typically
aqueous,
with
various hyperfusible gases (CO2 , CH4 ,
H2
S,
HF),
+
simple ions (H , HS, Cl , K, Na, Ca),
complex
ions
(esp. chloride complexes), and dissolved
base
and
precious
metals.
ore geology
oreing down
oregonite
ore in sight
ore genesis
English-English
because
(1)
is
governed
by
fixed rules, while (2) is dependent upon
individual
judgment
and
local
experience. The expression ore in sight as
commonly
used
in
the
past,
appears to possess so indefinite a meaning
as
to
discredit
its
use
completely. The terms positive ore,
probable ore, and possible ore are
suggested.
b. See:developed reserve
ore intersection
The point at which a borehole, crosscut, or
other
underground
opening
encounters an ore vein or deposit; also, the
thickness
of
the
ore-bearing
deposit so traversed. Long
ore magma
A term proposed by Spurr (1923) for a
magma that may crystallize into an
ore; the sulfide, oxide, or other metallic
facies
of
a
solidified
magma.
AGI
ore pipe
A long and relatively thin deposit
commonly formed at the intersection of
two planes.
ore microscope
ore plot
See:reflected-light microscope
A place where dressed ore is kept. Fay
ore microscopy
ore pocket
The study of opaque ore minerals in
polished
section
with
a
reflected-light microscope.AGI
ore mineral
The part of an ore, usually metallic, which
is
economically
desirable,
as
contrasted with the gangue.
ore preparation
See:ore dressing
English-English
ore province
A well-defined area containing ore
deposits of a particular kind; e.g.,
the porphyry copper deposits of the
Southwestern United States. Related
to, but not exactly synonymous with,
metallogenic province, which need not
contain economic ore deposits.
ore reserve
a. The term is usually restricted to ore of
which
the
grade
and
tonnage
have been established with reasonable
assurance by drilling and other
means.
Nelson
b. The total tonnage and average value of
proved
ore,
plus
the
total
tonnage and value (assumed) of the
probable
ore.
Hoover
c. A mine's substantial asset, without
which none of the surface works are
economically viable. A body of ore that
has been proved to contain a
sufficient tonnage of amenable valuable
mineral
to
justify
the
mining
enterprise. The British Institution of
Mining
and
Metallurgy,
which
regulates the professional standards of its
membership,
considers
that
the
term ore reserves should be restricted to
ore of which the quantity and
grade have been established with
reasonable assurance by a responsible,
professionally
qualified
person.
Additional ore insufficiently developed
or tested for inclusion in ore reserves
should
be
clearly
described
in
simple terms best suited to the
circumstances;
modes
of
mineral
occurrence
vary too widely to permit standardization
of
categories.
Pryor,
3
d. S. Afr. Orebodies made available for
mining through drives connected by
ore sampling
The process in which a portion (sample of
ore) is selected in such a way,
that its composition will represent the
average composition of the entire
bulk of ore. Such a selected portion is a
sample, and the art of properly
selecting such a sample is called
sampling. Newton, 1
ore separator
A cradle, frame, jigging machine, washer,
or other device or machine used
in separating the metal from broken ore,
or
ore
from
worthless
rock.
Standard, 2
ore shoot
a. An elongate pipelike, ribbonlike, or
chimneylike mass of ore within a
deposit (usually a vein), representing the
more
valuable
part
of
the
deposit.
b. Concentration of primary ore along
certain parts of a rock opening.
Bateman,
2
c. A large and visually rich aggregation of
mineral
in
a
vein.
It
is
a
English-English
from
the
regional
trend
so-called mineral belts. Ballard
of
ore vein
A tabular or sheetlike mass of ore
minerals occupying a fissure or a set
of fissures and later in formation than the
enclosing
rock.
Schieferdecker
ore sill
A tabular sheet of magmatic ore, injected
in
a
liquid
state
along
the
bedding planes of a sedimentary or other
layered formation.
ore washer
A machine for washing clay and earth out
of earthy brown hematite ores.
The log washer is a common type. Fay
ore stamp
ore zone
A machine for reducing ores by stamping.
Standard, 2
ore strand
Individual mass of quartz with a halo of
alteration
and
ore
minerals,
or
close assemblage of seams of such quartz
and accompanying altered ground.
AGI
organ
A series of closely spaced props placed at
the borders of the chamber at
the coal face. Such an arrangement
protects the future, adjoining chamber
from caving. Stoces
ore trend
A term used on the Colorado Plateau to
indicate
the
extension
of
an
orebody along its major axis; the average
trend
of
ore
in
a
particular
area, or the regional trend of
mineralization over a large area. The local
trend of individual orebodies may vary
organic
Being, containing, or relating to carbon
compounds, esp. in which hydrogen
English-English
organic sulfur
organic ash
organic test
organic colloid
Any of the depressants used in the
flotation process. They include glue,
gelatin, albumen, dried blood, casein
(proteins),
tannin,
licorice,
quebracho extract, and saponin (complex
polyhydroxy carboxylic acids and
glucosides). Pryor, 3
organogenic
Derived from or composed of organic
materials;
e.g.,
a
crinoidal
limestone.
organolite
organic deposit
Rock formed from organic substances,
esp. those of vegetable origin, such
as coal, oil, resins, and bitumens.
Tomkeieff
orichalcum
The ratio (normally expressed as a
percentage) between the actual yield of
a desired product and the theoretically
possible
yield
(based
on
the
reconstituted feed), both actual and
theoretical products having the same
percentage of ash. BS, 5
organic soil
A general term applied to a soil that
consists primarily of organic matter
such as peat soil and muck soil. AGI
English-English
meridian
on
the
ground.
Seelye,
2
d. In a transit, to turn the instrument so
that
the
direction
of
the
0
degrees line of its horizontal circle is
parallel to the direction it had
in the preceding, or in the initial, setup.
Seelye,
2
e. To place a diamond in a bit mold in
such an attitude that when it is
embedded in the crown matrix one of its
hard vector planes will come in
contact with the rock to be abraded or cut
by
the
diamond.
Long
f. The characteristic sheen and
irridescence
displayed
by
pearl.
Anderson
g. To align an optical or crystallographic
direction of a mineral with a
rotation axis of a microscope stage.
oriental powder
An explosive consisting of tan bark,
sawdust, or other vegetable fiber, or
resins, such as gamboge, impregnated
with a nitrate or chlorate and mixed
with gunpowder. Standard, 2
orientation
a. Arrangement in space of the axes of a
crystal with respect to a chosen
reference
or
coordinate
system.
ASM,
1
b. In surveying, the rotation of a map (or
instrument)
until
the
line
of
direction between any two of its points is
parallel
to
the
corresponding
direction
in
nature.
c. In structural petrology, refers to the
arrangement
in
space
of
particles (grains or atoms) of which a rock
is
composed.
AGI
d. The act or process of setting a diamond
in the crown of a bit in such
an attitude that one of its hard vector
planes will contact the rock and
be the surface that cuts or abrades it.
e. As used in borehole surveying and
directional
drilling
practice,
orientation refers to the method and
procedure
used
in
placing
an
instrument or tool, such as a deflection
wedge, in a drilled hole so that
its directional position, bearing, or
azimuth
is
known.
Long
f. The position of important sets of planes
in
a
crystal
in
relation
to
any fixed system of planes. CTD
g. The spatial relationship between
crystallographic axes and principle
optic directions in anisotropic minerals.
h. The characteristic sheen or iridescence
displayed by pearl.
oriental
a. Frequently used in the same sense as
precious when applied to minerals;
from an old idea that gems came
principally from the Orient; e.g.,
oriental amethyst, oriental chrysolite,
oriental
emerald,
and
oriental
topaz, all of which are varieties of
sapphire.
Fay
b. Specially bright, clear, pure, and
precious;
said
of
gems.
Standard, 2
oriental alabaster
Calcium carbonate in the form of onyx
marble.
Gibraltar
stone.
Hess; CTD
oriental cat's-eye
See:cat's-eye; tiger's-eye.
English-English
orientational twinning
See:electrical twinning
orientation survey
In
geochemical
prospecting,
a
geochemical survey normally consisting
of
a
series of preliminary experiments aimed at
determining
the
existence
and
characteristics of anomalies associated
with
mineralization.
This
information is then used in selecting
adequate prospecting techniques and
in determining the factors and criteria that
have
a
bearing
on
interpretation of the geochemical data.
Hawkes, 2
oriented diamond
oriented
oriented sample
See:oriented core
oriented specimen
oriented survey
A borehole survey made by lining up a
reference mark on the clinometer
case with that on the drill rods, which in
turn are oriented as they are
lowered into the borehole.
oriented core
A core specimen that can be positioned on
the surface as it was in the
borehole prior to extraction. Such a core is
useful
where
the
general
dip
of the strata is required from one borehole.
A magnetic method may be used
to disclose the polarity the core specimen
possessed
while
in
situ.
borehole surveying; oriented sample.
CF:core orientation
orienting coupling
A rotatable coupling on a Thompson
retrievable wedge-setting assembly that
may be set and locked in a predetermined
position
in
reference
to
the
gravity-control member. This places the
deflection wedge so as to direct
English-English
requires
the
same
pressure
to
force a given volume of air through as is
required
to
force
the
same
volume through the fan. Orifice of
passage O = 0.389 Q/w.g.f., where Q =
volume of air passing in thousands cubic
feet per minute; w.g.f.= loss of
pressure in the fan in inches of water
gage. Nelson
origin
orifice
The source or ground of the existence of
anything, either as cause or as
occasion; that from which a thing is
derived or by which it is caused;
esp., that which initiates or lays the
foundation; e.g., the origin of ore
deposits. Standard, 2
original dip
The attitude
immediately
. AGI
of
sedimentary beds
after
deposition.
original hole
See:main hole
original lead
orifice meter
The common lead in a uranium mineral.
AGI
original mineral
See:primary mineral
ormolu
orifice of passage
English-English
tectogenesis.
orogenic; orogenetic. AGI
ornamental stone
orometer
See:gemstone
ornansite
A stony meteorite composed of bronzite
and olivine in a friable mass of
chondri. Hess
Adj:
oronite
An enamel paint for protecting metal
surfaces from the action of hot
vapors. Fay
orocline
An orogenic belt with an imposed
curvature or sharp bend, interpreted by
Carey (1958) as a result of horizontal
bending
of
the
crust,
or
deformation in plan. AGI
orogen
A belt of deformed rocks, in many places
accompanied by metamorphic and
plutonic rocks; e.g., the Appalachian
orogen
or
the
Alpine
orogen.
AGI
orogenesis
See:orogeny
Adj. of orogeny.
orogeny
The process by which structures within
fold-belt
mountainous
areas
were
formed, including thrusting, folding, and
faulting in the outer and higher
layers, and plastic folding, metamorphism,
and plutonism in the inner and
deeper layers. mountain building;
orpiment
a. A yellow arsenic trisulfide, As2 S3 ,
containing
61%
arsenic; monoclinic.
English-English
gedrite,
and holmquistite. CF:clinoamphibole
orthochlorite
a. A group name for distinctly crystalline
forms
of
chlorite
(such
as
clinochlore
and
penninite).
b. A group name for chlorites conforming
to the general formula: (R (super
2+) ,R3+ )6 (Si,Al)4 O10 (OH)8 .
orthoclase
A monoclinic mineral, KAlSi3 O8 ;
feldspar
group;
prismatic
cleavage; partly ordered, monoclinic
potassium feldspar dimorphous with
microcline, being stable at higher
temperatures; also a general term
applied to any potassium feldspar that is
or
appears
to
be
monoclinic;
e.g., sanidine, submicroscopically twinned
microcline,
adularia,
and
twinned analbite. It is a common rockforming mineral and occurs esp. in
granites, granite pegmatites, felsic igneous
rocks,
and
crystalline
schists, and is commonly perthitic.
orthose;
pegmatolite. CF:microcline; plagioclase;
anorthoclase.
orthite
A former name for allanite, esp. when
found
in
slender
prismatic
or
acicular crystals.
orthoa. A combining form meaning straight; at
right
angles;
proper.
AGI
b. In petrology, a prefix that, when used
with the name of a metamorphic
rock, indicates that it was derived from an
igneous
rock,
e.g.,
orthogneiss, orthoamphibolite; it may also
indicate
the
primary
origin
of
a crystalline, sedimentary rock, e.g.,
orthoquartzite
as
distinguished
from
metaquartzite.
AGI
c. A prefix to the name of a mineral
species
or
group
to
indicate
orthorhombic symmetry as opposed to
"clino"
indicating
monoclinic
symmetry.
orthoclase gabbro
A descriptive name for rocks now known
as
monzonite,
in
which
the
plagioclase is at least as calcic as
labradorite. Holmes, 2
orthoclasite
orthoamphibole
An
orthoclase-bearing
porphyritic
intrusive rock, such as granite or
syenite. The term is sometimes restricted
to
rocks
containing
more
than
The
orthorhombic
subgroup
of
amphiboles
including
anthophyllite,
English-English
orthohydrous maceral
Maceral having a
content,
such
Tomkeieff
orthoclastic
Cleaving in directions at right angles to
each other. Webster 3rd
normal
as
hydrogen
vitrine.
orthokalsilite
An
artificial
orthorhombic
hightemperature polymorph of KAlSiO4 .
orthodolomite
a. A primary dolomite, or one formed by
sedimentation.
AGI
b. A term used by Tieje (1921) for a
dolomite rock so well-cemented that
the particles are interlocking. AGI
ortholimestone
A term proposed by Brooks (1954) for
sedimentary
limestone.
CF:metalimestone; orthomarble. AGI
orthodome
orthomagmatic
A monoclinic crystal form whose faces
parallel the orthoaxis and cut the
other axes. CF:dome; clinodome. AGI
See:orthomagmatic stage
orthomagmatic stage
orthoferrosilite
An orthorhombic mineral, (Fe,Mg)2 Si2 O
6
;
pyroxene
group; now simply called ferrosilite.
CF:ferrosilite; clinoferrosilite.
orthogneiss
orthomarble
orthomic feldspar
orthoguarinite
English-English
hypersthene,
CF:clinopyroxene
orthophotography
The product of a procedure that corrects
the
distortions
in
aerial
photography due to the instability of the
camera
platform,
the
terrain
relief, and the angle of the light rays
entering
the
camera
lens.
The
ortho instrumentation attached to a stereo
plotting
instrument
rectifies
the image in a transfer process so as to
reposition
it
in
its
correct
planar position. SME, 1
and
ferrosilite.
orthoquartzite
A clastic sedimentary rock that is made up
almost
exclusively
of
quartz
sand (with or without chert), and
relatively
free
of
or
lacks
a
fine-grained matrix, derived by secondary
silicification;
a
quartzite
of
sedimentary origin, or a pure quartz
sandstone.
The
term
generally
signifies a sandstone with more than 90%
to 95% quartz and detrital chert
grains that are well-sorted, well-rounded,
and
cemented
primarily
with
secondary
silica
(sometimes
with
carbonate)
in
optical
and
crystallographic continuity with the
grains. The rock is characterized by
stable but scarce heavy minerals (zircon,
tourmaline,
and
magnetite),
by
lack of fossils, and by prominence of
cross-beds and ripple marks. It
commonly occurs as thin but extensive
blanket
deposits
associated
with
widespread unconformities (e.g., an
epicontinental deposit developed by an
encroaching sea), and it represents intense
chemical
weathering
of
original minerals other than quartz,
considerable transport and washing
action before final accumulation (the sand
may experience more than one
cycle of sedimentation), and stable
conditions of deposition (such as the
peneplanation stage of diastrophism); e.g.,
St.
Peter
Sandstone
(Middle
Ordovician) of midwestern United States.
AGI
orthophyric
Said of the texture of the groundmass in
certain
holocrystalline,
porphyritic, igneous rocks in which the
feldspar
crystals
have
quadratic
or short, stumpy, rectangular cross
sections, rather than the lath-shaped
outline observed in trachytic texture. Also,
said
of
a
groundmass
with
this texture, or of a rock having an
orthophyric groundmass. AGI
orthopinacoid
In the monoclinic system, the form
consisting of two planes parallel to
the vertical and orthodiagonal axes.
Standard, 2
orthoprism
A monoclinic prism, the orthodiagonal
intercept of which is greater than
1. Standard, 2
orthopyroxene
The subgroup name for pyroxenes
crystallizing in the orthorhombic system,
commonly containing no calcium and
little or no aluminum; e.g., enstatite,
English-English
orthorhombic
a. Any mineral crystallizing with
orthorhombic
symmetry.
b. See:orthorhombic system
Orton cone
orthorhombic system
a. Pyrometric cone made in one of two
sizes: 2-1/2 in (6.4 cm) high for
industrial kiln control, and 1-1/8 in (3.2
cm)
high
for
pyrometric
cone
equivalent
testing.
b. Used in the United States for heat
recording, Orton cones are similar
to Seger cones, but the same numbers do
not
indicate
the
same
temperatures; e.g., Orton cone 14
corresponds
to
Seger
cone
13.
Rosenthal
oryctognosy
A polarizing microscope in which light is
transmitted
by
the
crystal
parallel to the microscope axis, in contrast
to the conoscope, in which a
converging lens and Bertrand lens are
used. CF:conoscope
The
description
and
systematic
arrangement of minerals; mineralogy.
oryctologist
orthose
See:mineralogist
oryctology
orthotectic
Osann's classification
See:magmatic
See:mineralogy
orthotectic stage
osarizawaite
See:orthomagmatic stage
A trigonal mineral, PbCuAl2 (SO4 )2
(OH)6
;
alunite group; the aluminum analog of
beaverite;
a
yellow,
powdery
orthotropic
The description applied to the elastic
properties
of
material,
such
as
English-English
oscillator plate
A thin slab of quartz which, by
mechanical vibration, controls the
frequency of a radio transmitter. Hurlbut
oscillating beam
See:walking beam
oscillator quartz
oscillating conveyor
Flawless quartz, which can be used in the
manufacture
of
oscillator
plates.
oscillatory twinning
oscillating feeder
Repeated twinning in which a
made
up
of
thin
alternately
in
reversed
polysynthetic twinning; found
feldspars.
See:conveyor-type feeder
oscillating grease table
An assembly of 4 to 8 metal trays, usually
30 in (76.2 cm) wide and 8 to
15 in (20.3 to 38.1 cm) long, arranged in
series in the direction of flow.
The trays are detachably mounted in the
assembly by steps, so that the
overflow from one tray overlaps the next
tray by 1 in (2.54 cm) and is 2
to 4 in (5.1 to 10.2 cm) above it. The trays
are
inclined
downward
in
the
direction of the flow at an angle adjustable
from 14 degrees to 18 degrees.
The entire assembly is mechanically
oscillated
transversely
to
the
direction of the flow at about 200
strokes/min with an adjustable stroke
of about 1/2 in (1.27 cm). The storage bin
and
feed
roller
are
independently mounted and discharge a
layer
1
grain
thick.
Chandler
crystal is
lamellae
position;
in some
oscillatory zoning
Repetitious concentric compositional
variation in minerals resulting from
cyclical changes in the chemical
environment during crystal growth; e.g.,
garnet and plagioclase.
oscillogram
A record of phenomena observed on an
oscillograph. ASM, 1
oscillograph
An instrument that renders visible, or
automatically
traces,
a
curve
representing the time variations of various
phenomena.
The
recorded
trace
is an oscillogram. AGI
oscillation
oscilloscope
English-English
osmite
See:iridosmine
osmium
otisca process
osmosis
The passage of a solvent through a
membrane from a dilute solution into a
more concentrated one, the membrane
being permeable to molecules of
solvent but not to molecules of solute.
AGI
Otisca-T process
A selective agglomeration process under
development,
in
which
ultra-fine
grinding of the feed coal to 15 mu m
releases almost all the associated
impurities prior to agglomeration with a
low-molecular-weight
hydrocarbon.
The agglomerant is then recovered and
recycled.
osteolite
A massive, earthy
consisting of an
phosphate.
mineral (apatite)
impure, altered
Otto cycle
ostracod
Ouachita stone
See:novaculite
oued
See:wadi
English-English
outburst
outcrop map
outby
Nearer to the shaft, and therefore away
from the face, toward the pit
bottom or surface; toward the mine
entrance. The opposite of inby. Also
called outbyeside.
outdoor stroke
That stroke of a Cornish pumping engine
by which the water is forced
upward by the weight of the descending
pump rods, etc.
outcrop
a. The part of a rock formation that
appears at the surface of the ground.
Webster
3rd
b. A term used in connection with a vein
or lode as an essential part of
the definition of apex. It does not
necessarily
imply
the
visible
presentation of the mineral on the surface
of
the
earth,
but
includes
those deposits that are so near to the
surface as to be found easily by
digging.
Fay
c. The part of a geologic formation or
structure
that
appears
at
the
surface of the Earth; also, bedrock that is
covered
only
by
surficial
deposits such as alluvium. CF:exposure
outcropping.
AGI
d. To appear exposed and visible at the
Earth's
surface;
to
crop
out.
AGI
English-English
outer gage
out of gage
out-over
outfall
See:outby
output
a. The quantity of coal or mineral raised
from a mine and expressed as
being so many tons per shift, per week, or
per
year.
Nelson
b. The power or product from a plant or
prime mover in the specific form
and for the specific purpose required..
Nelson
c. Amount delivered; e.g., volume of a
liquid discharged by a pump; volume
of air discharged by a compressor;
horsepower delivered by a motor.
Long
d. Current or signal delivered by any
circuit
or
device.
NCB
e. The terminal or other point at which a
current
or
a
signal
may
be
delivered. NCB
outlay
a. The act of laying out or expending.
Webster
3rd
b. Something that is laid out; expenditure.
Webster
3rd
c. The cost of equipping a mine and
placing it on a producing basis.
Fay
output device
Machine that prints information computed
from
its
memory
or
store.
Pryor, 3
outlier
a. An isolated mass or detached group of
rocks surrounded by older rocks;
e.g., an isolated hill or butte. CF:inlier
b. Ore or favorable geologic indications
English-English
output shaft
outside wall
outrigger
An outward extension of a frame that is
supported by a jack or block. Used
to increase stability. Nichols, 2
outside work
See:angling
outside clearance
outslope
outside angling
outstation
outside face
The peripheral portion or that part of a bit
crown,
roller
bit
cutter,
or
any cutting edge of a bit in contact with
the walls of a borehole while
drilling. Long
outside foreman
outtake
outside upset
oval socket
The act or process of thickening a length
of
tubing
at
its
ends
by
increasing its outside diameter without
changing the inside diameter; a
length of tubing or drill rod so processed.
Long
English-English
oven
overaging
Aging at a higher temperature, or for a
longer
time,
or
both,
than
required for critical dispersion, thus
causing particle agglomeration of
the precipitating phase and, as a result,
loss
of
strength
and
hardness.
overall concentration
The ratio of pithead output in tons (P) to
length of main haulage roads in
yards (L) or tons per yard of main haulage
roads;
i.e.,
P/L.
over-and-under conveyor
Two endless chains or other linkage
between which carriers are mounted and
controlled, so that the carriers remain in
an
upright
and
horizontal
position throughout the complete cycle of
the conveyor.
overarching weight
The pressure of the rocks over active mine
workings. It is the roof weight
that acts on the packs and the solid coal in
the
working
area.
Nelson
overall efficiency
a. Of an air compressor, the product of the
compression
efficiency
and
the
mechanical
efficiency.
Fay
b. Ratio of power output of an engine to
the power input; the measure of
the difference between indicated and
brake horsepower. Brantly, 2
overbreak
Excessive breakage of rock beyond the
desired excavation limit.
English-English
overbreaking
See:overhand stoping
overcast
overburden
a. An enclosed airway that permits an air
current to pass over another one
without
interruption.
b. To place the overburden removed from
coal in surface mines in an area
from which the coal has been mined.
c. Pushed forward, so as to overlie other
rocks, such as in thrust faults
.
overcasting
A procedure used in certain mining
activities including strip mining and
in some heavy construction work such as
channel
excavation.
Overcasting
may be performed in a simple operation
consisting
of
digging
out
the
material, lifting it from one position,
moving it over, and dumping it in
the spoil position where it remains, for
practical
purposes,
indefinitely.
The mechanics of the operation are called
"simple
overcasting."
Woodruff
overburden bit
A special diamond-set bit, similar to a set
casing
shoe,
used
to
drill
casing through overburden composed of
sand,
gravel,
boulders,
etc.
Long
overburden drilling
a. A technique developed in Sweden that
involves
the
sinking,
by
percussive-rotary drilling, of a drill casing
through
the
overburden
to
where it seats in the underlying rock. A
rotary
percussion
drill
hole
is
then continued to the desired depth in the
rock. While the casing is being
sunk through the overburden it is coupled
to the drill rod and rotates and
reciprocates with it. The rock bit on the
end of the drill rod projects
about an inch beyond the end of the ring
bit with which the casing is
fitted and acts as a pilot bit for the casing
bit.
Woodruff
b. A drilling method whereby drilling is
carried out through subsoil and
overcharging
Adding material in excess of the capacity
of
the
equipment
used
for
processing.
overconsolidated soil deposit
A soil deposit that has been subjected to
an
effective
pressure
greater
than the present overburden pressure.
ASCE
English-English
overcrossing
overdense medium
overcurrent relay
Relay used to trip circuit breakers when
an abnormal current of two to
three times the normal flow is detected in
a
circuit.
Relays
are
adaptable
to transmission lines, buses, feeder
circuits, transformers, and motors.
Coal Age, 3
overdrilling
The act or process of drilling a run or
length of borehole greater than
the core-capacity length of the core barrel,
resulting
in
loss
of
the
core. Long
overcut
overdrive
overcutting machine
Coal-cutting machine that is an adaptation
of
a
shortwall
machine,
designed to make the cut, or kerf, at
desired place in the coal seam some
distance above the floor. The main
difference between an overcutting
machine and an ordinary shortwall
machine is that the cutter bar in the
overcutting machine is mounted at the top
of the machine instead of at the
bottom.
overfiring
Heating ceramic materials or ware above
the
temperature
required
to
produce the necessary degree of
vitrification.
Usually
results
in
bloating, deformation, or blistering of the
ware.
English-English
overflow stand
A standpipe in which water rises and
overflows at the hydraulic gradeline.
Seelye, 1
overhand stoping
overgate
a. In this method, which is widely used in
highly
inclined
deposits,
the
ore is blasted from a series of ascending
stepped
benches.
Both
horizontal
and vertical holes may be employed.
Horizontal breast holes are usually
more efficient and safer than vertical
upper holes, although the latter
are still used in narrow stopes in steeply
inclined
orebodies.
McAdam,
2
b. The working of a block of ore from a
lower level to a level above. In a
restricted way overhand stoping can be
applied to open or waste-filled
stopes that are excavated in a series of
horizontal
slices
either
sequentially or simultaneously from the
bottom of a block to its top.
Stull timbering or the use of pillars
characterize the method. Filling is
used in many instances. Modifications are
known
as
backfilling
method;
back stoping; block system; block system
of
stoping
and
filling;
breast
stoping; combined side and longwall
stoping; crosscut method of working;
cross stoping; Delprat method; drywall
method;
filling
system;
filling-up
method; flatback stoping; longwall
stoping; open cut system; open stope
and filling; open-stope method; openstope, timbering with pigsties, and
filling; overhand stoping on waste;
resuing; rock filling; room-and-pillar
with waste filling; sawtooth back stoping;
side
stoping;
slicing-and-filling system; stoping and
filling;
stoping
in
horizontal
English-English
layers;
transverse
with
filling.;
Delprat method; overbreaking. CF:backfilling
system;
chimney
work;
underhand stoping.
overhead cableway
overhand stoping and milling system
A type of equipment for the removal of
soil or rock. It consists of a
strong overhead cable, usually attached to
towers at either end, on which
a car or traveler may run back and forth.
From this car a pan or bucket
may be lowered to the surface,
subsequently raised and locked to the car,
and transported to any position on the
cable where it is desired to dump
its contents.
overhead conveyor
overhand vertical slice
See:trolley conveyor
See:square-set stoping
overhead monorail
overhang
This system is popular for use in mines
since it can be suspended from the
roadway supports as the face advances
and
can
carry
supplies
over
equipment installed in the roadway;
transport is by means of endless,
main-and-tail, or main-rope winches.
They are generally slow-moving and
can carry light loads into and around
many places inaccessible to other
forms of transport.
a.
Cliff
overhang.
AGI
b. A part of the mass of a salt dome that
projects out from the top of the
dome much like the cap of a mushroom.
AGI
overhaul
a. Describes a condition when a journey
travels towards a haulage engine
at a faster rate than the rope, which then
becomes
slack
and
liable
to
foul the drum. Also called overrun. Nelson
b. The transportation of excavated
material
beyond
certain
specified
limits.
Seelye,
1
c. In many highway contracts, a
movement of dirt far enough so that
payment, in addition to excavation pay, is
made
for
its
haulage.
Nichols,
1
overhead-rope monorail
In this system, the loads are carried by
bogies running on a taut wire
rope instead of steel joists or flatbottomed
rails.
English-English
overhead shovel
overlap fault
a.
See:thrust
fault
b. A fault structure in which the displaced
strata
are
doubled
back
upon
themselves. AGI
overlay
a. Scot. The material above the rock in a
quarry.
Fay
b. Graphic data on a transparent or
translucent sheet to be superimpossed
on another sheet (such as a map or
photograph) to show details not
appearing, or requiring special emphasis,
on
the
original.
Also,
the
medium or sheet containing an overlay.
AGI
English-English
overlay tracing
overpoled copper
overload
overprint
overloader
overriding royalty
A loading machine of the power-shovel
type
for
quarry
and
opencast
operations. It may be either pneumatictired
or
continuous-tracked.
It
need not turn from the face to the truck if
the
latter
can
be
spotted
parallel to the face. The bucket is filled,
the
machine
retracted,
and
the
bucket swung over to the discharge point;
used chiefly in sand and gravel
pits. Nelson
overmining
overrun
See:overhaul
English-English
might
BS, 5
overrun brake
A special brake fitted to a towed vehicle
that operates as soon as the
towing vehicle slows down. Hammond
interfere
with
its
operation..
oversize core
oversaturated rock
oversize coupling
a.
See:swelled
coupling
b. Sometimes used in Canada as a
synonym for reaming shell. Long
overrunning clutch
oversize hole
overshot
A fishing tool for recovering lost drill pipe
or
casing.
Inst. Petrol.
overside
oversize rod
oversize
See:springing
a. In reference to a mixture of material
screened or classified into two
products of definite size limits, the larger
is
the
oversize
and
the
smaller
the
undersize.
b. In quarry or opencast blasting, that size
of rock or ore which is too
large to handle without secondary
blasting. Nelson
overstressed area
In strata control, describes an area where
the
force
is
concentrated
on
pillars. This type of area is said to be
overstressed
or
superstressed.
This superstressing is limited by the
strength of the seam or pillar.
CF:destressed area
English-English
Overstrom table
overthrust slice
See:overthrust nappe
over-the-road hauling
overtime
overtopping
Flow of water over the top of a dam or
embankment. Nichols, 1
overthrust
A low-angle thrust fault of large scale,
with
displacement
generally
measured in kilometers. CF:underthrust
AGI
overtravel
See:overwind
overtub system
overthrust block
An endless-rope system in which the rope
runs over the tubs or cars in the
center of the rails. This system is
generally adopted on undulating roads,
where the tension in a heavily loaded rope
would cause the rope to lift in
swilleys and derail tubs. It is also
generally adopted in highly inclined
roads, as the lashing chain, often adopted
with
this
method
of
haulage,
obtains a good positive grip on the rope
and is easier to detach than a
clip. The rope is kept from rubbing on
roof
supports
by
holding-down
pulleys: six or eight small pulleys are
mounted
in
circular
cheeks,
allowing chains or clips to be
accommodated in the spaces between the
pulleys; or large diameter pulleys may be
used, of the hat or mushroom
shape, often starred to provide recesses for
chains
and
clips.
Similar
See:overthrust nappe
overthrust fault
See:overthrust
overthrust nappe
The body of rock that forms the hanging
wall of a large-scale overthrust;
a
thrust
nappe.;
overthrust slice. AGI
overthrust plane
See:thrust plane
overthrust sheet
See:overthrust nappe
English-English
overturned
overvoltage relay
overturning skip
A type of skip commonly used at metal
mines, but not as often at coal
mines, because of increased breakage.
This skip consists of a rectangular
receptacle for the material and a
suspending frame of bail to an upper
crosspiece of which is attached a
suspension gear connecting the rope to
the skip. Three guide shoes are generally
provided at each side of the
bail to keep it vertical. The skip body
turns about a horizontal shaft at
the lower end of the bail. Two rollers on
the upper part are mounted on a
shaft and cause the skip to tilt at an angle
of 35 degrees at the tipping
point in the headgear, where rollers run
onto
the
curved
guides.
To
prevent shocks in the case of an overwind
the
skips
are
fitted
with
overwind guides which glide along rollers
fitted to the headgear above the
tipping point. Sinclair, 5
overwind
a. To hoist a cage into or over the top of a
headframe.
Fay
b. In hoisting through a mine shaft, failure
to
bring
a
cage
or
skip
smoothly to rest at the proper unloading
point at the surface. If severe,
it can lead to a serious accident unless the
special
preventive
devices
function effectively. Overwind can also
cause a cage to be lowered into
the sump at the bottom of the shaft, also
with
serious
consequences.
Pryor, 3
overwinder
One of the best known overwinder
prevention devices consists of two
vertical-screwed spindles, each carrying
two
traveling
nuts
and
chain
driven from the drum shaft so as to rotate
in
opposite
directions.
The
nuts are prevented from rotating by
projections engaging with a fixed
plate and therefore travel up and down
according to the movement of the
cages. The upper nut takes care of
overwinding and the lower nut of
overspeeding. Mason
overventilation
Too much air in the mine workings. Fay
overvoltage
The difference between the actual
electrode potential, when appreciable
English-English
overwinding
overwind switch
A switch that may be used on winders, or
haulages, to cause the power to
cut off from the driving motor, or engine,
and the brakes to be applied.
Such a switch may be: (1) situated in the
headgear
and
operated
by
the
conveyance, (2) mounted on the automatic
contrivance, or (3) operated by
the depth or distance indicator. BS, 13
oxacalcite
See:whewellite
oxalite
ovulite
See:humboldtine
See:oolith
oxammite
Owen process
oxialyphite
oxidate
Sediment composed of the oxides and
hydroxides of iron and manganese,
crystallized from aqueous solution. It is
English-English
one
of
Goldschmidt's
groupings
of
sediments
or
analogues
of
differentiation stages in rock analysis.
AGI
oxide discoloration
Discoloration of a metal surface caused by
oxidation
during
thermal
treatment. Light Metal Age
oxidation
oxide mineral
a. The firing of a kiln in such a manner
that combustion is complete and
in consequence the burning gases are
amply supplied with oxygen, which
causes metals in clay and glazes to give
their
oxide
colors.
ACSG,
1
b. Combination with oxygen; increase in
content of a molecular compound;
increase in valency of the electropositive
part of compound, or decrease
in valency of the electronegative part.
Pryor,
3
c. A reaction in which there is an increase
in
valence
resulting
from
a
loss
of
electrons.
CF:reduction
d. In fuel practice, the combination of
oxygen with a substance, with or
without the production of food. Francis, 2
oxidation of coal
The absorption of oxygen from the air by
coal, particularly in the crushed
state; this engenders heat which can result
in
fire.
Ventilation,
while
dispersing the heat generated, supports
oxidation
that
increases
rapidly
with a rise in temperature. Fresh air
should not gain access to the coal.
oxidized zone
The portion of an orebody near the surface
that: (1) has been leached by
percolating water carrying oxygen, carbon
dioxide, or other gases; or (2)
in which sulfide minerals have been
partially dissolved and redeposited at
depth, the residual portion changing to
oxides,
carbonates,
and
sulfates.
oxide
A compound of oxygen with another
element. CTD
CF:gossan;
sulfide
English-English
zone.
oxidizer
oxyacetylene cutter
A material that readily yields oxygen or
other oxidizing substances needed
for an explosive reaction to take place;
solid
oxidizers
common
in
industrial explosives are ammonium
nitrate and sodium nitrate.
oxidizing flame
In blowpiping, the outer, least visible, and
less
intense
part
of
the
flame, from which oxygen may be added
to
the
compound
being
tested.
oxychloride cement
oxidizing fusion
oxygen
A
nonmetallic
element,
normally
colorless,
odorless,
tasteless,
nonflammable diatomic gas. Symbol, O.
Occurs uncombined in the air to the
extent of about 21% by volume and is
combined in water, in most rocks and
minerals, and in a great variety of organic
compounds.
Oxygen
is
very
reactive and capable of combining with
most
elements.
Essential
for
respiration in all plants and animals and
for
practically
all
combustion.
Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces
accounts for the greatest use of
the gas. Used in manufacturing ammonia,
methanol,
and
ethylene
oxide.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 3
oxyacetylene
oxygen balance
oxidizing smelting
See:pyritic smelting
oxonite
English-English
oxygen-free copper
oxygen-Bessemer
oxygen index
Volumetric ratio of oxygen to the total
gases
in
a
mixture.
Van Dolah
oxygen consumption
oxygen lance
See:anoxia
oxygen-deficient atmosphere
oxygen process
oxygen deficiency
oxygen-enriched atmosphere
An atmosphere containing more than
23.5% oxygen by volume. OSHA
oxygen steel
The use of oxygen instead of air to
convert molten pig iron into steel.
The oxygen is used in different ways in
different
furnaces,
but
the
fastest ones utilize the direct oxidation
effects
of
a
relatively
pure
(99.5%) oxygen.
English-English
oxyhornblende
A hornblende with (OH+F+Cl) less than
1.0.
Also
called
basaltic
hornblende.
oxyhydrogen
Of, relating to, or utilizing a mixture of
oxygen
and
hydrogen.
Webster 3rd
ozarkite
A white, massive variety of thomsonite,
from Arkansas. Fay
ozocerite
A mineral paraffin wax, of dark yellow,
brown, or black color with a
melting point of 55 to 110 degrees C and
sp gr, 0.85 to 0.95. Is soluble
in gasoline, benzene, and turpentine and is
found
near
the
Caspian
Sea
region and in Utah as narrow seams in
sandstone. Also called mineral wax;
fossil wax; native paraffin; earth wax.
Also
spelled
ozokerite.
ozonizer
Electrical
apparatus
that
converts
atmospheric oxygen to ozone; used in
sterilizing water for drinking purposes and
for
purifying
air.
Pryor, 3
English-English
P
the
areas
of
Harker's
Atlantic
and Pacific suites, the terms are now
seldom used to indicate kindred rock
types. CF:Mediterranean suite
pachnolite
A monoclinic mineral, NaCaAlF6 .H2 O ;
white;
distinct
cleavage; dimorphous with thomsenolite;
an alteration of cryolite.
pacite
An iron arsenosulfide near arsenopyrite in
composition.
Pachuca tank
A cylindrical tank with a conical bottom.
It
contains
a
pipe
that
is
coaxial with the leaching tank and open at
both
ends;
compressed
air
is
introduced at the lower end of this pipe,
which behaves as an air lift.
The density of the pulp within the pipe is
less
than
that
of
the
pulp
surrounding it because of the column of
air bubbles contained in the pipe,
and the pressure of the denser pulp causes
the pulp in the central pipe to
rise and overflow, thus circulating the
entire
charge.
.
Newton, 1
pack
a. A pillar, constructed from loose stones
and
dirt,
built
in
the
waste
area or roadside to support the roof.
solid stowing; strip packing. Nelson
b. A pack built on a longwall face
between the gate-side packs is called
an
intermediate
pack.
SMRB
c. Waste rock or timber support used for a
roof
over
underground
workings
or used to fill excavations. Also called fill.
Pryor,
3
d. To cause the speedy subsidence of ore
in the process of washing by
beating a keeve or tub with a hammer.
Pacific suite
pack builder
One of two large groups of igneous rocks,
characterized
by
calcic
and
calc-alkalic rocks. Harker (1909) divided
all
Tertiary
and
Holocene
igneous rocks of the world into two main
groups,
the
Atlantic
suite
and
the Pacific suite. Because there is such a
wide
variation
in
tectonic
environments and associated rock types in
English-English
timber,
or
coal
along
haulageways and passageways and in
rooms where coal is being mined, to
prevent caving. Also called packer.
waller. DOT
packing
See:methane drainage
pack drawer
In anthracite and bituminous coal mining,
a laborer who draws (tears down)
stone or timber packs (pillars constructed
by pack builders in the working
place to support the roof during extraction
of coal) to permit the roof to
cave behind as the mining of the coal
recedes toward the entrance of the
working area. DOT
packer
a. A short expansible-retractable device
deliberately set in a cased or
uncased well bore to prevent upward or
downward fluid movement; generally
for
temporary
use.
AGI
b. A miner employed in stowing or
packing the waste area. Also called
gobber. Nelson
packing density
The bulk density of a granular material,
when
packed
under
specified
conditions. It is commonly determined,
particularly for foundry sands.
packfong
packing factor
pack hardening
packing gland
An
explosion-proof
entrance
for
conductors through the wall of an
explosion-proof enclosure, to provide
compressed
packing
completely
pack hole
English-English
paddle loader
A belt loader equipped with chain-driven
paddles that move loose material
to the belt. Nichols, 1
packsand
A very fine-grained sandstone that is so
loosely consolidated by a little
calcareous cement as to be readily cut by a
spade. AGI
paddle mixer
A form of worm conveyor having two
noncontinuous
spirals
that
form
paddles; the shafts are contrarotating and
the
spirals
opposite.
pack wall
A dry-stone wall built along the side of a
roadway, or in the waste area,
of a coal or metal mine. The wall helps to
support the roof and also to
retain the packing material and prevent it
spreading
into
the
roadway.
Nelson
pad
A type of conveyor consisting of one or
two
inclined
parallel
paddle
conveyor screws in a conveyor trough
having a receiving tank and an
overflow weir at the lower end and a
discharge opening at the upper end.
paddle-wheel fan
paddle
A centrifugal fan with radial blades.
Strock, 2
paddy
A borehole drill bit having cutters that
expand on pressure. Also called
expansion bit; paddy bit. Long
paddy bit
See:paddy
paddle conveyor
See:paddle-type mixing conveyor
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151
English-English
paddy lamp
paint gold
padlock sheave
The painting of the mine roof with a coaltar paint that seals the bottom
strata of the roof to prevent air from
entering the crevices of the roof.
Kentucky
painting
paint mill
page
A machine for grinding mineral paints.
Fay
paint rock
A soft, incompetent, fine-grained mass of
quartz,
pyrolusite,
and
kaolin
with subangular fragments of chert,
hematite,
and
goethite.
Woodruff
pagodite
Ordinary massive pinite in its amorphous
compact
texture
and
other
physical characters, but containing more
silica.
The
Chinese
carve
the
soft stone into miniature pagodas and
images.;
lardite; pinite. CTD
paint-rock ore
See:natural ore
pair
A party of co-workers; a gang. Also
spelled pare. Webster 2nd; Fay
Pahrump
A provincial series of the Precambrian in
California.
pair production
The transformation of a high-energy
gamma ray into a pair of particles (an
electron and a positron) during its passage
through matter. Lyman
paint
a. A term used in the western United
States for an earthy, pulverulent
variety
of
cinnabar.
b. A film of molybdenite in fractures and
veinlets.
palagonite
Devitrified basaltic glass.
English-English
palasome
paleoecology
pale brick
paleogeography
Brick that is underfired. Fay
a. The study and description of the
physical geography of the geologic
past, such as the historical reconstruction
of the pattern of the Earth's
surface or of a given area at a particular
time in the geologic past, or
the study of the successive changes of
surface
relief
during
geologic
time.
b. The study of the relative positions of
land masses as part of tectonic
reconstructions of Earth history.
paleogeologic map
A map that shows the areal geology of an
ancient surface at some time in
the geologic past; esp. such a map of the
surface
immediately
below
an
unconformity, showing the geology as it
existed at the time the surface of
unconformity was completed but before
the
overlapping
strata
were
deposited. Paleogeologic maps were
introduced
by
Levorsen
(1933).
AGI
paleobotany
The study of plants of past geological ages
through
the
investigation
of
fossils. CF:paleontology; palynology.
paleoclimatology
The branch of science that treats of
climatological conditions during the
history of the Earth.
paleolithologic map
A paleogeologic map that shows
lithologic variations at some buried
horizon or within some restricted zone at a
particular
time
in
the
geologic past. AGI
paleocurrent
A current, generally of water, that
influenced sedimentation or other
processes or conditions in the geologic
past.
paleomagnetism
English-English
palingeness
Formation of a new magma by the melting
of pre-existing magmatic rock in
situ. Considered incorrectly by some
workers as a syn. of anatexis. Adj:
palingenic. AGI
paleontological facies
a. The paleontological aspect of a
particular sedimentary lithology; e.g.,
nummulitic facies, crinoid facies, etc.
Schieferdecker
b. Sedimentary facies differentiated on the
basis of fossils. AGI
palladinite
A poorly defined ocherous coating on
palladian gold, probably PdO.
palladium
paleontologist
A soft, ductile, steel-white metallic
element
of
the
platinum group
metals. Symbol, Pd. Found along with
platinum and other metals of the
platinum group in placer deposits; also
found
associated
with
nickel-copper deposits. Used as a catalyst,
in
dentistry,
watchmaking,
surgical instruments, and electrical
contacts.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 3
palladium amalgam
A former name for potarite.
palladium gold
paleozoology
pallas iron
See:pallasite
palimpsest
Said of a structure or texture of
metamorphic rocks in which remnants of
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154
English-English
bottom
Osborne
pallasite
a. Any ultramafic rock, whether of
meteoric or terrestrial origin, that
contains approx. 60% iron if meteoric, or
more iron oxides than silica if
terrestrial.
AGI
b. A stony-iron meteorite composed
essentially of large single glassy
crystals of olivine embedded in a network
of
nickel-iron.
Pallasites
are
believed to have been formed at the
interface of the stony mantle and
metal core of a layered planetoid.
of
the
tube.
paludal
Pertaining to swamps or marshes, and to
organic, clay, or other material
deposited in a swamp environment.
CF:palustrine
paludification
Process of formation of a peat bog. This
requires a steady growth of new
peat-forming plants in phase with a steady
general
sinking
of
the
depression in which this occurs. Pryor, 3
palleting
A light platform in the bottom of powder
magazines to preserve the powder
from dampness. Fay
palustrine
pallet molding
palygorskite
a. A monoclinic and orthorhombic
mineral,
(OH)2
(Mg,Al)4
(Si,Al)8 O20 .8H2 O ; fibrous; in desert
soils.
b. A general name for lightweight fibrous
clay
minerals
showing
significant substitution of aluminum for
magnesium;
characterized
by
distinctive rodlike shapes under an
electron microscope.
pallet-type conveyor
A series of flat or shaped wheelless
carriers propelled by and attached to
one or more endless chains or other
linkage.
Palo-Travis analyser
A
sedimentation
apparatus
for
determining particle size, based upon the
settling of powder through a long
sedimentation tube filled with liquid.
The
instrument
consists
of
the
sedimentation tube, a smaller reservoir at
the top joined to the tube through a large
bore stopcock, and a calibrated
capillary mounted concentrically at the
palynology
a. A branch of science concerned with the
study of pollen of seed plants
and spores of other embryophytic plants,
whether
living
or
fossil,
including their dispersal and applications
in
stratigraphy
and
paleoecology.
AGI
English-English
pan-amalgamation process
Method of recovering silver and gold from
their ores, in which a cast iron
pan or barrel is used for contacting a
slurry of the crushed ore with
salt, copper sulfate, and mercury; the
released silver and gold form an
amalgam with the mercury.
pan
a. A shallow steel or porcelain dish in
which drillers or samplers wash
drill sludge to a gravity concentrate and
separate the particles of heavy
minerals from the lighter-density rock
powder to ascertain if the rocks
traversed by the borehole contain minerals
of
value.
Long
b.
Hardpan.
c. Fireclay or underclay of coal seams.
d. A trough or section of a pan conveyor
or
shaker
conveyor.
Nelson
e. The framework of a belt or chain
conveyor.
Mason
f. A circular steel dish from 10 to 16 in
(25 to 40 cm) in diameter at the
top, from 2 to 2-1/2 in (5.1 to 6.4 cm)
deep, and with sides sloping at 35
degrees to 40 degrees to the horizontal,
used
for
testing
and
working
placer
deposits.
CF:dish
g. A carrying scraper.
a.
See:ribbon
b. Any of concrete discs that are stacked
to
form
concrete
columns
for
stope support. They are cast at the surface
and
are
usually
30
in
(76.2
cm) diameter by 4 in (10.2 cm) thick with
reinforcement
from
wire
rope.
Higham
panabase
pan conveyor
See:tetrahedrite
Pan-American jig
Mineral jig developed for treatment of
alluvial sands. Pryor, 3
pancake
panclastite
An explosive composed of liquid nitrogen
tetroxide
mixed
with
carbon
disulfide or other liquid combustible, in
the proportion of three volumes
of the former to two of the combustible.
Fay
panabasite
A former name for tetrahedrite.
pan amalgamation
See pan-amalgamation process.
English-English
panel barrier
The pillar of coal left between the
adjacent panels. These pillars are
often worked on the retreat after the coal
in
the
panels
has
been
extracted. In the panel system of bordand-pillar
mining,
the
panel
barrier may be 22 yd (20 m) (minimum)
wide and about 300 yd (274 m) apart.
In longwall panel mining, the barriers may
be made of sufficient width for
extraction by a conveyor face on the
retreat. Also called panel pillar.
panel slicing
a. In stoping, the process of mining out a
panel either from above, below,
or one side as described by a qualifying
term.
Pryor,
3
b. See:top slicing and cover caving
panel
a. A large rectangular block or pillar of
coal.
b. A method of working whereby the
workings of a mine are divided into
sections, each surrounded by solid strata
and
coal
with
only
necessary
roads through the coal barrier. Also
spelled
pannel.
Mason
c. The working of coal seams in separate
panels
or
districts;
e.g.,
single
unit
panel.
d. Rectangle of lode ore that is defined by
means of levels and winzes and
then considered to be proved as regards
volume
for
valuation
purposes.
Pryor,
3
e. A group of breasts or rooms separated
from the other workings by large
pillars.
Fay
f. A small portion of coal left uncut.
Webster 3rd
panel working
a. Working laid out in districts or panels,
which
are
then
extracted
as
single units. The panel system of working
may
be
adopted
with
pillar-and-stall and longwall methods.
b. A system of working coal seams in
which the colliery is divided up into
large squares or panels isolated or
surrounded by solid ribs of coal of
which a separate set of breasts and pillars
is
worked,
and
the
ventilation
is kept distinct; i.e., every panel has its
own
circulation,
the
air
of
one not passing into the adjoining one, but
being
carried
direct
to
the
main return airway. Zern
pan feeder
See:conveyor-type feeder
English-English
pan-feeder operator
pantograph
See:mill feeder
panhead
A head to a rivet or screw having the
shape
of
a
truncated
cone.
Hammond
panidiomorphic
A textural term for rocks in which all or
almost
all
of
the
mineral
constituents are idiomorphic or euhedral.
pan-type car
Doorless car of two-way, side-dump
design; built in capacities from 4 to
10 yd3 (3.1 to 7.6 m3 ). The car body is
reversible
and
may be dumped to either side. Dumping is
accomplished
by
means
of
an
external hoist at the dumping point. Pit
and Quarry
panman
a. A worker who places in position and
tends the operation of underground
trough conveyors for the transportation of
coal
or
other
minerals.
These
conveyors are built in sections, and the
principal task of the panman is
to move the sections from one position to
another.
Hess
b. One engaged in dismantling or building
conveyors.
Also
called
panner.
Mason
Panzer conveyor
See:armored flexible conveyor
Panzer-Forderer snaking conveyor
A very strong, armored conveyor that is
moved forward behind a coal plow
by means of a traveling wedge pulled
along by the plow or by means of
jacks or compressed-air-operated rams
attached
at
intervals
to
the
conveyor structure. Sinclair, 5
panning
A technique of prospecting for heavy
metals, such as gold, by washing
placer or crushed vein material in a pan.
The lighter fractions are washed
away, leaving the heavy metals behind in
the pan.AGI
papa
pantellerite
a. A bluish white, massive New Zealand
clay like pipe clay; used for
whitening fireplaces. When hard, it is
called
papa
rock.
Etymol:
Polynesian.
English-English
c.
Indicating
a
polymorph.
d. Indicating a schist or gneiss derived
from
a
sedimentary
protolith.
e. A matrix-rich clastic sedimentary rock.
f. In chemistry, a prefix indicating: (1) an
isomeric
or
polymeric
modification; such as paracyanogen,
paraldehyde, etc.; (2) a modification
or a similar compound that is not
necessarily isomeric or polymeric; such
as, paramorphine; (3) a benzene
diderivative in which the substituted
atoms or radicals are directly opposite
each
other
on
the
benzene
ring--i.e., occupying the positions 1 and 4-such as paraxylene; or (4) an
inactive
isomer
produced
by
a
combination of its dextro- and levomodifications--such as, paratartaric acid.
A Greek prefix meaning beside.
Abbrev.,
p-.
g. A Greek prefix meaning beside. In the
name of a metamorphic rock, such
as paragneiss, it means derived from an
original
sediment.
Webster 3rd
parabola
A shale that easily separates on
weathering into thin layers or laminae
suggesting sheets of paper; it is often
highly carbonaceous. AGI
paper spar
parabutlerite
A crystallized variety of calcite found in
thin
lamellae
or
paperlike
plates. Standard, 2
para-
paracelsian
Candoglia,
English-English
striated
equant
crystals;
at
Ojuela Mine, Durango, Mexico.
Italy.
parachrosis
paraffin shale
See:oil shale
the
paragenesis
paraconformity
A characteristic association or occurrence
of
minerals
or
mineral
assemblages in ore deposits, connoting
contemporaneous
formation.
CF:mineral sequence
paragenetic
A term proposed by Pettijohn (1957) for a
conglomerate
that
is
not
a
product of normal aqueous flow, but is
deposited
by
such
agents
as
subaqueous turbidity slides and glacier
ice; it contains more matrix than
gravel-sized fragments (pebbles may form
less
than
10%
of
the
rock).
Examples
include
tillites,
pebbly
mudstones, and relatively structureless
clay or shale bodies in which pebbles or
cobbles are randomly distributed.
paracoquimbite
paragonite
A monoclinic mineral, NaAl2 (AlSi3 )O10
(OH)2;
mica group; pseudohexagonal with basal
cleavage;
forms
fine-grained,
massive, scaly aggregates; occurs in
metamorphic rocks and in soils; not
common as it is incompatible with
potassium
feldspar
(albite
plus
muscovite is more stable); rarely
paradamite
A triclinic mineral, Zn2 (AsO4 )(OH) ;
rare;
dimorphous
with
adamite and isomorphous with tarbuttite;
transparent;
vitreous;
pale
yellow; forms sheaflike aggregates and
English-English
paralic
Said of deposits laid down on the
landward side of a coast, in shallow
fresh water subject to marine invasions.
Thus,
marine
and
nonmarine
sediments are interbedded; as exemplified
in the lower part of the Coal
Measures, the nonmarine (paralic)
predominate, with relatively thin marine
bands. CF:limnic
paragonite schist
A variety of schist in which paragonite
supplants muscovite or biotite.
paraguanajuatite
A trigonal mineral, Bi2
paramorphous
orthorhombic guanajuatite.
(Se,S)3 ;
after
parahilgardite
A mineral trimorphous with monoclinic
hilgardite
and
triclinic
hilgardite.
:hilgardite
parallax
a. In survey work, incorrect reading of a
graduation
on
an
instrument
if
the observer's eye is not truly normal to
the
graduated
plate.
Pryor,
3
b. The change in bearing or apparent
position of an object produced by a
change in the observer's position. NCB
c. The apparent displacement, or change
in position, of the crosshairs of
a focusing telescope with reference to the
image of an object, as the eye
is moved from side to side, when the
focus of the eyepiece or objective is
imperfect. Seelye, 2
parahopeite
A colorless hydrous zinc phosphate, Zn3
(PO4
)2
.4H
2 O , triclinic. Minute tabular or prismatic
crystals;
fan-shaped
aggregates. From Broken Hill, Northern
Rhodesia;
Salmo,
BC.
English
parajamesonite
An orthorhombic mineral, Pb4 FeSb6 S14 ;
dimorphous
with
jamesonite;
metallic;
black;
distinguished by its X-ray pattern.
English-English
parallel entry
parallel cut
parallel flow
parallel fold
A fold in which beds maintain the same
thicknesses
throughout.
CF:similar fold; supratenuous fold.
parallel drum
parallel growth
A cylindrical form of drum on which the
haulage or winding rope is coiled.
The drum roll may be plain or grooved.
For deep winds, multilayering of
rope is often used to reduce the drum size
required.
Also,
for
deep
winding (3,000 ft or 915 m or more), a
balance rope is almost essential
with a parallel drum.
English-English
parallelogram
Quadrilateral that has opposite sides
parallel and opposite angles equal.
Jones, 2
parallel ripple mark
A ripple mark with a relatively straight
crest and an asymmetric profile;
specif. a current ripple mark. AGI
paramagnetic
parallel series
Having a small positive magnetic
susceptibility. A paramagnetic mineral
such as olivine, pyroxene, or biotite
contains magnetic ions that tend to
align along an applied magnetic field but
do
not
have
a
spontaneous
magnetic order. CF:diamagnetic
paramagnetism
a. The magnetism of a paramagnetic
substance. The property by which the
north pole of a magnet that is magnetized
by induction is repelled to 180
degrees by the north pole of the inducing
magnet.
Standard,
2
b. The property possessed by a substance
of
producing
a
higher
concentration of magnetic lines of force
within
itself
than
in
the
surrounding magnetic field when it is
placed
in
such
a
field.
Miall
c. A property of many substances, related
to ferromagnetism, by virtue of
which, when placed in a nonuniform
magnetic field, they tend to move
toward the strongest part. Permanent
magnetism is practically absent and
the susceptibility, which is much less than
that
of
iron,
is
constant
at
any given temperature, but in most
substances it is nearly inversely
parallel unconformity
See:disconformity
parallel wire method
An electrical prospecting method using
equipotential lines or curves in
prospecting for orebodies. In the parallel
wire
method,
two
bare
copper
wires about 3,000 ft (915 m) long, placed
about 2,000 ft (610 m) or more
apart, are used as electrodes. Current is
supplied from the generator, and
the electrodes are connected to the ground
at 100 ft (30 m) intervals by
iron grounding pins. Equipotential lines
are located by two electrodes or
wooden rods, to one end of which are
English-English
ones
are
built
up.
paramoudra
paramelaconite
Large flint nodule.
A tetragonal mineral, Cu+2
O3 ; purplish black; at Bisbee, AZ.
Cu2+2
pararammelsbergite
parameter
a. A constant or variable in a
mathematical
expression
that
distinguishes
various
specific
situations.
b. In crystallography, one of the three
non-coplanar
vectors
which
describe a lattice.
pararealgar
A monoclinic mineral, AsS ; trimorphous
with
realgar
and
alpha-AsS;
powdery; bright yellow to orange-brown;
easily mistaken for orpiment.
paramontroseite
An orthorhombic mineral, VO2 ; forms by
loss
of
hydrogen
and
iron
from montroseite in an initial stage of
oxidation
of
uranium-vanadium
deposits.
paraschist
A schist derived from a sedimentary rock.
schist.
paraschoepite
paramorph
An orthorhombic mineral, UO3 .(2-x)H2 O
;
bright
yellow;
a
dehydration product of schoepite.
Formerly
called
schoepite
III.
parasymplesite
A monoclinic mineral, Fe2+3 (AsO4 )2 .8H
2 O ; vivianite group; dimorphous with
symplesite
and
isomorphous
with koettigite; bluish green.
paramorphism
a. The alteration of one mineral into
another
without
change
of
composition, such as augite into
hornblende
in
uralitization.
Fay
b. With metamorphism, it describes such
thorough changes in a rock that
its old components are destroyed and new
paratacamite
A trigonal mineral, Cu2 (OH)3 Cl ; forms
twinned
rhombohedra; massive or powdery; green
English-English
Parian marble
One of the most famous of ancient
statuary marbles; from the island of
Paros, Greece.
paratellurite
A tetragonal mineral, TeO2 ; rutile group;
soft;
waxy;
gray-white;
dimorphous with tellurite; at Cananea,
Mexico.
parisite
parautochthonous granite
parkerite
paratomous
Parkerizing
Treatment of steel in hot aqueous solution
of
free
phosphoric
acid
and
manganese dihydrogen phosphate, other
salts
sometimes
being
used
as
accelerators. A fine-grained insoluble film
of
ferric
phosphate
is
formed
in a few minutes, which is corrosion
resistant. Pryor, 3
paravauxite
A
triclinic
mineral,
FeAl2(PO4
)2(OH)2.8H2O
;
colorless;
forms small prismatic crystals; at
Llallagua, Bolivia.
parbigite
Parker process
See:messelite
A method for producing low-temperature
coke in which each retort is a
monobloc iron casting 9 ft (2.7 m) high,
containing 12 tubes, which taper
from 4-1/2 in (11.4 cm) at the top to 5-1/4
in (13.3 cm) at the bottom. A
battery contains 36 retorts in 2 rows of 18.
Retorts
and
combustion
chambers are arranged alternately, so that
pargasite
A monoclinic mineral, NaCa2 (Mg,Fe)4
Al(Si6
Al
(sub
2) )O22 (OH)2 ; amphibole group;
prismatic
cleavage;
occurs
in dolomitic marbles and in skarns.
English-English
contents
and
to
make
corrections for the changes taking place in
these
during
combustion.
The
Parr formula for doing this is: total
inorganic
matter=moisture+1.08
ash+0.55 sulfur, where moisture, ash, and
sulfur
represent
the
percentages
of these substances found by analysis of
the coal. Francis, 1
each
retort
is
located
in
a
radiation chamber formed by the walls of
adjacent combustion chambers. The
retorts are heated only by radiation from
these walls, so that there is no
overheating and the inside temperature of
the
retorts
can
be
maintained
accurately at 1,112 degrees F (600 degrees
C). A cooling chamber is fitted
below each pair of retorts, of a size
sufficient to hold the coke from
both. The pairs of retorts are charged and
discharged
every
4
h.
Parrish arm
Long arm made of a flexible board for the
suspension
of
a
shaker
screen.
Zern
Parkes process
Parrish shaker
A process used to recover precious metals
from lead. It is based on the
principle that if 1% to 2% of zinc is stirred
into
molten
lead,
a
compound
of zinc with gold and silver separates out
and
can
be
skimmed
off.
ASM, 1
parmalee wrench
A wrench that has a smooth segmented
sleeve that when tightly clamped
around the tube of a core barrel, will not
mar
or
distort
the
thin
tube
when the core barrel is taken apart. Long
parral agitator
An agitator using a number of small
airlifts disposed about a circular,
flat-bottomed tank in such a way as to
impart a circular swirling motion
to the pulp. Liddell
parsonsite
A triclinic mineral, Pb2 (UO2 )(PO4 )2 .2H
2 O ; forms pale citron-yellow crusts,
powders,
and
tiny
laths;
nonfluorescent; radioactive; a secondary
mineral in uraniferous pegmatites
and other uranium deposits.
Parr formula
The simplest method for determining the
amount of mineral matter present
in a coal is to determine the ash and sulfur
English-English
part
In founding, a section of a mold or flask
specif.
distinguished
(in
a
three-part flask) as top part, middle part,
and
bottom
part.
Standard, 2
part 90 miner
partial pressure
partial roasting
part-face blast
Roasting carried out to eliminate some but
not all of the sulfur in an
ore. CTD
partial subsidence
partially fixed
Any amount of subsidence that is less than
full
subsidence;
such
as
with
solid or strip packing. Nelson
particle
partial melting
A general term, used without restriction as
to
shape,
composition,
or
internal structure, for a separable or
distinct unit in a rock; e.g., a
sediment particle, such as a fragment or a
grain,
usually
consisting
of
a
mineral. AGI
English-English
particle-size
analysis.;
size-frequency distribution. AGI
particle diameter
The length of a straight line through the
center of a sedimentary particle
considered as a sphere; a common
expression
of
particle
size.
particle-size reduction
The process of crushing or grinding
material to reduce the particle size.
BS, 2
particle size
The general dimensions (such as average
diameter
or
volume)
of
the
particles in a sediment or rock, or of the
grains
of
a
particular
mineral
that make up a sediment or rock, based on
the
premise
that
the
particles
are spheres or that the measurements
made can be expressed as diameters of
equivalent spheres. It is commonly
measured by sieving, by calculating
settling velocities, or by determining areas
of
microscopic
images.
particle velocity
A measure of the intensity of ground
vibration generated from a blasting
event, specif. the time rate of change of
the
amplitude
of
ground
displacement, given in inches (or
millimeters) per second.
particulate
Refers to particles collected by filtration
from
ambient
air.
SME, 1
particle-size analysis
Determination
of
the
statistical
proportions or distribution of particles
of defined size fractions of a soil,
sediment, or rock; specif. mechanical
analysis.
parting
a. A lamina or very thin sedimentary layer
separating
thicker
strata
of
a
different type; e.g., a thin layer of shale or
slate
in
a
coal
bed,
or
a
shale break in sandstone. Strata tend to
separate
readily
at
partings.
CF:band
b. A small joint in coal or rock, or a layer
of
rock
in
a
coal
seam.
particle-size distribution
The percentage, usually by weight and
sometimes by number or count, of
particles in each size fraction into which a
powdered
sample
of
a
soil,
sediment, or rock has been classified-such as the percentage of sand
retained on each sieve in a given size
range. It is the result of a
English-English
parting liquid
Any of several liquids--such as
tetrabromethane, ethylene dibromide,
pentachlorethane, and trichlorethylene-that
are
used
in
the
DuPont
mineral separation process.
parting powder
A powder made from chalk, bone meal, or
similar
nonsiliceous
material,
suitably waterproofed, which is applied to
a
pattern
to
ensure
a
clean
strip from the molding sand. Osborne
parting slate
partition curve
parting cleaner
partition density
parting density
English-English
partitioning method
party manager
partition size
The separation size corresponding to 50%
recovery as read from a size
partition curve. BS, 5
Pasadenian orogeny
See:square-set stoping
Pascal's law
parts of line
Separate strands of the same rope or cable
used
to
connect
two
sets
of
sheaves. Nichols, 1
part-swing shovel
pascoite
party chief
In seismic prospecting, the person who
supervises the personnel of the
crew and generally is in charge of
interpretation
of
the
data.
Dobrin
pass
a. An inclined opening in a mine, a raise
or a winze, through which coal
or ore is delivered from a higher to a
lower level. At the lower end, the
pass is normally provided with a chute or
hydraulic gate through which the
material is discharged into cars or trams.
Nelson
b. A raise or winze for workers to travel in
party foreman
In seismic prospecting, the person who
supervises the work of a field
party. Subordinate to a nonresident party
chief who is responsible for the
interpretation of the data. AGI
English-English
from
one
level
to
another.
Zern
c. The running of a sample through a
sample
divider.
d. In surface mining, a complete excavator
cycle
in
removing
overburden.
BCI
passivation
passage
passby
a. The double-track part of any singletrack
system
of
transport.
Mason
b. A siding in which cars pass one another
underground;
a
turnout.
Zern
passing boss
See:motor boss
passing point
a. On haulage roads, the point at which the
loaded trams going outby pass
the empty trams going inby. Nelson
b. In shafts, the point at which the loaded
ascending
cage
or
skip
passes
the empty descending cage or skip. Nelson
passive fault
Fault not liable to further movement.
CF:active
fault
Carson, 2
passing track
A sidetrack with switches at both ends.
Kentucky
English-English
passive metal
A metal on which an oxide film that
prevents further attack on the metal
is readily formed. When a metal other
than a noble metal has a high
resistance to corrosion, it is because of
passivity;
e.g.,
chromium,
nickel aluminum, tin, and various alloys.
CTD
paste
a. The claylike matrix of a dirty
sandstone; e.g., the microcrystalline
matrix of a graywacke, consisting of
quartz,
feldspar,
clay
minerals,
chlorite, sericite, and biotite. AGI
b. The mineral substance in which other
minerals are embedded; groundmass
(as of a porphyry). Webster 2nd
c. An imitation gemstone made from a
certain type of lead glass; loosely
applied to all glass imitation gemstones.
Anderson
d.
A
white
clay
body.
e. In magnetic particle suspension, finely
divided
ferromagnetic
particles
in paste form used in the wet method.
f. A slurry of sulfur and water, usually
containing 30% to 50% of finely
divided
elemental
sulfur.
g. Material of which a porcelain body is
formed. Hard paste (pite dure),
composed of china stone and china clay, is
true
porcelain.
Soft
paste
(pite tendre), composed of glass or frit
with
white,
is
artificial
porcelain.
h. Comparatively concentrated dispersion
(greater than 10% by volume) of
fine-solid or semisolid particles in a
liquid;
often
shows
elastic
or
plastic behavior. Bennett
by
passive transducer
A transducer whose output waves are
independent of any sources of power
controlled by the actuating waves. Hy
passivity
a. A metal that is normally active
according to its position in the
electromotive-force series is said to be
passive
whenever
its
electrochemical behavior is that of a less
active
metal.
b. A metal is passive when it is relatively
resistant
to
corrosion
in
an
environment in which a large decrease in
free
energy
is
associated
with
the
corrosion
reaction.
c. A condition in which a piece of metal,
because
of
an
impervious
covering of oxide or other compound, has
a potential much more positive
than the metal in the active state. ASM, 1
paste fill
a. A class of backfills that has low water
content;
high
densities
(>
or
=75% by lot); and consistency, transport,
and
deposition
properties
different from those of traditional lowconcentration
slurries
or
other
types of high-concentration backfill. Aref
pass pipe
An iron pipe connecting the water at the
back of one set of tubbing with
that of another, or a pipe only in
English-English
patent ax
The operation of mudcapping or plaster
shooting whereby rock is blasted
without drilling. An explosive is placed on
top of the rock and covered by
a cap of mud or similar material.
patch
A claim to which a patent has been
secured from the U.S. Government, in
compliance with the laws relating to such
claims.
patented rope
Distributed in an irregular manner, as
when ore occurs in bunches or
sporadically. Fay
pat coal
An accurate survey of a mineral claim by
a
U.S.
deputy
surveyor
as
required by law to secure a patent (title) to
the claim. Fay
Patera process
A document that conveys title to the
ground, and no further assessment
work need be done; however, taxes must
English-English
patinated chert
Chert nodules with weathered or casehardened surface layers. AGI
patio
a. Mex. Cloth used by miners.
b. Sp. Place where minerals are
concentrated. The patio floor is one on
which silver and/or gold ore is
amalgamated.
arrastre. Pryor, 3
paternoster pump
A chain pump; named from fancied
resemblance of the disks and endless
chain to a rosary. Standard, 2
patio process
pathfinder
patronite
A monoclinic mineral, VS4 (?) ; synthetic
VS4
is
soft,
gray-black, fine-grained; impure material
constitutes
an
important
ore
mineral in the vanadium deposit at
Minasragra, Peru.
pattern
path of percolation
a. As applied to diamond bits, the design
formed
by
spacing
and
distributing the diamonds in conformance
with
a
predetermined
geometric
arrangement on the crown of a bit.;
eccentric
pattern.
Long
b. The system followed in spacing
boreholes, pattern shooting. Long
See:line of creep
patina
Strictly, the green film formed on copper
and bronze after long exposure
to the atmosphere. By extension, the term
is applied to a film of any sort
formed on wood, marble, chert, or other
material after weathering or long
exposure.
English-English
pattern molder
One who makes sand molds for castings; a
molder. Standard, 2
paulingite
pattern shooting
An isometric mineral, (K2 ,Ca,Na2 ,Ba)5
[Al10
Si32 O84 ].34-44H2 O ; zeolite group;
forms
rhombic
dodecahedra; at the Columbia River Rock
Island Dam, Wenatchee, WA.
Pauling's rules
Generalizations
about
coordination
polyhedra and the ways they fit
together in stable ionic crystal structures:
(1)
A
coordination
polyhedron
of anions forms about each cation. (2)
Electronic neutrality is maintained
over short atomic distances. (3)
Coordination polyhedra tend not to share
edges or faces. (4) Highly charged cations
minimize
sharing
of
polyhedral
elements.
Pattinson process
A process for separating silver from lead
in
which
the
molten
lead
is
slowly cooled, so that crystals poorer in
silver
solifidy
out
and
are
removed, leaving the melt richer in silver.
ASM, 1
pavement
Pattinson's pots
a. A layer immediately underlying coal or
any
other
workable
material.
Arkell
b.
The
floor
of
a
mine.
c. Any construction superimposed on a
subgrade to reduce loading stresses
and to protect it against the abrasive
effects
of
traffic
and
weather.
Nelson
d.
See:base
rock
e. A bare rock surface that suggests a
paved road in smoothness, hardness,
horizontally, surface extent, or close
packing of its units; e.g., boulder
pavement, glacial pavement, desert
pavement, limestone pavement, erosion
pavement. AGI
English-English
Pryor,
3
b. S. Afr. The same as payable ore, but in
an
alluvial
deposit.
Also
called
pay
rock.
c. Earth, rock, etc., that yields a profit to a
miner. Webster 3rd
pavilion
Any of the undersides and corners of a
brilliant-cut gem; they lie between
the girdle and the collet. Hess
paving breaker
pay formation
An air hammer that does not rotate its
steel. Nichols, 1
paving sand
pay gravel
pavonite
A monoclinic mineral, (Ag,Cu)(Bi,Pb)3 S5
;
at
the
Porvenir
Mine, Bolivia. The synthetic phase, AgBi3
S5
,
has
the
same
X-ray pattern.
pay limit
S. Afr. Grade below which the mining of
ore
is
considered
to
become
unpayable. There has been much
discussion about mining below the pay
limit
for technical reasons, as a result of
taxation, or to conserve natural
resources. Beerman
pawl
A tooth or set of teeth designed to lock
against
a
ratchet.
Nichols, 1
paxite
pay load
A monoclinic mineral, CuAs2 ; pseudoorthorhombic;
forms
intergrowths with novakite, koutekite, and
arsenic;
in
Bohemia,
Czech
Republic.
pay dirt
a. Gravel. Of alluvial deposits, sand rich
enough
to
be
excavated
and
treated to recover its valuable contents.
English-English
pay material
The mineral to be recovered. Austin
pay ore
Rock that, at current cost of discovery,
development,
and
exploitation,
can be mined, concentrated and/or smelted
profitably
at
the
ruling
market
value of products. Ore below this value or
cut
(the
threshhold
value)
is
unpay.
peacock coal
pay out
peacock ore
See:pay ore
pay shoot
pea gravel
pay streak
pea grit
pay rock
peachblossom ore
pea iron ore
See:erythrite
A variety of pisolitic limonite or "bean
ore" occurring in small, rounded
grains or masses.
pea coal
In anthracite only, coal small enough to
pass through a mesh 3/4 to 1/2 in
(1.9 to 1.3 cm) square, but too large to
English-English
peak load
pearl
pearl ash
peak loading
peak stope
Flat stope advanced (overhand if deposit
is
inclined)
in
slanted
steps,
each flat forming a separate working
place. Pryor, 3
pearlite
The lamellar mixture of ferrite and
cementite in the microstructure of
slowly cooled iron-carbon base alloys
occurring normally as a principal
constituent of both steel and cast iron.
Webster 3rd
pea ore
a. Eng. Rounded grains of hydrated
peroxide of iron, or silicate of iron,
commonly found in cavities of Jurassic
limestone.
b. A variety of pisolitic limonite or bean
ore occurring in small, rounded
grains or masses.
pearlite iron
a. In general, pearlite iron is gray cast iron
consisting
of
graphite
in
a
matrix of pearlite; i.e., without free ferrite.
CTD
b. In particular, pearlite iron is a German
proprietary
name
denoting
an
iron of low silicon content, which is
caused to solidify gray by the use
of heated molds. CTD
pearceite
A monoclinic mineral, Ag16 As2 S11 ,
having
copper
as
an apparent necessary minor component;
forms
pseudorhombohedral
tabular
crystals or may be massive; metallic
black;
brittle;
in
low-to
moderate-temperature silver and basemetal ores.
pearl mica
See:margarite
English-English
pearl opal
See:cacholong
pearl sinter
A
Fay
variety
of
opal.
pearl spar
Dolomite occurring in rhombohedrons
having
a
pearly
luster.
.
pearlstone
See:perlite
pearly
Applied to minerals having a luster like a
pearl;
e.g.,
talc,
brucite,
and
stilbite.
peastone
See:pisolite
peat
There are two types of peat, low moor
(Flachmoor) and high moor (Hochmoor)
peat. Low moor peat is the most common
starting material in coal genesis.
It therefore constitutes a caustobiolith of
low
diagenetic
degree.
Peat
is
formed in marshes and swamps from the
dead, and partly decomposed remains
of the marsh vegetation. Stagnant ground
water
is
necessary
for
peat
formation to protect the residual plant
material from decay. Peat has a
yellowish brown to brownish black color,
is
generally
of
the
fibrous
consistency, and can be either plastic or
peat bed
An accumulation of peat. Fay
peat blasting
A method enabling a road to be built
across peat deposits. Hard filling is
first dumped over the route to a height
equal to the ascertained depth of
the peat, into which blasting charges are
inserted.
By
the
action
of
blasting, the peat is displaced outwards
and the hard fillings sink into
English-English
pebble
a. A general term for a small, roundish,
esp. waterworn stone; specif. a
rock fragment larger than a granule and
smaller than a cobble, having a
diameter in the range of 4 to 64 mm (-2 to
-6 phi units, or a size between
that of a small pea and that of a tennis
ball), being somewhat rounded or
otherwise modified by abrasion in the
course
of
transport.
In
Great
Britain, the range of 10 to 50 mm has been
used. The term has been used to
include fragments of cobble size; it is
frequently used in the plural as a
syn.
of
"gravel".
b. Transparent and colorless quartz
crystal, such as Brazilian pebble.
Webster
3rd
c. Grinding media for ball or semiautogeneous mills. As a rule, these are
either hard-flint pebbles or hard-burned,
white porcelain balls.
peat hag
A pit or quag formed by digging out peat.
Standard, 2
peat machine
A machine for grinding and briquetting
peat. Webster 3rd
peatman
A digger or seller of peat. Webster 3rd
peat moss
Any moss from which peat has formed or
may form. Webster 3rd
peat press
A machine for making bricks of peat fuel.
Standard, 2
pebble armor
peat spade
A concentration of pebbles coating a
desert area. The pebbles are usually
the residual product of wind erosion and
are closely fitted together so as
to cover the surface in the manner of a
mosaic.
Also
called
desert
pavement.
pebble dike
a. A clastic dike composed largely of
pebbles.
AGI
b. A tabular body containing sedimentary
English-English
pebblestone
See:pebble
pecopteris
A fernlike tree of the coal forest, with
small
ovate
pinnules
that
are
attached to the pinnate axis by their whole
breadth. Nelson
pebble gravel
Pecos ore
An unconsolidated deposit consisting
mainly of pebbles. AGI
pebble jack
Sphalerite in small crystals or pebblelike
grains
not
attached
to
rock,
but found in clay in wall rock cavities.
pectolite
pebble mill
Horizontally mounted cylindrical mill,
charged
with
flints
or
selected
lumps of ore or rock. Usually long and
high
discharge.
pebble phosphate
pedalfer
pebble powder
A gunpowder or black powder pressed
and cut into large cubical grains so
as to make it slow burning. Webster 3rd
English-English
pedestal boulder
a. A class of blocks perched on pedestals
of
limestone.
AGI
b. Isolated masses or rock above and
resting on a smaller base or
pedestal.
pedion
A crystal form consisting of a single
crystal face.
pedestal rock
pediplane
An isolated, residual or erosional mass of
rock
supported
by
or
balanced
on a pedestal. The term is also applied to
the
entire
feature.
pedestrian-controlled dumper
The actual possession of a piece of
mineral land to the extent needed to
give the locator room to work and to
prevent probable breaches of the
peace, but not necessarily to the extent of
a mining claim.
pediment
A broad, gently sloping rock-floored
erosion surface or plain of low
relief, typically developed by running
water in an arid or semiarid region
at the base of an abrupt and receding
mountain
front
or
plateau
escarpment; underlain by bedrock that
may be bare, but is more often
partly mantled with a thin discontinuous
veneer of alluvium derived from
the upland masses and in transit across the
surface. AGI
pedocal
Soil enriched in calcium carbonate,
accumulating in regions of low
temperature, low rainfall, and prairie
vegetation. CF:pedalfer
pedogenesis
The formation of soil from parent
material.
pedogeochemical prospecting
pedimentation
The process of pediment formation.
Synonymous with
survey. Hawkes, 1
pediment pass
pedology
geochemical
soil
English-English
pedometer
pegleg
pedosphere
pegmatite
peeler
a. One of a set of blades that picks up and
channels
water
moved
outward
by the impeller of a centrifugal pump.
Nichols,
1
b. An iron implement with a flattened end
and ring handle, which is used
by a baller in placing blooms, ingots, etc.,
in
a
reheating
furnace.
Standard,
2
c. See:calk
Peerless explosive
High explosive; used in mines. Bennett
peg
pegmatitic
a.
A
surveyor's
mark.
b. To mark out a miner's claim at the four
corners
by
pegs
bearing
the
claimant's name. Sometimes used as "peg
out." Webster 3rd; Fay
peg adjustment
The adjustment of a spirit-leveling
instrument of the dumpy-level type in
which the line of collimation is made
parallel with the axis of the spirit
level by means of two stable marks (pegs)
the
length
of
one
instrument
sight apart. AGI
pegmatitic stage
a. A final stage in the normal sequence of
crystallization
of
a
magma
at
which the residual fluid is sufficiently
enriched in volatile materials to
permit the formation of coarse-grained
English-English
Peirce-Smith process
A basic converting process for copper
matte
in
a
magnesite-lined
converter. The iron of the matte is fluxed
by
silica
added
before
the
process begins. Liddell
pegmatitization
Peissenberg ram
The process of formation of, introduction
of, or replacement by pegmatite.
See:ram scraper.
pegmatoid
PEL
See:pegmatitic
pegmatolite
See:orthoclase
peg point
A pointed bar in a slide clamp. Used to
brace
a
machine
during
work.
Nichols, 2
peg structure
A structure characterized by tiny pegshaped cavities, some with intricate
profiles, penetrating the interior of
crystals;
typical
of
melilite.
AGI
pelagochthonous
A term applied to coal deposits formed
from
submerged
forests
and
driftwood. Tomkeieff
Pehrson-Prentice process
Pelatan-Clerici process
Peirce-Smith converter
A cylindrical-type converter having a
basic (magnesite) lining; used for
treating copper. Newton, 1
English-English
peldon
pelitic
Pele's hair
A natural spun glass formed by blowingout during quiet fountaining of
fluid lava, cascading lava falls, or
turbulent
flows,
sometimes
in
association with Pele's tear pyroclast. A
single
strand,
with
a
diameter
of less than 1/2 mm, may be as long as 2
m. Etymol: Pele, Hawaiian goddess
of fire. AGI
pelitic gneiss
A gneiss derived from the metamorphism
of argillaceous sediments.
Pele's tears
pelitic hornfels
Small, solidified drops of volcanic glass
behind which trail pendants of
Pele's hair. They may be tear shaped,
spherical,
or
nearly
cylindrical.
Etymol: Pele, Hawaiian goddess of fire.
AGI
pelite
a. A sediment or sedimentary rock
composed of the finest detritus (clayor mud-size particles); e.g., a mudstone, or
a
calcareous
sediment
composed of clay and minute particles of
quartz. The term is equivalent to
the Latin-derived term lutite. AGI
b. A fine-grained sedimentary rock
composed of more or less hydrated
aluminum silicates with which are
mingled small particles of various other
minerals; an aluminous sediment. Etymol:
Greek
pelos,
clay
mud.
AGI
pelletizing
A method in which finely divided material
is rolled in a drum or on an
inclined disk, so that the particles cling
together
and
roll
up
into
small, spherical pellets. The addition of a
binder
may
be
required
to
produce a pellet of acceptable mechanical
strength. Newton, 1
Pelletol
A waterproof, free-running blasting agent.
Pelletol
is
a
high
explosive,
English-English
pelyte
pellet powder
See:pelite
pena
penalty
a. In connection with a contract for
purchase of mineral concentrates by a
custom smelter, a deduction from an
agreed price for failure to reach an
agreed assay value or to eliminate
specified contaminants; charged at so
much per unit of mineral or metal
concerned.
Pryor,
3
b. In a construction contract, a penalty
clause is one that imposes a
penalty for failure to complete work to
agreed
time,
specification,
etc.
Pryor, 3
pellet texture
A concretionary texture characterized by
minute
pellets
of
colloidal
or
replacement origin and closely resembling
oolites. Schieferdecker
pell-mell structure
Coarse deposits of waterworn materials in
which there is an absence of
bedding. AGI
Penang tin
Pig tin of about 99.95% purity, obtained
from
the
Penang
Mines
in
Malaysia. Bennett
pelter
A worker employed in a coal mine to take
down pelt (shaly stone) from the
roof of a narrow seam, to make enough
height for a coal cutting machine.
CTD
Penberthy anoloader
A simple powder loader with a high air
velocity that is used in Canada in
underground work for charging holes with
a depth of up to 14 ft (4 m).
Pelton wheel
pencil-core bit
An impulse water turbine with buckets
bolted to its periphery, which are
struck by a high velocity jet of water. This
turbine
is
most
efficient
under a head of from 900 to 1,000 ft (274
to
305
m)
or
more.
English-English
pencil-coring crown
pendant
See:pencil-core bit
See:roof pendant
pencil ganister
pendletonite
See:karpatite
pendulum
In mechanized mining, the arm that
extends between the fulcrum jack and
the swivel or angle trough or turn. Jones,
1
penciling
pendulum buffer
Reduction in the fire face area of the
brick, in which slag erosion at the
joints is pronounced.
pencil mark
Aust. A thin bed of dark slate, about the
thickness
of
the
lead
of
a
carpenter's pencil, that is parallel to the
indicator.
indicator
pendulum mill
See:Griffin mill; Huntington mill.
penecontemporaneous structure
pencil ore
Small folds and faults that form in
sediments shortly after they are
deposited, in igneous rocks as they
solidify, and in metamorphic rocks as
they recrystallize.
peneplanation
A compact pyrophyllite used for making
slate pencils. Webster 3rd
pencil structure
A very pronounced lineation, such as that
produced by intersecting bedding
and cleavage planes in slate.
penetrating pulley
A pulley around which a wire cable runs
in cutting marble. Its thickness
is less than the diameter of the wire and
English-English
the
penetration feed
See:feed rate
penetration log
The penetration speed of a drill related to
the size of the hole and bit,
mud pressure, speed of rotation, weight on
bit,
etc.
From
the
results,
which are plotted as penetration curves,
the thickness of coal and dirt
bands in the borehole can be determined
with
reasonable
accuracy.
Nelson
penetration macadam
Screened gravel or crushed stone
aggregate, bound by bituminous grouting,
the binder being introduced after
compaction
of
the
aggregate.
Nelson
penetration speed
The speed at which a drill can cut through
rock or other material.
penetration rate
The actual rate of penetration of drilling
tools.
penetration resistance
a. The number of blows of a hammer of
specified weight falling a given
English-English
penetration twin
penning gate
penetrometer
An instrument to assess the strength of a
coal
seam,
its
relative
workability, and the influence of roof
pressure.;
coal penetrometer. Nelson
penninite
A green crystallized chlorite from the
Penninic
Alps.
Composition
essentially the same as that of clinochlore,
(Mg,Fe2+
)5
Al(Si3
Al)O10
(OH)8
.
Fay
pennant flag
Unproductive grit and sandstone between
the Lower and Upper Coal Measures,
South Wales and Bristol, England,
coalfield. Largely quarried for paving
and building. Also called pennan grit;
pennant stone. Arkell
Pennsylvanian
A period of the Paleozoic Era (after the
Mississippian
and
before
the
Permian), thought to have covered the
span of time between 320 million
years and 280 million years ago; also, the
corresponding
system
of
rocks.
It is named after the state of Pennsylvania
in which rocks of this age are
widespread and yield much coal. It is the
approximate
equivalent
of
the
Upper Carboniferous of European usage.
AGI
pennantite
A monoclinic mineral, Mn5 Al(Si3 Al)O10
(OH)8;
chlorite group; excellent cleavage with
flexible
laminae;
commonly
associated with manganese deposits.
pennine
pennyweight
A pseudotrigonal variety of clinochlore.
One-twentieth troy ounce (1.56 g). Used
in
the
United
States
and
in
England for the valuation of gold, silver,
and jewels. Abbrev.: dwt; pwt.
Standard, 2
Pennine system
Eng. The original and typical series of
Carboniferous
rocks,
comprising
the Upper Old Red Sandstone, the
Mountain limestone, the Millstone grit,
and the Coal Measures. Standard, 2
penroseite
An isometric mineral, (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 ;
pyrite
group;
cubic
cleavage;
forms radiating columnar masses; occurs
penning
See:cribbing
English-English
in
Bolivian
mines
near
Colquechaca. Formerly called blockite.
Pentelic marble
One of the most famous of ancient
statuary marbles; from Mount Pentelicus,
Greece.
penstock
a. A sluice or gate for restraining,
deviating, or otherwise regulating
the flow of water, sewage, etc.; a
floodgate.
Webster
3rd
b. The barrel of a wooden pump.
c. A closed conduit for supplying water
under pressure to a water wheel or
turbine. Seelye, 1
penthrit
See:penthrite
penthrite
pentagon
pentice
pentahydrite
pentlandite
a. An isometric mineral, (Fe,Ni)9 S8 ;
octahedral
parting;
metallic;
pale
bronze-yellow;
English-English
electrolytes
or
other
substances. Brantly, 1
chemical
pentolite
peptize
To bring into colloidal solution; to convert
into a solution.
peralkaline
peraluminous
Said of igneous rocks in which the
molecular proportion of alumina exceeds
that of soda, potash, and lime combined.
pentrough
percentage extraction
The trough in which the penstock of a
water wheel is placed. Fay
peon
a. The movable vertical post of an
arrastre.
b.
A
prop,
post,
or
stall.
c. Mex. Helper; a common laborer.
pepper-and-salt texture
Said of disseminated ores, esp. with dark
grains
in
a
light
matrix.
AGI
peptization
percentage ore
English-English
percentage subsidence
The measured amount of subsidence
expressed as a percentage of the
thickness of coal extracted.
percentage support
The percentage of the total wall area of a
mine
that
will
actually
be
covered by supports. Spalding
percolation leaching
perch
The selective removal of the metal values
from a mineral by causing a
suitable solvent or leaching agent to seep
into and through a mass or pile
of material containing the desired mineral.
percolation rate
The rate, expressed as either velocity or
volume,
at
which
water
percolates through a porous medium. AGI
percussion bit
percussion cap
See:perched ground water
See:detonator; primer.
perched water table
percussion drill
The water table of a body of perched
ground
water.
See:vertical sand drain
percolation
a. In the leaching treatment of minerals, a
process
whereby
a
solvent
drills
of
Nichols, 1
the
percussion
English-English
type.
percussive boring
A system of boring using solid or hollow
rods or ropes; may be used for
exploratory drilling and for blasting
purposes.:boring
Nelson
percussion drilling
Act of using a percussion drill.
percussion figure
percussive drill
A pattern of radiating lines produced on a
section of a crystal by a blow
from a sharp point.
percussion machine
percussive drilling
See:percussion drill
a. A method of drilling whereby repeated
blows are applied by the bit,
which is repositioned by intermittent
rotation.
BS,
12
b. A form of drilling in which the rock is
penetrated
by
the
repeated
impact of a reciprocating drill tool.
Fraenkel
percussion powder
Powder so composed as to ignite by a
slight
percussion;
fulminating
powder. Fay
percussion sieve
An apparatus in which material is sorted
according
to
size.
It
consists
essentially of superimposed, oppositely
inclined sieves, both mechanically
agitated by vertical lever and having water
sluices.
percussive machine
percussion system
perfect-discharge elevator
percussion table
Early form of shaking table.concussion
shaking
table.
table;
Pryor, 3
English-English
perfect frame
periclase
performance curve
Any curve used to show the relationship
between properties of coal and
results of a specific treatment. BS, 5
periclasite
See:periclase
perhydrous maceral
periclinal
Maceral having a high hydrogen content,
such
as
exinite
and
resinite.
Tomkeieff
pericline
periblain
a. A general term for a fold in which the
dip of the beds has a central
orientation; beds dipping away from a
center form a dome, and beds dipping
toward a center form a basin. The term is
generally
British
in
usage.
dome;
quaquaversal.
AGI
b. A variety of albite elongated in the
direction of the b-axis and often
twinned with this as the twinning axis. It
occurs
in
veins
as
large
milky-white opaque crystals. Pericline is
probably
an
albitized
oligoclase. AGI
pericline twin
A twin crystal, in the monoclinic system,
whose
twinning
axis
is
the
orthoaxis of the crystal. Fay
English-English
peridot
perimeter of airway
peridote
See:peridot
period
peridotite
a. The geochronologic unit lower in rank
than era and higher than epoch,
during which the rocks of the
corresponding system were formed. It is
the
fundamental unit of the worldwide
geologic
time
scale.
AGI
b. A term used informally to designate a
length
of
geologic
time;
e.g.,
glacial
period.
AGI
c. The interval of time required for the
completion of a cyclic motion or
recurring event, such as the time between
two consecutive like phases of
the
tide
or
a
current.
AGI
d. The duration of one complete cycle of a
periodic
function;
the
reciprocal of the frequency of such a
function. The independent variable
is
limited
to
time.
ASM,
1
e. The elements between an alkali metal
and the rare gas of next highest
atomic number, inclusive, occupying one
(a short period) horizontal row or
two (a long period) horizontal rows in the
periodic
table.
CTD
f. The time required for the power level of
a
reactor
to
change
by
the
factor 2.718, which is known as e. Lyman
English-English
periodic law
The physical and chemical properties of
the
elements
depend
on
the
structure of their atoms and are for the
most part periodic functions of
the atomic number.
periodic reverse
Pertains to periodic change in the
direction of flow of the current in
electrolysis. It applies to the process and
also
to
the
machine
that
controls the time for both directions.
Symbol, PR. ASM, 1
peripheral ventilation
A mine ventilation system in which the
upcast shaft for taking air out of
a mine is situated at the limits of the
mining field or away from the
downcast shaft. Also called transverse or
one-way
ventilation.
periodic table
An arrangement of elements based on the
periodic
law
and
proposed
in
various forms that are usually either short
with only short periods (as in
Mendeleev's original table) or long with
long as well as short periods (as
in most modern tables).
peritectic
Said of an isothermal reversible reaction
in a crystallizing melt or magma
in which a liquid phase reacts with a solid
phase to produce another solid
phase on cooling. ASM, 1
peripheral fault
A fault along the perimeter of a
geologically elevated or depressed
region. AGI
perlite
a. A siliceous volcanic glass having
numerous concentric spherical cracks
that give rise to an onion-skin structure.
Most perlite has a higher water
content than obsidian. When perlite is
heated to the softening point, it
expands, or pops to form a light fluffy
material similar to pumice. It is
used as lightweight aggregate in concrete,
as
insulation
for
liquid
fuels,
and
in
potting
soils.
b. A pearly volcanic glass.
peripheral speed
The distance a given point on the
perimeter of a rotating circular object
travels, expressed in feet or meters per
second;
sometimes
incorrectly
called lineal travel by some drillers.
peripheral-turbine pump
This
pump--sometimes
called
a
regenerative pump--is classified with
centrifugal pumps, but is designed to
English-English
perlitic
permanent expansion
permafrost
A permanently frozen layer of soil or
subsoil, or even bedrock, which
occurs to variable depths below the Earth's
surface
in
arctic
or
subarctic
regions. It underlies about one-fifth of the
world's land area.
permanent magnetism
Magnetic property of a substance
maintained without external excitation.
Pryor, 3
permafrost drilling
permanent monument
permalloy
An iron-nickel alloy with high magnetic
permeability. Nelson
permanent pump
A permanent main pump is one on which
a mine depends for the final
disposal of its drainage. As it is usually
not moved during the life of
the mine, its location, installation, and
design
require
careful
consideration. A permanent main pump
may discharge on the surface, into an
permanent adjustment
The adjustment of a surveying instrument
that is made infrequently and not
at each setup.
English-English
permeable
English-English
permissible dustiness
See:dust-free conditions
permeameter
An
instrument
permeability. AGI
permissible explosive
for
measuring
permineralization
A process of fossilization wherein the
original hard parts of an animal
have additional mineral material deposited
in
their
pore
spaces.
AGI
permissible
permissible hydraulic fluid
a. Means completely assembled and
conforming in every respect with the
design formally approved by the U.S.
Mine Safety and Health Administration
for use in gassy and dusty mines.
b. A machine or explosive is said to be
permissible
when
it
has
been
approved by the U.S. Mine Safety and
Health
Administration
for
use
underground under prescribed conditions.
All flameproof machinery is not
permissible, but all permissible machinery
is flameproof.
permissible machine
Any drill, mining machine, loading
machine, conveyor, or locomotive that
is similar in all respects to machines tested
and
approved
by
the
U.S.
Mine Safety and Health Administration
for use in gassy mines.
English-English
permitted explosive
English-English
permitted light
Locked safety lamp or any other means of
lighting, the use of which below
ground in British coal mines is authorized
by
Regulations
under
the
Act.
permitting process
perpend
A process in which an applicant files
forms to a regulatory agency with
required narratives, maps, mine plans,
etc., to ensure in advance of
mining that the proposed operation will be
in
compliance
with
the
applicable environmental standards. SME,
1
Permocarboniferous
perpendicular separation
Strata not differentiated between the
Permian and Carboniferous systems,
particularly in regions where there is no
conspicuous
stratigraphic
break
and fossils are transitional. AGI
Permotriassic
The component of the slip of a fault that is
measured
perpendicular
to
the
trace of the fault on any intersecting
surface. AGI
perpendicular throw
The distance between the two parts of a
disrupted bed, dike, vein, or of
any recognizable surface, measured
perpendicular to the bedding plane or
surface in question. It is measured in a
vertical plane at right angles to
the strike of the disrupted surface.
Perosa process
A process by which beryllium is extracted
from beryl.
perovskite
a. An orthorhombic mineral, CaTiO3 ;
may have Ca replaced by rare
earths and Ti replaced by niobium and
tantalum; pseudocubic; massive or in
English-English
persilicic
perthorite
persistent
Continuous; orebodies are often persistent
in
depth
and
metal
contents.
von Bernewitz
pervious
See:permeable
petaloid
persuader
petcock
A small drain valve. Nichols, 1
peter
To fail gradually in size, quantity, or
quality;
e.g.,
the
mine
has
petered out. Also called peter out. Fay
English-English
petering out
retaining
petrification
the
structure.
See:petrifaction
Petersen grab
petrified moss
In the Petersen (or van Veen) type of grab,
two
semicircular
buckets
of
varying sizes are hinged along a central
axis. The buckets are held apart
for lowering from a ship to the bottom by
some form of catch. On striking
the bottom, this is released so that on
hoisting, the buckets move around
on their axis, take a bite out of the
sediment, and come together to form
a
closed
container.
With
this
configuration, the rate at which the grab
hits the bottom affects the bite, and when
the
ship
is
drifting,
a
poor
sample may be obtained if the grab does
not
hit
the
bottom
vertically.
See:tufa
petrified rose
An aggregate or cluster of tabular crystals
of
barite,
forming
chiefly
in
sandstone, enclosing sandy grains within
the crystals; sand cemented by
barite with the crystal form of the latter.
petrified wood
See:silicified wood
petro-
PETN
petrochemical
Any of several materials and compounds
present
in,
or
derived
from,
natural gas or crude petroleum by physical
refining
or
by
chemical
reaction. Bennett
petralite
An explosive compounded of ammonium
carbonate, nitrated wood or charcoal,
and saltpeter. Standard, 2
petrochemistry
petrifaction
a. The study of the chemical composition
of
rocks.
AGI
b. The study of the chemistry of petroleum
and its products. AGI
English-English
petrofabrics
petrographic province
petrogenesis
petrography
petrogeny
See:petrogenesis
petroleum coke
petrographer
petrogenic element
An element that is characteristically
concentrated in ordinary rock types
as
opposed
to
ore
deposits.
CF:metallogenic element
petroleum ether
A mixture of hydrocarbons boiling from
40 to 60 degrees C; a mixture of
low-boiling liquid alkanes. Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, 1
petrographic
Pertaining to the study of rocks. Stokes
petrographic microscope
See:oil shale
petrology
A general term for the study, by all
available methods, of the natural
English-English
pH
The negative logarithm (base 10) of the
hydrogen-ion
activity.
It
denotes
the degree of acidity or of basicity of a
solution. At 25 degrees C, 7 is
the neutral value. Acidity increases with
decreasing values below 7, and
basicity increases with increasing values
above 7. ASM, 1
phacellite
petrolo-shale
See:kaliophilite
See:oil shale
phacolith
petrophysics
petrotectonics
See:structural petrology
phanerite
petrous
phaneritic
Said of the texture of an igneous rock in
which
the
individual
components
are distinguishable with the unaided eye,
i.e.,
megascopically
crystalline. Also, said of a rock having
such texture.
petuntze
See:china stone
petzite
An isometric mineral, Ag3 AuTe2 ;
metallic;
steel
gray
to
iron black; massive; sp gr, 8.7 to 9.02; in
gold-bearing
telluride
veins;
may be a significant source of gold and
silver.
Phanerozoic
That part of geologic time represented by
rocks in which the evidence of
life is abundant, i.e. Cambrian and later
time.
English-English
phantom crystal
phase
phantom horizon
a. In seismic reflection prospecting, a line
drawn
on
seismic
sections
so
that it is parallel to nearby dip segments
thought
to
indicate
structural
attitude. It is used where actual events are
not
continuous
enough
to
be
used
alone.
AGI
b. Horizon on a reflection profile that is
obtained by averaging the dips
of the reflections within a band, thus
indicating the trend of the dip,
but not necessarily coinciding with an
actual
boundary
plane.
Schieferdecker
phase angle
An angle expressing phase or phase
difference. Webster 3rd
phase-balance relay
pharmacolite
pharmacosiderite
phase control
English-English
mineral
CF:crystallogeny
phase converter
A machine for converting an alternating
current
into
an
alternating
current of a different number of phases
and
the
same
frequency.
Webster 3rd
genesis.
phase inversion
In the Convertol process, replacement of
the film of water covering a coal
particle by a film of oil. BS, 5
phase diagram
phasemeter
A graph designed to show the boundaries
of the fields of stability of the
various phases of a system. The
coordinates are usually two or more of the
intensive variables temperature, pressure,
and
composition,
but
are
not
restricted to these.
phase disengagement
In solvent extraction or liquid-liquid
extraction procedures, allowing the
mixture of aqueous liquor and organic
solution phases to separate for
individual recovery and further treatment.
phase shifter
phase disengagement rate
A device employed to alter the phase of a
wave. NCB
phase system
phase displacement
English-English
was
swept
from
the
adjoining
land.
Tomkeieff
b. Refers to vegetable matter deposited
under water in contrast to that
laid down on a wet substratum.
CF:crypthydrous
phenocryst
A term for large crystals or mineral grains
floating
in
the
matrix
or
groundmass of a porphyry.
phase transformation
phenocrystalline
The inversion of one crystalline
assemblage of components from one
symmetry to another; e.g., calcite to
aragonite.
See:phaneritic
phenol
phenacite
See:phenakite
phenakite
A trigonal mineral, Be2 SiO4 ; colorless to
yellow,
red,
or
brown; a minor gemstone sparsely found
in
granite
pegmatites.
It
is
sometimes confused with quartz. Not to
be
confused
with
fenaksite.
phengite
a. A variety of muscovite having high
silica.
b. A transparent or translucent stone
(probably crystalline gypsum) used
by the ancients for windows.
phenhydrous
a. Applied to certain conditions under
which coal was formed, namely those
of open waters into which the plant debris
English-English
phlogopite
Philadelphia rod
A leveling rod in which the
feet, or eighths of
marked by alternate bars
width
of
the
Nichols, 1
hundredths of
inches, are
of color the
measurement.
phillipite
A compact, blue, hydrated copper and iron
sulfate,
Fe2
Cu(SO
(sub
4) )4 .12H2 O , produced by
decomposition
of
chalcopyrite.
Standard, 2
phillipsite
pH modifier
A monoclinic mineral, (K,Na,Ca)1-2
(Si,Al)8
O16
.6H
2 O ; zeolite group; commonly occurs in
complex
twinned
crystals;
in
basalt amydules, in pelagic red clays, in
palagonite
tuffs,
in
alkaline
saline lakes from silicic vitric volcanic
ash,
in
alkaline
soils,
and
around hot springs in Roman baths.
Phleger corer
A claylike mineral closely related to or
identical
with
kaolinite.
Fay
pholidoide
The group of aluminous glauconites
grading into normal (ferruginous)
glauconite and occurring in sedimentary
rocks.
Includes
skolite
and
bravaisite. Distinct from pholidolite of
Nordenskiold.
phloem
In coal, the outer conducting part of the
central
cylinder
or
vascular
tissues. It consists primarily of sieve tubes
and
companion
cells,
phloem
fibers or bark fibers, stone cells, and
parenchymatous cells. Hess
phonolite
The extrusive equivalent of nepheline
syenite. The principal mineral is
English-English
phosphate lands
In mining law, a leased area for phosphate
lands
may
not
exceed
2,560
acres (1,034 ha). A certain expenditure for
mine
development
and
operations is required. A royalty of not
less than 2% of the gross value
of the output must be paid, and an annual
rental, similar to that for coal
lands, is imposed. Lewis
phosgenite
A tetragonal mineral, 4[Pb2 (CO3 )Cl2 ] ;
forms
stubby crystals; may be massive;
adamantine;
sp
gr,
6.13;
a
secondary mineral in lead deposits and
from action of seawater on lead
slags and artifacts; commonly associated
with
cerussite
and
anglesite.
phosphate of lime
See:apatite
phosphalite
phosphate rock
Phosphorite that occurs as beds of small
concretions
resting
on
clay
surfaces or scattered in sands and
limestone. AGI
phosphate
a. n. Any mineral containing essential
tetrahedral
phosphate,
(PO4
)3- , structural entities; e.g., apatite,
amblygonite,
or
monazite.
b. A mineral commodity supplying
phosphorus, usually for agricultural or
chemical purposes. The source materials
for
phosphate
are
marine
phosphorite and, less commonly, guano
and
apatite-rich
igneous
rocks.
c. Adj., phosphatic. Pertaining to or
containing phosphates or phosphoric
acid; said esp. of a sedimentary rock
containing phosphatic minerals, such
as phosphatic limestone produced by
phosphatic nodule
Black to brown, rounded mass, variable in
size from a few millimeters to
30 or more centimeters. Usually consists
of
coprolites,
corals,
shells,
and bones, more or less enveloped in
crusts of collophane. Found in many
horizons of marine origin. Also covering
the
ocean
floors
at
many
locations around the world. AGI
English-English
phosphide
A compound that is a combination of
phosphorus
with
a
metal;
e.g.,
schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3 P .
phosphochalcite
See:pseudomalachite
phosphophyllite
A monoclinic mineral, Zn2 (Fe,Mn)(PO4
)2 4H2 O ; forms tabular crystals with
perfect cleavage; vitreous; colorless to
pale blue-green; a secondary mineral from
pegmatites;
possibly
in
some
oxidized base-metal deposits.
phosphoric acid
phosphorite
phosphor bronze
phosphor
Any material that has been prepared
artificially and has the property of
luminescence, regardless of whether it
exhibits
phosphorescence.
CCD, 2; Lee
phosphorate
English-English
secondary
formation.
bone phosphate; pebble phosphate. AGI
phosphorus steel
phosphorize
See:phosphorate
phosphosiderite
phosphorized copper
See:pseudomalachite
phosphorogen
phosphuranylite
A
substance
that
promotes
phosphorescence in a mineral or other
compound.
Hess
phosphorus
A nonmetallic element of the nitrogen
group. Symbol, P. Never found free
in nature, but is widely distributed in
combination
with
minerals.
An
important source is phosphate rock, which
contains
the
mineral
apatite.
Ignites spontaneously, and is very
poisonous; must be kept under water.
Used in safety matches, pyrotechnics,
pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke
bombs, tracer bullets, and fertilizers.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 3
photicite
Described as altered rhodonite; carbonated
rhodonite. Dana, 1
photoelasticity
A property of certain transparent
substances that enables the presence of
strain to be detected by examination in
polarized
light.
If
models
of
complicated engineering structures are
made of such a substance, the
stress distribution in the structure may be
resolved.
phosphorus copper
Copper that contains about 15%
phosphorus. Used chiefly as a deoxidizer
for molten metals. Henderson
English-English
photoelectric cell
photofluorography
The photography of images produced on a
fluorescent
screen
by
X-rays.
Varieties
include
photoradiography,
photoroentgenography,
miniature
radiography. ASM, 1
photographic interpretation
See:photointerpretation
photogeology
photographic-paper recorder
A
small
device
for
registering
photographically the passage of flame.
This
must not be confused with the
photographing of the flame on the
manometer
record. Rice, 2
photointerpretation
The extraction of information from aerial
photographs
and
images
for
a
particular purpose, such as mapping the
geologic
features
of
an
area.
photogeomorphology
Study of earth forms as revealed by aerial
photographs.
photolithotroph
Autotrophic microorganism that derives
energy to do metabolic work by
converting radiant energy into chemical
energy and assimilates carbon as
CO2 , HCO3- , or CO32- (photosynthesis).
photogrammetry
The art and science of obtaining reliable
measurements
from
photographic
images. Methods utilize horizontal,
vertical, and oblique views, with or
without the aid of the stereoscopic
principle
and
with
or
without
computer-based image processing and
analysis.
English-English
photon
A discrete quantity of electromagnetic
energy. Photons have momentum but
no mass or electrical charge. Lyman
photosensitive
photometric method
Term applied to minerals (e.g.,
chlorargyrite, utenbogaardite) that are
visibly injured by light.
photostat printing
A method of reproducing a drawing on
opaque paper by printing from a
photographic negative, which enables the
original drawing to be enlarged
or reduced. Hammond
phototheodolite
A ground-surveying instrument used in
terrestrial
photogrammetry,
combining the functions of a theodolite
and a camera mounted on the same
tripod. AGI
phototropism
photomicrograph
A photographic enlargement of a
microscopic image such as a petrologic
thin section; a type of micrograph. Lesspreferred Webster 3rd
phragmites peat
photomultiplier
Peat composed of reed grass and other
grasses. Tomkeieff
phreatic
Pertaining to ground water. AGI
English-English
phreatic explosion
phthanite
phreatic gas
Any of the vapors and gases of
atmospheric or oceanic origin which,
coming
into contact with ascending magma, may
provide
the
motive
force
for
volcanic eruptions. CTD
phyllic alteration
See:water table
Hydrothermal
alteration
typically
resulting from removal of sodium,
calcium, and magnesium from calc-alkalic
rocks, with pervasive replacement
of silicates, muting the original rock
texture. It is a common style of
alteration in porphyry base-metal systems
around
a
central
zone
of
potassic alteration.
phreatic water
phyllite
phreatic line
See:line of seepage
phreatic surface
pH regulator
Substance used in flotation processes to
control
the
hydrogen-ion
concentration.
English-English
phyllite-mylonite
phyre
See:phyllonite
phyllitic cleavage
Rock cleavage in which flakes are
produced that are barely visible to the
unaided eye. It is coarser than slaty
cleavage and finer than schistose
cleavage. Leet, 1
physical depletion
phyllonite
physical geology
physical mineralogy
That branch of mineralogy which treats of
the
physical
properties
of
minerals. CF:chemical mineralogy
phyllonitization
The processes of mylonitization and
recrystallization
to
produce
a
phyllonite. AGI
physical oceanography
That marine science which treats of the
Earth's water mass as a fluid and
studies its physical properties of motion,
density, temperature, etc.
phylloretin
Crystalline hydrocarbon similar to
fichtelite and extracted along with
fichtelite from fossil pine wood. Tomkeieff
physical shock
A state of collapse that interferes with the
normal
heart
action,
respiration, and circulation. This condition
is
probably
due
to
derangement or lack of proper balance
within
the
sympathetic
nervous
system and may be caused by any number
of things, such as serious injury,
loss of blood, severe burns, fright, and
phyllovitrinite
Vitrain in which the plant remains are
discernible
under
a
microscope.
Tomkeieff
English-English
phytogenous rock
Rock formed
Tomkeieff
from
plant
remains.
phytolith
A rock formed by plant activity or
composed chiefly of plant remains. The
term was applied by Grabau to a large
group
including
coal,
peat,
lignites, some types of reef limestones,
and oolites. AGI
physiographic province
A region of which all parts are similar in
geologic
structure
and
which
has consequently had a unified
geomorphic history; a region whose
pattern
of relief features or landforms differs
significantly
from
that
of
adjacent regions. AGI
phytoplankton
The plant life division of plankton,
including
diatoms
and
algae.
Unattached plants that are at the mercy of
the currents. Hy
piano wire screen
phyteral
A screen formed by piano wires stretched
tightly, lengthwise, on a frame 2
to 3 ft (0.61 to 0.91 m) wide and 4 to 8 ft
(1.2
to
2.4
m)
high.
The
screen is set up at an angle of about 45
degrees and crushed material is
fed to it from above. The mesh size varies
from about 4 to 16. Because
there are no cross wires, and because the
taut wires can vibrate, there is
less tendency for blinding, but some
elongated particles inevitably pass
the screen. Dodd
English-English
stopping
the
flow
of
the
circulating liquid; no additional drilling
can be done without irreparably
damaging the bit until the barrel is pulled
and the blocked inner tube is
cleared. Long
pick
pick boy
picacho
pick breaker
A breaker developed as the mechanical
equivalent of the miner's pick. In
the modern type, the picks are mounted on
alternating
arms,
the
primary
and secondary picks being at different
spacings
so
that
breaking
is
performed in two stages. The breaker and
plate
belt
are
usually
supplied
as a standard unit driven from a common
motor. Nelson
pick carrier
See:pick boy
picker
a. An employee who picks or discards
slate and other foreign matter from
coal in an anthracite breaker or at a
picking table, or one who removes
high-grade ore, iron, or scrap wood from
ore as it passes on a conveyor
belt
to
crushers.
BCI;
DOT
b. A mechanical arrangement for
removing
slate
from
coal.
c. A miner's needle, used for picking out
the tamping of a charge that has
failed to explode.
pick-and-shovel miner
See:pick miner
Pickard core barrel
A double-tube core barrel in X-group
sizes. The distinguishing feature of
the Pickard barrel is that when blocked,
the
inner
barrel
slides
upward
into the head, closing the water ports and
English-English
pickeringite
A monoclinic mineral, MgAl2 (SO4 )4
.22H2
O
;
hallotrichite group; forms acicular crystals
and
tufts;
astringent
taste;
a product of surficial acid sulfate attack on
aluminous
rocks
in
mines
and
arid regions.
picking belt
A continuous conveyor (e.g., in the form
of a rubber belt or of a steel
apron, steelplate, or link construction) on
which
raw
coal
or
ore
is
spread so that selected ingredients may be
removed
manually.
BS, 5
picket
a.
A
sighting
hub.
b. A short ranging rod about 6 ft (1.8 m)
long. An iron rod, pointed at
one end, and usually painted alternately
red and white at 1-foot (30.5-cm)
intervals; used by surveyors as a line of
sight.
CTD; Fay
picking chute
A chute along which workers are stationed
to
pick
slate
from
coal.
picking conveyor
picking
See:picking belt
English-English
pickle
pick money
pickling
A small haulage engine used for pulling
light loads over short distances;
used at junctions, loading points, and
haulage
transfer
points.
Nelson
pick tongs
pick machine
Tongs for handling hot metal. Webster 3rd
Coal-cutting
machine
which
acts
percussively, and cuts with a large chisel
fixed at the end of a piston reciprocated by
compressed
air
in
much
the
same way as a rock drill is operated. Kiser
pickup
a. Syn. for lift, as applied to hoisting drill
rods
from
a
borehole.
Long
b. An angular crosscut, through which
coal is hauled from one entry to
another.
c.
See:geophone;
detector.
d. Transfer of metal from tools to a part,
or from a part to tools, during
a
forming
operation.
ASM,
1
e. In Alaska, a gold nugget picked up
during mining operations prior to
sluicing.
pick mine
A mine in which coal is cut with picks.
Kiser
pick miner
In anthracite and bituminous coal mining,
a person who: (1) uses hand
tools to extract coal in underground
workings; (2) cuts out a channel
under the bottom of the working face of
coal (undercutting) with a pick,
working several feet back into the seam;
(3) breaks down a coalface with a
pick; (4) bores holes with an augerlike
drill
for
blasting,
and
inserts
and sets off explosives in holes to break
down coal; (5) shovels coal into
cars and pushes them to a haulageway.
Also called hand cutter; hand miner;
hand pick miner; pick-and-shovel miner.
DOT
pickup test
A laboratory procedure used in
investigating the floatability of minerals.
A few grains, sized between 60 and 120
mesh, are placed, after suitable
surface cleansing, under water in an
observation cell which is controlled
for
pH,
reagent
concentration,
temperature, and conditioning time. An air
bubble is pressed down on the particles
and then raised; the degree and
English-English
pickwork
picrochromite
picotite
picrolite
picromerite
picral
a. A monoclinic mineral, K2 Mg(SO4 )2
.6H2
O
;
forms highly soluble masses or crusts
around
fumaroles;
also
a
rare,
advanced desiccation constituent of
marine evaporites. Formerly called
schoenite.
b.
A
mineral
group
including
boussingaultite, cyanochroite, mohrite,
nickel-boussingaultite, and picromerite.
picture
A screen to shelter workers from falling
water. Zern
Pidgeon process
A process for the production
magnesium by the reduction
magnesium
oxide with ferrosilicon. ASM, 1
picrite basalt
Olivine-rich basalt, as formed by the
settling of olivine in thick flows
of
of
English-English
pie
A local term for an intermediate pack
without
supporting
walls.
TIME
piecemeal stoping
piedmontite
A process by which magma eats into its
roof by engulfing relatively small
isolated blocks, which presumably sink to
depth
where
they
are
assimilated.
See:piemontite
piedmont plain
See:bajada
piece weight
piedmont scarp
See:effective piece weight
A small fault scarp at the foot of a
mountain
range
and
essentially
parallel to the range. AGI
piecework
The performance of underground work on
the basis of an agreement between a
miner and the mine manager. Payment
may be made by the yard of advance of
a heading or tunnel or per ton or cubic
yard of coal or ore removed. In
ripping work, payment may be made by
the yard advance of excavation to a
specified width and height; strip packing
may be built at a certain sum
per yard advance or cubic yard of filling.;
yardage. Nelson
piel
An iron wedge for piercing stone.
Standard, 2
piemontite
A monoclinic mineral, Ca2 (Al,Mn,Fe)3
(OH)O(Si2 O7 )(SiO4) ; epidote group; less
common
than
epidote;
occurs
in a variety of environments: low-grade
regional
metamorphic
rocks,
manganese
deposits,
and
some
intermediate to silicic volcanic rocks,
perhaps
due
to
metasomatism.
piedmontite.
CF:withamite
piedmont
Adj. Lying or formed at the base of a
mountain or mountain range; e.g., a
piedmont terrace or a piedmont pediment.--n.
An
area,
plain,
slope,
glacier, or other feature at the base of a
mountain; e.g., a foothill or a
bajada. In the United States, the Piedmont
is a plateau extending from New
Jersey to Alabama and lying east of the
Appalachian
Mountains.
Etymol:
pier
A rectangular or sometimes circular form
of column, constructed usually of
concrete, hard brickwork, or masonry, and
designed
to
support
heavy
English-English
piezocrystallization
Crystallization of a magma under
pressure, such as pressure associated
with orogeny. AGI
pier cap
The upper or bearing part of a bridge pier;
usually
made
of
concrete
or
hard stone; designed to distribute
concentrated loads evenly over the area
of the pier. Hammond
piezoelectric axis
One of the directions in a crystal in which
either
tension
or
compression
will cause the crystal to develop
piezoelectric charges. Gaynor
piercement
Salt plug that rises and penetrates rock
formations
to
shallow
depths.
Wheeler, R.R.
piezoelectric detector
A blasting needle.
piercing
piezoelectricity
piercement dome
See:diapir
piercement fold
See:diapir
piercer
pier dam
Dam or jetty to influence current. CF:weir
pietra della raja
It. A fine-grained Permian sandstone
suitable for sawing and finishing.
Hess
English-English
piezometer
pig bed
piezometric surface
See:potentiometric surface
pig
pigeonhole
pig caster
pigeonhole checker
An arrangement of checkerbrick such that
each course of brick is laid in
spaced parallel rows with the brick end to
end;
each
alternate
course
above and below has its parallel rows at
right
angles
to
the
intervening
course. ARI
pigeonite
Modification of the open-hearth process
of steel manufacture with pig iron
and steel as the charge. Bennett
A
monoclinic
mineral,
(Mg,Fe,Ca)(Mg,Fe)Si2 O6 ; pyroxene
group; crystallographically distinct from
augite;
occurs
only
in
quickly
chilled lavas. CF:augite
English-English
pig foot
pig metal
Piggot corer
A device for sampling bottom sediments.
A
core
barrel
is
driven
into
unconsolidated material by an explosive
charge. AGI
pigsticker
piggyback conveyor
pigsty
A laborer who removes metal pigs from
molds manually and stamps heat
numbers on pigs with hammer and punch.
DOT
pig lead
pigsty timbering
pigment mineral
A mineral having economic value as a
coloring agent. The most important
are the red and yellow ochers and brown
sienna,
which
consists
of
iron
oxides with some impurities, and the
brown umbers in which manganese oxide
is also present. When the iron-oxide
content is high the term oxide is
used in preference to ocher. AGI; Nelson
pig tailer
A laborer who helps a pusher to push
loaded mine cars over long distances
and up inclines where mechanical or mule
haulage is not used. Also called
helper-up. DOT
English-English
pike
A term used in England for any summit or
top of a mountain or hill, esp.
one that is peaked or pointed. Also, a
mountain or hill having a peaked
summit. AGI
pile dam
A dam made by driving piles and filling
the interstices with stones. The
surfaces are usually protected with
planking.
Pike process
A method for the direct production of
steel by passing reducing gases over
iron oxide ore, carburizing the reduced
ore,
and
alloying
it
in
an
electric furnace. Thus, a reducing gas,
heated to 900 degrees C is passed
over iron oxide ore to produce metallic
iron
and
spent
gas.
The
carburized, partially reduced metal is
melted, reduced, and alloyed in the
electric furnace. Osborne
pile drawer
See:pile extractor
pile driver
a. A machine for driving down piles;
usually consisting of a high frame
with appliances for raising and dropping a
pile
hammer
or
for
supporting
and guiding a steam or air hammer. Also
called
pile
engine.
Webster
3rd
b. An operator of a pile driver. Webster
3rd
piking
See:cobbing
pilarite
An aluminous variety of chrysocolla.
Standard, 2
pile extractor
A sheet piling extractor that works on the
same
principle
as
the
piledriving hammer, except that the force
of the blow is upward rather
than down. Carson, 1
pile
a. A timber, steel, or reinforced concrete
plate
or
post
that
is
driven
into the ground to carry a vertical load
(bearing
pile)
or
a
horizontal
load from earth or water pressure (sheet
pile).
Nelson
b. A spiked or sharped-edged plank,
beam, or even pipe or girder that is
forced forward or downward (sinking)
into running ground with a view to
support.
Mason
c. A stack of ore or stones. Gordon
d. A prop of timber. Gordon
pile group
A number of piles driven or cast in situ,
will sustain a much heavier load
than a single pile can carry, esp. when
connected
by
a
pile
cap.
Hammond
English-English
pilehammer
This may be a drophammer, a steam
hammer, or a diesel hammer of which the
last two are completely automatic. Steam
hammers are also able to operate
on compressed air.
pillar
a. A column of coal or ore left to support
the overlying strata or hanging
wall in a mine, generally resulting in a
"room and pillar" array. Pillars
are normally left permanently to support
the
surface
or
to
keep
old
workings water tight. Coal pillars, such as
those
in
pillar-and-stall
mining, are extracted at a later period.
b. A block of ore entirely surrounded by
stoping,
left
intentionally
for
purposes for ground control or on account
of
low
value.
Spalding
c. A column of rock remaining after
solution of the surrounding rock.
pile head
The top of a precast concrete pile,
protected during driving by packing
under a pile helmet and sometimes by a
timber dolly. The top of a timber
pile is protected by a driving band.
Hammond
pile helmet
A cast-steel cap covering and protecting
the
head
of
a
concrete
pile
during driving.
pile sinking
pillar-and-breast
A method of sinking a circular or
rectangular shaft through 20 to 30 ft
(6.1 to 9.1 m) of sand or mud at the
surface. It cannot be used for
greater depths as each ring of piles
reduces the inside dimensions of the
shaft.
piling
A structure or group of piles.
pill
A loosely rolled cylinder of burlap and
1/4-in-mesh (0.6-cm-mesh) hardware
cloth pushed down into a borehole ahead
of a string of drill rods to the
point where a large crevice or small cavity
has
been
encountered.
At
this
point the cylinder tends to unroll partially,
English-English
pillar-and-stall
pillar boss
a. A system of working coal and other
minerals where the first stage of
excavation is accomplished with the roof
sustained
by
coal
or
ore.
b. One of the earliest methods of working
coal seams in Great Britain. It
is employed in thick seams and where
valuable surface buildings require
protection from damage by subsidence. A
number of narrow roadways are
driven in the coal seam to a predetermined
boundary. There are two sets of
English-English
pillar caving
pillar man
pillar coal
pillar line
pillar recovery
English-English
pillar robbing
pillow block
pillar split
pillow lava
A general term for lava that exhibits
pillow structure, mostly basalts and
andesites that erupted and flowed under
water. The ocean floor sodium-rich
basalts known as spilites are commonly
pillowed.
pillow structure
pilot
English-English
pilot drill
A small drill used to start a hole in order
to
insure
a
larger
drill
running true to center. Crispin
pilot hole
a. A small hole drilled ahead of a fullsized,
or
larger
borehole.
Long
b. A borehole drilled in advance of mine
workings
to
locate
water-bearing
fissures
or
formations.
Long
c. A small tunnel driven ahead of, and
subsequently
enlarged
to
the
diameter required in the following fullsize tunnel. Long
pilotaxitic
Said of the texture of the groundmass of a
holocrystalline
igneous
rock
in
which lath-shaped microlites (typically
plagioclase)
are
arranged
in
a
glass-free mesostasis and are generally
interwoven in irregular unoriented
fashion. CF:trachytic
pilot-hole cover
See:cover
pilot bit
pilot lamp
pilot bob
pilot method
pilot plant
pilot burner
English-English
pilot reamer
pilot tunnel
pilot valve
a. A small balanced valve, operated by a
governor
or
by
hand,
which
controls a supply of oil under pressure to
the piston of a servometer or
relay connected to a large control valve,
which it is desired to operate.
Also
called
relay
valve.
CTD
b. In a compressor, an automatic valve
that
regulates
air
pressure.
Nichols, 1
pilot sampling
The taking of preliminary samples of a
mineral deposit to study its mode
of occurrence and its detailed structure.
Nelson
pilot sequence
pilot wedge
Sequence control by means of a pilot
cable is effected by means of a
low-voltage supply from one contactor
panel to the next, or by means of a
line voltage pilot cable. Each contactor
has
an
auxiliary
contact
that
controls the supply to the next contactor.
In
the
low-voltage
system,
the
secondary of each potential transformer is
earthed
at
the
preceding
panel
through an auxiliary switch which closes
with
the
contactor.
Until
these
secondary potential transformer circuits
are
completed,
by
closing
the
auxiliary contact, the next conveyor
cannot
start.
pilot shaft
See:pilot tunnel
English-English
pimelite
pinchbar
pimple metal
Where a vein narrows, as if the walls had
been
squeezed
in.
Where
the
walls meet, the vein is said to be pinched
out.
pinch.
pinching out
See:wedge rock
Where a lode or stratum narrows down
and
disappears.pinch
BCI
pinacoid
An open crystal form consisting of two
parallel faces. AGI
pinch out
To taper or narrow progressively to
extinction; to thin out. AGI
pinch
a. A marked thinning or squeezing of a
rock layer; e.g., a coming-together
of the walls of a vein, or of the roof and
floor of a coal seam, so that
the ore or coal is more or less completely
displaced.nip
CF:make;
want.
Standard,
2
b. A thin place or a narrow part of, an
orebody; the part of a mineral
zone that almost disappears before it
widens out in another place to form
an
extensive
orebody.
AGI
c. The binding action caused when
drillhole walls close in before casing
is emplaced, resulting from failure of soft
or
plastic
formations.
Long
pinder concentrator
A revolving table on which are tapering
spiral copper cleats on a linoleum
cover. The tailings are washed over the
riffles and off the edge, while
the concentrates are delivered at the end
of the riffles. Liddell
pineapple
a. A cast roller, designed to keep the
haulage rope centered between rail
tracks. Spiral grooves on the sides return a
straying
rope
to
the
central
grooves. Works in one direction only.
Pryor,
3
b. See:line oiler
English-English
scapolite,
feldspar.
pine tar
Very viscous; dark brown to black; liquid
or
semisolid;
strong
characteristic odor; sharp taste; translucent
in
thin
layers;
hardens
with
aging; sp gr, 1.03 to 1.07; boiling point,
ranges from 240 to 400 degrees
C; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform,
acetone,
glacial
acetic
acid,
fixed and volatile oils, and sodium
hydroxide; and insoluble in water.
Chief constituents are complex phenols;
also
present
are
turpentine,
rosin, toluene, xylene, and other
hydrocarbons.
Used
in
flotation.
CCD, 2
spodumene,
and
pinnacle
a. Any high tower or spire-shaped pillar of
rock,
alone
or
cresting
a
summit. A tall, slender, pointed mass;
esp.,
a
lofty
peak.
AGI
b. A sharp pyramid or cone-shaped rock
under water or showing above it.
AGI
c. In alluvial mining, a spine or pillar in
limestone
bedrock
of
an
irregular and serrated type, in which it is
difficult
for
dredge
buckets
to work. Pryor, 3
ping
pinned coupling
pinion
pinnel
pinguite
pinion gear
A drive gear that is smaller than the gear it
turns. Nichols, 1
pin puller
A laborer who removes studs from
aluminum reduction pots by operating a
motor-driven hydraulic jack. DOT
pinite
A compact, fine-grained, generally impure
mica
near
muscovite
in
composition; dull-gray, green, or brown;
derived
from
the
alteration
of
other minerals, esp. cordierite, nepheline,
English-English
pintadoite
a.
A
vanadium
ore.
Osborne
b. A mineral, Ca2 V2 O7 .9H2 O ; green;
forms
water-soluble efflorescences; associated
with uranium-vanadium deposits of
the Colorado Plateau.
pin-to-box
The currently accepted term for a
coupling, one end of which is threaded
on the outside (pin) and the opposite end
threaded
on
the
inside
(box).
Formerly designated as a male-to-female
coupling. Long
pin thread
A thread on the outside surface of a
cylindrical
or
tubular
member.
pin-to-pin
The currently accepted term for a
coupling, both ends of which are
threaded on the outside. Formerly
designated as a male-to-male coupling.
Long
pin timbering
A roof support method following two
basic principles: (1) that of drilling
holes vertically or at an angle into the roof
and
anchoring
roof
bolts
into a strong firm structure above the
lower
weak
layers,
thereby
suspending the weak roof on bolts from
the strong roof above; and (2) the
binding of several layers of weak strata
into a beam strong enough to
support its weight across the working
place.
The
advantage
of
pin
timbering is that support can be provided
at the face without posts being
in the way of equipment and more
freedom is provided for shuttle cars and
other
equipment
in
tramming.
Kentucky
pintle
A vertical pin fastened at the bottom that
serves as a center of rotation.
Nichols, 1
pioneer bench
pintle hook
The first bench in a quarry which is
blasted out. It is usually at the top
of the rock to be quarried.
English-English
pioneer road
pipe clamp
pioneer wave
pipe clay
U.K. The advance vibration set up by a
coal
dust
explosion.
piotine
See:saponite
pipe
pipe coil
a. A cylindrical, more or less vertical
orebody.
shoot;
stock.
AGI
b. A vertical conduit through the Earth's
crust;
e.g.,
a
kimberlite
pipe
of South Africa, through which magmatic
materials
have
passed.
It
is
usually filled with volcanic breccia and
fragments of older rock. As a
zone of high permeability, it is commonly
mineralized.
AGI
c. A tubular cavity from several
centimeters to a few meters in depth,
formed esp. in calcareous rocks, and often
filled
with
sand
and
gravel;
e.g., a vertical joint or sinkhole in chalk,
enlarged
by
solution
of
the
carbonate material and filled with clastic
material.
pipe bit
A bit designed for attachment to standard
coupled pipe for use in securing
the pipe in bedrock. Can be set with
diamonds or other abrasive materials.
Long
English-English
the
true
drill
pipe
area
and
distance, any discrepancy being due to
inrush of sands or forcing out of
sand by the pumping action during
drilling.
Pryor,
3
b. The assumed cross-sectional area of a
length
of
borehole
when
estimating the in situ volume of a core
sample. Also called pipe constant.
Nelson
pipe cutter
A tool for cutting wrought iron or steel
pipes.
The
curved
end
which
partly encircles the pipe carries one or
more
cutting
disks.
Crispin
piped air
Air conducted to workings or a tunnel
face
through
air
pipes.
pipe fitting
A general term referring to any of the ells,
tees,
various
branch
connectors, etc., used in connecting pipes.
Crispin
pipe drivehead
a. A drivehead that is coupled to a pipe.
b. Extra thick walled pipe or casing
coupling against which the blow of a
drive block is delivered when driving or
sinking
drivepipe
or
casing.
Long
c. An oversize rod or casing coupling on
which the blows of a drive block
are delivered when casing is being driven
or an attempt is being made to
jar loose stuck casing or a drill-rod string.
Long
d. Incorrectly used as a synonym for drive
shoe;
drive
hammer.
Long
pipe friction
pipe elevator
pipeline transport
a. Correction made when drilling running
ground,
alluvial
gravels,
and
sands. The volume actually extracted over
a
measured
depth
is
compared
with that which would be obtained over
English-English
pipeman
pipestone
See:catlinite
pipe prover
pipette analysis
The size analysis of fine-grained sediment
made by removing samples from a
suspension with a pipette. AGI
pipette method
piping
piper
English-English
Stream piracy.
pirssonite
pisolitic tuff
An
indurated
pyroclastic
deposit
composed chiefly of accretionary lapilli
or pisolites. AGI
piracy
pistacite
A pistachio-green ferric-iron-rich variety
of
epidote.
Also
spelled
pistazite.
pisanite
A blue to green cuproan melanterite
(Fe,Cu)SO4 .7H2 O .
pistol pipe
In metalworking, the tuyere of a hot-blast
furnace. Fay
pisolite
a. A sedimentary rock, usually a
limestone, made up chiefly of pisoliths
cemented together; a coarse-grained
oolite.
b. A term often used for a pisolith, or one
of
the
spherical
particles
of
a pisolite.---Etymol: Greek pisos, pea.
CF:oolite
c. An individual unit in a mass of
accretionary lapilli. AGI
piston
The working part of a pump, hydraulic
cylinder, or engine that moves back
and forth in the cylinder; it is generally
equipped
with
one
or
several
rings or cups to control the passage of
fluid. It ejects the fluid from
the cylinder, as in a pump, or receives
force from the fluid, which causes
a reciprocating motion, as in an engine.
Long
pisolith
One of the small, round or ellipsoidal
accretionary
bodies
in
a
sedimentary rock, resembling a pea in size
and shape, and constituting one
of the grains that make up a pisolite. It is
often
formed
of
calcium
carbonate, and some are thought to have
been produced by a biochemical
algal-encrustation process. A pisolith is
larger and less regular in form
than an oolith, although it has the same
concentric
and
radial
internal
piston corer
An oceanographic corer containing a
piston inside the cylinder which
reduces friction by creating suction. There
are
several
varieties,
including the Ewing corer, the Mackereth
sampler,
and
the
Kullenberg
corer.
English-English
etc.
g. In hydraulic mining, the excavation in
which piping is carried forward.
h. Commonly, a coal mine, but not usually
called so by workers, except in
reference to surface mining where the
workings may be known as a strip
pit.
BCI
i. See:abyss
piston drive-sampler
See:piston sampler
piston sampler
A drive sampler equipped with either a
free or a retractable-type piston
that retreats up into the barrel of the
sampler in contact with the top of
the soil sample as the sampler is pressed
into
the
formation
being
sampled. CF:drive sampler
pit ash
Ash in coal derived from the dirt bands,
adjoining
shales
or
cleat
minerals. Tomkeieff
piston speed
pit bank
piston-type sampler
See:piston sampler
piston-type washbox
pit bar
See:plunger-type washbox
One of the wooden props bracing the sides
of a pit. Standard, 2
pit
pit boss
pit brow
The pithead, and in particular, the mouth
of the shaft. The edge or brow
of a pit.
English-English
horizontal
foot
(or
meter).
f. The distance between tooth centers, as
in a gear wheel, or the number
of teeth per unit of diameter. The grade of
an incline or the rise of a coal seam. BCI
h. The solid or semisolid residue from the
partial
evaporation
of
tar.
Strictly, pitch is a bitumen with
extraneous matter, such as free carbon,
residual
coke,
etc.
Nelson
i. The angular inclination of an ore shoot
with
respect
to
the
surface,
measured in the direction of the strike.
Nelson
j. Of a lode, angle of deviation from the
vertical taken by a section of
ore having some special characteristic,
such
as
enhanced
value.
Pryor,
3
k. The angle that a directional feature, for
example,
slickensides,
in
a
plane makes with a horizontal line within
the
plane.
BS,
11
l. In dredging, the distance between the
center of any pin and that of the
pin in the next adjacent bucket. Fay
m.
See:dip
n. The slope of a surface or tooth relative
to
its
direction
of
movement.
Nichols,
1
o. In a roller or silent chain, the space
between pins, measured center to
center.
Nichols,
1
p. The amount of advance of a singlethread screw in one turn, expressed
in lineal distance along or parallel to the
axis, or in turns per unit of
length.
Standard,
2
q. The distance between corresponding
points
on
adjacent
projections
produced on work by a cutting tool.
pit cage
The structure used in mine shafts for
transport
purposes.
pit-car loader
A short, electrically powered, lightweight
elevating
conveyor
designed
for
use in working places, to facilitate the
loading of large cars or to aid
in shoveling long distances. The loader
shovels into the hopper end and
the conveyor carries the coal to the car.
Jones, 1
pit-car-loader operator
In bituminous coal mining, a person who
operates a machine to load coal in
mine (pit) cars. DOT
pit-car repairer
See:mine-car repairman
pitch
a. The angle between the horizontal and
any linear feature, such as an ore
shoot or lineation, measured in the plane
containing
the
linear
feature.
b. The angle between the horizontal and
an axial line passing through the
highest or lowest points of a given stratum
in
an
anticline
or
syncline.
c. Loosely, the grade, rise, or incline of a
seam
or
bed.
d. A vein-form deposit that follows
dipping joint planes. This usage is
confined largely to the Upper Mississippi
Valley
lead-zinc
deposits.
e. The slope of a roof, in inches (or
centimeters), of vertical rise per
pitch arm
English-English
pitching seam
A highly inclined seam. In coal mining,
called edge coal. Nelson
pitchblende
pitch length
The massive variety of uraninite, UO(2+x) ;
radioactive;
black
to
dark brown; the most important ore of
uranium;
occurs
widely
in
hydrothermal veins and the disseminated
uranium-vanadium deposits of the
Colorado Plateau type.
pitch circle
The circle passing through the chain joint
centers
when
the
chain
is
wrapped on the sprocket. Jackson, 1
pitch diameter
The diameter of a circle that passes
through the points of average contact
between the teeth of two gears running in
mesh, or between the teeth of a
sprocket and the roller of its companion
chain, or between a male and a
female thread that are engaged. Brantly, 2
pitch off
A quarry worker's term for trimming an
edge of a block of stone with a
hammer and set. Fay
pitcher
pitch ore
pitching bar
A dark, resinous volcanic glass.
A kind of pick used, esp. by miners, in
beginning
a
hole.
Webster 2nd
pitchwork
In coal mining, work done on shares.
Standard, 2
pitching chisel
A chisel used for making an edge on the
face
of
a
stone.
Also
called
pitching tool. Webster 3rd
pitch working
Mine working in a steeply inclined seam.
English-English
pit frame
pitchy
adj. Resembling the
properties of pitch.
appearance
or
pit guide
pit hand
pit efficiency
In order to allow for the friction of the
skips on the guides and between
the air and the skips in the shaft and for
other small losses, it is usual
to divide the total static torque at any
point of the wind by 0.9 for a
new shaft with rope guides, or 0.85 for an
old
shaft
with
rigid
guides.
This factor is generally referred to as pit
efficiency.
Sinclair, 5
pithead
a. Landing stage at the top of a shaft.
Pryor,
3
b. The top of a mine shaft including the
buildings,
roads,
tracks,
plant,
and machines around it.
pithead output
The total tonnage of raw coal produced at
a
colliery,
as
distinct
from
saleable output. It is the tonnage of coal as
weighed
before
it
enters
the
coal-preparation plant.
pit eye
Bottom of a pit shaft from which the sky
is visible. Pryor, 3
pit-eye pillar
pit lamp
A barrier of coal left around a shaft to
protect
it
from
caving.
Fay
pit foreman
pit limit
English-English
Pitot tube
Consists of two concentric tubes bent in
an L shape. In operation, the
instrument is pointed in the direction of
air flow: the inner tube, open
at the end directed upstream, measures
total head, and the outer tube,
perforated with small openings transverse
to the air flow, records static
head. Each tube is connected to a leg of a
manometer,
when
reading
velocity head. Hartman, 1
pitman arm
An arm having a limited movement
around a pivot. Nichols, 1
pitmen
pit pony
Workers employed in shaft sinking or
shaft inspection and repair.
pit mining
pit prop
Surface mining in which the material
mined is removed from below the
surrounding land surface.
pitotmeter
An instrument that consists essentially of
two pitot tubes one of which is
turned upstream and the other downstream
and
that
is
used
to
record
autographically the velocity of a flowing
liquid
or
gas.
pit quarry
An openpit quarry sunk below ground
level. Access is gained by stairs,
ladders, or mechanical hoists, and material
is conveyed from the quarry by
inclined tracks, trucks, derricks, or
Pitot-static tube
When the Pitot tube and static tube are
combined,
they
form
the
English-English
pit shale
The name given to the shale from a drift
opened in the side of the ravine
at a level 62 ft (18.9 m) below that of the
Pittsburgh
coal
seam.
Rice, 2
pit room
a. The number of working places, or the
length
of
a
longwall
face,
available in a mine for coal production.
Nelson
b. The extent of the opening in a mine; pit
space. Fay
pit slope
The angle at which the wall of an open pit
or cut stands as measured along
an imaginary plane extended along the
crests of the berms or from the
slope crest to its toe.
pit rope
pittasphalt
Eng. Winding rope; a hoisting rope. Fay
An old name give to viscid bitumen.
pit sampling
a. Use of small untimbered pits to gain
access
to
shallow
alluvial
deposits or ore dumps for purpose of
testing
or
valuation.
Pryor,
3
b. Sampling shallow deposits by means of
trial pits, usually about 2 to 3
ft (0.6 to 0.9 m) in diameter. In reasonably
dry
ground,
depths
of
50
ft
(15.2 m) or more may be reached. Pit
sampling is often used to assist site
investigations as it provides the maximum
of
information
regarding
the
nature of deposits and bedrock.
pitticite
The mineral amorphous, hydrous, ferric
arsenate sulfate. It is brown to
yellow and red; earthy; occurs as crusts
and botryoidal layers; a common
oxidation product of arsenical ores. Also
spelled
pittizite.
pitting
a. The act of digging or sinking a pit. Fay
b. Testing an alluvial deposit by the
systematic sinking of small shafts,
the material recovered being subsequently
tested. The practice is confined
to shallow depths; i.e., down to about 50 ft
(15.2
m)
in
fairly
dry
soft
ground. Nelson
pit sand
a. Sand usually composed of grains that
are
relatively
angular;
it
often
contains clay and organic matter. When
English-English
Pittsburgh bed
The Pittsburgh coal which outcrops
prominently
in
the
vicinity
of
Pittsburgh and extends under a large area
of
western
Pennsylvania,
northern West Virginia, northwestern
Maryland, and eastern Ohio. It
belongs in the Carboniferous system,
Pennsylvanian series, at the base of
the Monongahela formation. Rice, 2
pivot shaft
A tractor dead axle, or any fixed shaft that
acts
as
a
hinge
pin.
Nichols, 1
pit water
Water from the underground workings of
a mine. BS, 5
pivot tube
A hollow hinge pin. Nichols, 1
pit wood
place
The various kinds of timber used at a
mine,
mainly
as
supports.
Nelson
a.
See:in
situ
b. The part of a mine in which a miner
works by contract is known as his
"place"
or
"working
place."
c. A point at which the cutting of coal is
being carried on.
pitwork
Cornish pumps and other engineering
appliances in and near a mine shaft.
Pryor, 3
placer
A deposit of sand or gravel that contains
particles
of
gold,
ilmenite,
gemstones, or other heavy minerals of
value. The common types are stream
gravels and beach sands.; beach placer.
pivot
A nonrotating axle or hinge pin.
pivoted-bucket carrier
placer claim
English-English
the
sake
of
the
loose
deposits on or near its surface. Ricketts
placer mine
a. A deposit of sand, gravel, or talus from
which some valuable mineral is
extracted.
Hess
b. See:placer mining
placer mining
a. The extraction of heavy mineral from a
placer
deposit
by
concentration
in running water. It includes ground
sluicing, panning, shoveling gravel
into a sluice, scraping by power scraper
and
excavation
by
dragline,
dredge or other mechanized equipment.
Nelson
b. Extracting the gold or other mineral
from
placers,
wherever
situated--in dry channels and in channels
temporarily
filled
with
water.
The mineral may be found in deep
channels, in navigable streams, or in
estuaries or creeks and rivers where the
sea
ebbs
and
flows.
Ricketts
c. That form of mining in which the
surficial detritus is washed for gold
or other valuable minerals. When water
under pressure is employed to break
down the gravel, the term hydraulic
mining is generally employed. There
are deposits of detrital material containing
gold which lie too deep to be
profitably extracted by surface mining,
and which must be worked by
drifting beneath the overlying barren
material. The term "drift mining" is
applied to the operations necessary to
extract
such
auriferous
material.
placer digging
a. The action of mining by placer
methods.
Craigie
b. A place at which placer mining is or
may be carried on. Craigie
placer gold
Gold occurring in more or less coarse
grains or flakes and obtainable by
washing the sand, gravel, etc., in which it
is
found.
Also
called
alluvial
gold.
placer ground
Ground where placer mining can be done;
i.e., where valuable minerals can
be obtained by digging up the earth and
washing it for the valued mineral.
Craigie
placer location
A location of a tract of land for mineralbearing
or
other
valuable
deposits upon or within it that are not
found within lodes or veins in
rock in place; a claim of a tract of land for
English-English
plagioclase rhyolite
See:maucherite
A porphyritic extrusive rock with
phenocrysts of plagioclase and quartz in
a groundmass of orthoclase and quartz.
Also
called
plagioliparite.
plaffeiite
A fossil resin found in Switzerland.
Tomkeieff
plagihedral
plagioclastic
See:plagiohedral
plagioclase
plagiohedral
English-English
plan
a. A map showing features--such as mine
workings,
geological
structures,
and
outside
improvements--on
a
horizontal
plane.
plain clinometer
A clinometer having only its upper end
threaded to fit drill rods. Also
called end clinometer. Long
plain concrete
Concrete
Hammond
with
no
reinforcement.
plain detonator
planar
plain pilot
planar element
planar cross-bedding
a. Cross-bedding in which the lower
bounding surfaces are planar surfaces
of erosion. It results from beveling and
subsequent
deposition.
AGI
b. Cross-bedding characterized by planar
foreset beds. AGI
plaiting
English-English
planar gliding
plane engineer
See:slope engineer
plane fault
planar structure
See:platy flow structure
planation
plane figure
plane
a. Any roadway, generally inclined but not
necessarily so, along which ore
or workers are conveyed by mechanical
means from one bed to another or to
a lower elevation in the same bed.;
slope.
Nelson
b. A road on the natural floor of a seam.
Mason
c. A two-dimensional form that is without
curvature;
ideally,
a
perfectly
flat or smooth surface. In geology the term
is applied to such features as
a bedding plane or a planation surface.
Adj:
planar.
d. In crystallography, a plane of symmetry
dividing
a
crystal
structure
into
two
mirror
images.
e. A level surface bounded by straight
lines,
such
as
the
faces
of
crystals. Gordon
plane man
See:incline man
plane of saturation
See:water table
plane of stretching
A low-angle gravity (normal) fault
resulting from stretching of the
solidified top of an igneous intrusion.
plane of symmetry
Any plane which divides a crystal, crystal
structure,
or
crystal
symmetry
such that each side is a mirror reflection of
the
other.
Represented
as
m
or 2 and graphically as a solid or heavy
line.
plane course
Scot. In the direction facing the joint
planes.
English-English
plane shear
plane-polarized light
Light with its electric vector confined to a
plane.
planer
plane strain
a. First developed as a fixed-blade device
for
continuous
longwall
mining
of narrow seams of friable coal, this
machine is pulled along the coal
face, planing a narrow cut. Vibratingblade planers were designed later in
an attempt to apply the technique to
harder coal; they have also been
experimented with in the phosphate mines
in western Montana and northern
Idaho.
b. A machine provided with a cutting tool
having
lateral
and
vertical
adjustment that is widely used in stone
trimming. Both sides and tops of
blocks may be planed to desired
dimensions. Some planers may be
adjusted to cut curved forms.
plane schistosity
plane table
planerite
such
as
Webster
b. An inclined
Standard, 2
English-English
telescope.
3rd
ore-dressing table.
plane tender
See:slope engineer
planet gearing
planetary lap
planimetric analysis
planimetric map
A map that presents only the relative
horizontal positions of natural or
cultural features, by lines and symbols. It
is
distinguished
from
a
topographic map by the omission of relief
in
measurable
form.
planetary mill
Mill used for making very large
reductions on slabs by one pass through
the mill. The mill consists of two large
plain rolls, each surrounded by
many small work rolls. Osborne
planimetry
a. The measurement of plane surfaces;
e.g.,
the
determination
of
horizontal distances, angles, and areas on
a
map.
AGI
b. The plan details of a map; the natural
and
cultural
features
of
a
region (excluding relief) as shown on a
map. AGI
English-English
planisher
planning
plank timbering
The lining of a shaft with rectangular
plank
frames.
plankton
planning engineer
plankton bloom
The rapid growth and multiplication of
plankton,
usually
plant
forms,
producing an obvious change in the
physical appearance of the sea surface,
such as coloration or slicks. Also called
sea
bloom;
florescence.
Hy
planometric projection
planktonic
English-English
plant
plant scrap
plant mix
The process of soil stabilization in which
the
soil
is
carried
to
a
stationary mixer, returned to the site after
mixing
and
then
spread.
CF:mix-in-place
plasma jet
a. A jet formed by passing a high-speed
current of nitrogen or a mixture
of nitrogen and hydrogen over a tungsten
electrode
placed
in
a
specially
designed narrow orifice in a cutting torch.
An arc is struck between this
electrode and the earthed nozzle of the
torch, which is cooled by a water
jacket. When a plasma jet is used to cut
rock,
two
separate
zones
of
action can be expected. Min. Miner. Eng.,
1
b. Ionized gas produced by passing an
inert gas through a high-intensity
arc, causing temperatures up to tens of
thousands
degrees
centigrade.
Harbison-Walker
plant-mixed concrete
Concrete that is mixed at a central mixing
plant and delivered to a site
in special equipment designed to prevent
its segregation. Hammond
plant-mix method
A method of preparing aggregates for
bituminous
surfaces
in
which
aggregates and bitumen are combined in a
plant situated at the road or at
a relatively long distance from the road.
Also
known
as
the
premixed
method. Pit and Quarry
English-English
plaster pit
plastic clay
plaster shooting
plastering
See:mudcapping
plaster mill
A machine consisting of a roller or set of
rollers
for
grinding
lime
or
gypsum to powder. Fay
plastic deformation
a. Permanent deformation of the shape or
volume of a substance, without
rupture. It is mainly accompanied by
crystal
gliding
and/or
recrystallization.
AGI
b. Deformation by one or both of two
grain-scale mechanisms: slip, and
twinning. This is a metallurgical
definition,
increasingly
used
by
geologists. Sometimes called crystal
plasticity.
AGI
c. Rheological term for deformation
characterized by a yield stress, which
must be exceeded before flow begins. AGI
d. An elastic deformation of brittle
minerals--such
as
olivine
under
mantle conditions, or quartz, during
metamorphism;
deformation
occurs
along well-defined crystallographic planes
in
specific
directions,
which
may be preserved as thin deformation
lamellae or as deformation twinning.
It
may
be
annealed
out
by
recrystallization. CF:elastic deformation
e. Irreversible deformation of metallic
plaster stone
See:gypsum
plastic
Said of a body in which strain produces
continuous,
permanent
deformation
without rupture. CF:elastic
plastic and semiplastic explosive
Any of several explosives used for
commercial purposes. The consistency is
minerals,
such
as
gold
English-English
or
copper.
plasticity
The property of a material that enables it
to
undergo
permanent
deformation without appreciable volume
change,
elastic
rebound,
or
rupture.
plastic soil; plastic state; plasticity index.
ASCE
plastic design
The design of steel or reinforced-concrete
structural
frames
which
is
based on the assumption that plastic
hinges form at points of maximum
bending moment. plastic modulus.
Hammond
plasticity index
The water-content range of a material at
which
it
is
plastic,
defined
numerically as the liquid limit minus the
plastic
limit.
CF:Atterberg limits; plastic limit.
plastic explosive
See:plastic and semiplastic explosive
plastic firebrick
plasticizer
plastic flow
See:plastic deformation
plastic fracture
plastic limit
plastic modulus
A factor used in the plastic design of steel
structures.
It
is
a
constant
for each particular shape of section.
Hammond
English-English
plastic soil
a. A soil that can be rolled into 1/8-in
(1.6-mm) diameter strings without
crumbling.
Nichols,
1
b. A soft, rubbery soil. Nichols, 1
c. A soil that exhibits plasticity. ASCE
plastic solid
A solid that undergoes change of shape
continuously and indefinitely after
the stress applied to it passes its elastic
limit.
plastic yield
The term commonly applied to plastic
deformation. Hammond
plastic state
plastic zone
The range of consistency within which a
soil exhibits plastic properties.
In explosion-formed-crater nomenclature,
this
zone
differs
from
the
rupture zone by having less fracturing and
only
small
permanent
deformations. There is no distinct
boundary between the rupture and
plastic zones. Min. Miner. Eng., 2
plastic strain
In rocks, which are composed of many
crystals
commonly
belonging
to
several mineral species, the term applies
to
any
permanent
deformation
throughout which the rock maintains
essential
cohesion
and
strength
regardless of the extent to which local
microfracturing
and
displacement
of individual grains may have entered into
the process.
Plast-Sponge
High-quality iron powder made by
reduction of iron oxide; used in powder
metallurgy. Bennett
plat
English-English
plate amalgamation
Use of copper or copper-alloy plates
coated with enough mercury to form a
soft adherent film, in order to trap gold
from
crushed
ore
pulp
as
it
flows over the plates. The resulting
amalgam, containing up to 40%
metallic gold, is periodically scraped off
and more mercury is added to
the film. Pryor, 3
plate-and-frame filter
A filter press consisting of plates with a
gridiron
surface
alternating
with hollow frames, all of which are held
by means of lugs, on the press
framework. The corners of both frames
and plates are cored to make
continuous passages for pulp and solution;
the filter cloth is placed over
the plates. The pulp passageway connects
plateau basalt
A term applied to those basaltic lavas that
occur
as
vast
composite
accumulations
of
horizontal
or
subhorizontal flows, which, erupted in
rapid succession over great areas, have at
times
flooded
sectors
of
the
Earth's surface on a regional scale. They
English-English
plate coordinate
In photographic mapping, either of two
rectangular coordinates measured on
a photograph with reference to the
principal
point
as
origin.
Seelye, 2
plated crystal
plate cleaner
A device for cleaning raw coal which uses
the
difference
in
the
coefficient of resilience or friction
between clean coal and an inclined
plate, commonly of steel, and that
between refuse and the plate to allow
the clean coal to jump over a gap while
the
refuse
falls
through.
BS, 5
plate feeder
The mechanical plate feeder is a device
for feeding material at a fixed
and uniform rate. It is generally applied at
the tail end of a conveyor or
elevator which feeds a plant, but may be
applied
to
feeding
any
other
single unit. It relieves the pressure and
drag,
with
the
consequent
unnecessary wear on the belt, which is
ordinarily
experienced
if
feeding
from a hopper directly to a belt. It not only
cuts
maintenance
costs
by
eliminating uneven wear, but increased
output can be obtained by steady
plate conveyor
A conveyor in which the carrying medium
is a series of steel plates, each
in the form of a short trough, joined
together with a slight overlap to
form an articulated band. The plates are
attached
either
to
one
center
chain or to two side chains. The chains
connect
rollers
running
on
an
angle-iron framework and transmit the
English-English
plate tongs
plate former
platform
plate girder
A built-up riveted or welded steel girder,
having
a
deep
vertical
web
plate, with a pair of angles riveted along
each edge to act as compression
and tension flanges. For heavier loads,
flange
plates
are
riveted
or
welded to the angles. Hammond
plate roll
A smooth roll for making sheet iron or
plate iron, as distinguished from
iron having grooves for rolling rails,
beams, etc. Standard, 2
plate tectonics
A theory of global tectonics in which the
lithosphere
is
divided
into
a
number of plates whose pattern of
horizontal movement is that of
torsionally rigid bodies that interact with
one
another
at
their
boundaries, causing seismic and tectonic
activity
along
these
boundaries.
AGI
English-English
platform gantry
A gantry constructed for carrying a portal
crane
or
a
similar
structure.
Hammond
platform hoist
A power-driven hoist, having a lifting
capacity ranging from 200 lb (90.7
kg) to about 2-1/2 st (2.27 t), which can be
raised
on
a
loading
platform
up to 200 ft (61 m) high. Hammond
platinum-group metal
platina
(PGM). Any of the minerals native
platinum, osmium, iridium, palladium,
rhodium, ruthenium, and their alloys, such
as
osmiridium
(Ir,Os)
,
ruthenosmiridium
(Ir,Os,Ru)
,
rutheniridosmine (Os,Ir,Ru) , and
platiniridium (Ir,Pt) . Other alloys of PGM
are
exemplified
by
stanopalliadinite, (Pd,Cu)3 Sn2 (?) ; and
potarite,
PdHg
.
Other sources of PGM are sperrylite,
PtAs2
;
cooperite,
(Pt,Pd,Ni)S;
stibiopalladinite, Pd5 Sb2 ; braggite,
(Pt,Pd,Ni)S
;
vysotskite, (Pd,Ni)S ; ruthenarsenite,
(Ru,Ni)As
;
cuproiridsite;
CuIr
2 S4 ; cuprorhodsit, CuRh2 S4 ; malanite,
Cu(Pt,Ir)2 S4 ; and dayingite, CuCoPtS4 .
Varietal
terms include plyxene and ferroplatinum
for iron alloys and cuproplatinum
for copper alloys.
platinum sponge
Metallic platinum in a gray, porous,
spongy form; obtained by reducing
ammonium
chloroplatinate,
which
occludes large volumes of oxygen,
hydrogen, and other gases. Webster 3rd
platinum
a. An isometric mineral, native platinum
4[Pt] with variable Pd, Ir, Fe,
Ni; malleable; ductile; metallic; sp gr,
21.45;
corrosion
resistant;
English-English
platting
Brick laid flatwise on top of a kiln to keep
in the heat. Fay
plattman
In
bituminous
coal
mining,
a
colloquialism of English origin for a
pusher
who pushes loaded mine cars onto a cage
from
a
platt
(an
enlarged
underground opening at the shaft where
cars
are
gathered
prior
to
hoisting). DOT
playa basin
See:bolson
playa lake
A shallow, intermittent lake in an arid or
semiarid
region,
covering
or
occupying a playa in the wet season but
drying up in summer; an ephemeral
lake that upon evaporation leaves or forms
a playa.
plattnerite
a. A tetragonal mineral, PbO2 ; rutile
group;
dimorphous
with
scrutinyite; iron black; occurs in lead
mines.
b. Erroneous spelling of planerite.
AGI
play of color
platynite
A trigonal mineral, PbBi2 (Se,S)3 metallic;
iron-black; forms thin plates like graphite;
at Falun, Sweden. Also spelled platinite.
See:matildite
playa
plenum
English-English
pressure
from
the
outside,
and
thus leakage is outward instead of inward.
b. A mode of ventilating a mine or a
heading by forcing fresh air into it.
c. Use of compressed air to hold soil from
slumping
into
an
excavation.
Nichols, 1
pleochroic
See:pleochroism
pleochroic halo
a. A minute zone of color or darkening
surrounding and produced by a
radioactive mineral crystal or inclusion.
AGI
b. Any of the concentrically colored
aureoles
in
minerals--e.g.,
micas,
fluorite, and cordierite--centered by
minute grains of minerals containing
radioactive elements, such as zircon and
monazite.
This
discoloration
results from crystal structural radiation
damage from alpha decay.
pleomorphism
See:polymorphism
pleochroism
pleonaste
See:ceylonite
plessite
A fine grained intergrowth of kamacite
and taenite.
pliable armored cable
A flexible cable having collective armor
comprising
stranded
groups
of
fine, galvanized, steel wires. BS, 13
pliable support
A support composed of elastic materials
that either yields to the roof
English-English
plow cut
A mineral, Ca5 H2 Si6 O18 .6H2 O(?) .
See:V-cut
plot mark
plow deflector
A mark made in a bit mold, bit die, or
blank bit where a pip or hole is
drilled to receive or to encompass a
diamond. Long
plotting instrument
A large drawing machine by means of
which stereoscopic pairs of vertical
photographs can be viewed in conjunction
with their ground control points
and mechanically translated into accurate
maps. Hammond
plow steel
A high-tensile steel used
manufacture of hoisting ropes.
in
the
plotting scale
plow-type machine
A scale used for setting off the lengths of
lines in surveying.
plow
a. In coal mining, a cutter loader with
knives or blades, which is pulled
English-English
plug-and-feather hole
A hole drilled for the purpose of splitting
a block of stone. These holes
are usually in rows. The plug is a slightly
wedge-shaped
piece
of
iron
driven between two L-shaped irons, or
feathers,
inserted
in
the
hole.
Stauffer
plug
a. A watertight seal in a shaft formed by
removing
the
lining
and
inserting a concrete dam, or by placing a
plug
of
clay
over
ordinary
debris used to fill the shaft up to the
location
of
the
plug.
BS,
10
b.
See:hoisting
plug
c. A steel cylinder placed inside the
annular opening in a coring bit to
convert it for use as a noncoring bit. The
face of the plug may or may not
plug-and-feather method
A method used in quarrying to reduce
large masses of stone to smaller
size. By using a hammer drill, a row of
shallow holes is made along the
English-English
plugged bit
a.
See:noncoring
bit
b. A core bit, the annular opening of
which is tightly closed or blocked
by a piece or the impacted fragments of a
core. Long
plug bit
plugged crib
plugging
plug box
English-English
plughole
plug shot
plughole stopping
A stopping in which the floor and the
sidewalls of the passage are built
of sandbags, and the roof may be the roof
of
the
roadway
or
covering
boards used between the webs of steel
arches,
or
preferably,
corrugated
steel sheeting used as lagging behind steel
arches.
The
plughole
or
passage is generally tapered from the inby
end from 3 to 3.5 ft (0.9 to
1.1 m) square to 2.5 ft (0.76 m) square so
that,
in
the
event
of
an
explosion, the plug of sandbags in the
passage is subjected to a wedging
action assisting to retain the plug in place.
The
plughole
may
be
placed
in the most convenient position and
although this is often at the top, it
is sometimes placed to the side and
reasonably
near
the
floor.
Sinclair, 1
plumb
a.
See:vertical
bob;
plumbline.
b.
See:plumb
c. To carry a survey into a mine through a
shaft
by
means
of
heavily
weighted fine wires hung vertically in the
shaft.
The
line
of
sight
passing through the wires at the surface is
thus
transferred
to
the
mine
workings. An important piece of work: in
mine shafts, and in transferring
courses or bearings from one level to
another. Fay
plumbago
a. A special quality of powdered graphite
used to coat molds, and in a
mixture with clay, to make crucibles.
c. Impure graphite or graphitic rock.
d. Minerals resembling graphite; e.g.,
molybdenite.
plugman
See:pumping engineer
English-English
plumbago crucible
Highly refractory crucible composed of a
mixture of about equal parts of
refractory clay and graphite. Osborne
plumb bob
a. A small weight or bob, hanging at the
end of a cord, which under the
action of gravity is oriented in a vertical
direction.
Also
called
a
plummet.
CTD
b. A pointed weight hung from a string.
Used
for
vertical
alignment.
Nichols, 1
plumbocalcite
A variety of calcite containing a small
amount of lead carbonate.
plumboferrite
A trigonal mineral, PbFe4 O7 ; black; at
Jakobsberg, Sweden.
plumber's dope
A soft sealing compound for pipe threads.
Nichols, 1
plumbogummite
A trigonal mineral, PbAl3 (PO4 )2 (OH)5
.H
2 O ; crandallite group; forms yellow to
brown
encrustations;
in
Cumberland, United Kingdom.
plumbic
Of, pertaining to, or containing lead, esp.
in
its
higher
valence.
CF:plumbous
plumbojarosite
plumbiferous
A trigonal mineral, PbFe6 (SO4 )4 (OH)12 ;
alunite group; forms minute brown tabular
crystals
with
rhombohedral
cleavage.
plumbomicrolite
plumbline
A device used to produce a vertical line
between a survey instrument and
the reference point over (or sometimes
Editorial Grupo Universitario: grupouniversitario@hotmail.com
268
English-English
plumbous
plump
See:puddingstone
plunge
plum-pudding stone
plummet
See:plumbline
plunger
plumose
plumb post
One of the vertical posts at the side of a
tunnel
resting
on
sills
and
carrying the wallplates; collectively, they
support
the
tunnel
roof
by
means of centering. Stauffer
plumites
A feathery variety of jamesonite.
plunger bucket
plumose mica
English-English
with
Lewis
double-acting
plungers.
plunger-type washbox
A washbox in which pulsating motion is
produced
by
the
reciprocating
movement of a plunger or piston.
plus distance
plunger press
See:chalcotrichite; cuprite.
plunger lift
plus mesh
The portion of a powder sample retained
on
a
screen
of
stated
size.
Osborne
plunger pump
a. Reciprocating pump used for moving
water or pulp, in which a solid
piston displaces the fluid. Pryor, 3
b. A displacement-type pump may be of
various types, such as: (1) the
triplex pump, a vertical or horizontal,
single-acting
plunger
type
for
small heads with three single-acting
cylinders in the pump frame driven by
a motor mounted on the outside of the
frame
and
connected
to
the
crankshaft of the pump through gearing;
(2) the quadruplex or quintuplex
pump, a pump having four or five
cylinders; and (3) the duplex pump, a
crank-and-flywheel type for high heads,
plus sight
See:backsight
pluton
A body of medium- to coarse-grained
igneous rock that formed beneath the
surface by crystallization of a magma.
plutonic
a. Pertaining to igneous rocks formed at
great
depths.
CF:hypabyssal
AGI
b. Pertaining to rocks formed by any
process
. AGI
at
great
English-English
depth.
pluviometer
See:rain gage
plutonic metamorphism
ply
Deep-seated regional metamorphism at
high
temperatures
and
pressures,
often accompanied by strong deformation;
batholithic
intrusion
with
accompanying metasomatism, infiltration,
and
injection
(or,
alternatively,
differential fusion or anatexis) is
characteristic.
CF:injection metamorphism
pneumatic blowpipe
plutonic series
pneumatic caisson
plutonic rock
plutonism
a. The obsolete belief that all of the rocks
of
the
Earth
solidified
from
an original molten mass. CF:neptunism
b. A general term for the phenomena
associated with the formation of
plutons. AGI
English-English
pneumatic drill
Compressed-air
drill
worked
by
reciprocating piston, hammer action, or
turbo drive. Pryor, 3
pneumatic drill leg
See:air-leg support
pneumatic filling
A filling method in which compressed air
is
utilized
to
blow
filling
material into a mined-out stope. Stoces
pneumatic flotation cell
pneumatic concentrator
English-English
cloth,
frit,
or
rubber
surface
forming the wall of a wind box. Gaudin, 2
pneumatic hammer
A hammer that uses compressed air for
producing the impacting blow.
pneumatic mortar
Mortar applied to a surface with a cement
gun
in
the
same
manner
as
gunite. Such mortar has a cube crushing
strength of 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa)
at 7 days and of 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa) at
28
days,
with
a
water-cement
ratio of 0.45. Hammond
pneumatic hoist
A device for hoisting; operated by
compressed air. Standard, 2
pneumatic injection
A method for fighting underground coal
fires.
This
air-blowing
technique
involves the injection of an incombustible
mineral, like rock wool or dry
sand, through 6-in (15.2-cm) boreholes
drilled
from
the
surface
to
intersect underground passageways in the
mines.
pneumatic pick
A compressed-air-operated hand tool used
to excavate coal, ore, and rock,
with a punching action. Without the pick
steel, its length is about 18 in
(46 cm) and weight about 24 lb (10.8 kg).
It
delivers
about
2,500
blows/min. The latest type is the watercontrolled pick, so designed that
the air valve is operated by water pressure.
The
water
assists
in
suppressing the dust made during cutting.
Nelson
pneumatic jig
a. Air jig used in desert countries for
concentrating
ore.
Pryor,
3
b. A jigging machine in which an airblast
performs the work of separation
of
minerals.
Standard,
2
c. See:Kirkup table; plunger jig washer.
pneumatic ram
A ram fed by a compressed-air pipeline.
The piston is about 8 in (20 cm)
in diameter, giving an area of 50 in2 (323
cm2
)
and
exerts a pushing force of up to 4,000 lb
(1,800 kg). Nelson
pneumatic lighting
a. Underground lighting produced by a
compressed-air turbomotor driving a
small
dynamo.
Pryor,
3
b. The use of compressed air to generate
electric light.
pneumatic riveter
A compressed-air tool used for driving
rivets.
Hammond
pneumatic method
In flotation, a method in which gas is
introduced
under
slight
pressure
near the bottom of the flotation vessel, the
device
used
for
introduction
being either a submerged pipe or a porous
English-English
pneumatics
pneumatic table
pneumatic tamper
Essentially a long-stroke piston with a
mushroom-shaped foot about 4 in
(10 cm) in diameter. It operates on
compressed air, which is used to lift
the piston and footpiece; their combined
weight, in falling, supplies the
impact. Carson, 1
pneumatic stowing
A system of filling mined cavities in
which crushed rock is carried along
a pipeline by compressed air and
discharged at high velocity into the
space to be packed, the intense projection
ensuring a very high density of packed
material. For stowing shallow workings-up
to
200
yd
(183
m)
in
depth--the stowing plant may be installed
on the surface. The air pressure
is about 60 psi (414 kPa). For deeper
workings, the plant may be installed
underground, and the crushed rock taken
down from the surface. The stowing
pipes are about 5 to 6 in (approx. 13 to 15
cm) in diameter. The system is
often employed if important surface
structures
require
protection.
The
material used is from old dirt heaps,
screen dirt, and washery rejects.
The material is crushed to -2-1/2 in (-6.35
cm) and preferably without the
-1/2-in
(-1.27-cm)
material.;
crusher stower; hydraulic stowing; lowpressure
air
stower.
Nelson
pneumatic tool
Tool operated by air pressure. Crispin
pneumatic transport
System composed of: a compressor, which
provides airflow; a feeder, which
meters the flow of material into a pipeline;
and
the
pipeline-for
transporting coarse, dry, noncohesive
material. SME, 1
pneumatic water barrel
A special type of water barrel for
removing water from a shaft sinking. By
means of a hose connection to an air pump
at the surface, a partial vacuum
is created inside the barrel and the water
lifts
the
valve
and
fills
the
English-English
pneumatolytic stage
That stage in the cooling of a magma
during which the solid and gaseous
phases are in equilibrium. AGI
pneumatogenic
pneumoSaid of a rock or mineral deposit formed
by
a
gaseous
agent.
CF:hydatogenic; hydatopneumatogenic;
pneumatolytic. AGI
pneumatolysis
Alteration of a rock or crystallization of
minerals
by
gaseous
emanations
derived from solidifying magma. Adj:
pneumatolytic. AGI
pneumoconiosis
A disease of the lungs caused by habitual
inhalation
of
irritant
mineral
or metallic particles. It occurs in any
workplaces
where
dust
is
prevalent, such as mines, quarries,
foundries, and potteries. Also called
miner's asthma; miner's consumption;
miner's
lung.
Also
spelled
pneumonoconiosis;
pneumonokoniosis.
CF:anthracosis;
silicosis.
pneumatolytic
A term used in different connotations by
various authors and perhaps best
abandoned. It has been used to describe:
(1) the surface effects of gases
near volcanoes; (2) contact-metamorphic
effects
surrounding
deep-seated
intrusives; (3) that stage in igneous
differentiation
between
pegmatitic
and hydrothermal, which is supposed to
be
characterized
by
gas-crystal
equilibria; and (4) very loosely, any
deposit
containing
minerals
or
elements
commonly
formed
in
pneumatolysis, such as tourmaline, topaz,
fluorite, lithium, and tin, and hence
presumed to have formed from a gas
phase. CF:pneumatogenic
pneumokoniosis
See:pneumoconiosis
pocket
a. A localized enrichment; a crevice in
bedrock containing gold; a rich
patch
of
gold
in
a
reef.
b. A rich deposit of mineral, but not a
vein.
c. A bin, of a capacity equal to the skip,
used at the shaft bottom of an
underground mine for quick and accurate
skip
loading.
shaft pocket; measuring chute. Nelson
d. A receptacle, from which coal, ore, or
waste is loaded into wagons or
pneumatolytic metamorphism
Contact metamorphism in which the
composition of a rock has been altered
by introduced gaseous magmatic material.
English-English
cars.
Fay
e. A ganister quarryman's local term for
masses of rock, 30 to 50 ft (9.1
to 15.2 m) in width, that are worked out
and loaded, leaving buttresses of
untouched rock between them to support
the
upper
masses.
Fay
f. A hole or depression in the wearing
course
of
a
roadway.
Fay
g. A local accumulation of gas. Hudson
h. A bulge, sop, or belly in a lode or bed.
Arkell
i. A cavity, whether filled with air, water,
mineral,
or
gravel.
Arkell
j. In pegmatites, the central openings lined
with
crystals,
including
those of gem species. Sinkankas
pocket compass
A magnetic needle enclosed in a
nonmagnetic case, the needle being free to
swing over a graduated face or dial. The
compass
is
useful
for
experimental purposes or for directionfinding in desolate parts of the
countryside, or during darkness and foggy
weather. Morris
pocket conveyor
A continuous series of pockets, formed of
a
flexible
material
festooned
between crossrods, carried by two endless
chains
or
other
linkage
that
operate in horizontal, vertical and inclined
paths.
pocket-and-fender method
pocket hunter
In pillar extraction, a method in which
lifts are mined in the same way as
in the open-end method, except that a
fender of coal or a series of small
coal stumps is left adjacent to the gob as
the lift is advanced. After the
lift is completed, the fender or stumps of
coal are blasted, and sometimes
part of this coal is recovered. Woodruff
pocket-and-stump method
A method of mining pillars in which a
narrow pillar of coal, called the
stump, is left along the goaf (worked-out
space) to support the roof while
driving the pocket. This coal acts as a
protection for the miners. When
the pocket has been completed, the stump
is
worked
back,
then
another
pocket is driven, and so on. Lewis
pocket transit
See:Brunton compass
pod
A rudely cylindrical orebody that
decreases at the ends like a cigar or a
potato.
English-English
Podsol
See:Podzol
Podzol
poicilitic
A great soil group in the 1938
classification system; a group of zonal
soils having an organic mat and a very
thin
organic-mineral
layer
overlying a gray, leached A2 horizon and
a dark brown, illuvial B horizon
enriched in iron oxide, alumina, and
organic matter. It develops under
coniferous or mixed forests or under
heath, in a cool to temperate moist
climate. Also spelled Podsol. Spelled
"podzol" when used as the soil type
belonging to the Podzol group. Etymol:
Russian
podsol,
ash
soil.
AGI
See:poikilitic
poidometer
An automatic weighing device for use on
belt conveyors. The device feeds
the material from a hopper in a uniform
stream onto a short independent
belt conveyor and from there onto the
main belt or bin. The weight of
material on the measuring belt actuates a
scale beam that raises or lowers
a gate controlling the rate of flow from the
feed
hopper
to
a
certain
predetermined load per foot of measuring
belt. A meter records the travel
of measuring belt, and this figure
multiplied by the weight per foot of
belt, as fixed by the scale beam
adjustment, gives the weight of material
handled in any given period.
podzolization
The process by which a soil becomes
more acid owing to depletion of bases,
and develops surface layers that are
leached of clay and develop illuvial
B horizons; the development of a podzol.
Also
spelled:
podsolization.
AGI
poikilit
See:bornite
poecilitic
poikilitic
The original spelling of poikilitic. Now
obsolete in American usage, it is
still the most accepted European spelling.
AGI
Poetsch process
a. The original freezing process of shaft
sinking
developed
by
F.
H.
Poetsch in 1883.b. A process in which
brine at subzero temperature is circulated
through
poikilitic texture
See:poikilitic
English-English
poikiloblastic
point agate
See:point chalcedony
point chalcedony
White or gray cryptocrystalline quartz
flecked with tiny spots of iron
oxide, giving the whole surface a uniform
soft
red
color.
point defect
A deviation from ideal crystal structure
about
a
point
location;
e.g.,
interstitial, atom missing (Schottky), or
combined
(Frenkel).
CF:crystal defect; Frenkel defect;
Schottky defect.
point
a. A predetermined direction for driving a
roadway
underground.
The
point
is fixed by roof plugs in the roadway.
spad.
Nelson
b. One one-hundredth (0.01) part of a
carat. When less than one carat, the
weight of a diamond is usually expressed
in points; e.g., 20 points equals
1/5
carat.
Chandler
c. A pipe through which steam or hot
water is brought into contact with
frozen gravel to thaw it for mining or
dredging.
d.
See:well
point
e. In quarrying, a type of wedge that
tapers to a narrow, thin edge.
f. The end or bottom of a borehole, as
distinguished from the mouth or
collar.
Fay
g. A tool used in trimming and smoothing
rough
stone
surfaces.
Webster
3rd
h. Either of a pair of tapered rails at a
turnout that can be adjusted to
direct a set of mine cars from a straight
rail
track
to
another
track
branching
off
at
an
angle..
Nelson
point driver
In metal mining, a person who drives
steam or water points (specially made
pipes with a chisel bit at one end) into the
frozen
ground
of
a
placer
deposit in advance of dredging operations,
to thaw the ground so that it
can be worked by the dredge for recovery
of
gold.
DOT
pointed box
A box, in the form of an inverted pyramid
or
wedge,
in
which
minerals,
after crushing and sizing, are separated in
a current of water.
point group
One of 32 geometrically possible arrays of
symmetry
elements
intersecting
at a point. These symmetry elements are
axes of rotation, both proper and
English-English
point of intersection
a. The point where intersecting lines cross
one
another.
Jones,
2
b. The point where the two tangents to a
circular
curve
intersect.
Abbrev., P.I. Also called vertex. Seelye, 2
point kriging
Estimating the value of a point from a set
of
nearby
sample
values
using
kriging. The kriged estimate for a point
will usually be quite similar to
the kriged estimate for a relatively small
block
centered
on
the
point,
but the computed kriging standard
deviation will be higher. When a kriged
point happens to coincide with a sampled
location,
the
kriged
estimate
will equal the sample value.
point of recalescence
point of attack
See:recalescence
point of switch
That point in the track where a car passes
from the main line onto the
rails of a turnout. Kiser
point of tangency
See:portal
point of compound curvature
The point of tangency common to two
curves of different radii, the curves
lying on the same side of the common
tangent.
Abbrev.,
P.C.C.
Seelye, 2
point plotting
In seismology, a procedure in reflection
interpretation
in
which
depth
points are computed and plotted for each
seismogram
trace
separately.
Schieferdecker
point of curvature
The point where the alignment changes
from a straight line or tangent to a
circular curve; i.e., the point where the
curve
leaves
the
first
tangent.
Abbrev., P.C. Seelye, 2
point source
A single point from which light emanates;
e.g.,
the
sun
or
a
lamp
filament, or their reflections. In the case of
multiple
reflections,
each
is a point source.
point of frog
The intersection gagelines of the main
track and a turnout. Kiser
poise
a. The unit of absolute viscosity, equal to
one
dyne-second
per
square
English-English
polar
a. Lacking a center of symmetry, with the
result
that
crystals
are
acentric in their crystal forms and physical
properties;
i.e.,
electrostatic or magnetic properties are
equal
and
opposite
at
the
opposite ends of these crystals; e.g.,
tourmalines.
Ant.
nonpolar.
b. An optical device, such as nicol prism
or
polarizing
filter,
for
the
production of plane-polarized light.; Nicol
prism.
Poiseuille's law
A statement in physics that the velocity of
flow
of
a
liquid
through
a
capillary tube varies directly as the
pressure and the fourth power of the
diameter of the tube and inversely as the
length
of
the
tube
and
the
coefficient of viscosity.
Polar Ajax
poisoning
A
high-strength,
high-density,
nitroglycerin gelatin explosive, supplied
in both unsheathed and sheathed forms.
polar curve
A graph showing the distribution of light
in a flame safety lamp obtained
by plotting the values obtained at intervals
of
10
degrees
around
a
full
circle. Mason
Poisson's ratio
The ratio of the lateral unit strain to the
longitudinal
unit
strain
in
a
body that has been stressed longitudinally
within
its
elastic
limit.
It
is
one of the elastic constants. Symbol:
sigma
.
polar explosive
Explosive containing an antifreeze
ingredient and distinguished by the
prefix polar. Polar and nonpolar
explosives of equal grade possess similar
characteristics. Explosives that contain
nitroglycerin tend to freeze when
stored at low temperatures for lengthy
periods.
poker man
A laborer who removes blue powder and
ash
residue
from
retorts
after
molten zinc has been tapped. Also called
scraper. DOT
polariscope
An optical device consisting of two
polarizers with a space between for a
crystal or rock under study.
English-English
polarity
In crystallography, the property of having
differing
types
of
termination
at the two ends of a prismatic crystal. May
be
reflected
in
pyroelectric
properties, conduction of electric current,
etc.
polarizer
In a polarized-light microscope, the
polarizing filter or Nicol prism
(polar) located below the sample
stage.analyzer.
polarizability
The property of an ion or atom to deform
so as to create a dipole from the
displacement of its electron cloud.
polarizing prism
A prism of an anisotropic crystal,
commonly calcite, cut and cemented
together so as to permit passage of one of
the
doubly
refracted
light
rays
while reflecting the other out of the train
of
a
microscope.
polarization
a. The difference between the equilibrium
value
of
the
potential
of
an
electrode and the value attained when an
appreciable current flows through
a
system.
Schlain
b. In electrolysis, the condition in the
vicinity
of
an
electrode,
such
that the potential necessary to get a
desired reaction is increased beyond
the reversible electrode potential. ASM, 1
c. The production of dipoles or higherorder
multipoles
in
a
medium.
AGI
d. The polarity or potential near an
electrode.
AGI
e. In seismology, the direction of particle
motion of shear (S) waves in a
plane perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
AGI
f. A process of filtration or reflection by
which
ordinary
light
is
converted to plane-polarized light in
which the electric vector of a light
ray is confined to a single plane.
Polaroid
A sheet of cellulose impregnated with
optically
aligned
crystals
of
quinine iodosulfate, which permit passage
of
light
with
its
electric
vector in one plane while absorbing all
other impinging light. It is a
cheap substitute for Nicol prisms in
modern polarized-light microscopes.
Polar Viking
polarized light
English-English
polder
Dutch. Low fertile land, as in The
Netherlands and Belgium, reclaimed from
the sea by systems of dikes and
embankments.
pole strength
In measurement of magnetic strength, the
number
of
unit
poles
in
the
measured field. One unit pole is the
strength in a vacuum required to
exert 1 dyn in a 1-cm gap between poles.
Pryor, 3
pole
a. Either of the two regions of a
permanent magnet or an electromagnet
where most of the lines of induction enter
or leave. A point toward which
a freely suspended ferromagnetic rod
aligns
itself.
b. The negative or positive electrical pole
in a circuit.
polianite
pole chain
A surveyor's chain.
poling
pole figure
See:locomotive brakeman
pole piece
poling back
poleman
English-English
poling board
polishing mill
polish
pollen peat
polirschiefer
poll pick
A pick with a head for breaking away hard
partings
in
coal
seams
or
knocking down rock already seamed by
blasting.
Fay
polished section
A slice of rock or mineral that has been
highly
polished
for
examination
by reflected-light or electron microbeam
techniques,
a
procedure
mostly
applied to opaque minerals..
pollucite
An isometric mineral, (Cs, Na)2 Al2 Si4
O12
.H
O
;
zeolite
group;
forms
a
series
with
2
analcime;
colorless;
occurs
in granite pegmatites; a source of cesium
and a minor gemstone.
polishing
Removing the last traces of suspended
matter from solutions by passing
them through a filter coated with
diatomaceous earth or similar material.
polishing cask
A barrel in which grained gunpowder is
tumbled with graphite to glaze it.
Standard, 2
polyargyrite
A mixture of argentite and tetrahedrite.
English-English
polybasite
polygenetic
polychroism
See:pleochroism
polygon
polychroite
polychroilite
Altered cordierite. Dana, 1
See:cordierite
polygonal
polycrase
A two-dimensional form having more
than four regular straight sides.
An
orthorhombic
mineral,
(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Ti,Nb,Ta)2
O6
;
black; in granite pegmatites. Formerly
spelled polykras.
polygonal method
polydymite
polyhalite
polycrystal
A mineral specimen composed of an
assemblage of individual crystals of
various crystallographic orientations.
syntaxy.
polycrystalline
salt
deposits
in
Mexico, and Germany.
Texas,
English-English
New
polykras
polymignite
See:polycrase
An
orthorhombic
mineral,
(Ca,Fe,Y,Th)(Nb,Ti,Ta,Zr)O4
;
radioactive;
in syenites and granite pegmatites. Also
spelled polymignyte.
polymer
a. A compound formed by the union of
two or more molecules of the same
simple
substance.
Standard,
2
b. In the plural use, compounds identical
in composition but which vary in
molecular weight, such as ethylene
(ethene),
Ch2
:Ch2
;
propylene (propene), CH3 CH:CH2 ; and
butylene
(butene),
CH
3 CH2 CH:CH2 . Standard, 2
polymorphism
polymetallic sulfide
polynigritite
polymerization
Union of two or more molecules of given
structure to form a new compound
with the same elemental proportions but
with
different
properties
and
a
higher molecular weight. Pryor, 3
polymerize
polynite
A montmorillonoid clay mineral in soils.
Spencer, 6
English-English
polyphase
polytropy
polysomatic
Having a texture consisting of numerous
small
grains;
said
of
minerals.
Standard, 2
polytypism
a. A condition in micas and similar clay
minerals
in
which
they
show
growth spirals which are due to lamellae
of
different
orientations.
AGI
b.
One-dimensional
polymorphism
resulting from alternate stacking of
identical layers; e.g., kaolinite, nacrite,
and dickite.
polysomatism
Minerals having a texture of many small
grains.
polysyngony
A condition where two or more minerals
have the same composition, but
different crystal classes owing to changed
bond
angles;
e.g.,
alpha
and
beta quartz. CF:polytypy; polytropy;
polymorphism.
polytypy
A condition in which the space lattice of
two
related
minerals
is
completely altered to a new type. This is
illustrated
by
the
quartz-tridymite relationship.Hess
polysynthetic twinning
a. Two systems of lamellar twinning at an
angle
with
one
another.
b. Successive twinning of three or more
individuals, according to the same
twin law, with parallel composition
planes; commonly revealed by visibly
striated cleavage planes; e.g., albite
twinning
in
plagioclase
feldspar.
CF:cyclic twinning; twin laminae.
polyvinyl butyral
A resin, with a plasticizer. Provides the
interlayer
in
standard
laminated
glass made from either polished plate
glass or window glass. Lee
polyxene
polythionic acid
A variety of native platinum alloyed with
iron.
Poncelet wheel
A kind of undershot waterwheel suitable
for falls of less than 6 ft (1.8
English-English
poor fumes
An iron rod used in glassmaking to carry
and manipulate hot bottles, etc.;
has a projection at the end, varying in
shape according to the character
of the ware carried. Also called snap;
pontee;
ponto;
ponty;
puntee;
puntil; punty. Standard, 2
pontoon
pop
pony set
A small timber set or frame incorporated
in the main sets of a haulage
level to accommodate an ore chute or
other equipment from above or below.
Nelson
pop a boulder
To place and explode a stick of dynamite
on a boulder so as to break it
for easy removal from a mine. Fay
pool
pophole
a. To undercut or undermine material,
such as coal, esp. in excavating.
Webster
3rd
b. A continuous area of porous
English-English
pophole blasting
poppy stone
pop-off valve
A method of drilling a hole just beyond
the center of a boulder to be
broken so that the charge is centrally
situated.
Stemming
is
used.
Pop-shooting is economical in explosives,
but drilling is required. It is
somewhat difficult to control the throw of
broken
material,
but
there
is
little noise to cause annoyance to nearby
property
owners.
pop shot
a. The top of a derrick where the pulley is
situated.
Gordon
b. See:headgear
poppet valve
A valve shaped like a mushroom, resting
on a circular seat, and opened by
raising the stem.. Nichols, 1
popping
The drilling, charging, and firing of a hole
in the center of a boulder at
quarry and open-cast mines. The hole is
charged at the rate of 2 to 3 oz
(57 to 85 g) of explosive per yd3 (74.2 to
111.3
g/m3
)
of rock. The charge is pushed to the
bottom of the hole and then filled
with sand or soil. Also called pop
shooting.
Nelson
pop valve
A pressure-relief valve. Long
porcelain clay
A clay suitable for use in the manufacture
of
porcelain;
specif.
kaolin.
AGI
porcelain earth
See:kaolinite
English-English
porcelain jasper
pore space
pore-space filling
porcelaneous
pore water
porcelain oven
porcellanite
A dense siliceous rock having the texture,
dull
luster,
hardness,
conchoidal
fracture,
and
general
appearance of unglazed porcelain; it is
less hard, dense, and vitreous than chert.
The term has been used for: an
impure chert, in part argillaceous; an
indurated or baked clay or shale
often found in the roof or floor of a
burned-out
coal
seam;
and
a
fine-grained, acidic tuff compacted by
secondary
silica.
Etymol:
Italian
porcellana, porcelain. Also spelled:
porcelanite;
porcelainite.
AGI
pore-water pressure
pore
porosity
See:neutral stress
porosimeter
An instrument used to determine the
porosity of a rock sample by comparing
the bulk volume of the sample with the
aggregate volume of the pore spaces
between the grains. Porosimeters are of
various
designs,
some
using
liquids and some using gases, at known
pressures, to find the volume of
openings. AGI
English-English
Holmes,
2
b. The amount of void space in a reservoir
usually
expressed
as
percent
voids per bulk volume. Absolute porosity
refers to the total amount of
pore space in a reservoir, regardless of
whether or not that space is
accessible to fluid penetration. Effective
porosity
refers
to
the
amount
of connected pore spaces; i.e., the space
available
to
fluid
penetration.
porpezite
A native alloy of argentiferous gold with
palladium,
the
palladium
content
varying up to 10%. From Porpez, Brazil.
porphyrite
An obsolete term synonymous with
porphyry. The term was originally used to
distinguish porphyries that contain
plagioclase phenocrysts from those
that contain alkali feldspar phenocrysts.
AGI
porosity coefficient
Evolved by Professor H. Briggs in 1931 to
express
the
conductance
of
a
waste to air leakage, per foot length of the
roadway per foot width of the
leakage zone. Roberts, 1
porphyritic
a. Said of the texture of an igneous rock in
which
larger
crystals
(phenocrysts) are set in a finer-grained
groundmass,
which
may
be
crystalline or glassy or both. Also, said of
a rock with such texture, or
of the mineral forming the phenocrysts.
AGI
b. Pertaining to or resembling porphyry.
AGI
porous
Containing voids, pores, cells, interstices,
and other openings, which may
or may not interconnect.
porous ground
porphyritic obsidian
Any assemblage of rock material that, as a
result
of
fracturing,
faulting,
mode of deposition, etc., contains a high
percentage of voids, pores, and
other openings. Long
porous-pot electrode
See:porphyritic
porphyroblast
A pseudoporphyritic crystal in a rock
produced
by
metamorphic
recrystallization. Adj: porphyroblastic.;
pseudophenocryst. AGI
English-English
porphyroblastic
a. Pertaining to the texture of a
recrystallized metamorphic rock having
large idioblasts of minerals possessing
high form energy (e.g., garnet,
andalusite)
in
a
finer-grained
crystalloblastic
matrix.
AGI
b. See:pseudoporphyritic
porphyroclast
A rock fragment contained in mylonite.
porphyroclastic structure
See:mortar structure
porphyrogranulitic
Said of the texture of a diabase porphyry
having
phenocrysts
of
plagioclase and augite in a ground mass of
plagioclase laths and augite.
porphyroid
porphyry deposit
Said of or pertaining to a blastoporphyritic
or
sometimes
porphyroblastic
metamorphic rock of igneous origin, or a
feldspathic
metasedimentary
rock
having the appearance of a porphyry. It
occurs in the lower grades of
regional metamorphism. AGI
porphyry
An igneous rock of any composition that
contains
conspicuous
phenocrysts
in a fine-grained groundmass; a
porphyritic igneous rock. The term (from
a
Greek word for a purple dye) was first
applied
to
a
purple-red
rock
quarried in Egypt and characterized by
phenocrysts of alkali feldspar. The
English-English
port
portable crane
A hoisting device carried by a frame
mounted on wheels. Crispin
portable crusher
A crusher with temporary support
foundations, so that it can be moved in
sections, or it can be moved along
roadways with minimum dismantling.
SME, 1
portable drag conveyor
A portable conveyor upon which endless
drag
chains
are
used
as
the
conveying medium. Also a term
sometimes applied to a portable flight
conveyor.
English-English
portable drill
portable shunt
portal
a. The rock face at which tunnel driving is
started.
b. The surface entrance to a drift, tunnel,
adit,
or
entry.
c. The log, concrete, timber, or masonry
English-English
at
portland cement
A calcium-aluminum silicate produced by
fusing or clinkering limestone and
clay in a kiln so as to drive off carbon
dioxide
and
produce
an
oxide
glass. The clinker is ground very fine and,
when
mixed
with
water,
will
recrystallize and set. It is combined with
aggregate to form concrete. The
name is from a resemblance to the
Portland limestone of England.
portal crane
A type of jib crane carried on a fourlegged portal frame, which runs
along rails.
portal-to-portal
A term encountered in disputes over what
constitutes
compensable
"working
time" under Federal laws. Portal literally
means
"entrance"
and,
in
underground coal mining, portal refers to
the mine mouth or entry at the
surface. Hence, portal-to-portal as a
descriptive
term
means
strictly
elapsed time from entry through the portal
to exit on return. BCI
port crown
Port roof of a tank.
Portland limestone
See:scraper plow
porter
A long iron bar attached to a forging, or a
piece
in
process
of
forging,
by which to swing and turn it. Standard, 2
Portland stone
porthole
a. A yellowish-white, oolitic limestone
from the
Isle
of
Portland
(a
peninsula in southern England), widely
used
for
building
purposes.
b.
A
purplish-brown
sandstone
(brownstone) from Portland, CT. AGI
English-English
above
the
used. AGI
portrait stone
A flat diamond, sometimes with several
rows of facets around its edge;
used for covering very small portraits.
Standard, 2
water
table.
Little
positive crystal
An optically positive crystal. AGI
posepnyte
positive derail
position block
positive
positive drive
A driving connection in two or more
wheels or shafts that will turn them
at approx. the same relative speeds under
any
conditions.
Nichols, 1
positive element
English-English
positive elongation
See:temperature coefficient
positron
Positive electron of the same mass as a
negative
electron;
has
only
transitory existence. Pryor, 3
positive ore
a. Ore exposed on four sides in blocks of a
size
variously
prescribed.
possessio pedis
The actual possession of a mining claim
by the first arrival.
Fay
b. Ore which is exposed and properly
sampled on four sides, in blocks of
reasonable size, having in view the nature
of
the
deposit
as
regards
uniformity of value per ton and of the
third
dimension,
or
thickness.
Fay
possessory title
Title vested in the locator of a mining
claim by compliance with the State
and Federal mining laws.
possible crystal face
positive rake
Any crystal face permitted by the
symmetry of crystal structure but not
appearing on a particular mineral
specimen.
possible ore
An obsolete term for inferred reserves.
positive ray
post
Stream of positively charged atoms or
molecules that take part in the
electrical discharge in a rarefied gas.
Positive rays have been studied by
allowing them to pass through a
perforated cathode onto a photographic
plate, being deflected by magnetic and
electrostatic
fields
(Thomson's
English-English
post drill
An auger (or drill) supported by a post.
Fay
post hole
A shallow borehole. Long
post-hole auger
A hand-rotated drilling tool that enables
bores to be sunk down to about
20 ft (6 m) in unsupported holes and
deeper
in
cased
holes.
post-hole digger
Large auger, rotated mechanically or by
hand,
used
for
digging
in
unconsolidated ground and retrieving a
sample. Pryor, 3
posthumous
In tectonics, said of a recurrence of forces
and
movement
along
lines
or
over areas affected by similar forces in a
previous period; overprint.
post-and-stall
A mode of working coal, in which a
certain amount of coal is left as
pillars and the remainder is taken away,
forming rooms or other openings.
The method is also called bord-and-pillar;
pillar-and-breast;
etc.
Fay
posting
York. Extracting the post or pillars; pillar
robbing.
post jack
post brake
A
jack
for
Standard, 2; Fay
pulling
posts.
English-English
postmineral movement
Movement usually along a fault that
occurs after a mineral has been
deposited.
potarite
postorogenic intrusion
potash
Potassium carbonate, K2 CO3 ; formerly
extracted
from
wood
ashes; used as a component of glasses,
glazes, and enamels to enhance
colorants. Also called pearl ash.
post puller
An electric vehicle having a powered
drum for handling wire rope used to
pull mine props after coal has been
removed; used for the recovery of the
timber.
potash alum
See:kalinite; alum; potassium alum.
post puncher
potash feldspar
A coal-mining machine of the puncher
type supported by a post. Fay
See:potassium feldspar
post stone
potash fixation
pot
potash mica
See:muscovite
potash spar
See:potassium feldspar; spar. CF:soda
spar
potash syenite
A syenite with a large excess of potassium
feldspar
(microcline,
orthoclase) or feldspathoid over sodium
feldspar (albite).
English-English
potassic
potassium feldspar
potassium
This compound, which approximates
composition
to
K2
Ti6
13 and melts at 1,370 degrees C, can
made
into
fibers
for
use
a heat-insulating material. Dodd
in
O
be
as
potato stone
See:geode
potassium alum
pot bottom
potassium aluminosilicate
See:feldspar
potch
potassium apatite
A synthetic phosphate with K replacing
Ca.
potassium bentonite
potential
potassium carbonate
See:potash
potassium chloride
See:sylvite
English-English
potential gradient
An ascending or descending value of
voltage
related
to
a
linear
measurement, such as a distance along the
Earth
surface
or
ground.
USBM, 2
potential ore
potentiometric surface
An imaginary surface representing the
total head of ground water; defined
by the level to which water will rise in a
well.
The
water
table
is
a
particular
potentiometric
surface.;
pressure surface. AGI
potential-determining ion
Any ion which leaves the surface of a
solid immersed in aqueous liquid
before equilibrium (saturation point) has
been
reached,
while
an
electrical double layer is building up and
zeta-potential
develops.
Pryor, 4
pothole
a. A kettlelike or circular depression,
generally deeper than wide, worn
into the solid rock in a stream bed at falls
and
strong
rapids
by
sand,
gravel, and stones being spun around by
the force of the current. Also
called a kettle hole; swallow hole. Fay
b. A kettlelike to irregular steep-walled
subcircular
interruption
of
bedding in the Merensky Reef of the
Bushveld Complex, South Africa. It is
filled
with
younger
material.
c. A term used in Death Valley,
California, for a circular opening, about
a meter in diameter, filled with brine and
lined
with
halite
crystals.
AGI
d. An underground system of pitches and
slopes. Applied in some cases to
single pitches reaching the surface.
e. A rounded, steep-sided depression
resulting
from
downward
surface
solution.
AGI
potential difference
The difference in electric potential
between two points; represents the
work involved or the energy released in
the transfer of a unit amount of
electricity between them. AGI
potential energy
The form of mechanical energy a body
possesses by virtue of its position.
If a body is being dropped from a higher
to a lower position, the body is
losing potential energy, but if a body is
being
raised,
then
it
gains
potential energy. Morris
English-English
potter
A skilled craftsperson who fabricates
ceramic ware using various forming
techniques.
pottern ore
A term used in early metallurgical practice
for
an
ore
that
becomes
vitrified by heat, like the glazing of
earthenware. Standard, 2
potter's asthma
pot kiln
See:potter's consumption
A small limekiln. Webster 3rd
potter's bronchitis
pot lead
See:potter's consumption
a. An obsolete term for graphite or black
lead.
AGI;
Fay
potlid
potter's clay
A plastic clay free from iron and devoid of
fissility;
suitable
for
modeling or making of pottery or adapted
for use on a potter's wheel. It
is white after burning. AGI
potter's consumption
pot ore
An acute bronchitis often occurring
among pottery employees, eventually
affecting the lungs. Standard, 2
pottery spar
In glassmaking, the placing of a pot in a
furnace
for
the
purpose
of
melting metal. Standard, 2
potstone
a. Impure steatite or massive talc; used in
prehistoric
times
to
make
cooking vessels. Also spelled pot stone.
b. See:paramoudra
English-English
potting
pound-calorie
potty ore
Som. Brown iron ore, Brendon Hills.
Apparently a color term, since the two
varieties of ore are black and potty. Arkell
pounder
Poulter method
pound-foot
pour
In founding: (1) the amount of material, as
melted
metal,
poured
at
a
time; and (2) the act, process, or operation
of
pouring
melted
metal;
such
as, make a pour at noon. Standard, 2
pounceon
poured fitting
Wales. Underclay. Apparently a survival
of the obsolete form of puncheon
(punchin)--a supporting timber in a coal
mine
or
in
a
building
floor
timber. Also spelled pounson. Arkell
pound
a. A large, natural fissure or cavity in
strata.
b. An underground reservoir of water.
pouring basin
A basin on top of a mold to receive the
molten metal before it enters the
sprue or downgate. ASM, 1
English-English
powdered coal
pouty
powder explosive
powder barrel
powder factor
powder box
powder house
pouring gate
powdered ore
Aust. Ore disseminated with veinstuff.
powder
powder keg
A small metal keg for black blasting
powder, usually having a capacity
sufficient for 25 lb (13.5 kg) of powder.
powder chest
A substantial, nonconductive portable
container equipped with a lid and
used temporarily at blasting sites for
English-English
powderman
a. A person in charge of explosives in an
operation
of
any
nature
requiring
their
use.
b. In bituminous coal mining and metal
mining, one who handles proper
storage of explosives in a powder house at
a
mine
and
issues
powder,
dynamite, caps, detonators, and fuses to
miners
as
needed.
At
smaller
mines, may deliver explosives to miners at
working
places.
Also
called
powder monkey.
powder-metallurgy technique
A metallurgical technique in which metal
powder is pressed into a desired
shape.
powder-metal process
The process of mechanically setting
diamonds in a bit in a matrix of
finely divided metal powders. The metal
powder is first cold pressed to
compact it in a bit mold or die and then
heated to allow the bonding alloy
to melt and bind the powder to the
diamonds and bit blank. Hot pressing or
coining follows heating of the powder in
some
modifications
of
the
process. Long
powderman helper
See:powder monkey
powder metal
As used in the diamond-drilling industry,
the
finely
divided
particles
of
iron, copper, nickel, zinc, tungsten
carbide, etc., which, when mixed with
a suitable binding material and subjected
to
processing
by
heat
and
pressure, may be used as a matrix material
to
form
a
bit
crown.
Long
powder mine
An excavation filled with powder for the
purpose
of
blasting
rocks.
Fay
powder monkey
powder-metal bit
powder
carrier;
powderman
English-English
helper.
powder pattern
The array of monochromatic X-ray
diffractions produced by a mineral
powder. CF:crystallogram
power arm
powder porosity
power barrow
See:pedestrian-controlled dumper
power control unit
powellite
One or more winches mounted on a
tractor and used to manipulate parts of
bulldozers, scrapers, or other machines.
Nichols, 2
powellizing process
A wood treatment consisting of
impregnating the wood with a saccharin
solution. It hardens the wood, and renders
it
fireproof
to
some
extent.
Liddell
power dragscraper
A machine consisting of: (1) a bottomless
scraper bucket; (2) a two-drum
hoist; (3) two long cables that attach to the
front
and
rear
of
the
scraper; (4) a movable tail block; (5) a
short, guyed mast located behind
a ground hopper or other delivery point;
and (6) two sheave blocks mounted
on the mast to guide the operating cables
to the hoist. The tail block is
shifted manually from time to time,
swinging the scraper in a wide arc
until all the material within the operating
power
a. Any form of energy available for doing
any kind of work; e.g., steam
power and water power. Specif.,
mechanical energy, as distinguished from
work done by hand. Standard, 2
b. Used loosely to indicate the electric
current
in
a
wire.
Fay
c. Rate of doing work. The foot-poundsecond (fps) unit of power is the
horsepower (hp), which is a rate of
radius
has
Pit and Quarry
been
English-English
taken
out.
power-factor meter
Meter that indicates the relation of the
phase between the line current
and the line voltage, which actually is the
same as the power factor of
the load. Coal Age, 3
power grizzly
Power-operated machine used mainly for
removing
dirt
and
fines
from
material to be crushed. There are three
main
types--the
live-roll
grizzly,
the vibrating-bar grizzly, and the bar
grizzly
feeder.
powered supports
In fully mechanized coal mining, a system
of
pit
props
connected
to
a
flexible armored conveyor by means of
hydraulic rams. Pryor, 3
power-operated supports
power factor
See:self-advancing supports
a. The ratio of the mean actual power in
an
alternating-current
circuit
measured in watts to the apparent power
measured in volt-amperes; equal to
the cosine of the phase difference between
electromotive
force
and
current.
Webster
3rd
b. The ratio of the total watts input to the
total
root-mean-square
volt-ampere input to a rectifier or rectifier
unit.
Coal
Age,
1
c. A clause frequently found in electric
power contracts, which sets forth
that if a customer permits the average
power factor of the load used to
fall below a specified value, a penalty
charge will be made. Power factor
is often defined as the ratio of actual
power to apparent power and is
usually expressed as a percentage.
Kentucky
power pack
a. In general, an electrically operated
hydraulic pump, placed at the gate
end, to supply power to face equipment;
e.g., self-advancing supports. The
system forms a closed circuit with the oil
returning
to
a
reservoir
containing about 212 gal (800 L) of oil.
The pump can supply 2-1/2 gal
(9.5 L) of oil per unit at 2,000 psi (13.8
MPa),
which
allows
a
setting
load of about 9 st (8 t) per prop.
Nelson b. A unit that converts AC or DC
current to AC or DC voltages suitable for
the operation of electronic equipment.
NCB
power rammer
A
manually
operated
compacting
machine, weighing about 200 lb (91 kg),
raised by an intrinsic internal combustion
mechanism
by gravity.
and
allowed
English-English
to
fall
power station
An assemblage of machines and
equipment, including the necessary
housing,
where electrical energy is produced from
some other form of energy. Steam
boilers are fed with coal or oil and the
heat generated is used to produce
high-pressure steam. The steam then
passes to turbines that drive the
generators and thus produce electricity.
Nelson
power sequence
A sequence control system that is suitable
for a group of conveyors in
tandem. The trunk conveyor contactor is
first closed; after a delay of
from 3 to 15 s, sufficient for its motor to
come up to speed, power is
switched on to the contactor of the second
conveyor;
finally,
after
a
similar delay, power is switched on to the
third
conveyor
or
conveyors.
All power comes through the number 1
conveyor contactor so that, if this
conveyor is stopped, all other conveyors
in
tandem
stop
as
well.
power takeoff
A place in a transmission or engine to
which a shaft can be attached so as
to drive an outside mechanism. Nichols, 1
power tongs
power shovel
A mechanically powered wrench used to
make up or break out a drill rod,
casing, or pipe string. Long
power train
All moving parts connecting an engine
with the point where work is
accomplished. Nichols, 1
power unit
power-shovel mining
English-English
practical shot
prairie soil
Soil transitional between a pedalfer and a
pedocal. Leet, 1
prase
pozzolana
a. A translucent dull green or yellowgreen
variety
of
chalcedony.
b. Crystalline quartz containing abundant
hairlike
crystals
of
actinolite.
praseodymium oxide
A rare earth that, together with zirconia
and
silica,
produces
a
distinctive and stable yellow color for
pottery decoration. Dodd
praseolite
a. A green alteration product of iolite. Fay
b. A greenish foliated alteration product of
cordierite.
prasopal
A green chromium variety of common
opal from Australia, Hungary, and
Brazil. Also spelled prase opal.
pozzolana cement
A cement produced by grinding together
portland
cement
clinker
and
a
English-English
Pratt hypothesis
preblast
Pratt truss
See:N-truss
Precambrian shield
Prayon process
acid
acid
with
rock.
precementation process
preaeration
precious
Descriptive of the finest variety of a gem
or
mineral.;
precious stone.
prebaked anode
Anode produced by binding together
crushed petroleum coke and coal-tar
pitch in a mold under pressure;
subsequently baked to 1,000 to 1,200
degrees C; used in a metallurgical
electrical furnace and replaced as a
unit when consumed; in the production of
aluminum
metal,
the
anode
is
attached to a metal rod.
precious garnet
Brilliantly purple almandine.
precious metal
Any of several relatively scarce and
valuable
metals,
such
as
gold,
silver, and the platinum-group metals.
ASM, 1
English-English
precious olivine
See:peridot
precious opal
A gem variety of opal that exhibits a
brilliant play of delicate colors by
diffraction of light from close-packed
150to
300-mm
spheres
of
cristobalite-tridymite. The color of the
bulk material may be black or
white. CF:common opal
precipitated sulfur
Sulfur
precipitated
from
calcium
polysulfide solutions by hydrochloric
acid and washed to remove all calcium
chloride.
precious serpentine
precipitation
precious stone
See:gemstone
precious topaz
a. Genuine topaz as distinguished from
topaz-colored
quartz
(jewelers'
topaz).
b. An incorrect term for yellow to brown
sapphire.
precipitation barrier
Metal-rich water, as it moves away from
the
source
of
the
metal,
ordinarily comes into an environment
where changing conditions of some
kind cause precipitation of part or all of
the
metal
from
the
water.
Precipitation barriers account for the more
than
normal
decay
of
hydrochemical anomalies than can be
accounted for by simple dilution. They
characteristically occur in spring and
seepage areas where groundwaters
coming to the surface encounter an
environment of increased availability
of oxygen, sunlight, and organic activity.
Hawkes, 2
precious tourmaline
Dark-colored gem variety of tourmaline.
precipitant
Any agent, as a reagent, that when added
or applied to a solution causes a
precipitate of one or more of its
constituents. Standard, 2
precipitate
a. The operation, act, or process of adding
a chemical or chemicals to an
English-English
precipitation hardening
precision
precipitator
precooler load
In beneficiation, smelting, and refining, a
person
who
(1)
tends
zinc
boxes in which gold or silver that has been
dissolved
in
a
cyanide
solution is precipitated; and (2)
precipitates gold from cyanide solution,
except that the cyanide solution is agitated
with
zinc
dust
in
a
mixing
cone and precipitate, then turned into a
filter
press
where
the
precipitate is recovered prior to the drying
and
refining
to
secure
the
gold. DOT
English-English
preferential wetting
precutting blade
preferred orientation
Feature of a rock in which the grains are
more
or
less
systematically
oriented by shape. A schist in which the
mica plates are parallel to one
another shows a preferred orientation; so
does
a
hornblende
schist
in
which the long axes of the hornblende
crystals
are
parallel.
.
predictive metallogeny
See:mineral assessment
preemption act
An act providing for a patent to
agricultural lands. The act does not
include mineral deposits, as they are
expressly reserved.
preformed rope
Wire rope in which the strands are bent to
their
correct
lay
before
being
laid up, so that the rope is unlikely to spin
or kink. Pryor, 3
preference
A familiar term under the public land laws
meaning
exclusive.
Ricketts
pregnant solution
preferential flotation
A
value-bearing
hydrometallurgical
Pryor, 4
solution
in
a
operation.
English-English
pregnant solvent
In solvent extraction, the metal-bearing
solvent produced in the solvent
extraction circuit.
prehnitoid
pregs
preliminary exploration
An investigation carried out along certain
broad
features
of
a
coal
or
mineral area, with the object of deciding
whether the proposition is such
as to warrant a detailed or final
exploration, which is often costly.
Nelson
preliminary prospecting
Prospecting undertaken after scout
prospecting has disclosed the existence
of values. Preliminary prospecting helps
to determine approx. the extent
of the payable ground. Griffith
preheat
To heat beforehand; as: (1) to heat (an
engine)
to
an
operating
temperature before operation; and (2) to
heat (metal) prior to a thermal
or mechanical treatment. Webster 3rd
preheat zone
That portion of a continuous furnace
through which the ware passes before
entering the firing zone. ASTM
prehnite
premature blast
An orthorhombic mineral, Ca2 Al2 Si3 O10
(OH)
2 , in which Fe replaces Al; forms
botryoidal
or
mammillary
and
radiating
aggregates.
Occurs
in:
hydrothermal
veins,
cavities,
and
amygdules in basalt; veins in felsic
plutonic
rocks;
and
low-grade
English-English
premature block
preparation boss
premature firing
Strictly speaking, a preparation plant may
be any facility where coal is
prepared for market, but by common
usage it has come to mean a rather
elaborate collection of facilities where
coal
is
separated
from
its
impurities, washed and sized, and loaded
for
shipment.
BCI
preparatory work
Mining operations to facilitate mining
proper
after
having
explored
a
deposit and having made it accessible both
in strike and dip. This work is
executed almost entirely within the
deposit and includes making: (1)
inclines and transfer stations with
manways; (2) sublevel drives between
the levels; and (3) various crosscuts,
chutes,
minor
shafts,
raises,
winzes, and other works. Stoces
premium tin
Tin of such high purity as to rate a special
bonus
in
the
metal
market.
Pryor, 3
premix
Aggregate that has been coated with
bituminous binder before spreading.
. Nelson
prepare
a. To shear or undermine coal so that it
can
be
readily
blasted
loose.
Fay
b. Arkansas. To make a cartridge for a
blast.
Fay
c. Arkansas. To charge a blasthole. Fay
preparation
a. The treatment of ore or coal to reject
waste.
ore
dressing;
preparation
plant.
b. The process of preparing run-of-mine
coal to meet market specifications
by washing and sizing. Jones, 1
English-English
this
capital
plus
a
substantial
profit commensurate with the risk
involved in the venture. Hoover
b. The present value of a property is the
amount that, if invested now in
its purchase, would find its repayment
with commensurate profit in the
estimated series of annual dividends.
Actuarially, it is the discounted
sum of each and all those dividends, after
allowance
for
any
estimated
further capital expenditure on necessary
works
and
equipment.
Truscott
preplaning
The lead or stagger that exists between
planing
blades
in
the
same
vertical plane of a plow. Nelson
prereduced iron-ore pellet
A semimetallized pellet developed by the
U.S.
Bureau
of
Mines
from
taconite concentrates. The process
involves rolling the concentrates into
pellets, then drying, calcining, and
roasting the pellets in a reducing
(oxygen-deficient) atmosphere. During the
heat-hardening
stage,
the
pellets are partly converted to metal. Use
of
these
pellets
causes
a
considerable
increase
in
pig-iron
production.
preservative
For mine timbers that are exposed to
severe
conditions
of
damp,
ventilation, and stress, any of several
chemicals used to impregnate them
to resist dry or wet rot. These include
copper
sulfate,
creosote,
salt,
sodium fluoride and silicofluoride, and
zinc
as
chloride
or
sulfate.
Pryor, 3
preselective
An arrangement by which a gear level can
be moved, but the resulting speed
shift will not take place until the clutch or
the
throttle
is
manipulated.
Nichols, 1
presplitting
a. A smooth blasting method in which
cracks for the final contour are
created by blasting prior to the drilling of
the rest of the holes for the
blast pattern. Once the crack is made, it
screens off the surroundings to
some extent from ground vibrations in the
main round. Langefors.
present
Eng. Stone of suitable thickness for
shaping into a tile stone without
frosting; occurs in Stonesfield slate series
and
Chipping
Norton
limestone
of the Cotswolds. Arkell
present value
a. The present value of a mine may be
considered to be a sum of money that
may be allowed for the purchase,
development, and equipment of a mine,
with the expectation of receiving for this
capital
expenditure,
during
the
estimated life of the mine, the return of
pressed amber
Synthetic
amber
produced
by
consolidating amber fragments under
pressure with an oil binder.; amberoid.
English-English
pressed cameo
Similar to molded cameo, but pressed.
CF:molded cameo
pressed copal
Synthetic copal produced by consolidating
copal
fragments
under
pressure
with an oil binder.
pressure anemometer
a. An instrument for measuring the
velocity of ventilating air currents in
mines.
b. An anemometer indicating wind
velocity by means of the velocity head
exerted. Standard, 2
presser
In ceramics, a worker who molds the
handle, ears, and decorative reliefs
to be applied to a pottery vessel before
firing. Fay
pressure arch
pressing machine
The driving of a narrow roadway results
in the development of a pressure
arch over the excavation. The strata within
the
arch
bend
slightly
and
cease to support the overlying beds, and
the load is transferred to the
solid or rock along the sides. The wider
the roadway, the greater the span
of the arch and its height at the crown. A
similar
but
larger
pressure
arch is formed across a longwall face,
with one leg resting on the solid
coal and the other on the solid pack
behind
the
coal
face.
Nelson
English-English
higher
strata
cannot
span
and
transfer the load to the sides of the
opening
is
called
the
maximum-pressure arch. The depth
mainly influences the minimum width of
the pressure arch, although the type of
overburden also plays a part. The
following formula has been developed for
approximating the minimum width
of the maximum-pressure arch (W =
minimum width of arch, in feet; D =
depth of coal from surface, in feet): W =
3[(D / 20) + 20]. The equation
does not apply for overburden less than
400 ft (122 m) or more than 2,000
ft (610 m) thick. Coal Age, 3
pressure blower
A machine or blower having either
pistons, cams, or fans for furnishing an
airblast above atmospheric pressure.
Standard, 2
pressure bump
An occurrence when a coal pillar suddenly
fails on becoming overloaded by
the weight of the rocks above it.
Generally, the coal is forced with some
violence into the roadways and other open
spaces.shock bump; bumps. Nelson
pressure balancing
When an area of a mine has been sealed
off from the remainder of the
workings by barriers or stoppings inserted
at
suitable
points,
it
is
important to prevent the circulation of air
within
the
sealed
area.
This
means that external air pressures must be
equalized on all the seals. The
object of equalizing the atmospheric
pressures on the seals is attained by
inserting or removing doors or brattice
cloths
at
appropriate
places.
It
is possible to make all the seals
contiguous with a common airway by this
means, so that, if they are not widely
separated, they will be subjected
to the same external atmospheric pressure.
Roberts, 1
pressure chamber
a. An enclosed space arranged on the
access side of a stopping, which
seals off an area and is furnished with
means of raising or lowering the
air
pressure
within
it. BS, 8
b. If the mine area to be sealed off is
extensive,
and
the
seals
are
widely scattered, the fact that they are
subject
to
different
pressures
may be unavoidable. In this event,
pressure chambers may be required on
the outby side of seals. Pressure chambers
are
also
of
value
when
the
seals cannot be made tight, because of
broken or fissured ground. The
principle consists of building an outer
chamber
by
erecting
a
second
stopping on the outby side of the seal. The
air
pressure
in
the
intervening space is then controlled to
prevent movement of air across the
seal.
Roberts,
1
c. A method of driving tunnels and
sinking shafts through running sand by
pressure block
Pressure formed over the workings by
masses of rock being severed from the
surrounding formations, creating pressure
on the pillars, walls, or other
supports. Pressure blocks of large size
may result from natural geological
English-English
pressure creosoting
pressure fan
pressure detector
pressure figure
See:hydrophone
The indistinct six-rayed star produced on a
mica
plate
after
pressing
with
a dull point. CF:percussion figure
pressure filter
a. A machine for removing solids from
tailings; the effluent can be reused
in the washery or plant. The tailings are
pumped
into
the
filter
under
pressure; filtration takes place and solids
are deposited in the chambers.
Gradually the resistance increases until a
pressure of 100 psi (690 kPa)
is necessary to force more tailings into the
press.
At
this
stage,
the
chambers are almost full of solids. The
feed is cut off and the press
opened to allow the cakes to fall onto the
conveyor
beneath
the
chambers.
The output of the pressure filter is low.
Nelson
b. A filter in which pressure is applied to
increase
the
rate
of
filtration.
BS,
5
c. A filter in which the liquid to be filtered
is
forced
through
filtering
material by a pressure greater than its own
weight in the filter.
pressure dome
a.
See:air
dome
b. The bonnet on a steam boiler. Long
pressure drilling
A process of rotary drilling in which the
drilling
fluid
is
kept
under
pressure in an enclosed system. Brantly, 1
pressure drop
The decrease in pressure at which a liquid
or gas is made to move between
the intake and discharge of a pipeline or
drill stem. Long
pressure equalizer
In drilling, a diaphragm connected to the
fluid
column
by
a
series
of
English-English
pressure forging
Forging done by a steady pressure, as in a
hydraulic
press.
Standard, 2
pressure plate
pressure grouting
pressure process
pressure gage
pressure-quantity survey
See:ventilation survey
pressure ring
pressure head
The height of a column of liquid
supported, or capable of being supported,
by the pressure at a point in the liquid.;
total head. AGI
pressure leaching
pressure shadow
pressure stripping
English-English
pressure wire
Wire leading from any of various points
of an electric system to a central
station, where a voltmeter indicates the
potential of the system at the
point. Webster 2nd
pressurized
a. Said of any structure, area, or zone
fitted with an arrangement that
maintains nearly normal atmospheric
pressure.
Nelson
b. Said of any structure or area in which
the
pressure
within
is
held
higher than the outside pressure.
pressure surface
See:potentiometric surface
pressure survey
An investigation to determine the pressure
distribution
or
pressure
losses
along consecutive lengths or sections of a
ventilation
circuit.
Nelson
prestressing
The application of load to a structure so as
to deform it in such a manner
that the structure will withstand its
working load more effectively or
with less deflection. Hammond
pressure testing
An indirect method of testing porosity and
permeability
of
formations
at
elevations of proposed structures.
pretensioning
The Hoyer method of prestressing
concrete beams, precast in a workshop
with the tensioned wires embedded in
them
and
firmly
anchored.
Hammond
preventive maintenance
pressure wave
A system that enables breakdowns to be
anticipated and arrangements made
to perform the necessary overhauls and
replacements in good time.
previtrain
The dense woody lenses in lignite that are
equivalent
to
the
vitrain
in
coal of higher rank. AGI
English-English
priceite
Primacord-Bickford fuse
pricking bar
primary
priderite
A tetragonal mineral, (K,Ba)(Ti,Fe)8 O16 ;
cryptomelane
group; red; easily mistaken for rutile in
leucite
rocks;
occurs
at
Kimberley, Western Australia.
primary anomaly
priguinite
An anomaly
dispersion.
See:iriginite
primary basalt
prill
formed
by
primary
primary blast
prillion
A blast used to fragment and displace
material from its original position
to facilitate subsequent handling and
crushing. Atlas
primary blasting
A fuse composed of an explosive core
within a textile or plastic covering.
It detonates every explosive that is in
direct
contact
with
it.
Streefkerk
English-English
primary breaker
primary coil
primary breaking
primary creep
primary cell
a. A group or bank of flotation cells in
which the raw feed is given a
preliminary treatment, either or both of
the
products
being
subsequently
retreated.
BS,
5
b. A cell that generates or makes its own
electrical
energy
from
the
chemical action of its constituents; e.g.,
the
voltaic
cell,
Deaniell
cell, LeClanche cell, and dry cell. Morris
primary crushing
In ore dressing, the first stage in which
crushers
take
run-of-mine
ore
and reduce it to a size small enough to be
taken by the next crusher in
the series. Ordinarily, the Blake jaw
crusher or a gyratory crusher is
used. Newton, 1
primary clay
A clay found in the place where it was
formed.
CF:residual
clay;
secondary clay. AGI
English-English
primary crystal
primary foliation
primary dip
primary gneiss
See:original dip
primary drilling
See:geochemical environment
primary excavation
primary haulage
primary dispersion
primary environment
English-English
primary metal
primary mill
A mill for rolling ingots or the rolled
products
of
ingots
to
blooms,
billets, or slabs. This type of mill is often
called
a
blooming
mill
and
sometimes a cogging mill. ASM, 1
primary phase
The only crystalline phase capable of
existing in equilibrium with a given
liquid; it is the first to appear on cooling
from
a
liquid
state
and
the
last to disappear on heating to the melting
point. AGI
primary mineral
A mineral formed at the same time as the
rock
enclosing
it,
by
igneous,
hydrothermal, or pneumatolytic processes,
and
that
retains
its
original
composition and form. CF:secondary
mineral
AGI
English-English
primary relict
primary source
primary screen
a. A structure in an igneous rock that
originated
contemporaneously
with
the formation or emplacement of the rock,
but
before
its
final
consolidation; e.g., layering developed
during solidification of a magma.
AGI
b. A primary sedimentary structure, such
as
bedding
or
ripple
marks.
AGI
c. The structure preexisting the
deformation
and
reequilibration
associated with the emplacement at
shallow depth of a metamorphic body of
deep origin during an orogeny.
CF:secondary structure
primary washbox
The first of a series of washboxes, which
receives the feed and from which
one product at least is given further
treatment. BS, 5
primary shaft
The shaft from the surface in which the
first stage of hoisting is carried
out. Spalding
primary washer
The first of a series of washers, receiving
raw feed, from which at least
one product is retreated. BS, 5
English-English
primary zone
primer cartridge
prime mover
primer charge
primer
priming coat
English-English
priming tube
A tube containing fulminating powder for
firing
a
charge.
A
detonator.
Standard, 2; Fay
principal axis
a. In the tetragonal and hexagonal
systems, the vertical crystallographic
axis; hence what is the same thing in
uniaxial crystals, the optic axis.
In the orthorhombic and triclinic crystals,
the
axis
of
the
principal
zone; the axis with the shortest period,
often the axis of the principal
zone. In monoclinic crystals, the axis c,
usually
the
axis
of
the
principal zone excluding the symmetry
axis;
the
symmetry
axis
b.
Fay;
AGI
b. That crystallographic axis with unique
symmetry
in
a
crystal
system,
designated c, except in the monoclinic
system where the second setting is
used by mineralogists making b the
unique
axis.
c. In a transducer used for sound emission
or
reception,
a
reference
direction for angular coordinates used in
describing
the
directional
characteristics of the transducer. It is
usually
an
axis
of
structural
symmetry or the direction of maximum
response, but if these do not
coincide, the reference direction must be
described
explicitly.
Hy
d. In experimental structural geology, a
principal
axis
of
stress
or
a
principal axis of strain.
priming valve
a. A safety valve on the working cylinder
of a steam engine to discharge
the
priming.
Standard,
2
b. A valve connected with the discharge
pipe of a force pump through which
the pump may be primed. Fay
primitive
See:primitive circle
primitive circle
In crystallography, the great circle on a
stereographic
projection
that
represents the equator of the spherical
projection.
The
poles
of
all
vertical crystal planes plot on the
primitive. Fay
primitive form
A crystal form from which other forms
may
be
derived;
e.g.,
a
hexoctahedron has six faces replacing
each octahedral face.
princess
Roofing slate sized 24 in by 14 in (61 cm
by 36 cm). Pryor, 3
principal
English-English
containing
any
two
of
these
semiaxes. The indicatrix of a uniaxial
mineral
is
an
ellipsoid
of
revolution; its principal sections contain
the axis of revolution which is
proportional to the refractive index
epsilon.
principal stress
The stress normal to one of three mutually
perpendicular
planes
that
intersect at a point in a body on which the
shearing
stress
is
zero.
ASM, 1
principle of superposition
To determine the stress in a member due
to a system of applied forces, the
system can be split up into several
component forces and their moments and
reactions added in order to calculate the
total stress. Hammond
Prins process
A dense-media process in which largesize coal is separated from the
refuse in a flowing bed of small coal in a
reciprocating
launder.
Refuse
sinks to the bottom. The small coal is
screened from the coarse refuse and
returned to the head of the launder by a
drag conveyor. The floating large
coal passes over skimmers in the trough to
the discharge chute.
principal point
The geometric center of an aerial
photograph, or the point where the
optical axis of the lens meets the film
plane in an aerial camera. Symbol:
p.
principal section
priorite
An
orthorhombic
mineral,
(Y,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)2 (O,OH)6 ; now
formally named aeschynite-(Y); forms
series with aeschynite-(Ce) and with
tantalaeschynite-(Y); black; forms with
other
rare-earth
minerals
in
granite
pegmatites
blomstrandine
and
English-English
and
placers.
thin
sections.
CF:equant
prism
prismatic compass
prismatic
a. Descriptive of a clast with length to
width
ratio
between
1.5:1
and
3:1.
CF:tabular
b. Pertaining to a sedimentary prism.
c. Pertaining to a crystallographic prism.
d. Descriptive of a crystal with one
dimension markedly longer than the
other
two.
e. Descriptive of two directions of
cleavage.
f. Descriptive of a metamorphic texture in
which
a
large
proportion
of
grains are prismatic and have approx.
parallel
orientation,
giving
a
lineated appearance in hand specimens
prismoid
Any solid, bounded by planes, whose end
faces
are
parallel.
Usually
understood to include also figures whose
bounding
surfaces
are
warped
surfaces. Seelye, 2
prismoidal
Adj. of prismoid; used in sedimentary
petrology (not prismatic, which is a
crystallographic term).
English-English
obstructions
and/or
to
determine
the attitude of a piece of junk in a
borehole. Long
prismoidal formula
A formula used in the calculation of
earthwork quantities. It states that
the volume of any prismoid is equal to
one-sixth its length multiplied by
the sum of the two end-areas plus four
times the mid-area. CTD
probertite
A monoclinic mineral, NaCaB5 O7 (OH)4
.3H2
O
;
colorless; forms radiated columnar
crystals; in Kern Country, CA.
.
probability
A statistical measure (where zero is
impossibility and one is certainty)
of the likelihood of occurrence of an
event. AGI
probing
Thrusting a pointed steel rod down
through sand or soft clays to contact a
seam or orebody. The point of the rod is
examined for traces of coal or
mineral.
probable ore
a. Indicated reserves. See:reserves
b. A mineral deposit adjacent to
developed ore but not yet proven by
development. CF:extension ore
proceedings
The term proceedings is broader than the
term action, yet in the mining
law it is used in the sense of action and
refers to the commencement of an
action. It is used to enable a party to
institute
such
proceedings
under
the different forms of actions allowed by
the State and Federal courts.
process
probe
process company
a. A small tube containing a sensing
element
of
electronic
equipment,
which can be lowered into a borehole to
obtain
measurements
and
data.
Long
b. To conduct a search for mineral-bearing
ground
by
drilling
or
boring.
Long
c. To lower drill rods, etc., to locate
English-English
processing
a. The methods employed to clean,
process, and prepare coal and metallic
ores into the final marketable product.
Nelson
b. The various artificial methods adopted
for
strengthening
a
soil,
such
as compaction, treatment with bitumen,
lime,
cement,
etc.
Nelson
prod cast
See:impact cast
prod mark
processioner
or
the
of
the
process metallurgy
produce
process scrap
The scrap arising during the manufacture
of
finished
articles
from
iron
and steel, and usually returned to
steelworks after sorting and processing
by scrap merchants. circulating scrap.
Nelson
producer
a. Person who extracts ore or coal from
mines, rock from quarries, metals
from ore by metallurgical processes, etc.
b.
A
producing
well.
AGI
English-English
productive development
product
Percent of metal in ore. Gordon
production
productivity
production checker
In metal mining, a person who keeps a
record of the number of containers
(cars, buckets, or skips) raised to the
surface, and the amount of ore
contained in each, estimating or weighing
the contents. DOT
profile
production gang
a. The outline produced where the plane
of
a
vertical
section
intersects
the surface of ground; e.g., the
longitudinal profile of a stream, or the
profile of a coast or hill. b. A graph or
drawing that shows the variation of one
property
such
as
elevation or gravity, usually as ordinate,
with
respect
to
another
English-English
profilograph
An instrument for plotting the perimeter
profile of an airway on a reduced
scale, and primarily used when taking air
measurements underground.
profit
When one speaks of the interest on a
mining investment, the rate mentioned
ordinarily consists of the normal rate plus
a
substantial
additional
rate
that represents the profit that should
accrue
in
proportion
to
the
hazardous nature of the mining business.
In
this
sense,
the
rate
of
interest in most forms of mining should be
high; to be satisfied with less
than 10% annually would show a lack of
acumen. Hoover
profile flying
The technique of flying at a constant
height above the ground during
airborne mineral exploration. Generally,
the
aircraft
maintains
a
height
of 300 ft or 500 ft (91 m or 152 m) above
the ground. This often involves
a series of skillfully controlled climbs and
dives
over
rolling
ground.
profile shooting
profit in sight
English-English
progress chart
projected pipe
progressive failure
Rock or material failure in which the
ultimate
shearing
resistance
is
progressively mobilized along the failure
surface. ASCE
project data
Basic information needed by engineers
concerned
with
design,
site
development, machine and housing
assembly, plant erection, contract
supervision, and coordination when
planning, erecting, and bringing into
operation a new mine and its attendant
services,
including
the
ore
treatment plant. Pryor, 3
English-English
proof stress
a. The stress that will cause a specified
small
permanent
set
in
a
material.
ASM,
1
b. A specified stress to be applied to a
member or structure to indicate
its ability to withstand service loads. ASM,
1
projection balance
Shows movement of a pointer by means
of
an
illuminated
scale.
Pryor, 3
propagate
To transmit or spread from place to place;
as coal dust propagates a mine
explosion.
project plans
A series of plans of a proposed new mine
or
reconstruction,
which
are
drawn up for the purpose of obtaining
approval of a project. BS, 7
propagated blast
A blast consisting of a number of
unprimed charges of explosives and only
one hole primed, generally for the purpose
of ditching, where each charge
is detonated by the explosion of the
adjacent
one,
the
shock
being
transmitted through the wet soil. In this
method, one detonator fired in
the middle of a line of holes is capable of
bringing
about
the
explosion
of several hundred such charges. Fay
prolapsed bedding
A series of flat folds with near-horizontal
axial
planes
contained
entirely within a bed with undisturbed
boundaries.
prolong
Secondary condenser used in the zinc
industry.
propagation
prong
a. The transfer of a signal through a
medium; e.g., sound in air, seismic
waves
in
fluids
and
solids,
electromagnetic waves in a vacuum.
b. In general, propagation is said to occur
when the flame of an explosion
travels over considerable areas of a mine
in such manner as might result
in loss of life of workers in the mine. Rice,
2
English-English
the
impeller
not
confined by any casing. BS, 8
propagation velocity
The speed of a wave in the material
concerned, such as the propagation
velocity of a detonation wave front
traveling through an explosive or the
propagation velocity of a seismic wave
from a blast traveling through the
ground.
being
propeller pump
This type of pump, often called axialflow, develops most of its head by
the propelling or lifting action of the
vanes upon the liquid. These pumps
are built in horizontal or vertical casings
and
are
primarily
used
in
handling sludge, dewatering pits, sewage
pumping,
and
similar
duties
requiring large capacities and heads under
100
ft
(30
m).
Pit and Quarry
prop-crib timbering
Shaft timbering with cribs kept the proper
distance
apart
by
means
of
props. Fay
prop cutter
propeller shaft
In mining, a person who operates a power
saw to cut to designated- and
standard-length timbers and props used to
support the walls and roofs of
underground
passageways
and
workplaces. Also called: prop sawyer;
timber
cutter. DOT
prop drawer
a. A sylvester or other appliance for
withdrawing props from the waste
area
in
coal
mining.
b. A worker who withdraws props and
allows the roof to collapse. Props are
withdrawn when caving of the roof is
adopted.
Nelson
proper
In crystallography, any symmetry rotation
which
does
not
change
the
chirality (handedness) of an asymmetric
unit;
e.g.,
not
involving
reflection or inversion. CF:improper
proper proportion
propeller fan
In a transparent gemstone, the proportion
of the mass above and below the
girdle, as well as the angles of the facets
in
relation
to
the
girdle,
that produces the greatest brilliancy from
the
particular
species.
These
English-English
properties of sections
property
proportion
One of the physical and
characteristics of a material.
chemical
A statement of equality between two
ratios. When one ratio is equal to
another ratio, they are said to be in
proportion. Jones, 2
property man
In bituminous coal mining, formerly one
who kept record of location and
has charge of distribution of coal cutting
machines,
drills,
loaders,
and
other mechanical equipment in and about
a mine. Now, one who oversees
surface lands and structures.
prop-free
proportional counter
prop-free front
proportional limit
a. In coal mining, longwall working in
which support to the roof is given
by roof beams cantilevered from behind
the
working
face.
This
leaves
unobstructed room for digging and
conveying equipment in a mechanized
working.
Pryor,
3
b. Such a face is necessary where armored
flexible
conveyors
are
used
to
English-English
plus
integral
prop setter
In anthracite and bituminous coal mining,
a
worker
who
installs
props
(posts) to support the roofs of
underground working places, placing and
wedging them at the most effective points.
DOT
control
prop wall
Props that are fastened together in a
group, like a fence, and placed
against the walls to prevent the roof from
caving
into
the
stope.
Stoces
plus
propylite
A hydrothermally altered andesite
resembling a greenstone and containing
calcite, chlorite, epidote, serpentine,
quartz, pyrite, and iron oxides.
The term was first used by Richthofen in
1868.
Propylite
is
common
in
mining districts of the Western United
States, generally in the outermost
subzone of hydrothermal alteration.
proportioning
Measuring by weight or by volume the
constituents,
before
mixing
of
concrete, mortar, or plaster. Hammond
proppant
propylitization
propping
The setting of timber props in mine
workings. Nelson
prop retriever
prosopite
See:prop drawer
A monoclinic mineral, CaAl2 (F,OH)8 ;
forms
tabular
crystals
or granular masses.
prop sawyer
See:prop cutter
English-English
prospect
a. An area that is a potential site of
mineral
deposits,
based
on
preliminary
exploration.
AGI
b. Sometimes, an area that has been
explored in a preliminary way but has
not given evidence of economic value.
AGI
c. An area to be searched by some
investigative
technique,
such
as
geophysical
prospecting.
AGI
d. A geologic or geophysical anomaly,
esp. one recommended for additional
exploration. A prospect is distinct from a
mine
in
that
it
is
nonproducing.
e. A mineral property, the value of which
has
not
been
proved
by
exploration.
Lewis
f. To search for minerals or oil by looking
for
surface
indications,
by
drilling boreholes, or both. Long
g. A plot of ground believed to be
mineralized enough to be of economic
importance.
Long
h. Territory under examination for its
mineral wealth. Prospecting is the
search for deposits and is performed by
aerial
survey,
magnetometry,
surface examination, pitting, trenching,
use
of
a
prospector's
pan,
geochemical testing of soil, drilling
(shallow or deep), seismic probe,
and resistivity survey. Pryor, 3
i. The gold or other mineral obtained by
working
a
sample
of
ore.
j. A formation that may be capable of
development into a mine, but which
is
untested.
k. A sample of gold obtained in panning.
Nelson
l. A specimen or sample of mineral
obtained from a small amount of paydirt
or
ore.
Craigie
m. To work (a mine, ledge, etc.)
prospect drilling
The exploratory drilling of boreholes in
the
search
for
minerals
and
petroleum. Long
prospect drill panner
In metal mining, a person who, with a
cable drill rig, drills down through
gravel to bedrock along a present or an old
creek
bed
that
usually
has
been prospected by a hand-dug hole. The
panner
saves
the
drillings
and
pans them to discover the possible
presence of paydirt (gold-bearing
gravel), and weighs gold particles
recovered. In the event of the
discovery of gold in quantities sufficient
for
profitable
removal,
the
panner moves drill and continues
operations to determine the boundaries of
the gold-bearing strata. DOT
prospect entry
See:prospect tunnel
prospecting
a. The search for outcrops or surface
exposure
of
mineral
deposits.
b. Searching for new deposits; also,
preliminary explorations to test the
value of lodes or placers already known to
exist.
c. The surface discovery of coal or
mineral only proves its superficial
existence and further work is necessary to
establish
its
quality
and
extent. The term exploration is sometimes
applied to this extension of the
discovery work.
English-English
prospector
prospecting claim
prospect shaft
prospecting dish
with
prospect tunnel
prospectus
A
preliminary
printed
statement
describing a business or other enterprise,
and distributed to prospective buyers,
investors,
or
participants,
giving
detailed information concerning the
company's
business
and
financial
standing. Common in mining.
protecting magnet
prospecting license
prospecting pan
See:pan
prospective ore
protective alkali
Ore that cannot be included as proved or
probable, nor definitely known or
stated in terms of tonnage.; ore expectant.
English-English
protodolomite
Lime added to auriferous pulp to ensure
alkalinity.
Important
in
the
cyanidation process for precious metals.
Pryor, 1
protest
An objection to the patent proceeding;
when made, it calls for a hearing
on the matter in the local land office.
Lewis
protogene
See:protogine
protoamphibole
protogenous
protoclase
Leith's term for a rock possessing what he
considered
to
be
primary
cleavage; e.g., bedding planes in
sedimentary rock, formed concurrently
with the rock. CF:metaclase
protoclastic
protomylonite
a. Said of igneous rocks in which the
earlier formed crystals have been
broken or deformed because of
differential flow of the magma before
complete
solidification.
AGI
English-English
protractor
proton
prove
protoquartzite
a. To determine, by boring from the
surface or driving a passageway
underground, the location and character of
a coalbed or the nature of rock
strata.
Hudson
b. To establish, by drilling, trenching,
underground
openings,
or
other
means, that a given deposit of a valuable
substance
exists,
and
that
its
grade and dimensions equal or exceed
some
specified
amounts.
proved ore
See:proved reserve
proved reserve
An ore deposit that has been reliably
established
as
to
its
volume,
tonnage, and quality by approved
sampling, valuing, and testing methods
supervised by a suitably qualified person.
The
proved
reserve
is
the
overridingly important asset of a mine,
English-English
provenance
A place of origin; specif. the area from
which
the
constituent
materials
of a sedimentary rock or facies are
derived. Also, the rocks of which this
area is composed. CF:distributive
province
AGI
proximate analysis
a. The determination of the compounds
contained
in
a
mixture
as
distinguished from ultimate analysis,
which is the determination of the
elements contained in a compound. Used
in
the
analysis
of
coal.
Standard,
2;
Fay
b. The determination, by prescribed
methods, of moisture, volatile matter,
fixed carbon (by difference), and ash. The
term
proximate
analysis
does
not include determinations of chemical
elements
or
determinations
other
than those named.
prove up
a. To show that the requirements for
receiving a patent for government
land have been satisfied. Webster 3rd
b. Can. To establish economic value of a
property. Hoffman
proving hole
proximity log
proving ring
A steel ring that has been accurately
turned, heat treated, and polished.
It is precisely calibrated in a testing
machine
by
measuring
its
deflection for different loads and can be
used for measuring applied loads
on a structure. Hammond
English-English
prypole
psatyrite
See:hartite
psephite
a. A sediment or sedimentary rock
composed of large fragments set in a
matrix varying in kind and amount; e.g.,
talus,
breccia,
shingle,
gravel,
and esp. conglomerate. The term is
equivalent to the Latin-derived term
rudite.
AGI
b. The metamorphic derivative of rudite.
Etymol:
Greek
psephos,
pebble.
. Adj: psephitic. AGI
Prussian blue
See:vivianite
prussic acid
See:hydrocyanic acid
pseudopry
A prefix meaning false or spurious. AGI
Eng. Cornish miners' term for soft white
clay. Also spelled pryan.
pseudoanticline
pryany lode
English-English
pseudoboleite
A tetragonal mineral, Pb5 Cu4 Cl10 (OH)8
.2H
2 O ; indigo blue; occurs only in parallel
growth
on
boleite,
at
Boleo, Baja California, Mex. Also spelled
pseudoboleite.
pseudocrocidolite
pseudobreccia
Quartz pseudomorphous after crocidolite.
hawk's-eye.
English
pseudocrystalline
Composed of detrital crystalline grains
little worn and solidly compacted
by siliceous or other mineral matrix, so as
to
resemble
a
true
crystalline
rock.
pseudoeutectic texture
pseudobrookite
pseudofibrous peat
Peat that in spite of its fibrous condition,
is
soft,
noncoherent,
plastic, and on drying, shows great
shrinkage. Tomkeieff
pseudochromatism
Colors and color plays produced by
physical
optics
as
opposed
to
chromophores;
e.g.,
diffraction,
dispersion,
and
scattering.
pseudogalena
See:sphalerite
pseudoconglomerate
pseudohexagonal
English-English
pseudojade
pseudomorphous tonstein
pseudoleucite
pseudophenocryst
Large isometric crystals consisting of
mixtures
of
nepheline
and
orthoclase, or of analcime formed as
breakdown products of leucite; occurs
in syenites from Arkansas, Montana, and
Brazil.
CF:leucite;
metaleucite.
See:porphyroblast
pseudophite
A compact massive mixture of chlorite
minerals resembling serpentine.
pseudomalachite
pseudoporphyritic
pseudomorph
A mineral sample with the external crystal
form of one mineral and the
internal chemistry of another; e.g., cubes
of
geothite
after
pyrite
resulting from oxidation of the ferrous
sulfide
to
ferric
oxyhydroxide.
CF:paramorph
pseudosecondary inclusion
A fluid inclusion formed by healing of a
fracture
occurring
during
growth
of the host crystal. AGI
pseudomorphous quartz
pseudosuccinite
English-English
pseudotopaz
pseudosymmetry
pseudoviscosity
pseudovolcano
pseudotachylyte
pseudowollastonite
Synthetic triclinic CaSiO3 polymorphous
with
wollastonite-1T,
wollastonite-2M, and wollastonite-7T.
psilomelane
a. A general term for massive oxides of
manganese
not
otherwise
identified; commonly botryoidal or
colloform; a source of manganese in the
United States (Arkansas, Virginia,
Georgia); also in India, South Africa,
and Russia. CF:cryptomelane; wad.
b. See:romanechite; manganese oxide.
CF:pyrolusite
English-English
psilomelanite
ptilolite
See:psilomelane
See:mordenite
psychrometer
ptygmatic
See:ptygmatic folding
ptygmatic folding
Primary folding in migmatites (injection
gneisses,
etc.),
caused
by
the
high-temperature
and
high-pressure
processes to which the migmatites owe
their origin and composite character.
CF:flow folding
public domain
Land owned, controlled, or heretofore
disposed of by the U.S. Government.
It includes the land that was ceded to the
Government by the original 13
States, together with certain subsequent
additions
acquired
by
cession,
treaty, and purchase. At its greatest extent,
the
public
domain
occupied
more than 1,820 million acres (737
million ha). GI
psychrometry
a. Study of atmospheric humidity and its
effect
on
workers.
The
psychrometer, or hygrometer, measures
the difference between dry-bulb and
wet-bulb thermometer readings. Pryor, 3
b. The determination of the psychrometric
properties
of
air
at
a
given
state
point.
Hartman,
2
c. Measurement of the humidity of air.
Nelson
public land
Land owned by a government, esp. a
national government; specif. the part
of the U.S. public domain to which title is
still
vested
in
the
Federal
Government and that is subject to
appropriation, sale, or disposal under
the general laws. AGI
pteropod ooze
A fine-grained pelagic deposit with more
than 30% calcium carbonate of
organic origin, of which pteropods are an
important
constituent.
AGI
English-English
allowing
it
Nichols,
d. The molten portion of
3rd
e. To work (metal) while
3rd
f. To subject (iron) to
puddling. Webster 3rd
to
dry.
1
a weld. Webster
molten. Webster
the process of
puddled steel
Steel made in a puddling furnace, a type
of reverberatory furnace in which
the flame plays down upon the metal.
Camm
puddler
pucherite
An orthorhombic mineral, BiVO4 ;
trimorphous
with
clinobisvanite
and dreyerite; reddish brown; a source of
vanadium.
pucking cutter
A worker employed in a coal mine to cut
the floor in cases of creep or
upheaval toward the roof.
puddle roll
Any of the roughing rolls through which
puddle balls are passed to be
converted into bars. Collectively called a
puddle train.
puddle
a. Earthy material--such as a mixture of
clay,
sand,
and
gravel--placed
with water to form a compact mass to
reduce
percolation.
Seelye,
1
b. To place such material. Seelye, 1
c. To compact loose soil by soaking it and
puddling
The agitation of a bath of molten pig iron
by hand or by mechanical means,
English-English
haulageways
in
a
mine,
or
operates a small stationary engine used for
hoisting
coal
or
rock
in
a
shallow shaft, esp. for prospecting or
development
work.
Also
called:
puffer; puffer boy; puffer tender. DOT
puffer tender
puddling machine
See:puffer man
puffstone
Eng. Travertine; hard enough to use for
building;
so
called
from
its
cavernous structure. Arkell
puddling process
pug
Production of wrought iron from molten
pig
iron,
in
an
oxidizing
atmosphere in a reverberatory furnace of
special
design.
Pryor,
3
IL:d d
sDICTIONARY
TERMS:puff blowing Blowing chips out
of
a
hole
by
means
o
[\B]puff blowing[\N]
puffed bar
In powder metallurgy, a cored bar
expanded by internal gas pressure.
Rolfe
pug lifter
One who removes coal left adhering to the
floor by a coal-cutting machine.
CTD
puffer boy
A person employed to operate an engine
used for hauling loaded mine cars
through haulageways. Also the operator of
any
small
stationary
hoisting
engine.
pug lifting
puffer man
pug mill
English-English
pillars
of
ore.
e. To hoist drill-stem equipment from a
borehole.
Long
f. Strata movements over large excavated
areas will extend to the surface
and the disturbed surface area is almost
always larger than the area of
the underground excavation. The extent of
this pull or draw depends on the
depth of the workings, the nature of the
strata, the thickness of the seam
being mined, and the degree of packing
support.
Lewis
fitted
with
knives;
the
knives
slice through the clay, mixing it with
water, which is added by sprays
from the top. The knives are canted to
give some screw action, forcing the
clay along the barrel and out one end. AISI
b. See:paddle-type mixing conveyor
pug-mill operator
a. One who prepares ground, sifted, and
filtered
clay
for
molding
by
mixing it with water in a rotary-type
mixer called a pug mill. This
machine is frequently operated in
conjunction with an auger mill and a
cutting machine, the same worker tending
the
operation
of
all
three
machines simultaneously. Also called clay
pugger;
mixing-mill
operator.
DOT
b. One who mixes ground preheated
magnesia and carbon with hot asphalt in
a pug mill to form a viscous mixture
suitable for processing into pellets.
Also called: mixer tender; pug miller;
pug-mill tender. DOT
pull-apart structure
Features produced in beds that have been
disrupted
and
separated
during
soft-sediment deformation.
pull drift
A small crosscut through barren ground to
connect
two
orebodies.
Hess
puller-out
pug tub
An operator who charges, pulls out, and
otherwise
manipulates
crucibles.
Mersereau, 2
See:settler
pull
puller rod
a. The unit advance during the firing of
each complete round of shotholes
in
a
tunnel.
b. To loosen the rock around the bottom
of a hole by blasting. Usually
used with a negative to describe a blast
that did not shatter rock to the
desired
depth.
Nichols,
1
c. The amount of core obtained each time
a core barrel is removed from a
borehole.
Long
d. To draw or remove coal pillars, or
English-English
pulling stumps
The process of taking out the pillars of a
coal
mine.
pull-over mill
pulley man
See:rollerman
pull pin
pulley oiler
pull rope
The rope that pulls a journey of loaded
cars on a haulage plane; the rope
that pulls the loaded scoop or bucket in a
scraper
loader
layout.
pulley repairman
See:rollerman
pull hole
pull shovel
pulling pillars
pull wheel
pullway
The path from the face to the loading
point taken by the scraper of a
scraper loading unit. Jones, 1
English-English
pulmonary dust
Dust harmful to the respiratory system,
including:
silica
(quartz,
chert);
silicates (asbestos, talc, mica, sillimanite);
metal
fumes
(nearly
all);
beryllium ore; tin ore; iron ores (some);
carborundum;
coal
(anthracite,
bituminous).
pulp density
a. In mineral processing, the amount of
solids
in
a
pulp,
typically
ranging from 10% to 25%, by weight. It
has a marked effect on the recovery
and grade of concentrate. Taggart, 1
b. The weight of a unit volume of pulp;
e.g.,
if
1
cm3
of
pulp
weighs 2.4 g, then the pulp density is 2.4
g/cm3
.
Newton, 1
pulp
a. A mixture of ground ore and water
capable of flowing through suitably
graded channels as a fluid. Its dilution or
consistency
is
specified
either as solid-liquid ratio (by weight) or
as a percentage of solids (by
weight).
Pryor,
2
b. Pac. Pulverized ore or coal mixed with
water;
also
applied
to
dry,
crushed ore.
pulp dilution
The ratio of water to solids by weight. It is
expressed
as
a
ratio;
e.g.,
a pulp dilution of 3 to 1 means that a pulp
contains 3 t of water for each
ton of solids. Newton, 1
pulp assay
pulpit
Pac. The assay of samples taken from the
pulp after or during crushing.
pulp balance
Balance that weighs ore or coal pulp in a
container
of
known
volume;
graduated to show pulp density directly.
Pryor, 3
pulpit man
Person who operates the complex controls
of a rolling mill, in which iron
and steel ingots or billets are rolled into
shapes
such
as
bars,
T's,
rails, and sheets, by throwing the correct
electric
switches
when
signaled
or by personal observation. Also called:
manipulator
operator;
mill
control operator. DOT
pulp climate
In mineral processing, the general
physical and chemical conditions of a
pulp, in which the pH, added chemicals,
solid-liquid
ratio,
temperature,
particle size range, and ionization of a
flotation
pulp
are
held
within
controlled limits while a considerable
number of associated factors of
less direct importance to the surface
English-English
pulpstone
A very large grindstone employed in pulp
mills
for
crushing
or
grinding
wood into fiber. Fay
pulsator
pulsion stroke
pulsator jig
a. A steam pump in which an automatic
ball valve (the only moving part)
admits steam alternately to a pair of
chambers, forcing out water that had
been sucked in by condensation of the
steam after the previous stroke. It
can tolerate very dirty water and has been
widely
used
for
shaft
sinking
and miscellaneous pumping duties. Nelson
b. A displacement pump with valves for
raising water by steam, partly by
atmospheric pressure, and partly by the
direct action of the steam on the
water, without intervention of a piston.
Also
called:
vacuum
pump.
Webster 3rd
pulsometer pump
pulsed infusion shot firing
Pump with two chambers that are
alternately filled and discharged. An
automatic ball valve admits steam, which
forces out the charge from the
filled chamber while the other is filling as
its
steam
condenses.
Pryor, 3
English-English
applied
to
pyroclastic
CF:scoria; pumicite. AGI
pulverization
a. In soil stabilization work, the separation
of
particles
from
each
other
rather than the breaking up of individual
particles.
Separation
of
the
particles is the first step towards good
dispersion
of
stabilization
additives
and
moisture.
Nelson
b. The reduction of metal to fine powder
by
mechanical
means.
ejecta.
pumiceous
Adj. form of pumice.
pumicite
A very finely divided volcanic ash or
volcanic dust ranging in color from
white to gray and buff. It is the
unconsolidated equivalent of tuff.
pulverize
To reduce (as by crushing or grinding) to
very small particles (as in fine
powder or dust). Webster 3rd
pump
A mechanical device for transferring
either liquids or gases from one
place to another, or for compressing or
attenuating gases. AGI
pulverized fuel
Finely ground coal or other combustible
material, that can be burned as it
issues from a suitable nozzle, through
which it is blown by compressed
air. Pryor, 3
pump bob
The balance weight used to bring up the
plunger
in
a
Cornish
pumping
engine. Standard, 2
pulverizer
pump chamber
See:fine grinder
An underground pumping station. Fay
pulverulent
pumpellyite
That which may easily be reduced to
powder.
Said
of
certain
ores.
Weed, 2; Fay
a.
A
monoclinic
mineral,
Ca2
(Mg,Fe,Mn)(Al,Mn,Fe)2
(SiO
(sub
4) )(Si2 O7 )(OH)2 .H2 O ; pumpellyite
group;
individual species named according to the
preponderance of Fe, Mg, or Mn;
occurs in minute bluish-green fibers or
plates
in
Michigan,
California,
Haiti,
and
New
Zealand.
b. The mineral group jugoldite-(Fe),
okhotskite,
pumpellyite-(Fe),
pumpellyite-(Mg), pumpellyite-(Mn), and
pumice
A light-colored, vesicular, glassy rock
commonly having the composition of
rhyolite. It is often sufficiently buoyant to
float
on
water
and
is
economically useful as a lightweight
aggregate and as an abrasive. The
adjectival form, pumiceous, is usually
English-English
shuiskite.
pumping engineer
In mining and in the quarry industry, a
person who operates one or a
battery of pumps to force excess water
from a lower level to the surface
or to a drainage tunnel. Also called:
pitwright; plugman. DOT
Pumpelly's rule
The generalization, made by Pumpelly in
1894, that the axes and axial
surfaces of minor folds of an area are
congruent with those of the major
fold structures of the same phase of
deformation. AGI
pumping head
In an airlift, the distance from the surface
to
the
level
of
the
water
during pumping; it equals static head plus
drop. Lewis
pumper
In bituminous coal mining, a person who
works a hand pump to force water,
accumulated underground in low places,
into a drainage ditch flowing to a
natural outlet or pumping station.
pumping shaft
The shaft containing the pumping
machinery of a mine. Standard, 2
pump fist
pump kettle
Eng. The lower end of a plunger case of a
pump.
pumping
a. The act of moving a liquid or gas by
means
of
a
pump.
b. The operation of filling a sludge pump
by an up-and-down motion of the
rods or rope. Also called pumping the
sludger.
c. In scraper operation, raising and
lowering the bowl rapidly to force a
larger load into it. Nichols, 2
d. Alternately raising and lowering a
digging edge to increase the volume
of dirt being transported. Nichols, 1
e. The motion of mercury in a barometer
arising from the movement of a
ship or from fluctuations of air pressure in
a varying wind. CTD
pump lift
a. The vertical distance that a pump can
suck
up
water.
Theoretically,
this should be about 34 ft (10.4 m) at sea
level;
practically,
the
limit
is about 26 ft (7.9 m). Long
b. The vertical distance a pump can force
water to flow. Long
pump load
The back pressure and/or resistance to
flow of fluids that a pump must
overcome to force a fluid to flow through
a
pipeline,
drill
string,
etc.
Long
English-English
pump pressure
The force per unit area or pressure against
which a pump acts to force a
fluid to flow through a pipeline, drill
string,
etc.;
also,
the
pressure
imposed on the fluid ejected from a pump.
Long
pump stock
Lanc. See:pump tree
pump sump
pump rod
pump surge
The pulsating effect transmitted to a
pipeline or drill string at the
completion of each compression stroke of
a
reciprocating-piston
pump.
Long
pump-rod plates
Scot. Spear plates; strips or plates of iron
bolted to wooden pump rods at
the joints for the purpose of making the
connection. Fay
pump tree
Eng. A cast-iron (wrought iron was
formerly used) pipe, generally 9 ft
(2.7 m) in length, of which the water
column
or
set
is
formed.
pump slip
Leakage past the valves and the plunger in
a
reciprocating
pump,
which
should not be greater than 2% or 3% for a
pump
in
good
condition.
Lewis
punch
pump station
punched screen
pump slope
puncher
An early-model pick machine used to
undermine or shear coal by heavy blows
English-English
pure bending
In mine subsidence, bending without
fracture. Briggs
punching shear
pure coal
If a heavily loaded column punches a hole
through the base on which it
rests, the base has failed in punching
shear. This is prevented either by
thickening the base or by enlarging the
foot of the column so as to ensure
that the allowable shear stress is not
exceeded. Hammond
See:vitrain
pure culture
A collection of microbial cells of the same
species in a container that is
devoid of any other form of life. Rogoff
punch mining
pure oxide
punch prop
A short timber prop for supporting coal in
holing
or
undercutting;
a
sprag. Standard, 2
puppet valve
pure steel
puppy
An underground set of pumps. Fay
English-English
purple blende
instigated
by
the
onsetter
and
banksman. When everything is ready for
winding, the onsetter and banksman
press their respective start pushbuttons
and
the
winder
starts,
accelerates, and banks automatically
without the intervention of the
winding engineman. With this form of
control, loading and discharging of
the
skips
is
fully
automatic.
manual winding control. Nelson
pusher
purlins
Timbers spanning from truss to truss, and
supporting
the
rafters
of
a
roof. Crispin
puron
High-purity iron. Osborne
pusher tractor
A fully automatic and remotely controlled
system of coal cutting, loading,
and face conveying, including selfadvancing
roof
support
systems.
English-English
PVC belt
push hole
push-pull wave
A wave that advances by alternate
compression and rarefaction of a medium,
causing a particle in its path to move
forward and backward along the
direction of the wave's advance. In
connection with waves in the Earth,
also
known
as
primary
wave,
compressional wave, longitudinal wave,
or
P-wave. Leet, 1
P wave
push wave
See:P wave
pycnite
put
To haul by hand. Mason
putrefaction
pycnocline
English-English
pyrabol
See:pyribole
pyralmandite
A garnet composition between pyrope and
almandine.
pyralspite
The pyrope, almandine, spessartine
subgroup
of
the
garnet
group.
pyramid
An open crystal form consisting of
nonparallel faces that intersect the c
crystallographic axis and consist of three
(trigonal),
four
(tetragonal),
six (ditrigonal, hexagonal), or eight
(ditetragonal) faces meeting at a
point. CF:bipyramid; hemipyramid; dome.
pyramidal
Descriptive of a crystal habit dominated
by pyramids or bipyramids.
pyramidal garnet
Same as idocrase; a variety of vesuvianite.
Fay
pyramid cut
a. In tunnel driving or shaft sinking, a
pattern
of
shotholes
drilled
so
English-English
pyramid-set
pyricaustate
pyramid structure
pyrite
pyrites
a. Various metallic-looking sulfide
minerals
including
iron
pyrites
(pyrite); copper pyrites (chalcopyrite); tin
pyrites
(stannite);
white
iron, cockscomb, or spear pyrites
(marcasite);
arsenical
pyrites
(arsenopyrite); cobalt pyrites (linnaeite);
magnetic
pyrites
(pyrrhotite);
and capillary pyrites (millerite). Without
qualification
it
popularly
refers
to
pyrite.
b. Stones that may be used for striking
fire.
pyreneite
A black variety of andradite garnet.
pyrheliometer
An actinometer that measures the intensity
of
direct
solar
radiation.
AGI
pyribole
pyrites of copper
The pyroxene group plus amphibole
group.
English-English
pyritic
Of, pertaining to, resembling, or having
the
properties
of
pyrites.
Standard, 2
pyrobelonite
An orthorhombic mineral, PbMn(VO4
)(OH) ; descloizite group; forms
minute fire-red acicular crystals at
Laangban, Sweden; a source of
vanadium.
pyritic smelting
Smelting of sulfide copper ores, in which
heat
is
supplied
mainly
by
oxidation of iron sulfide.
pyrobitumen
pyritic sulfur
pyritization
pyrobituminous
Pertaining to substances
bitumens upon heating. AGI
that
yield
pyrochlore
a. An isometric mineral, (Ca,Na)2 Nb2 O6
(OH,F)
;
forms a series with microlite; in
pegmatites
in
Maine,
California,
Colorado, Africa, and Europe; a source of
niobium.
b. The mineral group including the
betafite
subgroup
betafite,
plumbobetafite, and yttrobetafite; the
microlite
subgroup
bariomicrolite,
bismutomicrolite,
microlite,
plumbomicrolite, and uranmicrolite; and
the
pyrochlore subgroup bariopyrochlore,
ceriopyrochlore,
kalipyrochlore,
pyritohedron
An isometric closed crystal form of 12
faces, each an irregular pentagon.
It is named after pyrite, which
characteristically has this crystal form.
pyroaurite
A trigonal mineral, Mg6 Fe2 (CO3 )(OH)16
.4H
2 O ; hydrotalcite group; dimorphous with
sjoegrenite;
occurs
in
goldlike submetallic scales, or brown
crystals having pearly to greasy
English-English
pyrogenic
Said of a process or of a deposit involving
the
intrusion
and/or
extrusion
of magma.. AGI
pyroclast
pyroclastic
pyrogenic rock
pyroclastic deposit
The characteristics (such as the degree of
fusibility
or
the
flame
coloration) of a mineral observed by the
use
of
the
blowpipe.
Webster 3rd
pyrolite
An explosive resembling gunpowder in
composition. Webster 2nd
pyrogenesis
pyrolusite
pyrogenetic
A term introduced to designate minerals,
such
as
olivine
and
chromite,
English-English
pyrolysis
pyrometasomatism
Contact
CF:metasomatism
pyrolytic graphite
pyrometer
metamorphism.
pyrometallurgy
pyrometric cone
Metallurgy involved in winning and
refining metals in which heat is used,
as in roasting and smelting. Practically all
iron
and
steel,
nickel
and
tin, most copper, and a large proportion of
zinc,
gold,
and
silver,
as
well as many of the minor metals, are won
from their ores and concentrates
by pyrometallurgical methods. It is the
most important and oldest class of
the extractive processes. ASM, 1
pyrometamorphism
Metamorphism produced by heat; it is a
local,
intense
type
of
thermal
metamorphism, resulting from unusually
high temperatures at the contact of
a rock with magma, such as in xenoliths.
CF:igneous
metamorphism;
hydrometamorphism.
pyrometasomatic
Formed by metasomatic changes in rocks,
principally
in
limestone,
at
or
near intrusive contacts, under the
influence of magmatic emanations and
high to moderate temperature and
pressure. AGI
pyromorphite
A hexagonal mineral, Pb5 (PO4 )3 Cl ;
apatite
group,
with iron replacing lead and arsenic
replacing phosphorous; sp gr, 6 to 7;
in oxidized zones of lead-ore deposits.
English-English
pyrope
pyropissite
pyrophane
An opal, e.g., hydrophane, artificially
impregnated with melted wax.
pyroretin
pyrophanite
A brittle, brownish-black resin that occurs
in
brown
coal
near
Aussig,
Bohemia; sp gr, 1.05 to 1.18. Fay
pyrosmaltite
pyrophoric sphalerite
Any member of the hexagonal mineral
series,
ferropyrosmaltite-manganpyrosmaltite,
(Fe,Mn)8
Si6
O
(sub
15) (OH,Cl)10 .
pyrostibite
pyrophyllite
See:kermesite
A monoclinic and triclinic mineral, Al2 Si4
O10 (OH)2 ; foliated; soft; in schists and
hydrothermal
veins
in
North
Carolina, California, Newfoundland, and
Japan.
pyrostibnite
See:kermesite
pyrostilpnite
pyrophysalite
A monoclinic mineral, Ag3 SbS3 ;
dimorphous
with
pyrargyrite; red.
English-English
pyrosulfuric acid
a. A heavy, oily, strongly corrosive liquid
H2
S2
O7
that consists of a solution of sulfur
trioxide in anhydrous sulfuric acid.
It fumes in moist air and reacts violently
with
water
with
the
evolution
of
heat.
Webster
3rd
b. A solution of sulfur trioxide in sulfuric
acid;
H2
S2
O
7 . Colorless to dark brown depending on
purity;
hygroscopic.
CCD, 2
pyroxene
a. A group of chiefly magnesium-iron
minerals
including
diopside,
hedenbergite, augite, pigeonite, and many
other
rock-forming
minerals.
Although members of the group fall into
different
systems
(orthorhombic,
monoclinic, and triclinic), they are closely
related
in
form,
composition,
and
structure.;
hypersthene.
Fay;
AGI
b. The mineral group aegirine (Ae),
aegirine-augite,
clinoenstatite,
clinoferrosilite,
diopside
(Di),
donpeacorite, enstatite (En), essenite
(Es), ferrosilite (Fs), hedenbergite (Hd),
jadeite
(Jd),
jervisite
(Je),
johannsenite
(Jo),
kanoite
(Ka),
kosmochlor (Ko), natalyite, omphacite,
petedunnite
(Pe),
pigeonite,
and
spodumene (Sp). Some former names
relegated to synonyms include acmite =
aegirine,
bronzite
=
enstatite,
clinohypersthene = clinoenstatite or
clinoferrosilite,
diallage
=
altered
diopside or other pyroxene with good
(100) parting, eulite = ferrosilite,
fassaite = ferrian aluminian diopside or
augite,
ferroaugite
=
augite,
ferrosalite = hedenbergite, hiddenite =
pyroxene perthite
Lamellar intergrowths of pyroxene of
different
kinds,
as
with
the
feldspars. Also pyroxene microperthite,
pyroxene
cryptoperthite.
English
pyroxenite
A coarse-grained, holocrystalline igneous
rock
consisting
of
90%
pyroxenes. It may contain biotite,
hornblende, or olivine as accessories.
pyroxenoid
Single-chain silicates with individual
silica
tetrahedra
twisted
relative
English-English
See:berzeliite
pyroxmangite
See:pyrrhotite
pyrrhotite
pyrrhotine
pyrrhite
See:pyrochlore
pyrrhoarsenite
English-English
Q
quad
quadrille twinning
See:crossed twinning
quadrivalent
a. Having a valence of 4. Webster 3rd
b. Having four valences; e.g., chlorine,
which has a valence of 1, 3, 5,
and 7. Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 2
quadrantal bearing
A horizontal angle or bearing less than 90
degrees
,
measured
to
north,
south, east, or west from a survey line.
Hammond
quadruple block
quadrant cutter
quagmire
A soft marsh or bog that gives under
pressure.
CF:quaking
bog
AGI
quadrant search
Similar to octant search, but using four
sectors instead of eight sectors.
Applies to any interpolation method
where a limited number of sample data
points are used to estimate intermediate
values.
quake sheet
A well-defined bed resembling a slump
sheet but produced by seismic shock
from an earthquake and resulting in load
casting
without
horizontal
slip.
AGI
quadrilateral
A four-sided plane figure of any shape,
having
an
area
equal
to
the
product of the diagonals multiplied by half
the sine of the angle between
them. Hammond
quaking bog
A peat bog that is either floating or is
growing
over
water-saturated
ground, so that it shakes or trembles when
walked
on.
Quagmire
sometimes used as a synonym. AGI
English-English
is
quantitation
Once a dust sample has been collected, it
must be evaluated. Of principal
concern is quantitation--determining how
much dust or how many particles.
Certain methods of quantitation are
favored for the various sampling
methods. The number basis is preferable
for evaluating a pulmonary hazard,
while the weight basis is preferred for
toxic,
radioactive,
or
explosive
hazards. Number quantitation is usually
employed for impinger, konimeter,
molecular filter, and thermal precipitator
samples.
Weight
quantitation
is
used for filter paper and electrostatic
samples. Hartman, 1
qualitative analysis
In chemistry, the process of determining
which
elements
are
present.
Standard, 2
quality
a. Refers to the nature, and not the
amount, of material. In the case of a
coal seam, its quality is closely linked
with its rank and its chemical
composition. In the case of metals,
average unit values are determined by
systematic sampling and therefore
represent
a
known
quantity.
quantitative
b. Native values of a gem irrespective of
color
and
cut.
Hess
c. The ratio by weight of vapor to liquid
plus vapor in a mixture, as in
steam. Strock, 2
quality control
a. Systematic setting, check, and operation
designed
to
maintain
steady
working conditions in continuous process
such as mineral concentration; to
forestall trouble; to check condition of
ore,
pulp,
or
products
at
important transfer points. Pryor, 3
b. Graphic method of exposing
abnormalities in sets of figures produced
by
measurement of repetitive operations or as
variances
from
operating
norms.
Pryor,
3
c. The maintaining of air within desired
limits
of
purity.
Hartman, 1
quantitative survey
See:ventilation survey
quantity
Deals with the amount, and not the nature,
of a substance. In the case of
a coal seam, quantity refers to its
workable thickness and acreage. In the
case of ore, the quantity determines its
commercial
importance.
Unit
ore
values without the quantity factor have
only
a
Nelson
qualitative
English-English
significance.
quarman
See:quarryman
quantity control
quarpit
The control of air movement, its direction,
and
its
magnitude.
Hartman, 2
quantity-distance table
a. A stone quarry. Standard, 2
b. Materials from a quarry. Standard, 2
quarrier
A worker in a stone quarry. Standard, 2
quaquaversal
quarry
Dipping outward in all directions from a
central
point,
as
a
dome
in
stratified
rocks.
CF:centroclinal;
periclinal.
quaquaversal fold
See:dome
quarey lode
See:quarry lode
quarfeloids
A portmanteau word
feldspar,
and
CF:feloids
from quartz,
feldspathoids.
quarry body
A dump body with sloped sides. Nichols,
1
quarl
quarry drainage
English-English
quarry drill
quarry lode
quarry face
quarry machine
See:quarrying machine
quarry-faced masonry
quarryman
quarry floor
The lowest level on which stone is loaded.
Streefkerk
quarrying
a. The surface exploitation of stone or
mineral deposits from the Earth's
crust.
Nelson
b. Removal of rock that has value because
of
its
physical
characteristics.
Nichols,
2
c. One of the effects of glaciation whereby
blocks
of
stone,
bounded
mainly by joint planes, are lifted from the
bedrock
and
carried
away
by
ice. Also called plucking. Stokes
quarrying machine
Any machine used to drill holes or cut
tunnels in native rock; a gang
drill, or tunneling machine, but most
commonly a small form of locomotive,
English-English
quartation
The separation of gold from silver by
dissolving
out
the
latter
with
nitric acid. It requires not less than threefourths
of
silver
in
the
alloy, whence the name, which is also
applied to the alloying of gold with
silver, if necessary, to prepare it for this
method
of
parting.
See:parting
quarry powder
quarter
Ammonium nitrate dynamites intended to
replace the more costly gelatin
dynamites used in quarrying, where blasts
of
several
tons
of
explosives
are used. Cartridges up to 8 in (20 cm) in
diameter by 21 in (53 cm) in
length, can be enclosed in metal cans to
protect
against
water
damage.
Lewis
quarry-rid
Overburden. CF:ridding
quarry sap
a. The moisture contained in newly
quarried
stone.
Arkell
b. See:quarry water
quarry waste
Material discarded after crushing, as being
too
fine,
irregular,
or
flaky
for constructional work. Nelson
quartering in
quarry water
Lanc. A plan of building or putting
together tubbing plates from the top
downward, the rings and segments being
bolted together as the work of
excavation proceeds.
English-English
mile
(0.8
km)
square
and
containing 160 acres (64 ha) nearly as
possible. It is usually identified
as the northeast, northwest, southeast, or
southwest
quarter
of
a
particular section. AGI
quartering way
a. A quarry term to designate a direction
in which a rock cleaves with
moderate
facility;
grain.
b. The direction of the natural joints in a
quarry
rock.
CF:rift
c. Grain, second way, bate, hem, sheeting
plane.
quartz
a. A trigonal mineral, SiO2 ;
polymorphous
with
tridymite,
cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, and
keatite. Amethyst is a variety of
the well-known amethystine color.
Aventurine is a quartz spangled with
scales of mica, hemitite, or other minerals.
False
topaz
or
citrine
is
a
yellow quartz. Rock crystal is a watery
clear variety. Rose quartz is a
pink variety. Rutilated quartz contains
needles of rutile. Smoky quartz is
a brownish variety, sometimes called
cairngorm. Tigereye is crocidolite
(an asbestoslike mineral) replaced by
quartz and iron oxide and having a
chatoyant effect. The name of the mineral
is prefixed to the names of many
rocks that contain it, as quartz porphyry,
quartz
diorite.
; beta quartz; high quartz; low quartz.
Sanford;
Fay
b. Pac. Any hard, gold or silver ore, as
distinguished
from
gravel
or
earth. Hence, quartz mining, as
distinguished from hydraulic mining, etc.
Fay
c. A general term for a variety of
cryptocrystalline varieties of SiO (sub
2) ; e.g., agate, chalcedony.
quarter line
Western United States. The survey line by
which a section of government
land is divided into quarter sections.
quarterly survey
An underground survey required by law to
be undertaken at least once every
three months for the purpose of bringing
the working plans and other plans
up to date. BS, 7
quarter octagonal
A square shaft with corners cut back.
Nichols, 1
quarter-point veins
Small veins having an intermediate
bearing between strike and cross veins.
quarter post
A post marking a corner of a quarter
section of the U.S. Public Land
Survey system. It is located midway
between section corners. AGI
quartz battery
quarter section
A stamp, or series of stamps, for crushing
quartz ore. Mathews
English-English
quartz boil
quartziferous
quartz claim
In the United States, a mining claim
containing ore in veins or lodes, as
contrasted with placer claims carrying
mineral, usually gold, in alluvium.
quartz index
a. A derived quantity (qz) in the Niggli
system
of
rock
classification,
which may be either positive or negative,
and is as indicator of a rock's
degree of silica saturation. AGI
b. A term used to indicate the mineralogic
maturity
of
a
sandstone
by
measuring the percentage of detrital
quartz. It is expressed as the ratio
of quartz and chert to the combined
percentage of sodic and potassic
feldspar, rock fragments, and clay matrix.
The index is used as a basis
for evaluating the degree of weathering of
the source rock and the degree
to which the sediment has been
transported. Values for sandstones range
between 3 and 19. AGI
quartz conglomerate
A rock made of pebbles of quartz with
sand. Osborne
quartz diorite
A group of plutonic rocks having the
composition of diorite but with an
appreciable amount of quartz, i.e.,
between 5% and 20% of the
light-colored constituents; also, any rock
in
that
group;
the
approximate
intrusive equivalent of dacite. AGI
quartz felsite
See:quartz porphyry
quartzite
quartz glass
a. A granoblastic metamorphic rock
consisting mainly of quartz and formed
by recrystallization of sandstone or chert
by
either
regional
or
thermal
metamorphism;
metaquartzite.
CF:orthoquartzite
b. A very hard but unmetamorphosed
sandstone, consisting chiefly of quartz
grains that are so completely cemented
with secondary silica that the rock
breaks across or through the grains rather
than
around
them;
an
orthoquartzite.
AGI
c. Stone composed of silica grains so
firmly
cemented
by
silica
that
English-English
quartzitic
Of, pertaining
quartzite.
to,
or
consisting
separated
by
quartz mill
A machine or establishment for
pulverizing quartz ore, in order that the
gold or silver it contains may be separated
by
chemical
means;
a
stamp
mill. Standard, 2; Fay
quartz mine
of
quartz keratophyre
Altered sodic diabase (trachyte) with
accessory quartz.
quartz latite
quartz monzonite
The extrusive or hypabyssal equivalent of
a
quartz
monzonite.
The
principal minerals are quartz, sanidine,
biotite,
sodic
plagioclase,
and
hornblende, commonly as phenocrysts in a
groundmass of potash feldspar and
quartz (or tridymite, cristobalite), or glass
in
flows.
Accessory
minerals
are magnetite, apatite, and zircon.
quartz lead
quartz ore
quartz liquefier
quartzose
a. Of, pertaining to, or consisting of
quartz.
English-English
quartz wedge
a. An optical accessory with varying
retardation used in polarized-light
microscopy to determine birefringence
and
optic
sign.
CF:Berek
compensator
b. In polarized-light microscopy, an
accessory plate that gives variable
compensation
for
birefringence.
CF:accessory plate; gypsum plate.
quartzous
See:quartzose
quartz porphyry
quartzy
See:quartzose
Quaternary
The second period of the Cenozoic era,
following the Tertiary; also, the
corresponding system of rocks. It began 2
to
3
million
years
ago
and
extends to the present. It consists of two
grossly
unequal
epochs;
the
Pleistocene, up to about 10,000 years ago,
and
the
Holocene
since
that
time. The Quaternary was originally
designated an era rather than a
period, with the epochs considered to be
periods,
and
it
is
still
sometimes used as such in the geologic
literature. The Quaternary may also
be incorporated into the Neogene, when
the Neogene is designated as a
period of the Tertiary era. AGI
quartz reef
A lode or vein of quartz.
quartz sinter
Siliceous sinter. Fay
quartz syenite
A potash or soda syenite with quartz as an
accessory,
hence
on
the
borderline between syenite and granite.
quartz trachyte
quaternary alloy
A fine-grained igneous rock consisting
mostly
of
alkali
feldspar,
with
normative quartz between 5% and 20%;
the volcanic equivalent of quartz
syenite. It normally shows trachytic
texture. AGI
An alloy containing
elements. Rolfe
four
principal
quebracho
Aqueous extract of a bark of quebracho
tree; contains up to 65% tannin.
Used in froth-flotation as depressant for
oxidized
Pryor, 3
English-English
alloys
treatment. CTD
minerals.
after
solution
queen
quenching oils
queer
A fissure, joint, or small cavity in a rock
or
quartz
vein.
Also
spelled
quere, queere, and qweear (U.K.).
quenching tub
queery
quene
Crevice in lode or vein. Also spelled
queane. Hess
quenselite
A monoclinic mineral, PbMnO2 (OH);
occurs
in
pitch-black
crystals
with perfect cleavage; at Laangban,
Sweden.
quench
a. To cool suddenly (as heated steel) by
immersion, esp. in water or oil.
Webster
3rd
b. To produce a crust or a succession of
crusts
on
molten
metal,
each
crust being removed as it is formed.
Standard, 2
Querwellen wave
See:Love wave
questal bentonite
A colloidal bond which, when added to
molding sands in amounts up to 3%,
increases porosity and strength (green and
dry), and reduces the amount of
water needed. Osborne
quenching
Generally means rapidly cooling metals
and alloys, or any substance to
below the critical range by immersing it in
oil
or
water
to
harden
it.
Also applied to cooling in salt and moltenmetal baths or by means of an
air blast, and to the rapid cooling of other
quick
a. Said of a sediment that, when mixed
with water, becomes extremely soft
and incoherent and is capable of flowing
English-English
quicksand
quickening
quicksilver
quicksilver cradle
quicklime sizes
A wooden box placed in a sloping
position, and fixed upon rockers, in
which gold-bearing gravel is washed, the
gold being caught by mercury in
the lower part of the cradle. Fay
quicksilver rock
An altered rock consisting mainly of dark
opal
and
chalcedony,
commonly
associated with ore in California mercury
deposits in serpentine.
quick test
quickness
A shear test of a cohesive soil without
allowing
the
sample
to
drain.
Quigley gun
An air gun which mixes dry, granular,
refractory materials with water.
quill shaft
A light drive shaft inside a heavier one,
and turning independently of it.
Nichols, 1
English-English
quincite
Light carmine-red particles found in a
limestone
near
Quincy,
France;
color apparently organic; a doubtful
mineral. Dana, 1
quinquevalent
quoin
quitclaim
a. A release of a claim; a deed of release;
specif.,
a
legal
instrument
by
which some right, title, interest, or claim
by one person in or to an
estate held by himself or another is
released to another, and which is
sometimes used as a simple but effective
Q wave
See:Love wave
English-English
R
rabatage
rabbling
rabbit-eye
rabbling tool
York. Limestone in the Coralline Oolite.
CF:toad's-eye
rabbittite
A monoclinic mineral, Ca3 Mg3 (UO2 )2
(CO
(sub
3) )6 (OH)4 .18H2 O ; radioactive; forms
yellow
efflorescence on mine walls.
race
rabble
rack
a. An inclined trough for washing or
separating
ore.
Nelson
b. A toothed or notched drill-base-slide
and meshing-gear pinion used to
facilitate the moving of a drill to clear the
borehole
when
hoisting
or
lowering the drill string; generally limited
to
larger,
skid-mounted
machines.
Long
c. A framework of wood or metal for the
orderly
storage
of
core,
pipe
rabbler
a.
See:rabble
b. One who uses a rabble, as in puddling
iron.
Standard,
2
c. A scraper. Standard, 2
English-English
racking table
A table on which to wash ore slimes.
rack railroad
A cog railway; cog tramway. Fay
rack up
rack-a-rock
radial
racked timbering
radial arm
rack frame
Inclined table used to treat slimes.
rack gear
radial dikes
racking
a. Old term for concentration in sluice
boxes.
English-English
raceway
rabble
rack
rack-a-rock
A rabble of simple construction for use by
hand. Also called rabble rake.
race
rack back
To move a drilling machine away from
the borehole collar by sliding it on
its base, using the rack-and-gear pinion to
facilitate
moving
the
English-English
machine.
radial
racked timbering
radial arm
rack frame
racking table
A table on which to wash ore slimes.
rack railroad
A cog railway; cog tramway. Fay
radiation-type gage
rack up
An instrument for measuring the density
or
percentage
of
solids
in
slurries flowing through pipes. It normally
uses
a
gamma-ray
source,
usually cesium-137 or cobalt-60, mounted
in a lead-shielded holder on one
side of the pipe. A radiation detector is
mounted
on
the
opposite
side.
Since the absorption of the gamma
radiation, as it passes through the
slurry, varies as a function of the density
of
the
slurry,
the
change
in
English-English
radioactive element
Applied to certain unstable atoms, the
nuclei
of
which
spontaneously
disintegrate, emitting particles and rays,
eventually
reverting
through
a
series of such emissions into an atom
having a stable nucleus and a
different atomic number. Radium, e.g.,
becomes
lead-207.
MacCracken
radioactive
a. Generally, the property possessed by
certain elements, such as uranium,
of spontaneously emitting alpha, beta,
and/or
gamma
rays
by
the
disintegration of the nuclei of their atoms.
Long
b. Of, relating to, caused by, or exhibiting
radioactivity.
Abbrev.,
RA.
Webster 3rd
radioactive mineral
One of six radioactive elements that occur
naturally:
potassium,
rubidium,
thorium, uranium, and associated radium,
samarium, and lutecium. Thorium
commonly occurs in monazite, a sparsely
scattered
accessory
mineral
of
certain granites, gneisses, and pegmatites.
It
is
concentrated,
however,
by weathering processes in sands and
gravels as commercial placer deposits
along rivers and beaches. The most
important primary uranium ore minerals
are davidite and uraninite, esp.
pitchblende, the massive variety. These
minerals are of rather underspread
occurrence in certain granites and
pegmatites and occur as secondary
minerals in metallic vein deposits. The
secondary uranium minerals, however, are
more
underspread
and
more
numerous than the primary uranium ore
minerals. Secondary uranium minerals
are found in weathered and oxidized zones
of
primary
deposits
and,
also,
in irregular flat-lying sandstones, such as
those
in
the
Colorado
Plateau,
where the uranium mineralization was
precipitated
from
solutions.
Carnotite,
the
potassium
uranium
radioactive decay
a. The change of one element to another
by
the
emission
of
charged
particles from the nuclei of its atoms. AGI
b. The spontaneous disintegration of the
atoms
of
certain
nuclides
into
new nuclides, which may be stable or
undergo further decay until a stable
nuclide is finally created. Radioactive
decay involves the emission of
alpha particles, beta particles, and other
energetic
particles,
and
usually is accompanied by emission of
gamma
rays
and
by
atomic
de-excitation phenomena. It always results
in
the
generation
of
heat.
radioactive disintegration
See:radioactive decay
radioactive dusts
Dusts that are injurious because of
radiation. They include ores of
English-English
radioactivity
The spontaneous decay or disintegration
of an unstable atomic nucleus,
accompanied by the emission of radiation.
Lyman
radioactivity log
radioactive series
radioactive waste
radioactivity prospecting
radioaltimeter
Equipment carried in survey aircraft to
ensure
constant
height
above
ground (not sea) level of 300 ft or 500 ft
(91.4 m or 152.4 m)--a critical
factor in certain airborne geophysical
prospecting
surveys.
and
aerial
English-English
light;
specif.,
an
gamma-ray
See:roentgenogram
mapping
X-ray
or
a
photograph.
radiocarbon
radiography
Radioactive carbon, esp. carbon-14, but
also
carbon-10
and
carbon-11.
AGI
radiocarbon dating
See:carbon-14 dating
radiochemistry
The chemical study of artificial and
naturally
occurring
radioactive
materials and their behavior. It includes
their use in tracer studies and
other chemical problems. AGI
radioelement
A form or sample of an element
containing one or more radioactive
isotopes.
radiohalo
radiogenic
radioisotope
See:pleochroic halo
Radiolaria
radiograph
a. Subclass of the Sarcodina consisting of
marine
protozoans
that
possess
complex internal siliceous skeletons.
b. Silica rock formers. Mason
radiolarian ooze
Deposits of siliceous ooze made up
largely of radiolarian skeletons and
English-English
radiometer
Essentially a heat-flow meter used to
measure long-wave radiation as well
as solar radiation. It can be used both for
daytime
and
nighttime
measurements and to measure the net heat
transfer
through
a
surface.
Hunt
radio link
Radio signal unit used to control or
communicate
between
scattered
sections of mine, or to link isolated camp
with
other
places.
Pryor, 3
radiometric assay
A test to determine contained quantity of
uranium.
The
actual
uranium
present may be more or less than the assay
shows.;
inequilibrium. Ballard
radiolite
A spherulite composed of radially arrayed
acicular crystals.
radiolite survey instrument
radiolitic
a. Said of the texture of an igneous rock
characterized
by
radial,
fanlike
groupings of acicular crystals, resembling
sectors
of
spherulites.
AGI
b. Said of limestones in which the
components radiate from central points,
with the cement comprising less than 50%
of the total rock. AGI
radiophone
An FM apparatus, using the mine
haulageway trolley wire for power and
antenna, that permits the dispatcher to talk
back and forth with his motor
crews as they are moving throughout the
mine.
This
saves
stopping
and
starting trips to make telephone calls.
Kentucky
radiometallography
radiophyllite
The application of X-rays to the study of
the
internal
structure
of
various materials, esp. metals. Fay
See:zeophyllite
English-English
radiore method
An electromagnetic method used in
mineral exploration in which a
high-frequency current is used, ranging
from 30,000 to 50,000 Hz, but, if
necessary, a frequency as low as 50 to
3,000 Hz, can be made available.
The detecting or direction-finding coil,
mounted on a tripod, has the form
of a pair of spectacles and is equipped
with
an
amplifier
and
head
telephone. When the exciting coil is
energized, a current is caused to
flow in the conductor and a secondary
electromagnetic
field
is
set
up
around the conductor. The detecting coil
is affected by both the primary
field from the exciting coil and the
secondary field. Lewis
radius of curve
A term used in laying mine track; the
calculated radius of an arc that
will connect two pieces of track (at a
desired angle of direction from
each other) with a smooth curve section.
radius of gyration
The value used when calculating the
slenderness ratio of pillars and
struts. If A is the cross-sectional area in
inches
of
the
pillar
or
strut
and I is its moment of inertia, the radius of
gyration
is
(I/A),
generally
known as K. Hammond
radium
radius of rupture
A radioactive metallic element; one of the
alkaline-earth
metals.
Symbol,
Ra. It occurs in pitchblende ore, in
carnotite sands, and in all uranium
minerals.
radium G
radius ratio
radiumite
A mixture of black pitchblende, yellow
uranotile,
and
orange
gummite.
Schaller
radon
a. A heavy, radioactive, gaseous element;
inert;
the
heaviest
known
gas.
radius
English-English
weighted
exposure.
raffinate
The aqueous solution remaining after the
metal has been extracted by the
solvent; the tailing of the solvent
extraction system.
raft
See:float coal
rafter timbering
A method of mine timbering in which the
timbers appear like roof rafters.
rafting
a. The transporting of sediment, rocks,
silt, and other matter of land
origin out to sea by ice, logs, etc., with
subsequent
deposition
of
the
rafted matter when the carrying agent
disintegrates.
Hunt
b. Matting or agglomerating of powdered
coal. Bennett
radon daughter
A radioactive element produced in the
disintegration
of
radon.
radon progeny
rag
The short-lived decay products of radon,
an inert gas that is one of the
natural decay products of uranium. The
short-lived
radon
progeny
(i.e.,
polonium-210, lead-214, bismuth-214,
and polonium-214) are solids and
exist in air as free ions or as ions attached
to
dust
particles.
The
U.S.
Mine Safety and Health Administration
has established radiation protection
standards that limit a miner's radon
progeny exposure to a concentration
of 1.0 WL and an annual cumulative
exposure to 4 WLM. Each WLM is
determined as a 173-h cumulative, time
English-English
side.
Webster
3rd
d. To break (ore) into lumps for sorting; to
cut
or
dress
roughly
(as
a
grindstone). Webster 3rd
for
in
rail
to
ragged rolls
rail haulage system
Rolls with rough surfaces to facilitate the
gripping
of
the
steel
in
the
first stages of rolling, as distinguished
from
the
smooth-finishing
rolls.
Mersereau, 2
ragging
rail riffles
a. The rough washing or concentration of
ore or slimes on a rag frame.
Nelson
b. In roll crushers, grooves cut in surface
to improve grip on feed, and
increase angle of nip. Also, in ore
concentration
in
jigs,
oversized
bedding placed on jig screens. Pryor, 3
c. See:bedding
raggy stone
rails
Thin-bedded or flaggy sandstone. TIME
See:rag
rail
ragstone
rail gage
The distance or width between the inner
edges of the heads of the rails;
(1) in coal mining, the rail gage for tub
and car tracks ranges from 2 to
3 ft (0.6 to 0.9 m), and 2-1/3 ft (0.7 m) is
considered
a
satisfactory
rainbow chalcedony
Eng. A variety of chalcedony of thin
concentric layers, which, when cut
English-English
See:iris quartz
rain chamber
raise borer
rain gage
A device used to measure precipitation
(melted snow, sleet, or hail as
well as rain). It consists of a receiving
funnel, a collecting vessel, and
a
measuring
cylinder.
AGI
rainwash
raise climber
a. The washing-away of loose surface
material by rainwater after it has
reached the ground but before it has been
concentrated
into
definite
streams; specif. sheet erosion. Also, the
movement
downslope
(under
the
action of gravity) of material loosened by
rainwater.
It
occurs
esp.
in
semiarid or scantily vegetated regions.
AGI
b. The material that originates by the
process
of
rainwash;
material
transported and accumulated, or washed
away,
by
rainwater.
AGI
c. The rainwater involved in the process of
rainwash. AGI
raise
a. A vertical or inclined opening in a mine
driven upward from a level to
rake
English-English
rake vein
rake blade
raking strut
rake classifier
Raky boring method
A type of mechanical classifier utilizing
reciprocal rakes on an inclined
plane to separate coarse from fine material
contained
in
a
water
pulp,
overflowing the fine material and
discharging the coarse material by means
of an inclined raking system.
rakers
Raleigh's law
Slanting props placed at the end of a drift
set to keep the timbers steady
when blasts go off.
rake thickener
Equipment for thickening in which the
concentrated suspension settles in a
container of circular section and is
delivered mechanically to one or more
discharge points by a series of arms
revolving slowly around a central
shaft. BS, 5
English-English
ralstonite
rammelsbergite
rammer
A rod for
shotholes.
Nelson
charging
and
stemming
ramming
a.
See:stemming;
b. See:scaling
tamping.
ram
ramming and patching refractories
a.
To
stem;
tamp.
Mason
b. Black ram, bog iron ore; gold ram, gold
ore.
Arkell
c. The plunger of a pump. Zern
d. A mechanical pusher for forcing
(discharging) coke from a byproduct
coke
oven.
Mersereau,
2
e. An appliance for exerting a pressure on
face
equipment,
such
as
steel
supports,
conveyors,
or
plows.
Nelson
ramdohrite
A monoclinic mineral, Ag3 Pb6 Sb11 S24 ;
forms
dark-gray twinned prismatic to lanceshaped crystals; at Potosi, Bolivia.
CF:andorite
ramp
a. A fault that is a gravity (normal) fault
near
the
surface
but
curves
through the vertical to dip in the opposite
direction
at
depth,
where
the
displacement is that characteristic of a
thrust.
b. A portion of a thrust fault that cuts
across formational contacts in a
rammel
Loose stone, or waste rock; loose sandy or
stony
barren
soil;
mixed
shale
and sandstone. Also spelled: rammell.
English-English
short
distance.
AGI
c. An incline connecting two levels in an
open pit or underground mine.
rand
ram pump
S. Afr. A ridge, range of hills, or highland
on
either
side
of
a
river
valley.
Rand
An abbrev. of Witwatersrand, the gold
fields in the Republic of South
Africa.
Randolph process
ramp valley
A modification of the series process of
copper
refining
in
which
the
electrodes lie horizontally, the top surface
of each one acting as anode,
the lower as cathode. Theoretically, it has
the advantage of extremely low
metal losses and great purity of copper.
Smith process. Liddell
random
ramsdellite
The direction of a rake vein.
An orthorhombic mineral, MnO2 ;
trimorphous with akhtenskite and
pyrolusite.
random error
rance
random line
a. A trial line, directed as nearly as may be
toward
a
fixed
terminal
point that is invisible from the initial
point.
Seelye,
2
b. A random traverse; i.e., a traverse run
from an initial to a terminal
point to determine the direction of the
rance marble
a. A white, hard, shining grit, striped red.
Arkell
latter
Seelye, 2
from
the
English-English
former.
rang
See:random set
random pattern
range
random orientation
random sample
a. A sample take without plan or pattern.
Nelson
b. A subset of a statistical population in
which each item has an equal
and independent chance of being chosen;
e.g., a sample chosen to determine
(within definied limits) the average
characteristics
of
an
orebody.
AGI
random set
The setting of diamonds in a bit crown
without regard to the attitude of
their
vector
properties.
random stone
A term applied by quarry personnel to
quarried blocks of any dimensions.
Randupson process
A system of molding in which the molds
are made of a mixture of silica
sand and cement with water added.
Osborne
English-English
ranging rod
See:range pole
rank
a. Describes the stage of carbonification
attained
by
a
given
coal.
IHCP
b. The place occupied by a coal in a
English-English
other
series,
such
as
the
sapropelic coal series or the bitumen
series.
CF:type
Tomkeieff
rank variety
Variety in coals brought about as a result
of
progressive
metamorphism.
More or less arbitrarily, although
carefully, selected chemical criteria
are used to differentiate coals of different
rank.
Physical
criteria
are
also used but are more difficult of
application. AGI
Rankine scale
An absolute-temperature scale in which a
measurement
interval
equals
a
Fahrenheit degree and in which zero
degrees is equal to -459.67 degrees F
(-273.16 degrees C). Named for William
J.M. Rankine, a Scottish physicist.
ransomite
A monoclinic mineral, CuFe2 (SO4 )4 .6H2
O
;
forms slender sky-blue prisms; at Jerome,
AZ.
Rankine's formula
An empirical formula giving the
collapsing load for a given column.
CTD
rap
a. To warn workers in an adjoining
working place of a blast, when the
working places are separated by only a
small pillar, by knocking on the
pillar
with
a
tool
or
bar.
b. To test the roof by tapping it with a
stick
or
bar.
c. To signal by knocking on a steam,
water, or air pipe. Fay
Rankine's theory
The state of stress theory as developed by
Rankine in 1860 for application
to earth pressures. He formulated that the
pressure
on
a
vertical
retaining wall restraining earth with a
horizontal surface is (1 - sinphi
) / (1 + sinphi ) multiplied by the soil
density for each foot depth of
soil retained, where phi is the angle of
internal
friction
of
the
soil.
The value (1 - sinphi ) / (1 + sin#2f) is the
coefficient
of
active
earth
pressure. Hammond
rapakivi
A hornblende-biotite granite containing
large
rounded
crystals
of
orthoclase mantled with oligoclase. The
name has come to be used most
frequently as a textural term where it
implies
plagioclase
rims
around
orthoclase in plutonic rocks.
rankinite
A monoclinic mineral, Ca3 Si2 O7 ;
dimorphous
with
kilchoanite; rare in contact metamorphic
rock, but common in blast furnace
slag.
English-English
rapid excavation
rare earths
rapid plow
A fast moving plow with picks attached.
The rapid plow is a continuous
longwall cutter loader capable of working
unattended on the face. For this
reason, it is one of the safest machines in
operation.
rap-in
rarefaction
rappage
Excess in size of a casting because the
mold is larger than the pattern
when the latter is unduly rapped, as with
the
hand,
for
drawing.
Standard, 2
rapping
rashings
In foundry work, loosening of pattern
before its withdrawal from molding
sand in flask. Pryor, 3
rapping roller
An eccentric roller or a roller fitted with
devices
such
as
bars
welded
English-English
drill
used
for
Webster 3rd; Fay
Rasorite
boring
slate.
See:kernite
ratchet man
rasp
An instrument used in a borehole
fishing operations, for reducing
length of the box, or for coupling
tools. Also called mill; rose
Long
for
the
lost
bit.
rate
See:rait
raspberry spar
rate action (nonstandard)
a.
b. Pink tourmaline.
See:rhodochrosite
As used in flotation, the component of
proportional plus rate action or of
proportional plus reset plus rate action for
which
there
is
a
continuous
linear relation between the rate of change
of
the
controlled
variable
and
the position of a final control element.
Fuerstenau
raspite
A monoclinic mineral, PbWO4 ;
dimorphous with stolzite; forms small
tabular brownish-yellow crystals having
intense
adamantine
luster;
at
Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia.
rated capacity
ratchet
The load that a new wire rope or wire rope
sling
may
handle
under
given
operating conditions and at an assumed
design factor.
ratchet-and-pawl mechanism
A cogwheel (ratchet) with which a single
pivoted
catch
(pawl)
engages,
thereby preventing any backward turning.
Hammond
rated horsepower
a. Theoretical horsepower of an engine
based on dimensions and speed.
Nichols,
1
b. Power of an engine according to a
particular
standard.
Nichols, 1
ratchet drill
A hand drill in which the drill holder is
revolved
intermittently
by
a
lever through a ratchet wheel and pawl. A
English-English
based
on
actual
products;
(a)
overall reduction ratio = (mean size of
feed) / (mean size of product);
(b) individual reduction ratio = (size most
abundant in feed) / (mean size
of grading band concerned). South
Australia
rathite
See:liveingite
See:liveingite
rathole
rated load
rathite-II
rate of advance
a. The distance the bit penetrates a rock
formation
in
a
unit
of
time,
such as inches (centimeters) per minute or
feet
(meters)
per
hour.
Long
b. In coal mining, the number of feet
(meters) between the coal face at
the beginning and at the end of a
workshift.
rate of grade
See:gradient
rates of reduction
In crushing practice, these rates are (1)
based
on
crusher
dimensions,
wherein the largest cube that will enter is
compared
with
the
largest
that
can be discharged, or (receiving opening)
/
(discharge
opening);
the
receiving opening is measured from the
top of the movable member to the
top of the stationary member; and (2)
rathole bit
A bit designed and used to drill the first
portion
of
a
deflected
hole
alongside and beyond the deflection
English-English
ratio of concentration
(Weight of ore fed) / (Weight of
concentrate produced). Pryor, 3
rat-holing
The act or process of drilling a deflected
or
pilot
hole.
ratio of enrichment
The ratio of the percentage of valuable
material in the concentrate to the
percentage of the valuable material in the
original material.
rating
The maximum capacity of a drill hoist or a
prime mover, such as an engine,
motor, or pump; generally the maximum
safe capacity. Long
ratio of reduction
a. The relationship between the maximum
size of the stone which will enter
a crusher, and the size of its product.
Nichols,
1
b. The ratio of enrichment with respect to
the
sought
mineral:
(Assay
value in feed) : (Assay value in
concentrate).
rating flume
A flume used for purposes of control.
Hammond
ratiometer
An instrument used to measure the ratio of
two
differences
in
potential.
AGI
rational analysis
rattle boxes
Limonite geodes from Chester County,
PA. Schaller
rattler
ratio of absorption
a.
York.
Cannel
coal.
b. Scot. Inferior gas coal; sandy shale.
c. U.K. A variety of gas coal that fetched
high prices and was reputed to
ignite with a match. It is hard, compact,
uniform,
bright,
brittle,
fine-grained, slightly sonorous when
struck, and resembling jet but not so
brilliant.
Arkell
English-English
ravine
A small, narrow, deep depression, smaller
than a gorge or a canyon but
larger than a gully, usually carved by
running water; esp. the narrow
excavated channel of a mountain stream.
Etymol: French, mountain torrent.
AGI
rattler test
A method for evaluating the resistance of
paving
bricks
to
impact
and
abrasion. A sample of 10 bricks is
subjected to the action of 10 cast-iron
balls 3.75 in (9.53 cm) in diameter and
245 to 260 balls 1.875 in (4.76
cm) in diameter in a drum 28 in (71.12
cm) in diameter, 20 in (50.8 cm)
long, rotating at 30 rpm for 1 h. The
severity of abrasion and impact is
reported as a percentage loss in weight.
Dodd
raw
a. In ceramics, fresh from a plastic
process;
unbaked.
Standard,
2
b. Not prepared for use by heat. Webster
3rd
raw coal
Coal which has received no preparation
other
than
possibly
screening.
rattlesnake ore
raw coal screen
A gray, black, and yellow mottled ore of
carnotite
and
vanoxite,
its
spotted appearance resembling that of a
rattlesnake. AGI
rauvite
A mineral, Ca(UO2 )2 V10 O28 .16H2 O ;
radioactive; purple- black; sandstone
impregnation
on
the
Colorado
Plateau.
raw dolomite
a. Dolomite that has not been calcined.
ARI
b. Crushed dolomite used for dressing of
basic open hearth bottoms and
banks. AISI
ravelly ground
Rock that breaks into small pieces when
drilled and tends to cave or
slough into the hole when the drill string
is
pulled,
or
binds
the
drill
string by becoming wedged or locked
between the drill rod and the borehole
wall. Long
English-English
raw fuel
A fuel used in the form in which it is
mined or obtained, for example,
coal, lignite, peat, wood, mineral oil,
natural gas. Nelson
rawhide hammer
A hand hammer having a rawhide head
that serves to prevent bruising metal
parts against which it is used. Crispin
raw material
raw mica
A
term
commonly
unmanufactured mica. Skow
used
for
raw ore
a. Ore that is not roasted or calcined.
b. See:raw coal
raydist
A radio system for medium-range
precision surveying in which the phases of
two
continuous-wave
signals
are
compared. It is based on the heterodyne
principle and uses low or medium
frequencies. It requires a minimum
number
of frequencies and these frequencies
usually
need
bear
no
fixed
relationship with each other. Hunt
Raymond mill
Grinding mill in which spring-loaded
rollers bear against a horizontal
rotating bowl--developed for coal
pulverization. Pryor, 3
Rayleigh wave
a. A type of seismic surface wave having
a
retrograde,
elliptical
motion
English-English
rays
razor stone
See:novaculite
reach
a. An arm of the sea extending up into the
land; e.g. an estuary or bay.
AGI
b. A continuous and unbroken expanse or
surface
of
water
or
land.
AGI
c. An unstated but specific distance; an
interval.
AGI
d. The length of a channel, uniform with
respect
to
discharge,
depth,
area,
and
slope.
AGI
e. The length of a channel for which a
single gage affords a satisfactory
measure of the stage and discharge. AGI
f. The length of a stream between two
specified
gaging
stations.
AGI
g. A relatively long, straight section of
water along a lake shore; also,
a narrow arm of a lake, reaching into the
land.
AGI
h. A straight, continuous, or extended part
of
a
stream,
viewed
without
interruption (as between two bends) or
chosen
between
two
specified
points; a straight section of a restricted
waterway,
much
longer
than
a
narrows. AGI
raywork
A kind of rubble work; in the United
States, any rubble work of thin and
small stones.
reactance
razorback
reaction border
A narrow saw used
limestone. Webster 3rd
in
excavating
See:reaction rim; corona.
English-English
reaction curve
See:cotectic line
reactive
reaction line
See:cotectic line
reaction pair
reactive reagent
reaction principle
The silica, SiO2 , present within various
clay
minerals
occurring
in bauxite. During the Bayer process
digestion of bauxite, this silica
reacts with comparable amounts of
alumina to form insoluble sodium
aluminum silicate, which is lost as
refinery plant residue.
reactivity
A rind of one mineral surrounding another
and
presumably
crystallized
by
reaction of the core mineral with
surrounding
fluids.
CF:corrosion border
reaction series
The sequence of minerals produced by
reaction between liquid and crystals
during crystallization of a complex
magma. Bowen's reaction series has a
continuous side (calcic to alkalic
plagioclase) and a discontinuous side
(olivine-pyroxene-amphibole-biotite).
reaction-zone width
In explosives, the distance that detonation
advances
before
the
products
English-English
Reading jig
reamer bit
See:reaming bit
reamer shell
a. A cutter just above a diamond bit, used
to
assure
a
full-size
hole.
Nichols, 1
realgar
a. Arsenic monosulfide, AsS, contains
70.1%
elemental
arsenic.
Sanford
b. A monoclinic mineral, AsS ;
dimorphous with pararealgar; red to
orange;
soft; in ore veins, hot springs, and as a
volcanic
sublimate.
.
reamer stone
See:gage stone
reaming
The act or process of enlarging a borehole.
Long
reaming bit
real property
Includes mining claims, dumps, water
rights, and ditches. Ricketts
ream
reaming diamond
See:gage stone
ream back
a.
See:pilot
b. A smooth bar used to guide a reaming
bit or casing bit in the hole.
BS, 9
reaming pilot
reamer
A rotary-drilling tool with a special bit
used
for
enlarging,
smoothing,
or straightening a drill hole, or making the
hole
circular
when
the
drill
has failed to do so. AGI
English-English
recarburize
reaming ring
See:reaming shell
recarburizing
reaming shell
Introducing spiegeleisen into the converter
after
the
blow
to
add
the
desired element. Mersereau, 2
recast
To form anew by running, as molten
metal, into a mold; cast again; as, to
recast a cracked bell. Standard, 2
receiving hopper
A hopper used to receive and direct
material to a conveyor.
Recent
rebar
The later of the two geologic epochs
comprised in the Quaternary period,
in the classification generally used;
Holocene. Also, the deposits formed
during that epoch. Recent includes the
geologic time and deposits from the
close of the Pleistocene (glacial) epoch
until and including the present.
See:reinforcing bar
recalescence
A phenomenon, associated with the
transformation of gamma iron to alpha
iron on the cooling (supercooling) of iron
or
steel,
revealed
by
the
brightening (reglowing) of the metal
surface owing to the sudden increase
in temperature caused by fast liberation of
the
latent
heat
of
transformation.
recession
Going back, as the gradual retreat of a
waterfall
or
an
erosional
escarpment, the melting back of a glacier,
or the withdrawal of a body of
water so that the shoreline moves
successively farther
higher land. Stokes
away
English-English
from
the
reciprocating engine
Any steam or internal-combustion engine,
which has a piston moving under
pressure within a cylinder. Hammond
recharge
a. The processes by which water is
absorbed and added to the zone of
saturation, either directly into an aquifer
or
indirectly
by
way
of
another formation; also, the quantity of
water
so
added.
b. Putting water brought from elsewhere
into a body of ground water to
augment ground-water supply.
reciprocating feeder
a. A feeder in which the material is carried
on
a
plate
subjected
to
a
reciprocating motion and so constructed
that when the plate moves in the
reverse direction the material remains
stationary. The rate of feed is
normally varied by adjusting the stroke of
the
reciprocating
plate.
reciprocal lattice
reciprocating pump
A pump consisting of a piston or plunger
which lifts water to a higher
level by a series of to-and-fro movements.
Nelson
reciprocating
reciprocating screen dryer
Having a straight back-and-forth or upand-down motion. Nichols, 1
reciprocating drill
A piston drill often referred to as a
hammer drill. Hammond
English-English
recirculating water
reclaiming
recirculation of air
reclamation
recirculation of water
recirculation
recomposed granite
a. An arkose consisting of consolidated
feldspathic
residue
(produced
by
surface weathering of an underlying
granitic rock) that has been so little
English-English
reconnaissance map
reconnoiter
recomposed rock
reconstructed amber
See:pressed amber
reconstructed granite
See:recomposed granite
reconstructed turquoise
An imitation turquoise made of finely
powdered ivory which is deposited in
a solution of copper. Fay
reconnaissance
a. A general, exploratory examination or
survey of the main features (or
certain specific features) of a region,
usually conducted as a preliminary
to a more detailed survey; e.g. an
engineering survey in preparing for
triangulation of a region. It may be
performed in the field or office,
depending on the extent of information
available.
AGI
b. A rapid geologic survey made to gain a
broad, general knowledge of the
geologic features of a region. AGI
reconstruction
The modernization of underground
roadways, transport, ventilation systems,
and the layout of mine workings. It may
include
modernization
of
shafts
and winding and also the improvement of
surface handling and cleaning or
washing equipment.
reconstructive transformation
An isochemical change in a crystal
structure in which chemical bonds are
broken and reformed, e.g., tridymitequartz
or
diamond-graphite.
English-English
record borehole
recovered sulfur
See:record hole
record hole
The first borehole drilled in an area that is
cored
so
that
a
detail
record of the formations penetrated can be
obtained.
Also
called
test
hole.
recovery
record table
recovery plant
recording gage
recover
a. To restore a mine or a part of a mine
that
has
been
damaged
by
explosion, fire, water, or other cause to a
working
condition.
Fay
b. See:recovery
recreational mining
Mining as an avocation rather than as a
business. Barton
recoverable grade
recrystallization
English-English
transformation
of
a
signal
from an alternating positive and negative
signal
into
an
all-positive
signal by taking its absolute value.
rectifier
rectifying device
rectangular shaft
A shaft excavated to an oblong shape. The
majority of shafts sunk in the
Republic of South Africa before 1948
were rectangular and timber lined.
The shape lends itself to equipping
concurrently with sinking; it provides
a convenient in-line hoisting arrangement
and can easily be divided into
separate compartments. However, in the
1950's and 1960's developments were
towards the concrete lined circular shaft.
Nelson
recumbent fold
An overturned fold, the axial surface of
which is horizontal or nearly so.
recuperator
a. A continuous heat exchanger in which
heat
is
conducted
from
the
products of combustion to incoming air
through
flue
walls.
ASTM
b. A system of thin-walled refractory
ducts used for the purpose of
transferring heat from a heated gas to
colder
air
or
gas.
Harbison-Walker
c. Preheating equipment for recovering
sensible heat from hot spent gases
from a furnace and using it for heating
incoming charge or fuel gases;
essentially, a low-pressure heat exchanger.
Henderson
rectification
a. The process by which electric energy is
transferred
from
an
alternating-current circuit to a directcurrent
circuit.
Coal
Age,
1
b. The purification of a liquid by
redistillation.
CTD
c. In electronics and signal processing, the
English-English
recurrence horizon
A layer of peat marking a sharp change in
the character of the peat and
resulting from a profound change in
climate. Tomkeieff
red antimony
red cobalt
See:kermesite
See:erythrite
red arsenic
red copper ore
See:realgar
See:cuprite
red beds
red copper oxide
Sedimentary strata composed largely of
sandstone,
siltstone,
and
shale,
with locally thin units of conglomerate,
limestone,
or
marl,
that
are
predominantly red in color due to the
presence of ferric oxide (hematite)
usually coating individual grains; e.g. the
Permian
and
Triassic
sedimentary rocks of western United
States, and the Old Red Sandstone
facies of the European Devonian. AGI
See:cuprite
redd
a. Eng. To clear away fallen stone or
debris.
b. Northumb. Overburden. CF:ridding
c. Scot. To scour through, take down, or
rip. Fay
redd bing
red cake
The vanadium concentrate in a milling
operation. Ballard
red chalk
reddingite
red clay
A brown to red deep-sea deposit, which
usually contains manganese nodules
or a film of manganese. It is the finest
divided clay suspension that is
derived from the land and transported by
ocean
currents,
accumulating
far
reddle
Red ocher mixed with clay. Also spelled
ruddle, raddle.
English-English
reddleman
redingtonite
red dog
Material of a reddish color resulting from
the
combustion
of
coal
shale
and other mine waste in dumps on the
surface.
Red I plate
See:selenite plate
reddsman
red earth
See:hematite
The characteristic soil of most tropical
regions.
It
is
leached,
red,
deep, and clayey.
red-hard
A term applied to some varieties of tool
steels
that
will
retain
their
hardness even when operating at a red
heat. Newton, 1
red lead
See:minium
red heart
redledgeite
red hematite
red lime mud
A compact columnar variety of hematite
with a brownish-red to iron-black
color; so called to contrast it with limonite
and
turgite.
English-English
red manganese
See:cuprite
red mercury
See:zincite
redox potential
red metal
a. A copper matte containing about 48%
copper.
Fay
b. Any one of several alloys used in the
manufacture
of
silverware.
Fay
red roast
In fluidization roasting, conversion of iron
from
sulfides
to
red
oxide.
Pryor, 3
red mud
a. A reddish-brown terrigenous deep-sea
mud that accumulates on the sea
floor in the neighborhood of deserts and
off the mouths of great rivers;
contains calcium carbonate up to 25%.
Hunt
b. A clay-water-base drilling fluid
containing
sufficient
amounts
of
caustic soda and tannates to give a
pronounced red appearance. The pH is
usually 10.0 to 13.0. Brantly, 1
redruthite
red ore
redsear
Hematite ore.
red orpiment
See:realgar
English-English
McGraw-Hill,
1
b. A material that adds an electron to an
element
or
compound;
i.e.,
decreases the positiveness of its valence.
McGraw-Hill, 1
red silver
A red silver sulfide; esp. pyrargyrite and
proustite.
reducing atmosphere
See:red silver
reduce
a. To lower the oxidation state by adding
electrons to a chemical species.
b. In general, to treat metallurgically for
the
production
of
metal.
Fay
reducing flame
reduced iron
The blue part or inner cone of the flame
produced
by
a
blowpipe;
characterized by an excess of hydrocarbon
over oxygen so as to reduce
mineral
samples
heated
in
it.
CF:oxidizing flame
reducing furnace
reduced level
A furnace in which ores are reduced from
oxides,
or
metal
is
separated
from other substances by a nonoxidizing
heat or flame; usually a shaft
furnace.
reducing roast
reducing agent
a. Process of reducing a metal compound
to the metal and separating it
from the slag; sometimes applied to the
English-English
smelting
process.
b. A reaction taking place at the cathode
in
electrolysis
through
transfer
of electrons to the species being reduced.
c. A decrease in positive valence, or an
increase in negative valence by
the gaining of electrons. A metallic oxide
loses oxygen through the action
of reducing gas, reducing its valence.
CF:oxidation
reduction ratio
In crushing, the ratio of the size of the
largest
feed
particle
to
the
smallest distance between the roll faces.
As used frequently in the field,
it is the ratio of the smallest aperture
passing all of the feed to that
passing all of the product. Another basis
of expression is the ratio of
the average size of feed to the average size
of
product.
Taggart, 1
reduction cell
A pot or tank in which either a water
solution of a salt or a fused salt
is reduced electrolytically to form free
metals
or
other
substances.
ASM, 1
reduction roasting
Lowering of oxygen content of ore by
heating
in
reducing
atmosphere.
Pryor, 3
reduction factor
reduction smelting
The factor relating the allowable stress on
a long column with that on a
short column in order to prevent buckling.
Hammond
reduction furnace
See:reducing furnace.
reduction to center
reduction of area
reduzate
reduction of levels
A sediment formed in a strongly reducing
environment;
e.g.,
coal,
sedimentary sulfides, or sedimentary
sulfur. AGI
English-English
reef cap
See:zincite
red zinc oxide
See:zincite
reef drive
reed
red vitriol
See:bieberite; rose vitriol.
Redwood number
reefing
Working
See:reef
auriferous
reedmergnerite
reef knoll
See:bioherm
reefs
or
veins.
reef limestone
A limestone consisting of the remains of
active
reef-building
organisms,
such as corals, sponges, and bryozoans,
and
of
sediment-binding
organic
constituents, such as calcareous algae.
AGI
reef
a. A ridgelike or moundlike structure,
layered
or
massive,
built
by
sedentary calcareous organisms, esp.
corals, and consisting mostly of
their remains; it is wave-resistant and
stands
above
the
surrounding
sediment. Also, such a structure built in
the
geologic
past
and
now
reef wash
Aust. Gold-bearing drift.
English-English
reel boy
reeve
reel locomotive
reference axes
See:reinforcing bar
reference electrode
reel
reeving
Threading or placement of a working line.
Nichols, 2
English-English
other
stations
by
differences or factors. AGI
reference level
means
of
See:datum plane
referencing
reference mark
The process of measuring the horizontal
(or
slope)
distances
and
directions from a survey station to nearby
landmarks,
reference
marks,
and
other permanent objects that can be used
in the recovery or relocation of
the station. AGI
refikite
reference seismometer
An orthorhombic mineral, C20 H32 O2 ;
soft;
white;
in
modern resins and lignite at Montorio,
Abruzzes,
Italy.
Also
spelled
reficite.
refine
a. To free from impurities; to free from
dross
or
alloy;
to
purify,
as
metals; to cleanse. Webster 3rd
b. To treat cast iron in the refinery furnace
so as to remove the silicon.
Webster 3rd
reference size
Separation size, designated size, or control
size
used
to
define
analyses
of the products of a sizing operation. BS, 5
reference standard
refined iron
Taken or laid down as a standard for
measuring,
reckoning,
or
constructing. Webster 3rd
reference station
refinery
English-English
reflection
refining
The purification
products. Fay
of
crude
metallic
refining heat
A medium orange heat, about 655 degrees
C, which imparts fineness of grain
and toughness to steel that is raised to it
and
afterwards
quenched.
Webster 2nd
refining temperature
A temperature, usually just higher than the
transformation
range,
employed
in the heat treatment of steel to refine the
structure,
particularly
the
grain size. ASM, 1
reflected-light microscope
A compound microscope in which planepolarized light impinges upon a
polished specimen, commonly opaque, the
light being reflected back to the
objective through a second polarizer,
where mineral color and polarization
colors are observed in the ocular.
.
reflection goniometer
An instrument that measures angles
between crystal faces by reflecting a
beam of light from successive faces as the
crystal
is
rotated.
reflected-light microscopy
reflection mechanism
See:ore microscopy
reflected wave
A (gaseous) pressure wave resulting from
a
direct
wave
striking
an
obstacle or an opposing surface and being
reflected
backwards.
Rice, 2
reflection method
See:seismic reflection method
English-English
reflection shooting
A type of seismic survey based on
measurement of the travel times of waves
that originate from an artificially produced
disturbance
and
are
reflected
back at near-vertical incidence from
subsurface
boundaries
separating
media of different elastic-wave velocities.
CF:refraction
shooting
AGI
refractive index
reflection wave
See:index of refraction; dispersion.
A wave that is propagated backward
through the burned gas as the result of
an explosion wave being completely or
partly arrested against the closed
extremity, or in a constricted portion of its
path,
as
in
a
tube,
gallery,
etc. Fay
refractometer
a. A combustible gases detector.
Nelson
b. An instrument for measuring indices of
refraction
of
transparent
substances, both liquid and solid.
CF:Abbe refractometer
reflectivity
The ratio of radiant energy reflected by a
body to that falling upon it.
Strock, 2
refractoriness
The capacity of a material to resist high
temperature.
In
the
refractories
industry, the pyrometric cone equivalent
(PCE) is a comparative value used
to determine the refractoriness of a
material. Henderson
refraction
The deflection of a ray of light or of an
energy wave (such as a seismic
wave) due to its passage from one
medium to another of differing density,
which changes its velocity.
refractory
a. Said of an ore from which it is difficult
or
expensive
to
recover
its
valuable
constituents.
AGI
b. Exceptionally resistant to heat. AGI
c. A nonmetallic material suitable for use
in
high-temperature
applications. AGI
refraction shooting
a. The detonation of heavy charges of
explosive in comparatively shallow
holes or pits. The effects may be measured
over a wide area. The firing
English-English
refractory ore
High-temperature
bonding
mortars
containing
various
materials
and
exhibiting
various
properties,
but
primarily
intended
for
providing
structural bond between refractory units in
high-temperature
industrial
furnace construction. Henderson
refractory brick
a. A brick made from refractory material,
such
as
fire
clay,
bauxite,
diaspore, etc., used to withstand high
temperatures. Refractory bricks are
made in various sizes and shapes.
b. A brick used as a lining for the interior
of
fireboxes
in
furnaces
and
boilers. Refractory brick is constructed so
that
it
can
withstand
very
high temperatures, but it is not a very
good insulator. API, 1
refractory ware
Usually hollow ware, such as, saggers,
pyrometer
tubes,
crucibles,
etc.;
also refractory brick and shapes.
refresher training
refractory clay
In mining, training given to all miners at
least once a year consisting of
8 hours of instruction reviewing the
essentials of new miner training.
CF:new miner training; task training.
Federal Mine Safety
See:fireclay
refractory lining
A lining that has high refractory qualities
and
is
therefore
suitable
for
furnace linings and boiler foundations. It
is
made
from
a
good-quality
refractory ore, clay, fireclay, or gannister.
Nelson
refrigerant
A substance that will absorb heat while
vaporizing and whose boiling point
and other properties make it useful as a
medium
for
refrigeration.
Strock, 2
refractory material
A material able to withstand high
temperatures and, therefore, used in
such applications as lining furnaces.
refrigeration
a. In special application to mining, cooling
of
air
before
release
in
lowest levels of deep, hot mine; also,
expansion of compressed air for the
English-English
same
purpose.
b. The process of absorption of heat from
one location and its transfer to
and rejection at another place; arbitrarily
expressed
in
units
of
(short)
tons and is equal to the coil cooling load
divided by 12,000; 1 st (0.9 t)
of ice in melting in 24 h liberates heat at
the rate of 200 Btu/min (211
kJ/min), or 12,000 Btu/h (1.27 MJ/h).
Hartman, 1
refuge chamber
An airtight, fire-resistant room in a mine
used as a refuge in emergencies
by miners unable to reach the surface.
MSHA, 4
refuge hole
A place formed in the side of an
underground haulageway in which a
worker
can take refuge during the passing of a
train, or when shots are fired.
Also called refuge stalls.
refrigeration plant
a. A surface plant to form the protective
barrier of frozen ground in the
freezing method of shaft sinking. The
cooling agent used is ammonia which,
in its gaseous state, is compressed to about
120
psi
(827
kPa)
when
it
passes to the top of the condensers,
emerging at the bottom as liquid
ammonia under pressure. It then passes
through a regulator valve into the
coolers where it immediately evaporates.
The latent heat of evaporation is
extracted from the brine circuit--the brine
being
passed
through
the
coolers by the brine pumps. The ammonia
gas passes back for re-use. The
brine emerges from the coolers at a
temperature of -4 degrees F (-21.7
degrees C) and is pumped down the
boreholes to freeze the water around the
shaft
sinking.
b. A surface plant to cool liquids. These
liquids
or
ice
are
sent
underground to cool the air current in heat
exchangers.
By
this
method,
the air in deep mines is cooled
considerably
and
the
working
environment
is improved.
refusal
A condition arrived at when driving pipe,
casing,
piling,
etc.,
when
it
cannot be driven to a greater depth or
made to penetrate the ground a
distance of more than 1 ft (30.5 cm) per
100 blows delivered by a drive
hammer. Long
refuse
a. Waste material in the raw coal that has
been removed in a cleaning or
preparation
plant.
b. Notably used to describe colliery
rejects;
also
called
tailings.
Pryor, 3
refuse conveyor
An adaptation of a drag chain conveyor.
refuse discharge pipes
Pipes used on some washboxes instead of
a refuse worm. BS, 5
English-English
refuse extractor
regeneration
A device used in a washbox to remove the
reject
from
the
washing
compartments, operated manually or
automatically. BS, 5
refuse rotor
A reject gate in the form of a rotary (or
star) valve. BS, 5
refuse worm
A screw conveyor fitted at the bottom of
some washboxes to collect the
fine reject which has passed through the
apertures
in
the
screen
plate.
BS, 5
regenerative chambers
Separate compartments connected with a
furnace;
they
are
arranged
for
preheating the gas and the air used for
fuel. Mersereau, 2
regalian doctrine
The old doctrine that all mineral wealth
was the prerogative of the crown
or the feudatory lord. The concession
system, in which the state or the
private owner has the right to grant
concessions
or
leases
to
mine
operators at discretion and subject to
certain
general
restrictions,
had
its origin in this doctrine. Almost all
mining countries of the world,
except the United States, follow this
system. Hoover
regenerative furnace
A furnace in which hot gases, usually
waste combustion gases, pass through
a set of chambers containing firebrick
structures, to which the sensible
heat is given up. The direction of hot-gas
flow
is
diverted
periodically
to another set of chambers and cold
incoming combustion gas or air is
preheated in the hot chambers.
regenerated anhydrite
regenerative heating
Anhydrite produced by dehydration of
gypsum that itself was generated by
the hydration of anhydrite.
See:recuperator
English-English
originate
with
a
single
magnet
oriented along the magnetic axis. These
have maximums as great as 10,000
gamma, which is about a third the total
intensity
at
the
equator,
and
extend over areas as large as a million
square
miles.
The
locations
of
such features do not change with time as
do
anomalies
associated
with
secular
variation.
Dobrin
b. The departure of a measured quantity
from an expected or theoretical
value on a scale larger than the most rapid
spatial
variations
of
the
measured quantity; typically variations
over
tens
to
hundreds
of
kilometers.
regime
regional dip
regional
regional metamorphism
regenerative principle
Used in open-hearth furnaces to increase
the
furnace
temperature
by
preheating the fuel gas and air previous to
their
combustion
in
the
furnace. Newton, 1
regenerator checkers
regional unconformity
A surface of discontinuity in sedimentary
rocks that extends throughout an
extensive region. It may record a
significant interruption in deposition,
tectonics, or erosion of older strata.
regional anomaly
registered premises
a. The more localized departures in the
Earth's field from the values that
would be predicted if the field were to
English-English
regular sampling
The sampling of the same coal or coke
received regularly at a given point.
There are two forms of regular sampling,
namely, continuous sampling and
intermittent sampling. BS, 2
reglette
A 12-in (0.3-m) scale divided into tenths
and hundredths of a foot, used
for accurate measurement in conjunction
with
a
steel
band
that
is
graduated only in feet.
regolith
The layer or mantle of loose incoherent
rock material, of whatever origin,
that nearly everywhere underlies the
surface of the land and rests on
bedrock. It comprises rock waste of all
sorts:
volcanic
ash,
glacial
drift, alluvium, windblown deposits,
organic
accumulations,
and
soils.
regulated feed
In contrast with choke feed, feed that is
throttled back to a value below
the full capacity of the crusher. South
Australia
regulated split
regular lay
In mine ventilation, a split where it is
necessary to control the volumes
in certain low-resistance splits to cause air
to
flow
into
the
splits
of
high resistance.
regulating gate
regular-lay left lay
A gate used to vary size of opening so as
to control the flow of material
through the opening.
regulator
See:right regular lay
a. A ventilating device, such as an
opening in a wall or door; usually
placed at the return of a split of air to
govern
the
amount
of
air
entering that portion of a mine. Kentucky
b. A device for creating shock loss to
restrict passage of air through an
airway. Regulators are usually set in doors
regular polygon
A polygon having equal sides, and the
angles between these sides are
equal. Jones, 2
English-English
as
adjustable,
sliding
partitions that can be varied to the desired
opening.
In
their
simplest
form, for temporary service in an
untraveled part of a mine, regulators
consist of doors propped partially open.
Where
possible,
regulators
are
located on the exhaust side of a split (in a
return
airway)
to
minimize
interference
with
traffic.
Rehisshakenhobel
A plow developed from the Anbauhobel
machine and designed for cutting thin
coal seams. The plow drives, instead of
being on the face side of the
conveyor, are on the waste side and the
plow chains run in two tubes along
the waste side of the conveyor chutes.
Nelson
reinerite
regulator door
An orthorhombic mineral, Zn3 (AsO3 )2 ;
blue
to
green; at Tsumeb, Namibia. (Not
renierite.)
See:scale door
regulus
Impure metal produced during smelting of
ores
or
concentrates.
Pryor, 3
reinforcing bar
a. The basic material used to form grouted
roof
belts.
b. Iron or steel bars of various crosssectional shapes used to strengthen
concrete.
c. See:rebar; reenforcing bar.
reheater
An apparatus for reheating a substance, as
ingot steel, that has cooled or
partly cooled during some process.
Standard, 2
reinforcing steel
Steel bars of various shapes used in
concrete construction to give added
strength. Crispin
reheater load
The amount of sensible heat in w (British
thermal
units
per
hour),
restored to the air in reheating. Hartman,
2
reinite
A pseudomorph,
scheelite(?).
reheating furnace
The furnace in which metal ingots, billets,
blooms,
etc.,
are
heated
to
bring them to the temperature required for
hot-working. CTD
FeWO4
after
reiteration
In surveying, angular measurement made
first
with
vertical
circle
of
theodolite to right of sighting telescope,
then
repeated
after
transiting
this through 180 degrees . Also called face
right,
Pryor, 3
face
left
English-English
observation.
reject
relative compaction
a. For soil compaction, two types of tests
are
necessary:
(1)
determining
the dry density of the soil after a standard
amount of compaction has been
applied, and (2) measuring the density of
the soil in the field. The state
of compaction is expressed as the relative
compaction,
and
is
the
percentage ratio of the field density to the
maximum
density
as
determined
by standard compaction. The percentages
of relative compaction are high,
since the initial relative compaction is
about
80%.
Nelson
b. The dry density of a soil in situ divided
by the maximum dry density of
the soil as established by the Proctor
compaction
test
or
any
other
standard test.
reject gate
The mechanism of the refuse extractor
that
may
be
manually
or
automatically operated to control the rate
of removal of reject from the
washbox. BS, 5
rejuvenation
The renewal of any geologic process, such
as
the
revival
of
a
stream's
erosive activity or the reactivation of a
fissure.
relative age
The geologic age of a fossil organism,
rock, geologic feature, or event,
defined relative to other organisms, rocks,
features,
or
events
rather
than in terms of years. CF:absolute age
relative consistency
The ratio of the liquid limit minus the
natural
water
content
to
the
plasticity index. ASCE
English-English
relative density
a. The relative density or specific gravity
of
a
substance
denotes
the
number of times the substance is heavier
or lighter than water (for the
same volume). Relative density and
specific gravity mean the same thing.
Morris
b. The ratio of the difference between the
void
ratio
of
a
cohesionless
soil in the loosest state and any given void
ratio
to
the
difference
between its void ratios in the loosest and
in
the
densest
states.
ASCE
relative time
Geologic time determined by the placing
of events in a chronologic order
of occurrence; esp., time as determined by
organic
evolution
or
superposition. CF:absolute time
relative humidity
relative variogram
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of
the amount of water vapor in a
given volume of air to the amount that
would be present if the air were
saturated at the same temperature.
CF:absolute
humidity;
specific humidity. AGI
relative roughness
relative movement
English-English
relaxation
release analysis
relay
release fracture
A device, operated by an electric current,
and
causing
by
its
operation
abrupt changes in an electrical circuit
(making or breaking the circuit,
changing of the circuit connections, or
variation
in
the
circuit
characteristics). NCB
relay haulage
Single-track, high-speed mine haulage
from one relay station to another.
Each operator has an exclusive track
section between relay stations and
can run at full speed since no other
haulage equipment is operating on the
section. Side track at each relay station
permits the operator to pick up
or drop off loads or empties, then make
the
return
run.
Also
called
intermediate haulage.
release mesh
a. In liberation of specific mineral from its
ore
by
comminution,
the
optimum
grind.
Pryor,
3
b. Specified mesh-of-grind for best
conditions for treatment to recover a
specific mineral from the ore. Pryor, 4
English-English
reliability of method
In geochemical prospecting, refers to the
probability
of
obtaining
and
recognizing indications of an orebody or
mineralized
district
by
the
method being used. Reliability depends
not only on whether a readily
detectable target exists and how effective
the
exploration
method
is
in
locating it, but also on the extent to which
the
anomaly
is
specif.
related to ore and the extent to which it is
possible
that
non-significant
anomalies may confuse the interpretation.
Hawkes, 2
relict texture
In mineral deposits, an original texture
that
remains
after
partial
or
total replacement. AGI
rensselaerite
A compact fibrous variety of talc
pseudomorphous after pyroxene; harder
than talc; polishes well; made into
ornamental objects; in northern New
York and Canada.
relic
A landform that has survived decay or
disintegration, such as an erosion
remnant; or one that has been left behind
after
the
disappearance
of
the
greater part of its substance such as a
remnant
island.
The
term
is
sometimes used adjectivally as a synonym
of relict, but this usage is not
recommended. AGI
relict
reliction
The slow and gradual withdrawal of the
water in the sea, a lake, or a
stream, leaving the former bottom as
permanently exposed and uncovered dry
land; it does not include seasonal
fluctuations in water levels. Legally,
English-English
replacement bit
See:reset bit
replacement deposit
repeated twinning
Crystal twinning involving more than two
individuals.
replaceable hydrogen
replacing switch
replaceable insert
replica
replaceable pilot
replicate sampling
A central interchangeable pluglike portion
of
a
noncoring
bit
protruding
or leading the outside portion of such bits.
Long
replacement
a. Change in composition of a mineral or
mineral
aggregate,
presumably
accomplished by diffusion of new
English-English
repose angle
The angle between the horizontal and the
surface
slope
of
any
pile
of
material formed by free fall of the
material.
rescue
representation work
To move live workers or dead bodies from
a mine after a mine disaster.
Sometimes called recover. The latter
applies esp. to putting the mine in
shape for operation again.
rescue apparatus
A name applied to certain types of
apparatus worn by workers, permitting
them to work in noxious or irrespirable
atmospheres
such
as
obtained
during mine fires, following mine
explosions, as a result of accidents in
ammonia plants, from smelter fumes, etc.
Oxygen compressed in a cylinder,
a regenerating substance to purify the
breathed air, and a closed system
constitute the general principle of the
apparatus.
escue-car
representative sample
In testing or valuation of a mineral
deposit, samples large enough and
average in composition as to be
considered representative of a specified
volume of the surrounding orebody.
Blended large samples from different
exposures
are
not
necessarily
representative, since the mineral structure
may have varied so as to introduce special
problems from area to area in
treatment. Pryor, 3
rerailer
rescue team
A small lightweight device, used in pairs
that straddle and are locked to
each of the rails to retrack railroad cars
and
locomotives.
Of
Y-shaped
design, they permit both wheels to be
retracked from either or both sides
so
at
Nelson
rescue
English-English
station.
research
Word often misused. Two broad meanings
are
reexamination
of
previously
accepted data in the light of current
expansion of basic knowledge; and
search in reality, specific to an entirely
novel
concept
and
calling
for
development of new approaches. Wrongly
defined
when
descriptive
of
original rehash. Pryor, 3
reserve base
That part of an identified resource that
meets specified minimum physical
and chemical criteria related to current
mining
and
production
practices,
including those for grade, quality,
thickness, and depth. The reserve base
is the in-place demonstrated (measured
plus indicated) resource from which
reserves are estimated. It may encompass
those parts of the resources that
have a reasonable potential for becoming
economically
available
within
planning horizons beyond those that
assume proven technology and current
economics. The reserve base includes
those resources that are currently
economic (reserves), marginally economic
(marginal reserves), and some of
those that are currently subeconomic
(subeconomic resources). The term
geologic reserve has been applied by
others generally to the reserve-base
category, but it also may include the
inferred-reserve-base
category;
geologic reserve is not part of this
classification system.
resection
a. A method in surveying by which the
horizontal position of an occupied
point is determined by drawing lines from
the point to two or more points
of
known
position.
b. A method of determining a plane-table
position
by
orienting
along
a
previously drawn foresight line and
drawing one or more rays through the
foresight from previously located stations.
AGI
resequent fault-line scarp
A fault-line scarp in which the structurally
downthrown
block
is
also
topographically lower than the upthrown
block.
CF:obsequent fault-line scarp
reserve
a. The quantity of mineral that is
calculated
to
lie
within
given
boundaries. It is described as total (or
gross),
workable,
or
probable
working, depending on the application of
certain
arbitrary
limits
in
respect of deposit thickness, depth,
reserved coal
Coal reserved from lease, as coal under
buildings.
English-English
reserved lands
Defined by the U.S. Department of the
Interior as "federal lands which are
dedicated or set aside for a specific public
purpose or program and which
are, therefore, generally not subject to
disposition
under
the
operation
of all the public land laws." SME, 1
reset bit
A bit made by reusing the sound
diamonds salvaged from a used drill bit
and setting them in the crown attached to
a
new
bit
blank.
Some
new
diamonds usually are added to those
salvaged, since generally not all of
the salvaged or recovered stones are
reusable. Long
reserved mineral
Economic minerals that are not the
property of the landowner but belong to
the State. The State confers the right to
prospect for and to mine these
minerals on any one who applies for this
right on the form prescribed and
at the competent mining office. Such
minerals as coal and iron ores are
included in this group. CF:unreserved
mineral
repose angle
The angle between the horizontal and the
surface
slope
of
any
pile
of
material formed by free fall of the
material.
reserves
representation work
a. An estimate within specified accuracy
limits of the valuable metal or
mineral content of known deposits that
may be produced under current
economic conditions and with present
technology.
Shanz
b. That part of the reserve base that could
be
economically
extracted
or
produced at the time of determination.
The term reserves need not signify
that extraction facilities are in place and
operative.
Reserves
include
only recoverable materials; thus, terms
such as extractable reserves and
recoverable reserves are redundant and are
not
a
part
of
this
classification
system.
reset action (nonstandard)
English-English
rescue-car
See:mine rescue car
rescue station
Mine chamber equipped with rescue gear,
including
oxygen
apparatus,
and
manned by trained rescue workers. Pryor,
3
rerailer
A small lightweight device, used in pairs
that straddle and are locked to
each of the rails to retrack railroad cars
and
locomotives.
Of
Y-shaped
design, they permit both wheels to be
retracked from either or both sides
of the rail at the same time. As the car is
pulled
across
the
device,
the
derailed wheels are channeled back onto
the tracks. Also called retracker.
rescue team
A team of workers, from five to eight
strong, trained in the use of
breathing apparatus and in rescue
operations after colliery explosions or
mine fires. The team trains every week or
so
at
a
rescue
station.
Nelson
research
rescue
resection
a. A method in surveying by which the
horizontal position of an occupied
point is determined by drawing lines from
the point to two or more points
of
known
position.
b. A method of determining a plane-table
position
by
orienting
along
a
previously drawn foresight line and
drawing one or more rays through the
foresight from previously located stations.
AGI
English-English
reserved coal
Coal reserved from lease, as coal under
buildings.
reserved lands
Defined by the U.S. Department of the
Interior as "federal lands which are
dedicated or set aside for a specific public
purpose or program and which
are, therefore, generally not subject to
disposition
under
the
operation
of all the public land laws." SME, 1
reserved mineral
reserve base
Economic minerals that are not the
property of the landowner but belong to
the State. The State confers the right to
prospect for and to mine these
minerals on any one who applies for this
right on the form prescribed and
at the competent mining office. Such
minerals as coal and iron ores are
included in this group. CF:unreserved
mineral
reserves
a. An estimate within specified accuracy
limits of the valuable metal or
English-English
resilience
The ability of a material to store the
energy
of
elastic
strain.
This
ability is measured in terms of energy per
unit volume. AGI
resilient couplings
The resilient type of coupling has many
designs
but
essentially
has
torsional response to application or
variation of the transmitted load.
For the all-metal types, the resilient
element may be in the form of
laminated spring packs or a cylindrical
grid member, connecting the driver
and driven hubs. Resilience damps shock
loads and also provides means of
keeping
gear
teeth
in
contact,
compensating for small errors in gear
cutting. Other types use rubber or
rubberlike material that may be in the
form of a spider, segmental blocks, a
number of balls, or a molded disk
with metal inserts, providing the
connection between the driver and driven
hubs. Pit and Quarry
reset bit
A bit made by reusing the sound
diamonds salvaged from a used drill bit
and setting them in the crown attached to
a
new
bit
blank.
Some
new
diamonds usually are added to those
salvaged, since generally not all of
the salvaged or recovered stones are
reusable.
Long
residuum
resiliometer
English-English
resin
a. One of various hard, brittle, transparent
or
translucent
solids
formed
esp. from plant secretions and obtained as
exudates
of
recent
or
fossil
origin, such as conifers and certain
tropical trees, by condensation of
fluids on loss of volatile oils. Resins are
yellowish
to
brown
with
resinous luster; fusible and flammable;
soluble in ether and other organic
solvents, but not in water; and represent a
complex
mixture
of
terpenes,
resin alcohols, and resin acids and their
esters.
CF:amber;
fossil
resin.
b. A synthetic addition or condensation
polymerization
substance
or
natural substance of high molecular
weight, which under heat, pressure, or
chemical
treatment
becomes
moldable.beads.
Jessop
resinite
A maceral of coal within the exinite
group,
consisting
of
resinous
compounds, often in elliptical or spindleshaped
bodies
representing
cell-filling matter or resin rodlets.
CF:cutinite;
sporinite.
AGI
resinite coal
This coal consists of more than 50% of
small resin bodies embedded in
gelito-collinite, fusinito-collinite, or in
collinite
of
fusinitic
nature.
The resin bodies differ in shape and may
be
angular,
spheroidal,
or
lenticular. Varying in size, they may be
visible to the unaided eye in a
hand specimen of coal or only
distinguishable under the microscope.
Resinite coal may also contain small
quantities
of
microspores,
fine
fragments of fusinized tissue, and, not
infrequently,
broad
streaks
of
vitrinite. Hand specimens of resinite coal
are matt or semimatt and in
coals of low rank are brown or brownishblack. On fractures perpendicular
to the bedding, the resin bodies appear
rounded, black, and lustrous; in
the bedding planes themselves they
frequently appear as matt rodlets.
Resinite coals frequently are high in ash.
IHCP
resin-anchored bolts
A passive roof-bolting technique in which
a rebar-type bolt is anchored in
resin. A two-part resin cartridge is placed
at the back of a hole and is
mixed as the bolt is inserted and rotated.
The
bolt
is
forced
tight
against the roof until the resin sets.
resin-in-pulp
An ion exchange process applied in acidleach slurry from which abrasive
particles of sand have been removed.
Abbrev., R.I.P. Pryor, 3
resin-in-pulp (RIP) process
The method in which pulp is classified to
remove the sands, and the resin
English-English
resin jack
See:sphalerite
resinoid
A coal constituent similar to material
derived from resin. AGI
resinous
resistance methanometer
resin rodlets
resistance of detonator
resin tin
See:cassiterite
resistance to blasting
resistance
resinous coal
English-English
resistivity
a. Resistance, R, of a block of specified
material in terms of units of
length 1 and cross section a. Unit volume
is
1
cm3
of
the
material concerned, and the resistivity
measurement
is
made
during
electrical prospecting. Specific resistance
=
(Ra)
/
1.
Pryor,
3
b. The electrical resistance offered to the
passage
of
a
current.
Usually
expressed in ohm meters, which is the
electrical resistance of a column of
fluid 1 m long and 1 m2 in cross section.
Brantly,
1
c. The opposite of conductivity of an
electrical current passing through
fluid-bearing rock formations. Wheeler,
R.R.
d. The electrical resistance between
opposite faces of a 1-cm cube of a
given substance. The unit of resistivity is
ohm/centimeter.
Hy
e. The reciprocal of conductivity.
Strock, 2
resistor
A device to provide resistance in an
electric circuit, usually to limit
the current, dissipate energy, or provide
heat. Kentucky
resoiling
The replacement of the original topsoil at
an opencast site on completion
of operations to allow the growing of
crops.
resolution
resistivity method
a. A measure of the ability of individual
components,
and
of
remote-sensing systems, to distinguish
detail or to define closely spaced
targets.
AGI
b. The minimum size of a feature that can
be
detected.
c. The separation of a vector into its
components.
AGI
d. The sharpness with which the images of
two
closely
adjacent
spectrum
lines, etc., may be distinguished. AGI
e. In gravity or magnetic prospecting, the
indication
in
some
measured
quantity, such as the vertical component
of gravity, of the presence of
two or more close but separate disturbing
bodies.
AGI
English-English
resonance
a. A term denoting a variety of
phenomena
characterized
by
the
abnormally
large response of a system having a
natural vibration period to a stimulus
of the same, or nearly the same,
frequency.
AGI
b. A buildup of amplitude in a physical
system when the frequency of an
applied oscillatory force is close to the
natural frequency of the system.
AGI
resolution limit
In gravity and magnetic prospecting, the
separation
of
two
disturbing
bodies at which some obvious indication
in a measured quantity of the
presence of two separate bodies ceases to
be visible. AGI
resolved-time method
resonance screen
A seismic reflection technique that
involves the plotting of reflections
in time and the representation of
horizontal distances along the section
in equivalent time units (obtained by
dividing
the
true
horizontal
distance by the sub-weathering velocity as
determined
from
first-arrival
times). Once this transformation of the
coordinate
system
is
made,
migration is accomplished by swinging
arcs
of
reflection
times
from
successive shot points and drawing lines
which
are
tangent
to
the
respective arcs for the same events from
adjacent
shot
points.
For
the
final mapping of migrated horizons in
depth,
the
times
are
recorded
directly beneath the shot points. These
times are converted to depths by
using the best available velocity
information. Dobrin
resolving power
crystal
constituent
of
English-English
rock.
resource
A concentration of naturally occurring
solid, liquid, or gaseous material
in or on the Earth's crust in such form and
amount
that
economic
extraction of a commodity from the
concentration
is
currently
or
potentially feasible. USGS, 2
resource characterization
The determination of the shape, size,
quality,
quantity,
and
variability
of the geologic entity and the limits of
variable geologic features, so as
to provide the information for synthesis of
commonly
subtle
features
into
an accurate, predictive description of the
resource
environment.
SME, 1
respiratory cycle
One complete breath--an inspiration
followed by an expiration, including
any pause that may occur between the
movements. Hunt
respirable-size particulate
resplendent
respirator
a. A device (such as a gas mask) for
protecting
the
respiratory
tract
(against irritating and poisonous gases,
fumes,
smoke,
dusts)
with
or
without equipment supplying oxygen or
air.
Webster
3rd
b. A device for maintaining artificial
respiration.
Webster
3rd
c. The mining-type respirator is a fitting
that covers the nose and mouth
to prevent the wearer inhaling excessive
quantities of dust. Tunnel miners
and workers at sinter plants and blast
rest magma
See:residual liquid
restoration
a. Restoring the disturbed land to the
conditions which existed at the
site before any disturbance occurred.
SME,
1
b. The process of gaining or recovering
land, bringing it into a condition
English-English
restore circulation
The action taken to fill or seal the cracks
or
openings
through
which
drill fluid is escaping from the borehole
into the rocks forming the walls
of the borehole and by which the drill
fluid is made to return to and
overflow the collar of the borehole. Long
restricted resources
rests
The arrangement at the top and bottom of
a
shaft,
or
intermediate
levels,
for supporting the shaft cage while
changing
the
tubs
or
cars.
.
resue
a. To mine or strip sufficient barren rock
to expose a narrow but rich
English-English
undersize
Pryor, 3
(passing
through
meshes).
retaining ring
retaining screen
resuing
retaining structure
A temporary or permanent structure used
for holding dredged material on a
limited basis, not to be confused with a
confined disposal facility.
retardation
In crystal optics, the amount by which the
slow wave falls behind the fast
wave during passage through an
anisotropic crystal plate. Retardation
depends on plate thickness and the
difference in refractive indices of its
two principal directions. AGI
retarding conveyor
a. A chain-type conveyor used on steeply
inclined faces, where the problem
is not so much to move the coal but rather
to
restrain
its
movement
downhill. It consists of link chains
carrying discs 6 to 8 in (15 to 20
cm) in diameter at every yard (0.9 m). The
endless chain runs in an open
semicircular trough, and the coal is
lowered to the discharge end. The
chain returns uphill, in an enclosed tube,
resurgence
See:emergence
retaining mesh
In sieving or screening, that mesh at
which division is made between
oversize (arrested on screen) and
English-English
encloses
original
remnants
of
mineral. CF:mesh
the
texture
reticulated
A mineral structure of fibers or columns
that cross to resemble a net;
e.g., rutile.
reticulated veins
retentivity
Veins that cross each other, forming a
network.
reticulate texture
See:mesh texture
retgersite
reticule
A tetragonal mineral, NiSO4 .6H2 O ;
dimorphous
with
nickelhexahydrite; blue green; associated
with
morenosite,
the
septehydrate.
Retger's salt
reticulite
Thallium silver nitrate that melts to a
yellow liquid at 75 degrees C
having a density of 4.6 g/cm3 ; can be
diluted
and
used
as
a
heavy liquid for mineral separation.
reticular
See:reticulate
reticulate
a. Said of a vein or lode with netlike
texture;
e.g.,
stockwork.
CF:stockwork
b. Said of a rock texture in which crystals
are
partially
altered
to
a
secondary mineral, forming a network that
English-English
retiform
Netted; reticulate; said of the boundaries
of
some
vein
quartz
(rare).
Hess
retort
a. A vessel used for the distillation of
volatile
materials,
as
in
the
separation of some metals and the
destructive
distillation
of
coal.
ASM,
1
b. A long semicylinder, now usually of
fireclay
or
silica,
for
the
manufacture of coal gas. Webster 3rd
c. See:amalgam retort
retigen
Bitumen contained in meteorites. The
name indicates that this substance on
distillation gives rise to resin, in contrast
to
kerogen
which
on
distillation gives rise to oil. Tomkeieff
retinalite
retorting
A massive, honey-yellow or greenish
variety of serpentine with a waxy or
resinous luster.
retinasphalt
A light brown resinous substance found in
brown
coal
in
Devonshire,
England. Tomkeieff
retort pressman
A person who operates a hydraulic press
in which fireclay retorts, used in
smelting zinc ores, are made. DOT
retinite
A variety of fossil resin found as rodlets
secreted in canals or ducts of
coal-forming plants.
retract
The mechanism by which a dipper shovel
bucket is pulled back out of the
digging. Nichols, 1
retinosite
A microscopical constituent of torbanite
consisting
of
translucent
orange-red discs. CF:gelosite; humosite;
matrosite. Tomkeieff
retractable wedge
A type of deflecting wedge that can be
retrieved after the deflected drill
hole has been completed.
retonation wave
A wave passing back through burned or
burning explosion gases toward the
origin, at the rate of a sound wave through
gases
of
like
temperature,
from a point in the explosion wave,
retracting
See:crowding
English-English
retreat
retreating longwall
retrieving ring
a. First driving haulage road and airways
to the boundary of a tract of
coal and then mining it in a single face
without pillars back toward the
shaft.
Fay
b. See:longwall retreating
retreating system
retrograde metamorphism
a. A method of working a mine that is
designed to allow a stope to cave
soon after it is worked out, thus relieving
the weight on the supports in
adjacent
stopes.
Lewis
b. A method of extracting coal or ore by
driving a narrow heading to the
boundary, then opening out a face and
working
the
deposit
backwards
towards the shaft, drift, or main entry.
Nelson
c. A stoping system in which supporting
pillars
of
ore
are
left
while
deposit is worked outward from shafts
toward the boundary, the pillars
being removed (robbed) as the work
retreats
toward
the
shaft;
the
unsupported workings are abandoned and
left
to
cave
in.
Pryor,
3
d. A system of robbing pillars in which
the line of pillars being robbed
retreats or moves from the boundary
toward the shaft or mouth of the mine.
See also:longwall retreating
English-English
return air
a. Air traveling in a return. BS, 8
b. Air that has circulated the workings and
is
flowing
towards
the
main
mine fan; vitiated or foul air. Nelson
c. Air returning to a heater or conditioner
from the heated or conditioned
space. Strock, 2
return aircourse
return man
Portion of ventilation system of mine
through which contaminated air is
withdrawn and evacuated to surface.
Pryor, 3
return circulation
returns
returning charge
Charge made per unit of ore or
concentrate treated by smelter in custom
smelting. In addition to a basic charge that
allows
for
process
costs
and
agreed percentage loss in recovery, extra
charges
may
be
specified,
or
remitted as premiums, in adjustment of
variations from the normal makeup
of the parcel treated. Pryor, 3
return water
Drill fluid that reaches the surface and
overflows
the
borehole
collar
after it has been circulated downward
through the rods and past the drill
bit. Long
returning fluid
The water, mud, or other circulated
medium reaching the borehole collar
after having been circulated past the drill
bit. Long
English-English
retzian
reverberation
reussin
An impure Glauber's salt (mirabilite),
found native. Standard, 2
reverberatory furnace
A furnace, with a shallow hearth, usually
non-regenerative,
having
a
roof
that deflects the flame and radiates heat
toward the hearth or the surface
of the charge. Firing may be with coal,
pulverized coal, oil, or gas. Two
of the most important types are the openhearth
steel
furnaces
and
the
large reverberatories employed in copper
smelting.
ASM, 1; CTD; Newton, 1
reussinite
A resinlike, reddish-brown oxygenated
hydrocarbon,
soluble
in
boiling
alcohol and in ether. Found in certain coal
deposits.
revdanskite
An impure, hydrous nickel silicate from
Revda (Revdinsk), Ural Mountains,
Russia.
Also
spelled
revdinite,
revdinskite, rewdinskit, rewdanskite;
rewdjanskit, and refdanskite. English;
Hey, 1
reversal
A local change of approx. 180 degrees in
the
direction
of
the
regional
dip.
revegetation
reversal of ventilation
reverberate
a. To deflect flame or heat, as in a
reverberatory
furnace.
Fay
b. To reduce by reverberated heat; to fuse.
Fay
English-English
reverse bearing
reverse-current braking
reverse bend
To bend a line over a drum or a sheave,
and then in the opposite direction
over another sheave. Nichols, 1
reverse book fashion
The manner in which drill core is laid in a
core
box,
starting
at
the
upper-right-hand corner of the box and
laying core from right to left in
each groove. CF:snake fashion
reverse circulation
The circulation of bit-coolant and
cuttings-removal
liquids,
drilling
fluid, mud, air, or gas down the borehole
outside
the
drill
rods
and
upward inside the drill rods. Also called
countercurrent;
counterflush.
reversed
See:overturned
reversed bratticing
English-English
reversed loader
reverse reaming
See:ream back
reverse fault
reverse-feed gear
reverse gear
See:reverse-feed gear
reverse initiation
See:inverse initiation
reverse laid rope
A wire rope with alternate strands right
and left lay. Hunt
reversible pick
See:double-ended pick
English-English
See:bilateral transducer
thermometer
and
an
unprotected
thermometer are usually used as a pair,
attached to a Nansen bottle. AGI
reversing clutch
revetment
reversible transducer
reversing doors
The system of doors or shutters on or near
a
surface
radial-flow
fan
for
reversing the direction of the air passing
through a mine. BS, 8
revolution
An obsolete term for a time of profound
orogeny
and
other
crustal
movements, on a continentwide or even
worldwide
scale,
the
assumption
being that such revolutions produced
abrupt changes in geography, climate,
and environment. See:orogeny
reversing machine
A molding machine having a flask or
flasks that may be turned over for
ramming the sand. Standard, 2
reversing mill
revolving screen
A type of rolling mill in which the stock
being
mechanically
worked
by
rolling passes backwards and forwards
between the same pair of rolls,
which are reversed between each pass.
three-high mill. CTD
reversing shaft
A shaft whose direction of rotation can be
reversed by the use of clutches
or brakes. Nichols, 1
revolving shovel
reversing thermometer
English-English
Rf value
rewash box
A washbox to which the product (or a
portion
thereof)
of
a
previous
washing operation is fed for additional
treatment. BS, 5
rhabdite
See:schreibersite
rewdanskite
rhabdomancy
See:revdanskite
A form of dowsing using a rod or twig.
CF:dowsing
reworked
rhabdophane
Reynolds number
A numerical quantity used as an index to
characterize the type of flow in
a hydraulic structure in which resistance
to
motion
depends
on
the
viscosity of the liquid in conjunction with
the
resisting
force
of
inertia. It is the ratio of inertia forces to
viscous
forces,
and
is
equal
to the product of a characteristic velocity
of the system (e.g., the mean,
surface, or maximum velocity) and a
characteristic linear dimension, such
as diameter or depth, divided by the
kinematic viscosity of the liquid;
all expressed in consistent units in order
that
the
combinations
will
be
dimensionless. The number is chiefly
rheid
a. A substance below its melting point that
deforms by viscous flow during
the time of applied stress at an order of
magnitude
at
least
three
times
that of the elastic deformation under
similar
conditions.
b. A body of rock showing flow structure.
English-English
rheid folding
Folding accompanied by slippage along
shear planes at an angle to the
bedding or older foliation.
rheidity
The capacity of material to flow within
the earth. AGI
Rhenania furnace
A combination of the Hasenclever and
O'Hara furnaces, with four hearths,
and with a combination flue under the
lowest hearth and one over the upper
hearth. It has mechanical rabbles. Fay
Rhenish furnace
rheology
A zinc distillation furnace that is a
modified
type
of
the
Silesian
furnace. Fay
rhenium
rheomorphism
A rare, silvery-white metal. Symbol, Re.
Occurs in very small quantities
in platinum ores and in columbite,
gadolinite, and molybdenite. Used for
filaments for mass spectrographs and ion
gages;
for
thermocouples
and
photoflash lamps. Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics, 3
Rheolaveur washer
A washer wherein raw coal and water is
fed into the head of an inclined
trough equipped with openings in the
bottom for the discharge of rejects.
There are three types of Rheolaveurs used
in coal washing: (1) the sealed
discharge type for coarse sizes, from
which the reject falls against an
English-English
rhodochrosite
A trigonal mineral, MnCO3 ; calcite
group, with Mn replaced by Fe
toward siderite, Ca toward calcite, Mg,
Zn, Co, and Cd; rhombohedral
cleavage; in hydrothermal veins, residual
manganese
deposits,
and
pegmatites; a minor source of manganese.
rheostat rope
A small rope consisting of 8 strands of 7
wires each. Hunt
rhinestone
a. Quartz and other material cut to imitate
diamond.
b. Glass backed with a thin leaf of
metallic foil to simulate a diamond.
c. Originally a syn. of quartz crystal.
d. Cut colored glass.
rhodolite
A pale pink, rose, or purple to violet
variety of pyrope garnet having
good transparency; may be of gem
quality.
rhodesite
rhodonite
An orthorhombic mineral, (Ca,Na2 ,K2 )8
Si16
O
.11H
O
;
fibrous;
resembles
zeolites;
at
40
2
Bultfontein
Mine, Kimberley, South Africa.
rhodite
rhodotilite
See:rhodium gold
See:inesite
rhodium
rholites
a. An element of the platinum group,
Symbol:
Rh.
b. An isometric mineral, RhPt .
rhodium gold
rhombic dodecahedron
Native gold alloyed with rhodium.
The isometric form hh0 having twelve
faces in the shape of a rhombus;
e.g., garnet. CF:pyritohedron
rhodochrome
Chromian clinochlore, formerly called
kaemmererite.
rhombic mica
See:phlogopite
English-English
rhombic quartz
An old name for feldspar. Fay
rhombic system
rhombohedron
a. In crystallography,
orthorhombic
same
as the
system.
rhomboid
An orthorhombic mineral, HFe(SO4 )2
.4H2
O
;
forms
colorless to gray rhombic plates; in
Slovakia.
rhombohedral division
rhomb spar
See:dolomite
rhombus
A parallelogram that does not have any
right angles, but the sides are all
equal in length. Jones, 2
rhoenite
A triclinic mineral, Ca2 (Fe,Mg,Ti)6
(Si,Al)6
O
(sub
20) ; aenigmatite group; in silicaundersaturated mafic to intermediate
rocks commonly as an alteration product
of amphiboles; in Germany and the
Czech Republic.
rhums
Scot. Bituminous shale.
English-English
rhyacolite
rhythmic crystallization
See:sanidine
rhyodacite
The extrusive equivalent of granodiorite.
The
principal
minerals,
sodic
plagioclase, sanidine, quartz, and biotite
or
hornblende,
commonly
occur
as phenocrysts in a finely crystalline
groundmass of alkali feldspar and
quartz. Accessory minerals are apatite and
magnetite,
and
occasionally
augite. AGI
rhythmic driving
In this type driving, the drilling, loading,
and
blasting
are
carried
out
in one shift and the mucking and
transportation in the following one. This
enables every worker to specialize in his
or her tasks and machines, which
in a highly mechanized job is a necessary
condition
for
making
the
best
use of expensive equipment. It also
reduces or eliminates the loss of time
for ventilation; in rhythmic driving it is
carried out between two shifts.
Langefors
rhyolite
A group of extrusive igneous rocks,
typically porphyritic and commonly
exhibiting flow texture, with phenocrysts
of quartz and alkali feldspar in
a glassy to cryptocrystalline groundmass;
also, any rock in that group;
the extrusive equivalent of granite.
Rhyolite grades into rhyodacite with
decreasing alkali feldspar content and into
trachyte
with
a
decrease
in
quartz. The term was coined in 1860 by
Baron von Richthofen (grandfather
of the World War I aviator). Etymol:
Greek rhyo-, from rhyax, stream of
lava.
rhythmic sedimentation
A regular interbanding of two or more
types of sediment or sedimentary
rocks due to a regular change in the
conditions of sedimentation, such as
alternation of wet and dry periods.
rhythmite
The couplet of distinct types of
sedimentary rock, or the graded sequence
of sediments, that form a unit bed or
lamina
in
rhythmically
bedded
deposits. It implies no limit as to thickness
of
bed,
lamina,
or
complexity, but the term should exclude
groups of beds such as cyclothems
and carries no time or seasonal
connotation.
CF:cyclothem;
varve.
AGI
rhyolite glass
Obsidian.
rhyolite-porphyry
A rhyolite in which some grains or
crystals
are
visibly
larger
than
others. Sinkankas
English-English
rib
a. The side of a pillar or the wall of an
entry.
BCI
b. The solid coal on the side of a gallery
or longwall face; a pillar or
barrier of coal left for support.
c. The solid ore of a vein; an elongated
pillar
left
to
support
the
hanging wall in working out a vein.
d. A stringer of ore in a lode.
e. The termination of a coal face. Where
solid coal is left, the term fast
rib, end, or side, is used; and where the
coal face ends at the gob, the
term used is loose rib, end, or side. TIME
f.
See:buttock
g. A hard zone, bed, or horizon within a
formation; a silicified zone in a
sedimentary
stratum.
Long
h. A ridge projecting above grade in the
floor
of
a
blasted
area.
Nichols,
1
i. A ridge, paralleling the long axis of a
drill
string
member,
that
acts
as a wear-resistant surface. Long
ribbon brake
A friction brake having a metal strap that
encircles a wheel or drum and
may be drawn tightly against it. A band
brake. Standard, 2; Fay
ribbon diagram
Geologic cross section drawn in
perspective and joining control points
along a sinuous line. AGI
rib boss
See:pillar boss
ribbed roll
rib dust
A crusher in which the material passes
between a moving set of rolls with
ribs on their surfaces parallel to the axis of
the
rolls.
ribbing
rib hole
ribbon
a. One of a set of parallel bands or streaks
in
a
mineral
or
rock,
e.g.,
ribbon jasper; when the lines of contrast
are on a larger scale, the term
banding
is
used.
rib line
A continuous line along which pillars are
mined.Lewis
English-English
rib lining
rice coal
rib mesh
A classifier operating in such a
that the pulp grains fall
a sorting column against an
pulsating current of water. It
screen. Liddell
manner
through
upward
has no
rib pillar
Richards' pulsator jig
A pillar whose length is large compared
with its width.
ribs
Richards' shallow-pocket
settling classifier
hindered-
rib-side
The side of a heading or roadway driven
in
the
solid
coal.
richetite
rib-side gate
A gate road in longwall mining with a rib
of solid coal along one side.
Nelson
rib-side pack
richmondite
English-English
ride over
Arkansas. A squeeze that extends into the
workings
beyond
the
pillar.
It
is said to ride over a pillar. Fay
rickardite
An orthorhombic mineral, Cu7 Te5 ;
pseudotetragonal;
deep
purple; at Vulcan and Bonanza, CO;
Warren, AZ; and Salvador, Brazil.
rider
a. A thin coal seam above a workable
seam, or a seam that has no name.
Nelson
b. The rock lying between two lodes or
beds; a mass of country rock
enclosed
in
a
lode;
a
horse.
c. An ore deposit overlying the principal
vein.
Standard,
2
d. A steel or iron crossbeam which slides
between the guides in sinking a
shaft. It is carried up and down by, but is
not
attached
to,
the
hoppit,
which it guides and steadies.
ricket
An airway along the side of an adit or
shaft. Also called ricketing.
rid
See:redd
ridding
ridge
riddle
a. A barrel-shaped, revolving perforated
drum in which blank coins are
washed and dried after passing through a
bath
of
sulfuric
acid.
Standard,
2
b. A coarse sieve. The large pieces of ore
and rock picked out by hand are
called knockings. The riddlings remain on
the
riddle;
the
fell
goes
through.
Webster
3rd;
Fay
c. A sieve used to separate foundry sand
or other granular materials into
various particle-size grades or free such a
material
of
undesirable
foreign matter. ASM, 1
ridge fillet
A runner or principal channel for molten
metal. Standard, 2
ridge terrace
A ridge built along a contour line of a
slope to pond rainwater above it.
Nichols, 1
English-English
Ridgeway fiter
Riecke's principle
riding
Said of mine timbering when the sets are
thrust out of line, or lean.
Ridley-Scholes bath
Dense-media system used to float coal
away from shale, the latter falling
to the bottom of a wedge-shaped pool of
separating
fluid
and
being
withdrawn by a rising belt. Pryor, 3
riemannite
rid-up runners
See:allophane
riffle
English-English
rifle bar
A cylinder with curved splines. Nichols, 1
rifle nut
A splined nut that slides back and forth on
a
rifle
bar.
Nichols, 1
riffle bars
Slats of wood nailed across the bottom of
a cradle or other gold-washing
machine for the purpose of detaining the
gold.
rifling
a. Working coal which was left behind
over
the
waste.
Nelson
b. The spiral grooving in the walls of a
drill hole and/or on the surface
of
a
drill
core.
Long
c. A borehole following a spiraled course.
Long
riffle box
A device designed to reduce a sample of
coal or ore to half its original
size. The box contains about 12 chutes
discharging alternately to opposite
sides. The width varies according to the
largest particle size. The volume
reduction is rapid for dry material of
suitable fineness. Nelson
rift
a. A regional-scale strike-slip fault, e.g.,
the
San
Andreas
rift
in
California, with offset measured in
hundreds
of
kilometers.
AGI
b. A trough or valley formed by faulting.
c. In quarrying, a direction of parting in a
massive
rock,
such
as
granite, at approx. right angles to the
grain.
CF:grain;
hard
way.
AGI
d. A narrow cleft, fissure, or other opening
in
rock
(such
as
in
limestone), made by cracking or splitting.
AGI
e. A planar property whereby granitic
rocks split relatively easily in a
direction other than the sheeting (parallel
to the surface of the Earth.)
AGI
f. A term used in slate quarrying to
describe
a
second
direction
of
splitting less pronounced than slaty
cleavage and usually at right angles
to
it.
riffler
See:sample splitter
rifle
a. As used by drillers, a borehole that is
following
or
has
followed
a
spiral or corkscrew course; also said of a
drill
core
that
has
spiral
grooves appearing on its outside surface.
Long
b. A drill hole, in rock, that has become
three-cornered
while
drilling.
c. Applied to the three-cornered section of
a hole drilled by hand. Though
the bit is supposed to be turned one-eighth
after
each
blow,
to
insure
a
circular hole, the majority of hand-drilled
holes
are
three-cornered.
Stauffer
English-English
rig
a. A drill machine complete with auxiliary
and
accessory
equipment
needed
to
drill
boreholes.
Long
b. To assemble and set up a tripod,
derrick, and/or drill machine and put
it in order for use.
rifter-trimmer
One who separates blocks of mica into
sheets and trims sheets preparatory
to processing. Also called full trimmer.
DOT
rigged
Drill machine and equipment in place at a
drill
site
and
ready
to
start
drilling. Long
rifting
The process of splitting hand-cobbed mica
into
sheets
of
usable
thicknesses. Skow
rigger
One who, with special equipment and
tackle, moves and transports heavy
machinery, etc. Crispin
rift structure
A long, narrow structural trough that is
bounded
by
normal
faults;
a
graben of regional extent. CF:rift valley
rigging
a. Process of setting up a drill and its
auxiliary
equipment
preparatory
to
drilling.
b. The cables or ropes anchoring a drill
derrick,
mast,
or
tripod.
rift valley
a. A valley that has developed along a rift
structure.
rift zone
a. A system of parallel crustal fractures; a
rift
structure.
AGI
b. In Hawaii, a zone of volcanic features
associated
with
underlying
dike
complexes.
skimmers,
ASM, 1
and
fitting
English-English
flasks.
right-lateral fault
A fault on which the displacement is such
that
the
side
opposite
the
observer appears displaced to the right.
CF:left-lateral
fault
rigging bar
A long, extension-type jack bar or drill
column for use underground, on
which a drilling machine can be mounted.
Long
right lay
Wire or fiber rope or cable in which the
strands formed from a group of
individual wires or fibers are twisted to
the right. Long
right-angled block
In quarrying, a block of stone bounded by
three
pairs
of
parallel
faces,
all adjacent faces meeting at right angles.
right line
right bank
A straight line; the shortest distance
between two points. Crispin
right-of-way
right-hand lay
Rope or strand construction in which
wires or strand are laid in a helix
having a right-hand pitch.
right running
right lang lay
a. N. of Eng. Applied to a vein carrying
ore in beds often unproductive.
b. N. of Eng. Rake veins extending
approx. east and west.
English-English
rigid arch
A continuous arch which is fully fixed
throughout. Hammond
rigid coupling
A rod-to-feed-screw sub or rod-to-driverod sub by means of which the
drill rods are coupled directly to the feed
screw
or
drive
rod
of
the
diamond-drill swivel head, and the chuck
is discarded or eliminated. Also
called screw-to-rod adapter. Long
rigidity
The property of a material to resist applied
stress
that
would
tend
to
distort it. A fluid has zero rigidity. AGI
rigid foam
Formed by mixing isocyanate and a
polyether
polyol
containing
a
halogenated hydrocarbon agent. Mixing
releases heat, causing the foam to
expand as much as 30 times the original
volume of the liquid. The foam,
which becomes cellular and rigid within
minutes,
is
heat
resistant
and
essentially impervious to air and water,
and
has
substantial
binding
strength. Its characteristics suggest
possible
uses
in
mining
for
insulation,
stoppings
to
control
ventilation, and seals to control water
and to consolidate broken ground.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
rigid solution
Solubility of solution of elements in a
natural glass as compared with a
solid solution that implies crystallinity.
rigid-type double-tube core barrel
A double-tube core barrel in which both
the outer and inner tubes are
rigidly connected to a single headpiece.
Long
rigid urethane foam
See:rigid foam
rigid frame
rig-up
A framed structure having columns and
beams rigidly connected; there are
See:setting up
English-English
rig up
See:rig
rig-up time
The time required to set up and make a
drill rig ready for use at the site
where a borehole is to be drilled. Also
called setup time; rigging time;
mobilizing a rig. Long
rimmed steel
A low-carbon steel containing sufficient
iron oxide to give a continuous
evolution of carbon monoxide while the
ingot is solidifying, resulting in
a case or rim of metal virtually free of
voids. Sheet and strip products
made from the ingot have very good
surface quality. ASM, 1
rill
To mine ore in such as way that it runs
down a slope to a chute or loading
level. Ore is said to be rilled to a chute
when it is rolled down a slope
left in mining. Hess
rimrock
a. The outcrop of a horizontal layer of
resistant rock, such as sandstone,
at the edge of a plateau, butte, or mesa;
the cliff or ledge so formed.
b. The bedrock rising to form the
boundary of a placer deposit.
rill stope
Overhand stope so shaped that miners can
stand
on
the
ore
they
have
severed, and work horizontally along the
side walls of unbroken ore that
confine the excavation. The stope is
carried
as
an
inverted
stepped
pyramid, its apex ending in a winze that
leads to the tramming level, down
to which ore gravitates or is moved.
Pryor, 3
rimrocking
Prospecting for carnotite on the Colorado
Plateau,
where
the
favorable
beds, more or less flat-lying, crop out in
cliffs or rims.
rim
rim texture
a. The border, edge, or face of a cliff, as at
the
Grand
Canyon
of
Arizona.
AGI
b. The outermost portion of a zoned
crystal,
e.g.,
a
reaction
rim.
AGI
rim flying
A reconnaissance method in which a plane
follows an outcrop along steep
English-English
rincon
ring crusher
ring
a. A complete circle of tubbing plates
around
a
circular
shaft.
ring dike
ring arch
One composed of a series of straight,
unbonded rows, one brick wide.
ring coal
a. An old name for bituminous coal.
Tomkeieff
b. Bituminous coal as opposed to stone
coal or anthracite. Arkell
ringed out
A diamond bit in the face of which has
been
gouged
a
circular
groove
deeper than, and at least as wide as, the
diameter of one row of the inset
diamonds. Long
ring complex
An association of ring dikes and cone
sheets. AGI
ringer
A crowbar. Fay
English-English
ring fault
ring ore
Fragments
deposits
ring-fracture intrusion
ring pit
See:ring dike
ring holes
ring-roll crusher
ring-induction method
An inductive method in which the primary
coil and the measuring coil are
concentric. Schieferdecker
ring-roll grizzly
A sturdily built grizzly for handling large
pieces
of
ore.
This
type
transports its material across a series of
grooved
rollers
moved
mechanically, or alternatively by the
sliding ore. Undersize falls through
the grooves. Pryor, 3
ringing
The audible or ultrasonic tone produced in
a mechanical part by shock, and
having the natural frequency or
frequencies of the part. The quality,
amplitude, or decay rate of the tone may
sometimes
be
used
to
indicate
quality or soundness. ASM, 1
ring-roll press
A press consisting of rolls of unequal
diameter, revolving one within the
other and in the same direction. BS, 5
ring main
Closed loop of piping, including provision
for
entry
of
material,
circulation
boost
and
controlled
withdrawal points; used for circulating
solids such as pulverized fuel, or fluids
such
as
lime
slurry,
continuously without settlement or
chokeup. Pryor, 3
English-English
ring tension
In some areas altered rock has been found
as a halo over an orebody and
thus serves as a geologic target for
guiding prospecting operations. The
ratio between the size of the ring and the
orebody must not be too large
for practical purposes. Such target rings
are not always obvious and will
only be recognized after much painstaking
work
and
study.
Also
called
bulls-eye alteration patterns. Lewis
ring stone
ring-type wedge
a. A voussoir showing on the face of the
wall.
Webster
3rd
b. Eng. Large oolitic grains in very hard
crystalline
matrix,
above
the
slates at Collyweston, U.K. CF:sun bed
ring stress
The zone of stress, higher than that preexisting
in
the
rock,
which
surrounds all development excavations is
called
the
ring
stress.
Spalding
ring wall
The inner firebrick wall of a blast furnace.
Standard, 2
rinkite
ring-stress bursts
A monoclinic mineral, (Na,Ca,Ce)3 Ti(Si2
O7
)2
OF3 ; weakly radioactive; forms prismatic
crystals
in
veins
containing silicates of cerium metals,
yttrium,
and
niobium;
near
Barkevik, Norway, in sodalite syenite in
the
Julianehaab
district,
Greenland, and in large crystals on the
Kola
Peninsula,
spelled rinkolite.
Russia.
English-English
sulfates on prolonged
weathering. Pryor, 3
Also
atmospheric
Rinman scale
rip
rinneite
A trigonal mineral, K3 NaFeCl6 ; colorless
to
varicolored;
becomes brown on exposure to air and has
an astringent taste.
rinsing
riparian rights
In the ion-exchange (IX) cycle, applied to
pregnant
leach
liquors,
the
displacement wash used after the
absorption cycle, which moves pregnant
liquor still in the column onto the next
absorption column in the series.
Term also applied to water rinse used after
elution
cycle,
and
before
acid
rinse. Pryor, 3
rinsing water
rip current
English-English
rippability
A measure of the ease or difficulty with
which a rock or earth material
can be broken by tractor-drawn rippers or
rigid
steel
tines
into
pieces
that can be economically moved by other
equipment, usually scrapers.
ripping bed
A machine for cutting stone into slabs by
passing it on a bed under a gang
of saws. Standard, 2
ripper
ripping blasting
ripping
a. A machine for cutting stone into slabs
by passing it on a bed under a
gang
of
saws.
Standard,
2
b. The act of breaking, with a tractordrawn ripper or long-angled steel
tooth, compacted soils or rock into pieces
small enough to be economically
excavated or moved by other equipment
such as a scraper or bulldozer.
c. The breaking down of the roof in mine
roadways to increase the headroom
ripping lip
a. The edge of the rippings at the face of a
roadway.
When
enlarging
a
roadway, the ripping lip is the end of the
English-English
ripple mark
a. An undulatory surface or surface
sculpture consisting of alternating
subparallel small-scale ridges and hollows
formed at the interface between
a fluid and incoherent sedimentary
material (esp. loose sand). It is
produced on land by wind action and
subaqueously by currents or by the
agitation of water in wave action, and
generally trends at right angles or
obliquely to the direction of flow of the
moving fluid. It is no longer
regarded as evidence solely of shallow
water.
AGI
b. One of the small and fairly regular
ridges, of various shapes and cross
sections, produced on a ripple-marked
surface; esp. a ripple preserved in
consolidated rock and useful in
determining
the
environment
of
deposition.
The term was formerly restricted to
symmetrical ripple mark, but now
includes asymmetrical ripple mark. The
singular form may be used to denote
general ripple structure (as well as a
specific
ripple),
and
the
plural
form to describe a particular example.
ripping scaffold
A staging or platform erected over the
moving conveyor at a ripping lip of
a gate road, on which the miners can stand
and work. This implies that the
coalface and conveyor loading point are
some
distance
ahead.
Nelson
rip plates
A means of repairing damaged belting. It
consists
of
two
short
plates,
with teeth on one side to grip the belting,
which
are
fastened
on
both
sides of the belting across the rip or worn
place.
Short
bolts
and
nuts
serve to compress and hold the plates
tightly
against
the
belting.
Jones, 1
ripple
A groove or bar across sluices for washing
gold.
ripple-mark index
ripple board
See:ripple index
ripple voltage
The alternating component of a
substantially
unidirectional
voltage.
Coal Age, 1
ripple index
riprap
English-English
Fay
b. See:column pipe; rising main.
rising
a. An excavation carried from below
upward;
a
rise
or
riser.
Standard,
2
b. Eng. The horizontal division of the
stratum, from which the blocks of
stone are lifted; e.g., in the Portland
quarries. Arkell
rip tide
rising column
See:rip current
See:rising main
rise
rising current
a. A vertical or inclined shaft from a lower
to an upper level in a mine.
Eng.
Min.
J.,
1
b. To dig upward, as from one level to the
next
one
above;
opposite
of
sink.
Standard,
2
c. Upward inclination of a coal stratum.
Standard,
2
d. An ascending gallery at the end of a
level.
Gordon
rising main
a. The length of steel piping that conveys
the water from a pump to the
surface or to a higher pump in the shaft.
The
term
rising
main
is
obsolete; delivery column preferred.
Nelson
rise heading
A heading driven to the rise in a long-way
workings.
rising shaft
riser
Excavating a shaft upwards from mine
workings; staple shaft. Nelson
English-English
rittingerite
river drift
See:xanthoconite
Rittinger's law
river flat
The energy required for reduction in
particle size of a solid is directly
proportional to the increase in surface
area.
CF:Kick's
law
CCD, 2
See:alluvial flat
river mining
Mining or excavating beds of existing
rivers
after
deflecting
their
course, or by dredging without changing
the flow of water.
Rittinger table
A side-bump table with plane surface,
actuated by a cam, spring, and
bumping post. Liddell
river pebble
rivelaine
river plain
river bar
See:alluvial plain
A ridge or mound of boulders, gravel,
sand, and mud found along or in a
stream channel at places where decrease
in velocity causes deposition of
sediment.
river quartz
Rounded, waterworn masses of quartz
found in stream gravels.
river-bar placer
river right
See:creek right
river claim
river sand
English-English
rivet test
A test on the steel used for rivets, in which
a
bar
is
bent
through
180
degrees ; if any cracks are formed, the
steel is rejected. Hammond
rives in
Eng. To crack open or produce fissures.
rivet tester
rivet
A trained worker who can detect sound or
loose rivets by testing them with
a hammer. Hammond
riving seams
Open fissures between beds of rock in a
quarry.
riveter
R.K. process
rivet forge
A portable forge, used by boilermakers
and ironworkers, for heating rivets
near the work for which they are required.
Crispin
road
a. A roadway in a mine, e.g., gate road,
traveling
road,
dummy
road.
Nelson
b. Any mine passage or tunnel. Mason
c. Rail track. Mason
rivet heater
A laborer responsible for heating rivets in
a
portable
forge
and
throwing
them with tongs to the rivet catcher.
Hammond
roadbed
a. The material fundamental part of a
road; primarily, the foundation of
gravel, road metal, etc., constituting the
bed, but by extension, esp. in
railway use, the superstructure also.
Standard,
2
b. The foundation carrying the sleepers,
rails,
chairs,
points,
and
crossings, etc., of a railway track. CTD
rivet snap
A punch having a recess in its head
shaped to the form of the rivet.
English-English
See:track cleaner
road dust
road-mix method
road cleaner
roadhead
The face of a roadway, usually in longwall
conveyor
mining.
The
records
indicate that the roadhead is the most
dangerous place in a coal mine
based on accidents from falls of ground.
Nelson
road roller
Power-driven roller of any weight from
one-half
to
12
tons.
Hammond
road-making plant
roadside pack
Various types of specialized plant used
solely
for
road
construction,
including such machines as planers,
scarifiers,
rollers,
pavers,
finishers, gritters, and mixers. Hammond
roadman
a. A person employed on the laying and
maintenance
of
rail
tracks
underground. Also known as a trackman.
Nelson
b. A person whose duty it is to keep the
roads
of
a
mine
in
order.
Fay
c. In bituminous coal mining, a general
term for miners working along
haulageways or airways (roads). Usually
designated according to job, as
repairman; wasteman. DOT
roadway
An underground drivage. It may be a
heading, gate, stall, crosscut, level,
or tunnel and driven in coal, ore, rock or
in the waste area. It may form
part of longwall or bord-and-pillar
workings or an exploration heading. A
roadway is not steeply inclined.
Nelson
roadway cable
road metal
An electric cable designed for use in mine
roadways.
It
may
be
either
rubber insulated, sheathed, and armored or
paper insulated. Nelson
English-English
roadway consolidation
To bind the floor dust together with water
and calcium chloride flakes, or
other chemical, to form a firm plastic
carpet.
roadway support
A timber, steel, concrete, or other erection
in
a
roadway
to
(1)
ensure
safety by preventing falls of ground, and
(2)
maintain
the
maximum
possible roadway size by resisting the
tendency of the roadway to contract
and distort.
roast
To heat to a point somewhat short of
fusing, with access of air, as to
expel volatile matter or effect oxidation.
Fay
roaster
roaster slag
roasting cylinder
Slag resulting from the calcination of
white metal in the process of
copper smelting. Standard, 2
roasting
roasting furnace
a. Heating an ore to effect some chemical
change
that
will
facilitate
smelting.
ASM,
1
b. The operation of heating sulfide ores in
air
to
convert
to
oxide
or
sulfate.
CTD
c. Calcination, usually with oxidation.
English-English
robbing an entry
roast sintering
See:blast roasting
roast stall
Robiette process
See:drawing an entry
robbing pillars
robber
a. In anthracite and bituminous coal
mining, one who breaks down and rips
out with a pick, pillars of coal left to
support the roof in rooms when
the usual mining was being done. Also
called
pillar
robber.
DOT
b. An extra cathode or cathode extension
that reduces the current density
on what would otherwise be a high
current-density area on the work.
ASM, 1
Robins-Messiter system
A stacking conveyor system in which
material arrives on a conveyor belt
and is fed to one or two wing conveyors.
This part of the system moves so
as to form a long ridge; reclaimed by
raking gear that works across the
ridge, moving slowly forward and shifting
material loosened and blended by
the rake action by means of a spiral that
pushes
it
to
a
reclaiming
conveyor at the side of the ridge. Used to
stockpile
ore,
concentrates,
and coal. Pryor, 3
robbing
a. Removing timber from a mined-out
stope to use it again elsewhere.
Stoces
b. Extraction of the pillars of ore left to
support
workings
during
original
stoping.
Pryor,
3
c. Scot. Reducing the size of pillars;
taking as much as possible off
pillars, leaving only what is deemed
sufficient to support the roof.
English-English
roche
Fr. Rock, boulder.
rock
a. An aggregate of one or more minerals,
e.g.,
granite,
shale,
marble;
or
a body of undifferentiated mineral matter,
e.g.,
obsidian,
or
of
solid
organic material, e.g., coal. AGI
b. Any prominent peak, cliff, or
promontory,
usually
bare,
when
considered
as a mass, e.g., the Rock of Gibraltar. AGI
c. A rocky mass lying at or near the
surface of a body of water, or along
a jagged coastline, esp. where dangerous
to
shipping.
AGI
d. A slang term for a gem or diamond.
AGI
e. Strictly, any naturally formed aggregate
or
mass
of
mineral
matter,
whether or not coherent, constituting an
essential and appreciable part of
the Earth's crust. Ordinarily, any
consolidated or coherent and relatively
hard, naturally formed mass of mineral
matter;
stone.
In
instances,
a
single mineral forms a rock, as calcite,
serpentine,
kaolin,
and
a
few
others but the vast majority of rocks
consist of two or more minerals.
f. A local term used in New York and
Pennsylvania for the more massive
beds of bluestone that are not jointed and
are,
therefore,
well-suited
for
structural
purposes.
g. In the geological sense, any natural
deposit or portion of the Earth's
crust whatever be its hardness or softness,
but used by miners to denote
sandstone.
TIME
h. In geology, the material that forms the
essential
part
of
the
Earth's
solid crust, and includes loose incoherent
robinsonite
A triclinic mineral, Pb4 Sb6 O13 .
robot loader
A pneumatic loader for
cartridges into drill holes.
inserting
English-English
rock body
A dump body with oak planking set inside
a
double
steel
floor.
Nichols, 1
rock asphalt
See:asphalt rock
rock bolt
rock association
A bar, usually constructed of steel, that is
inserted
into
pre-drilled
holes in rock and secured for the purpose
of
ground
control.
Rock
bolts
are classified according to the means by
which
they
are
secured
or
anchored in rock. In current usage there
are mainly four types: expansion,
wedge, grouted, and explosive.
rock bolting
a.
See:roof
bolting
b. The process of rock bolting consists of
(1)
anchoring
the
bolt
in
a
hole; (2) applying tension to the bolt to
place the rock under compression
parallel to the bolt; and (3) placing the
bolts
in
such
a
pattern
that
they will properly support the rock
structure. Rock may be supported by
bolts in five ways: (1) suspension; (2)
beam
building;
(3)
reinforcement
of arched opening requiring support; (4)
reinforcement
of
an
opening
otherwise self-supporting; and (5)
rock base
See:bedrock
rock bit
a. Any one of many different types of
roller
or
drill
bits
used
on
English-English
rock channeler
rock bump
rock chute
rockbridgeite
rock-chute mining
See:bord-and-pillar method
rock cleavage
rock burst
The property or tendency of a rock to split
along
closely
spaced
planar
structures, produced by deformation or
metamorphism.
rock butter
A soft yellowish mixture of alum with
aluminum
and
iron
oxides;
a
decomposition product of aluminous
rocks.
See:stone
butter
Standard, 2
rock cork
A light-colored variety of asbestos.rock
leather.
Standard, 2; Fay
English-English
rock cover
rock dredge
rock crusher
A machine for reducing rock or ore to
smaller sizes. Three principal types
are the jaw crusher, the gyratory, and the
hammer crusher.
rock drift
A horizontal mine passage cut in rock,
esp. along a vein on a principal
level of a mine. See:crosscut; stope.
rock crystal
a.
Transparent
quartz.
ASTM
b. Highly polished brown glassware,
hand-cut or engraved. ASTM
rock drill
a. A machine for boring relatively short
holes
in
rock
for
blasting
purposes. It may be a sinker, jackhammer,
drifter,
or
stoper.
rotary
drill.
Nelson
b.
A
roller
bit.
Long
c. A conical bit for drilling hard rock. AGI
rock cut
A way, esp. for a railroad, cut through a
rock
or
rocky
formation.
Mathews
rock cuttings
See:cuttings; sludge.
rock-drill bit
rock cycle
See:rock bit
A sequence of events involving the
formation, alteration, destruction, and
reformation of rocks as a result of such
processes as magmatism, erosion,
transportation, deposition, lithification,
and
metamorphism.
A
possible
sequence involves the crystallization of
magma to form igneous rocks that
are then broken down to sediment as a
result of weathering, the sediments
later being lithified to form sedimentary
rocks, which in turn are altered
to metamorphic rocks. AGI
rock driller
a. In bituminous coal mining, one who
works
in
rock
or
slate
as
distinguished from coal. Also called rock
shooter;
slate
driller.
DOT
b. See:rock splitter
rock drivage
A hard heading or stone drift. Nelson
English-English
rock dust
rock dusting
rock-dust barrier
a. A device that releases a large quantity
of inert dust in the air in the
path of an explosion, extinguishing the
flame.
Rice,
2
b. A series of troughs or shelves laden
with rock dust and so arranged
that the air waves from an explosion will
trip them and fill the air with
rock dust and thus quench the flame of
exploding coal dust.
rock-dusting machine
A machine consisting essentially of a
flexible hose fed by a powerful
blower. It is used in forcing rock dust,
usually powdered limestone, onto
the floor, walls or ribs, and rooms and
entries of a mine, thereby making
the coal dust nonexplosive.
rock duster
a. A machine that distributes rock dust
over the interior surfaces of a
coal mine by means of air from a blower
or pipeline or by means of a
mechanical contrivance, to prevent coal
dust
explosions.
Also
called
rock-dust
machine.
b. See:rock-dust man
rock-dust man
In bituminous coal mining, a laborer who
sprinkles rock dust by hand or
with a machine throughout mine workings
as
a
precaution
against
explosions.
DOT
English-English
rocker arm
rocker
See:rocker shovel
rock-dust zone
rocker bottom
See:rocker
rocker dump car
Among the smaller capacity cars, the most
popular and most widely used are
the gravity dump types, such as rocker
dump and scoop cars, designed so
that the weight of the load tips the body
when a locking latch is released
by hand. The body of this type is balanced
to
right
itself
after
the
load
is discharged. Rocker dump cars range in
capacity from 1 yd3 (0.76 m3 ) handloaded
types, to units of 10 yd3 (7.6 m3 ) for
power shovel loading. Pit and Quarry
rocker shovel
A digging and loading machine consisting
of a bucket attached to a pair of
semicircular runners that when rolled, lifts
English-English
and
dumps
the
bucket
load
into a car or other materials transport unit
behind the machine.
rocker sieve
rock fault
rock excavation
rock-fill dam
rock fabric
rock filling
See:fabric
rock factor
See:resistance to blasting
rock flour
rock failure
a. Powdered rock material formed by the
grinding-up of rocks beneath a
glacier, either deposited as part of the till
or washed or blown away and
deposited elsewhere as stratified drift or
loess.
Also
called
glacier
meal.
b. Fault gouge.
rock flow
a. The movement of solid rock when it is
in
a
plastic
state.
Leet,
1
b. The term given to a slope failure when
there is a general breakdown of
the rock mass. When such a rock mass is
subjected
to
shear
stresses
sufficient to break down the cement or to
cause
crushing
of
the
angularities and points of the rock blocks,
English-English
the
blocks
will
move
as
individuals and the mass will flow down
the slope, or will slump into a
more stable slope position. Woodruff
rock glacier
An ice-cored mass of angular rock waste,
usually heading in a cirque or
other steep-walled amphitheater and in
many cases grading into a true
glacier.
rock formation
See:formation
rock glass
rock-forming mineral
Obsidian or other volcanic glass.
A mineral that is common and abundant in
the Earth's crust; one making up
large masses of rock. From 20 to 30
minerals are usually considered as
being the most important. Stokes
rock gypsum
A massive, coarsely crystalline to finely
granular,
sedimentary
rock
of
the mineral gypsum with bedding
commonly disturbed by expansion during
hydration of parent anhydrite.
rock foundation
A foundation that is carried down to the
solid rock. The rock is cut and
dressed level, loose and decayed portions
are
removed,
and
holes
filled
with concrete. The crushing strength of
the rock can be ascertained by
tests and the bearing pressure should not
exceed one-eighth of the value.
Nelson
rock hardness
The resistance of the rock to the intrusion
of
a
foreign
body.
Stoces
rockhead
a. The upper surface of bedrock.
b. The boundary between superficial
deposits (or drift) and the underlying
solid
rock.
BS,
11
c. See:bedrock
rock fracture
When rock is broken by crushing or
impact, the resulting fragments can be
divided into two components: (1) the
complement, comprising a wide size
distribution in accordance with a
probability law, and (2) the residue of
large incompletely broken pieces. The
relative proportions of complement
and residue depend upon the mode of
fracture. If the rock is completely
crushed, only complement is formed, but
if the rock is fractured by the
impact of a point or wedge, there may be
more
residue
than
complement.
rock hole
A short staple shaft driven from a lower to
a higher coal seam and used
for the gravity transfer of coal to the
haulage road in the lower seam.
rock hound
An amateur mineralogist or collector.
English-English
rocking
rock fault
rock-fill dam
An earth dam built of any broken rock or
similar
material
that
may
be
available. Hammond
rocking beam
rock filling
See:walking beam
a. Waste rock, used to fill up worked-out
stopes
to
support
the
roof.
Weed,
2
b. See:overhand stoping
rocking cradle
Short sluice, hand-oscillated; used in gold
prospecting
and
fossicking.
rocker
rock flour
rocking lever
rock flow
a. The movement of solid rock when it is
in
a
plastic
state.
Leet,
1
b. The term given to a slope failure when
there is a general breakdown of
the rock mass. When such a rock mass is
subjected
to
shear
stresses
sufficient to break down the cement or to
cause
crushing
of
the
angularities and points of the rock blocks,
the
blocks
will
move
as
individuals and the mass will flow down
the slope, or will slump into a
more stable slope position. Woodruff
English-English
See:formation
rock-forming mineral
rock glass
rock formation
rock gypsum
A massive, coarsely crystalline to finely
granular,
sedimentary
rock
of
the mineral gypsum with bedding
commonly disturbed by expansion during
hydration of parent anhydrite.
rock foundation
A foundation that is carried down to the
solid rock. The rock is cut and
dressed level, loose and decayed portions
are
removed,
and
holes
filled
with concrete. The crushing strength of
the rock can be ascertained by
tests and the bearing pressure should not
exceed one-eighth of the value.
Nelson
rock hardness
The resistance of the rock to the intrusion
of
a
foreign
body.
Stoces
rockhead
rock fracture
rock hole
A short staple shaft driven from a lower to
a higher coal seam and used
for the gravity transfer of coal to the
haulage road in the lower seam.
rock hound
An amateur mineralogist or collector.
rock glacier
rocking
English-English
rock-loader operator
b. Pushing a resistant object repeatedly,
and
backing
or
rolling
back
between pushes to allow it to reach or
cross
its
original
position.
Nichols, 1
See:rock loader
rockman
In bituminous coal mining, a foreman who
is in charge of the drilling of
holes in rock or slate and the charging and
tamping
of
explosives
in
the
holes drilled by miners prior to blasting.
DOT
rocking beam
See:walking beam
rocking cradle
Short sluice, hand-oscillated; used in gold
prospecting
and
fossicking.
rock mechanics
a. Mathematical analysis of the forces
acting
along
joints,
faults,
and
bedding planes of natural rock in situ, esp.
in
the
evaluation
of
wall
strengths, and hence slopes and slope
ratios,
in
open-pit
mines.
b. The theoretical and applied science of
the physical behavior of rocks,
representing a branch of mechanics
concerned with the response of rock to
the force fields of its physical
environment (NAS-NRC, 1966). AGI
rocking lever
A beam to give the reciprocal motion in
hand boring. Nelson
rock kicker
Usually found at sand and gravel
processing facilities. A mechanical
device consisting of a roller (with rows of
metal
protrusions
along
its
length) placed at a 45 degrees angle just
ahead
of
a
feed
hopper
(or
conveyor transfer point). It is usually run
by a small electric motor and
as roots, large stones, and clay meet the
roller, they are dumped off the
belt to a small pit that is periodically
cleaned out.
rock melt
A liquid solution of rock-forming mineral
ions
at
sufficiently
high
temperatures to be considered molten.
rock milk
Soft pulverulent forms of calcite found in
caves,
or
as
an
efflorescence.
See:agaric mineral
rock loader
a. Any device or machine used specif. for
loading slate or rock inside a
mine. However, it is most frequently used
with
scraper
loaders
equipped
for
handling
rock.
rock miner
In anthracite and bituminous coal mining,
a miner who works in rock as
distinguished from coal. DOT
English-English
rock navvy
rock pedestal
See:pedestal
rock phosphate
rock quartz
See:phosphate rock
rock pillar
See:hoodoo
rock rake
rock pressure
rock roll
Inverted ridges of rock, usually sandstone,
extending
from
the
overlying
strata into a coal seam, caused by
localized streams active during the
formation of the coal.
rock ruby
A fine red variety of pyrope garnet.
rock salt
Coarsely crystalline halite, NaCl, resulting
from
evaporation
of
saline
water; in massive, fibrous, or granular
aggregates;
occurs
as
a
nearly
pure sedimentary rock, as extensive beds,
or
in
domes
or
plugs.
rock sediment
The combined cuttings and residue from
drilling and sedimentary rocks and
English-English
rock slip
See:rockslide
rock series
rock slope
See:igneous-rock series
A slope driven through rock strata.
rockshaft
rock soap
A shaft made for sending down rock for
filling the stopes, etc., generally
kept nearly full, the rock being trammed
away
as
needed.
Standard, 2
See:mountain soap
rock spar
Material filling fracture cleavages in coal,
consisting
of
nonclay
mineral
matter, probably deposited from solution,
and
sand,
usually
calcite
or
gypsum. AGI
rock sharp
A mineral expert. Mathews
rock shovel
rock splitter
A machine for loading broken rock.
Nelson
rock silk
A silky variety of asbestos. Fay
rockslide
a. A slide involving a downward and
usually sudden and rapid movement of
newly detached segments of bedrock
sliding or slipping over an inclined
surface of weakness, as a surface of
bedding, jointing, or faulting, or
other preexisting structural feature. The
moving mass is greatly deformed
and usually breaks up into many small
independent
units.
Rockslides
frequently occur in high mountain ranges,
as the Alps or Canadian Rockies.
AGI
b. The mass of rock moving in or moved
by a rockslide. Also spelled rock
slide.
rock stress
a.
See:rock
pressure
b. The problem of determining the stresses
that exist in the Earth's crust
has long been of interest to engineers and
geologists.
Many
mining
problems are directly concerned with
stresses that may cause mine openings
to collapse. Two phases of occurrence of
rock stresses are important: (1)
the stresses existing in the rock before the
excavation
of
the
mine
openings; i.e., the free field stress, and (2)
the
indirect
caused by the mine openings.
English-English
stresses
rock weight
S. Afr. One (short) ton (0.9 t) of rock in
place equals about 12 ft (super
3) (0.34 m3 ). Horizontally, therefore, the
weight
of
an
ore
reserve covering a claim over a stoping
width of 3 ft (0.91 m) is 64,000
ft2 X 3 ft / 12 ft3 /st = 16,000 st (14,500 t)
at
100%
payability. In case the vein dips
downward, the resulting amount must be
divided by the cosine of the angle of dip.
Beerman
rock temperature
a. The formational temperature at depth.
The
rate
of
increase
of
temperature with depth (the geothermal
gradient) is highly variable over
the earth, but averages 25 degrees C/km.
AGI
b. The temperature of the rock in a mine.
Lewis
rock tunnel
rock turquoise
A matrix of turquoise with small grains of
turquoise
embedded
in
it.
Fay
Rockwell machine
Trade name for an apparatus that
measures the hardness of metals and
alloys, in which a diamond-pointed cone
is pressed under a specific load
into the metal. The relative resistance to
penetration
(Rockwell
hardness)
is indicated by a number (Rockwell
number) on a dial. The operation is
called a Rockwell hardness test.
rock type
a. One of the three major groups of rocks:
igneous,
sedimentary,
metamorphic.
AGI
b. A particular kind of rock having a
specific set of characteristics. It
may be a general classification, e.g., a
basalt,
or
a
specific
classification, e.g., a basalt from a
particular area and having a unique
description.
AGI
c. The megascopically recognizable
ingredients
of
coal
rock;
i.e.,
vitrain, clarain, durain, and fusain.
rod bit
A noncoring bit designed to fit a reaming
shell that is threaded to couple
directly to a drill rod, thus eliminating the
core
barrel
in
blasthole
drilling. Also called blasthole bit. Long
rock waste
See:debris
English-English
Long
b. See:rod drag
rodding
a. Cleaning and descaling of piping by
means
of
scrapers
attached
to
series of jointed rods. Pryor, 3
b. Eng. The operation of fixing or
repairing wooden cage guides in shafts.
c. In metamorphic rocks, a linear structure
in
which
the
stronger
parts,
such as vein quartz or quartz pebbles,
have been shaped into parallel
rods. Whether the structure is formed
parallel
to
the
direction
of
transport or parallel to the fold axes has
been debated. AGI
rodingite
A massive dense buff to pink rock
typically rich in grossular garnet and
calcic pyroxene, and enveloped in
serpentinite. Epidote, vesuvianite, and
other calcium-rich minerals are commonly
present.
It
is
formed
by
metasomatic alteration of a protolith that,
in
many
cases,
was
a
dike
rock, as shown by preservation of
structures. The name was applied by Bell
in 1911. AGI
rod dope
Rodio-Dehottay process
Grease or other material used to protect or
lubricate
drill
rods.
Also
called rod grease.
rod drag
The rubbing of the rods or drill string on
the
sidewalls
of
the
borehole.
rodlike
rod drop
rodman
a. A person who uses or carries a
surveyor's leveling rod. Also called
rodsman.
Standard,
2
b. See:staff man
rod elevator
See:elevator; elevator plug.
rod mill
rod friction
a. A mill for rolling rod. ASM, 1
b. A mill for fine grinding, somewhat
similar
to
a
ball
mill,
but
employing long steel rods instead of balls
to
effect
the
grinding.
ASM, 1
English-English
rod millman
rodney
rod plug
rods
See:elevator plug
a. Eng. Vertical or inclined timbers for
actuating
pumps.
b. Long bars of Swedish iron of the
toughest quality, for boring through
rocks,
etc.
c. See:cage guide
rod proof
A test specimen taken from the melt on an
iron rod. ASTM
rod pull
rod sag
a. The number of borehole round trips
made in a unit of time. Long
b. The number of lengths of drill rod (two
or
more
standard
10-ft
lengths
coupled together and handled and stacked
as unit lengths) needed to reach
the bottom of the borehole. Long
rod puller
rod slap
Various mechanisms, essentially a doubleacting
air-actuated
piston
equipped with a rod-gripping device,
commonly used to pull drill rods from
a borehole in underground workings
where a small drill without a hoist is
used, or from drill rods stuck in a drill
hole. Long
English-English
rod snap
A sudden acceleration in rotational speed
of the rods followed immediately
by a sudden return to the former speed.
Long
from
an
rod spear
A long, tapered, four-sided fishing tool.
Used to remove a lost drill rod
or other tubular piece of drill equipment
from a borehole. Long
roentgenite
See:roentgenite
rod stand
roentgenogram
The length of drill rod handled and
stacked in the tripod or derrick as a
unit piece during round trips. Also called
offtake.;
treble. Long
A photograph
radiograph.
Webster 3rd
made
with
X-rays.
roentgenograph
rod stock
See:roentgenogram
Round steel rod. Nichols, 1
Roesing lead pump
rod string
The drill rods
connecting link
and bit in the
machine at
borehole. Long
Roesing wires
Wires suspended in a dust chamber to
assist in settling and condensing
dust and fumes from furnace gases. Fay
Roesler process
A process for separating copper, and in
part silver, from gold by fusing
with sulfur or with antimony sulfide,
obtaining copper or silver sulfide.
Fay
English-English
roestone
A fine-grained oolite resembling the roe
of
a
fish.
See:oolite
Fay
Rohbach solution
An aqueous solution of mercuric barium
iodide with a density of 3.5 g/cm
3
; used for separating minerals by density.
Roheisenzunder process
A method that makes use of an airstream
at a pressure of 4 atmospheres for
atomizing molten pig iron into minute
particles. The molten metal falling
into an air stream formed by an annular
slit
in
a
steel
cyclone
is
atomized, the particles falling into a water
bath
and
subsequently
dried.
Osborne
Rohrbach solution
An aqueous solution of mercuric barium
iodide; clear, yellow liquid; very
refractive; sp. gr., 3.5. Used in separating
minerals
by
their
specific
gravity and in microchemical detection of
alkaloids. CCD, 2
roke
Prov. Eng. A vein of ore. A variation of
rake. See:rake
roll
a. An elongate protrusion of shale,
siltstone,
or
sandstone
(locally
limestone) from the roof into a coal seam,
causing a thinning of the seam
and sometimes replacing it almost
entirely.
to apply pressure
form a compact.Rolfe
progressively
English-English
to
roller
Newton, 1
rolled metal
roller bearings
rolled plate
roll compacting
The progressive compacting of metal
powders by the use of a rolling mill.
ASTM
roll crusher
A type of secondary or reduction crusher
consisting of a heavy frame on
which two rolls are mounted. These are
driven so that they rotate toward
one another. Rock fed in from above is
nipped between the moving rolls,
crushed, and discharged at the bottom.
roller bit
English-English
roller grip
roller chain
rollerman
roller repairman
roller-cone core bit
See:rollerman
A type of roller bit with cutter cones
arranged to cut an annular ring
leaving an uncut section in the center as
core. Long
roller conveyor
A series of rolls supported in a frame over
which
objects
are
advanced
manually, by gravity or by power.
gravity conveyor; herringbone roller
conveyor;
hydrostatic roller conveyor; portable
conveyor.
See:revolving screen
rolley man
See:incline repairman
roller-cutter bit
roll feeder
See:roller bit
a. A smooth, fluted, or cleated roll or
drum
that
rotates
to
deliver
packages, objects, or bulk materials.
b. A circular drum, plain or ribbed,
rotating on a horizontal shaft and
situated at the mouth of a bunker or
roller gate
Hollow cylindrical crest gate controlling a
dam spillway.
English-English
of
friction
between
the
rails
and
wheels, which forms the major resistance
on
level
tracks.
rolling-up curtain weir
rollman
In beneficiation, one who tends rolls that
are used to crush ore, which
has already been broken into small pieces
in a crusher, to a fine size
preparatory to the extraction of the
valuable minerals. DOT
roll operator
rolling cradle
roll orebody
rolling plant
English-English
Roman ocher
A native ocher of a deep orange-yellow
color. Standard, 2
Roman pearl
A hollow sphere of opalescent glass with
its interior coated with essence
d'orient and then filled with wax.
romeite
See:mill scale
An isometric mineral, (Ca,Fe,Mn,Na)2
(Sb,Ti)2
O6
(O,OH,F) ; stibiconite group; forms
clusters of minute yellow octahedra.
roll screen
A screen consisting of a number of
horizontal rotating shafts, fitted with
elements arranged to provide screening
apertures. BS, 5
romometer
roll sulfur
rondle
Roman cement
The crust or scale that forms upon the
surface of molten metal in cooling.
Fay
See:pozzolana cement
romanechite
roentgen
A monoclinic mineral, (Ba,H2 O)Mn5 O10
;
rare
as
single crystals; commonly intergrown
with other manganese oxides. Formerly
called psilomelane, a term now reserved
for mixtures. CF:hollandite
romanite
A yellow, black, or green amber from
Romania.
Also
spelled
rumanite.
English
English-English
roentgenite
roof bolt
roof
a. The rock immediately above a coal
seam. It is commonly a shale and is
often carbonaceous in character and softer
than similar rocks higher up in
the roof strata. The roof shale may contain
streaks
and
wisps
of
coaly
material, which tends to weaken the
deposit.
Roof
in
coal
mining
corresponds to hanging wall in metal
mining.
b. In mine timbering there are two
classifications of roof, the immediate
roof and the main roof. The immediate
roof lies directly over the coal and
may be a single layer or several layers of
rock material of the same, or
different consistencies, and from a few
inches
to
several
feet
in
thickness. This roof requires timbering to
support
it
as
the
coal
is
removed. The main roof is the roof above
the immediate top, and may vary
from a few feet to several hundred, or
even
thousands
of
feet
in
thickness. This roof is generally controlled
by
leaving
pillars
of
solid
coal that will support its weight. Kentucky
c. The country rock bordering the upper
surface of an igneous intrusion.
CF:floor
roof bolter
In bituminous coal mining, one who
reinforces roofs of mine haulageways,
side drifts, and working places with metal
or timber to prevent rock and
slate falls. Also called raise driller;
stoperman;
stoperperson;
timberman. DOT
roof bolting
A system of roof support in mines.
Boreholes usually from 3 to 12 ft (1 to
4 m) long are drilled upward in the roof,
and bolts of 5/8 to 1 in (2 to
2.5 cm) or more in diameter are inserted
into the holes and anchored at
the top by a split cone, mechanical anchor,
or resin grout. The bolts are
put up in a definite pattern. The idea is to
clamp
together
the
several
English-English
roof drill
Various
hydraulically
operated
mechanized machines designed to install
roof bolts. Two workers can install up to
200 bolts per shift. Units are
available in both standard and special
design to satisfy requirements in
different mines. Best, 1
roof control
The scientific study of the behavior of
rock
undermined
by
mining
operations and the most effective
measures of controlling movements and
failure. The subject is comprehensive,
including
the
systematic
measurement of the movement of strata
and
the
forces
and
stresses
involved. An attempt is made to correlate
data with rock types and the
type of excavation.
roof-framy
A roof that is tenacious and when allowed
to fall breaks down in large
blocks or frames of stone. Peel
roofing
The wedging of a loaded wagon or horse
against the top of an underground
passage. Fay
roof cut
roofing hole
A machine cut made in the roof
immediately above the seam. A roof cut is
sometimes made in a soft band of dirt over
the coal, which gives increased
height in thin seams. The cut is made with
a
turret
coal
cutter.
Nelson
roof cutting
A screw- or pump-type extension post
used as a temporary roof support.
BCI
roof layer
a. Uniformly thick layer of rock supported
or
clamped
at
the
edges
by
pillars.
Obert
b. A layer of combustible gas under the
roof
of
mine
workings.
BS, 8
English-English
roof testing
In the simple testing of the roof, it is
struck by a hammer or a heavy
object. A loose roof will give off a dull or
hollow sound compared with a
solid top, which has a clear ring. Good
roof that has a clear ringing
sound is called "bell top." Also known as
sounding,
sounding
the
roof,
sounding the top, and jowling.
roof pressure
The pressure that the overlying rocks exert
on
the
support
of
mine
workings.
roof rock
Rock forming the ceiling of a cave
passage, underground chamber, mine
opening, etc. AGI
roof-testing tool
Usually a wooden pole with a metallic
ball at the upper end.
roof shale
The layer or seam of shale occurring
immediately above the Pittsburgh coal
seam. Because of its friable nature, this
shale or slate is taken down in
most mining operations. Rice, 2
roof-to-floor convergence
The deformation of the coal or ore pillars
is estimated by monitoring the
closure of the entry. This roof-to-floor
convergence is generally measured
with a tube extensometer, to an accuracy
of 0.001 in (25.4 mu m), or a
tape measure, to an accuracy of 0.01 ft
(3.048
mm).
Measurements
are
repeatedly taken as the mining geometry
changes. SME, 1
roof station
A survey station fixed in the roof of a
mine roadway or working face.
BS, 7
roof stone
Scot. The stone immediately above a coal
seam.roof
Fay
roof-up
roof stringer
roof work
See:roofing hole
English-English
room
a. A place abutting an entry or airway
where coal or ore has been mined
and extending from the entry or airway to
a
face.
b. A wide working place in a flat mine
corresponding to a stope in a steep
vein.
A
chamber.
CF:stope
c. A heading or short stall.
room entry
Any entry or set of entries from which
rooms are turned. A panel entry.
room-and-pillar
room neck
Said of a system of mining in which
typically flat-lying beds of coal or
ore are mined in rooms separated by
pillars of undisturbed rock left for
roof
support.;
County of Durham system.
room-and-pillar mining
rooseveltite
In coal and metal mining, supporting the
roof by pillars left at regular
intervals. Lewis
room conveyor
a. Any conveyor that carries coal from the
face
of
a
room
toward
the
mouth. Normally, a room conveyor will
deposit its coal into a car or
English-English
hard
root hook
A very heavy hook designed to catch and
tear out big roots when it is
dragged along the ground. Nichols, 1
root-mean-square value
rope cutter
See:hook tender
rope diameter
The diameter of a steel wire rope is the
maximum
obtainable
measurement
across the outer edges of the strands. The
size of fiber ropes is usually
specified by their circumference. Modern
steel
wire
winding
ropes
are
large and heavy and may be 2-1/4 in (5.7
cm) in diameter for a moderately
deep shaft. Nelson
rope driver
In bituminous coal mining, a foreperson
who looks after the haulage cable
and the equipment of trains of cars by
which coal is hauled from the mine.
The rope driver superintends the attaching
of cars to cable by clipper and
directs movement of the cable by
signaling a slope engineer through a
buzzer system. DOT
rope driving
The transmission of power by means of
rope gearing, as distinguished from
belt drive. Crispin
rope core
An important component of stranded
ropes is the core, which may be either
English-English
rope drum
rope fastening
The most suitable fastening between a
wire rope and its socket is a white
metal capping. Haulage ropes are
generally doubled back on themselves
around a steel thimble and secured with
bulldog clips. Hammond
rope lay
That length of rope in which one strand
makes
one
complete
revolution
about the core.
rope guide
Steel rope suspended in a vertical shaft to
prevent
excessive
swinging
of
the cages or skips. Eight rope guides are
generally
used
for
the
shaft,
four for each cage, and two additional
rubbing
ropes
are
installed
to
prevent possible collision between the
cages or skips. The ropes are
suspended from girders fixed on the safety
hook
catch-plate
platform
and
kept taut in the shaft by means of weights
in the shaft bottom sump. The
clearances between the cages, and also
between the cage corners and the
shaft wall, should be about 12 in (30.5
cm).
Nelson
rope plucking
rope haulage
rope rider
An employee whose duty it is to see that
cars are coupled properly, and to
inspect ropes, chains, links, and all
coupling equipment. A trip rider.
English-English
rope socket
Roeschen method
ropeway
a. A line or double line of suspended
ropes, usually wire, along which
articles of moderate weight may be
transported on slings, either by
gravity or power; much used in mining
districts
for
transportation
to
watercourses or to railway lines. An aerial
tramway.
Standard,
2
b. See:aerial ropeway
roscherite
A monoclinic and triclinic mineral,
Ca(Fe,Mn)2
Be3
(PO
(sub
4) )3 (OH)3 .2H2 O .
roscoelite
Ropp furnace
rose beryl
roquesite
rose bit
rosasite
a. A monoclinic mineral, 4[(Cu,Zn)2 (CO3
)(OH)2
]
;
forms green to blue spherules in oxidized
zones
of
zinc-copper-lead
deposits.
b. The mineral group glaukosphaerite,
kolwezite,
mcguinnessite,
nullaginite, rosasite, and zincrosasite.
rose diagram
A circular diagram for plotting strikes
(with or without dips) of planar
features, such as joints, faults, and dikes;
so
named
because
clusters
of
English-English
rosette
A
radially
symmetric,
sand-filled
crystalline aggregate or cluster with a
fancied resemblance to a rose; formed in
sedimentary
rocks
by
barite,
marcasite, or pyrite.
roselite
a.
A
monoclinic
mineral,
Ca2
(Co,Mg)(AsO4
)2
.2H
(sub
2) O ; roselite group; forms a series with
wendwilsonite;
dimorphous
with
roselite-beta;
perfect
cleavage.
b. The mineral group brandtite, roselite,
wendwilsonite, and zincrosasite.
rosette copper
Disks of copper (red from the presence of
suboxide) formed by cooling the
surface of molten copper through
sprinkling with water. Also called rose
copper. Fay
rose of cracks
The system with radial cracks issuing
from the center of the hole as a
result of the tangential stresses. Langefors
rosette texture
A flowerlike or scalloped pattern of a
mineral aggregate. AGI
rose opal
A variety of opaque common opal having
a fine red color. CMD
rose vitriol
Cobalt
vitriol. Standard, 2
rose quartz
Crystalline quartz with a rose pink color,
due
probably
to
titanium
in
minute quantity. The color is destroyed by
exposure
to
strong
sunlight.
Used as a gem or an ornamental stone.
Fay
sulfate.
rosickyite
A monoclinic mineral, S (gamma sulfur);
dimorphous
with
sulfur.
rosin
rose steel
a. The hard, amber-colored residue left
after
distilling
off
volatile
oil
from
pine
pitch.
API,
1
b. To melt a resin and apply a coat to the
right-handed
threads
of
heated
rod couplings; the coating sets when
cooled, which permits the rods to be
used in the same manner as left-handthreaded rods in fishing operations.
Also called rosining. Long
English-English
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential: R = 100e-bx (super n , where
e
is
the
base
of
the
natural logarithm and b and n are
constants. Dodd
rosined joints
rosin tin
rosin blende
of
rosin zinc
rosing
Sphalerite of a rosiny appearance. Hess
The act or process of milling a metal
object in a borehole with a rose
bit. Long
rosite
rosin jack
a.
See:anorthite
b. An impure muscovite as alteration
product.
rosiwal analysis
In petrography, a quantitative method of
estimating the volume percentages
of the minerals in a rock. Thin sections of
a
rock
are
examined
with
a
microscope fitted with a micrometer that
is used to measure the linear
intercepts of each mineral along a
particular set of lines. This method is
based on the assumption that the area of a
mineral on an exposed surface
is proportional to its volume in the rock
mass. AGI
Rosin-Rammler equation
An equation relating to fine grinding: for
most
powders
that
have
been
prepared by grinding, the relationship
between R, the residue remaining on
any particular sieve, and the grain size in
micrometers
(x)
is
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
exponential:
R
=
100e-bx
rosolite
A rose-pink variety of grossulatire garnet.
Also
called
landerite
and
xalostocite. From Xalostoc, Morelos,
Mexico. English
English-English
Ross feeder
rotap
rotary
See:rotary table; rotary-drill rig.
rotary bit
Rossie furnace
As used in a broad sense by drillers, a
roller bit. Long
rotary boring
A system of boring, using usually hollow
rods,
with
or
without
the
production of rock cores. Rock
penetration is achieved by the rotation of
the cutting tool. The method is used
extensively
in
exploration,
particularly when cores are required. It is
the usual method in oil well
boring with holes from 6 to 18 in (15 to 45
cm)
in
diameter.
. Nelson
rotary breaker
A brown to garnet-red resinous material
forming lenticular masses in the
coal of Carusthia. AGI
rotameter
A tapered float rises or falls in a
transparent tube in accordance with
English-English
through
the
apertures,
so
that
excessive degradation does not occur.;
Bradford breaker. Nelson
rotary-drill cuttings
The chips and pulverized rock produced
by the abrasive and chipping action
of a drag, roller bit, or diamond bit when
used
on
a
diamondor
rotary-drill machine to drill a borehole.
CF:cuttings
rotary drilling
The hydraulic process of drilling that
consists of rotating a column of
drill pipe, to the bottom of which is
attached a drilling bit, and during
the operation, circulating down through
the pipe a current of mud-laden
fluid, under pressure, by means of special
slush pumps. The drilling mud
and cuttings from the bit are forced
upward and outside the drill pipe to
the surface. CF:cable-tool drilling
rotary compressor
A compressor designed for a delivery
pressure of 100 psi (690 kPa) and
ranging in capacity from 60 to 300 ft3
/min
(2.1
to
8.5
m
(super
3) /min).
rotary drier
A drier in the shape of an inclined rotating
tube
used
to
dry
loose
material as it rolls through. ACSG, 2
rotary drill
rotary-drill rig
English-English
rotary-percussive drill
A drilling machine that operates as a
purely rotary machine to which is
added a percussive action. The specially
designed
rotary-percussive
drilling bit not only gives a greater
penetration rate, but is also able
to operate longer without deterioration of
the
cutting
edges.
A
disadvantage is the great size of the airoperated
machine,
which
is
usually mounted on a carriage. Nelson
rotary excavator
rotary pump
rotary screen
a. A screen for sizing aggregate and
similar material; it is a pierced
rectangular plate bent into a cylinder.
Hammond
b. See:trommel
rotary furnace
English-English
rotary smelter
rotational fault
A fault on which rotational movement is
exhibited; a partial syn. of hinge
fault. CF:hinge fault; scissor fault.
rotational flow
rotary table
rotational movement
Apparent fault-block displacement in
which
the
blocks
have
rotated
relative to one another, so that alignment
of
formerly
parallel
features
is disturbed. CF:translational movement
AGI
English-English
rotational slide
A slide of homogeneous earth or clay in
which the slip surface of failure
closely follows the arc of a circle. Nelson