According to this:

The exam will include the following

information:

Mechanics
Potential energy
1. Stored energy or energy due to
position is known as Potential
energy.
2. The formula for calculating
potential energy is mgh.
3. The three factors that determine
the amount of potential energy in an
object are
mass, gravitational acceleration, and
height of an object.
4. Potential energy is measured in units of joules(J).
5. Mass must be measured in units of kg.
6. Gravitational pull must be measured in units of m/s2.
7. Height must be measured in units of m.

Potential energy problems

8. Calculate the potential energy of a rock with a mass of 55 kg while
sitting on a
cliff that is 27 m high.
PE = mgh
In this problem, m = 55kg and h = 27m. G or gravitational acceleration is
always 9.8 m/
s2.
So, PE = 55kg 9.8 m/s2 27m = 14553 J

 14553 J

9. What distance is a book from the floor if the book contains 196
Joules of potential
energy and has a mass of 5 kg?
PE = mgh
In this problem, m = 5kg and PE = 196 J. G or gravitational acceleration is
always 9.8
m/s2.
So, 196 J = 5kg 9.8 m/s2 xm, x = 4m
4m

10. An automobile is sitting on a hill which is 20 m higher than ground

level. Find the
mass of the automobile if it contains 362,600 J of potential energy.
PE = mgh
In this problem, h = 20m and PE = 362,600 J. G or gravitational acceleration is
always
9.8 m/s2.
So, 362,600 J = xkg 9.8 m/s2 20m, x = 1850kg
1850kg

Gravitational potential energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object as the result of
its vertical position or height. The energy is stored as the result of the
gravitational attraction of the Earth for the object.
There is a direct relation between gravitational potential energy and the mass
of an object. More massive objects have greater gravitational potential energy.
There is also a direct relation between gravitational potential energy and the
height of an object. The higher that an object is elevated, the greater the
gravitational potential energy. These relationships are expressed by the
following equation:
PEgrav = mass g height
PEgrav = m * g h

Elastic potential energy

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of
their stretching or compressing. The amount of elastic potential energy stored
in such a device is related to the amount of stretch of the device - the more
stretch, the more stored energy. A force is required to compress a spring; the
more compression there is, the more force that is required to compress it
further. For certain springs, the amount of force is directly proportional to the
amount of stretch or compression (x); the constant of proportionality is known
as the spring constant (k).
Fspring = k x
Such springs are said to follow Hooke's Law. If a spring is not stretched or
compressed, then there is no elastic potential energy stored in it. The spring is
said to be at its equilibrium position. The equilibrium position is the position
that the spring naturally assumes when there is no force applied to it. In terms
of potential energy, the equilibrium position could be called the zero-potential
energy position. There is a special equation for springs that relates the amount
of elastic potential energy to the amount of stretch (or compression) and the
spring constant. The equation is:
PEspring = 0.5 k x2
where k = spring constant
x = amount of compression
(relative to equilibrium position)

Kinetic energy
1.
2.

Energy of motion is known as Kinetic energy.

The formula for calculating kinetic energy is 1/2mv2.

3.

The two factors that determine the amount of kinetic energy in an

object are mass and velocity.
4. Kinetic energy is measured in units of joules(J).
5. Mass must be measured in units of kg.
6. Velocity must be measured in units of m/s.
Kinetic energy problems
1. Calculate the kinetic energy of a truck that has a mass of
2900 kg and is moving
at 55 m/s.
KE = 1/2mv2

In this problem, m = 2900kg and v = 55 m/s.

So, KE = 1/2 552 m/s 2900kg = 4386250 J
4386250 J
2. Find the mass of a car that is traveling at a velocity of 60 m/s
North. The car has
5,040,000 J of kinetic energy.
KE = 1/2mv2
In this problem, KE = 5,040,000 J and v = 60 m/s.
So, 5,040,000 J = 1/2 602 m/s xkg, x = 2800kg
2800kg
3. How fast is a ball rolling if it contains 98 J of kinetic energy
and has a mass
of 4 kg?
KE = 1/2mv2
In this problem, KE = 98 J and m = 4 kg.
So, 98 J = 1/2 x2 m/s 4kg, x = 7 m/s
7 m/s
Inclined planes
Inclined plane problems involving gravity, forces of friction ,
moving objects etc. require vector representations of these
quantities. Components are better in representing forces using
rectangular system of axes since they make calculations such as
the addition of forces easier. Free body diagrams are also used
as well as Newton's second law to write vector equations.
Problem 1 (No friction)
A 2 Kg box is put on the surface of an inclined plane at 27 with
the horizontal. The surface of the inclined plane is assumed to
be frictionless.
a) Draw a free body diagram of the box on the inclined plane
and label all forces acting on the box.
b) Determine the acceleration a of the box down the plane.
c) Determine the magnitude of the force exerted by the inclined
plane on the box.
Solution

a) Free Body Diagram

Let the small blue point be the box

Two forces act on the box: the weight W of the box and N
the force normal to and exerted by the inclined plane on
the box (blue point)
b)
Use system of axes x-y as shown to write all forces in
their components form

Vectors N, W and a in components form:

N = (0 , |N|)
W = (Wx , Wy) = (|W| cos (27) , - |W| sin (27))
a = (ax , ay) = (|a| , 0) , box moving down the inclined
plane in the direction of positive x hence ay = 0.
Use Newton's second law to write that the sum of all
forces on the box is equal to the mass times the
acceleration (vector equation)
W + N = M a , M is the mass of the box
In components form, the above equation becomes
(|W| sin (27) , - |W| cos (27)) + (0 , |N|) = M (|a| , 0)

For two vectors to be equal, their components must be

equal. Hence
x-components are equal : |W| sin (27) + 0 = M |a|
y-components are equal : - |W| cos (27) + |N|= 0
M |a| = |W| sin (27)
weight: |W| = M g ; g = 10 m/2
|a| = M g sin (27) / M = g sin (27) m/s^2 4.5 m/s^2
c)
|N| = |W| cos (27) = 2 10 cos (27) 17.8 N
Elevator
Problem 1
1. Bob has a mass = 200 kg. He has been told that he can lose
weight by descending in an elevator. He places a bathroom scale
in the elevator, stands on it, and presses the down button
causing him to descend at an acceleration of 4 m/s2. What does
the bathroom scale read on the way down?

Solution
Define downward as negative. For convenience we draw the forces on
the diagram and it becomes the free body diagram. Note that the
bathroom scale will indicate the normal force acting upward on Bob.
Since the acceleration is downward we know that the normal force has
to be less than the weight force so that a net downward force acts on
Bob.

To solve the problem, we must find the normal force.

S F = ma
Fn + Fw = ma
Fn = ma - Fw
but Fw = - mg
"g" is not an acceleration although it has the units of acceleration. It
is an indication of the gravity field. "g" is a vector and has a negative
value since it points downward. On planet Earth g = 9.8 m/s2. An
object will have this downward acceleration due to gravity only when
it is in freefall.
Fn = ma - (- mg)

= ma + mg
The mg term will always be positive but the ma term's sign will
change depending on whether the acceleration points up or down.
= m(a + g)
= (100 kg)( - 4 m/s2 + 9.8 m/s2 )
a = - 4 m/s2 because the acceleration is downward. It would be
positive if the acceleration were upward.
= 580 n

Problem 2
2. If a person who weighs 500 N is standing on a scale in an
elevator. As the elevator begins to move, the scale reads 600 N.
a) Calculate the magnitude and directon of the acceleration of the
person.
b) Also, calculate the magnitude and direction of the person if the
scale would have read 450 N.
Solution
From Newtons Second Law, Force = mass * acceleration
therefore the persons mass = F / g
where g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s^2
= 500 / 9.81
= 50.97 kg
a) Now, for the scale to read 600 N, the acceleration has to be 600 /
50.97 = 11.77 m/s^2 which is 1.96 m/s^2 greater than gravity,
therefore the elevator is moving upwards, compressing the spring in
the scales.
b) If the scales read 450 N, acceleration would be 450 / 50.97 = 8.83
m/s^2 which is 0.98 m/s^2 less than gravity, so the elevator would
be moving downwards, allowing the spring in the scales to expand
slightly.
Balloon
Problem 1
The envelope and basket of a hot-air balloon have combined
mass of 331 kg. The spherical envelope of the balloon has a
radius of 10 m when fully inflated. What is the maximum mass of
the passengers the balloon can carry when the temperature of

the gas is 108 o C? Use M(air) = 29 g/mol. Assume that the

surrounding air is at 25 o C and is treated as an ideal gas.
Relevant equations
Fbuoyancy = Vg (density times volume times acceleration due
to gravity)
Solution
Volume at 25 degrees = 4/3r^3 = 4188 m^3
(101330Pa)(4188m^3) = n (8.314)(298K)
n = 171317 moles
(171317mol - n hotair) = (171317mol)(298K)/(381K)
n hotair = 37321 mol
171317 - 37321 = 133995 mol
(133995mol/m^3)(0.029kg/mol) = 3885 kg/m^3

Electricity and fields

Voltage
Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in
joules per coulomb ( = volts). It is often referred to as
"electric potential", which then must be distinguished
from electric potential energy by noting that the
"potential" is a "per-unit-charge" quantity. Like
mechanical potential energy, the zero of potential
can be chosen at any point, so the difference in
voltage is the quantity which is physically
meaningful. The difference in voltage measured
when moving from point A to point B is equal to the
work which would have to be done, per unit charge,
against the electric field to move the charge from A to B.
When a voltage is generated, it is sometimes called an
"electromotive force" or emf.

Problem
Determine the following quantities for each of the two circuits shown
below

1. the equivalent resistance,

2. the total current from the power supply,
3. the current through each resistor,
4. the voltage drop across each resistor, and
5. the power dissipated in each resistor.

i.

Resistances in series add up.

RT =

R1

R2

R3

RT =

20

30

50

RT = 100

ii.

Total current is determined by the voltage of the power supply and the
equivalent resistance of the circuit.

IT = VT/RT
IT = 125 V/100
IT = 1.25 A
iii.

Current is constant through resistors in series.

IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = 1.25 A

iv.

The voltage drops can be found using Ohm's law.

V1 = I1R1
V1 = (1.25 A)(20 )
V1 = 25.0 V

V2 = I2R2
V2 = (1.25 A)(30 )
V2 = 37.5 V

V3 = I3R3
V3 = (1.25 A)(50 )
V3 = 62.5 V

v.

There are three equations for determining power. Since we have three
resistors, let's apply a different equation to each as an exercise.

P1 = V1 I1
P1 = (25.0 V)(1.25 A)
P1 = 31.250 W

P2 = I22R2
P2 = (1.25 A)2(30 )
P2 = 46.875 W

P3 = V32/R3
P3 = (62.5 V)2/(50 )
P3 = 78.125 W
Relationship between magnetism and electricity

Electricity is the property of charged particles such as electrons and protons.

When these particles are at rest, it is called static electricity. Static electricity
occurs due to the existence of charged particles.
Magnetism is a type of attractive or repulsive force that acts up to certain
distance. The distance up to which this attractive or repulsive force acts is
called magnetic field. Magnetism is caused by the moving electric charges
(especially electrons). When two magnetic materials are placed close to each
other, they experience an attractive or repulsive force.
In 1820, Hans Christian Orsted observed a surprising thing, when he switched
on the battery from which the electric current is flowing, the compass needle
moved away from the point north. After this experiment, he concluded that, the
electric current flowing through the wire produces a magnetic field.

Electricity and magnetism are closely related to each other. The electric current
flowing through the wire produces a circular magnetic field outside the wire.
Electricity and magnetism are closely related to each other. The electric current
flowing through the wire produces a circular magnetic field outside the wire.
The direction (clockwise or counter-clock wise) of this magnetic field is depends
on the direction of the electric current.
In the similar way, a changing magnetic field produces an electric current in a
wire or conductor. The relationship between electricity and magnetism is called
electromagnetism.
Electromagnetism is the third effect observed when charge moves in a
circuit the electric current gives rise to a magnetic field. But it was not the
observation of a magnetic effect arising from a current in a wire that began
the ancient study of magnetism. Early navigators knew that some rocks are
magnetic. As with the nature of electric charge, the true origins of magnetic
effects remained obscure for many centuries. Only comparatively recently
has an understanding of the microscopic aspects of materials allowed a

full understanding of the origins of magnetism. As with electrostatics,

scientists began by using the concept of the field to describe the behaviour
of interacting magnets. However, magnetic fields differ fundamentally in
character from electrostatic fields and are in some ways more complex.

Magnetic field patterns

The repulsion between the like poles of two bar magnets is familiar
to us. The forces between magnets of even quite modest strength are
impressive. Modern magnetic alloys can be used to produce tiny magnets (less than 1
cm in diameter and a few millimetres thick) that can easily
attract another ferromagnetic material through significant thicknesses of
a non-magnetic substance.
At the beginning of a study of magnetism, it is usual to describe the
forces in terms of fields and field lines. You may have met this concept
before. There is said to be a magnetic field at a point if a force acts on a
magnetic pole (in practice, a pair of poles) at that point. Magnetic fields
are visualized through the construction of field lines.
Magnetic field lines have very similar (but not identical) properties to
those of the electric field lines in Sub-topic 5.1. In summary these are:
Magnetic field lines are conventionally drawn from the northseeking
pole to the south-seeking pole, they represent the direction
in which a north-seeking pole at that point would move.
The strength of the field is shown by the density of the field lines,
closer lines mean a stronger field.
The field lines never cross.
The field lines act as though made from an elastic thread, they tend
to be as short as possible.

Thermal Physics

Temperature and energy transfer

You may have come across temperature described as the degree of
hotness of an object. This is a good starting point since it relates to
our senses. A pot of boiling water feels very hot to the touch and
we know instinctively that the water and the pot are at a higher
temperature than the cold water taken from a refrigerator. The

relative temperature of two objects determines the direction in which

energy passes from one object to the other; energy will tend to pass
from the hotter object to the colder object until they are both at the
same temperature (or in thermal equilibrium). The energy flowing
as a result of conduction, convection, and thermal radiation is what is
often called heat.
Temperature is a scalar quantity and is measured in units of degrees
Celsius (C) or kelvin (K) using a thermometer.

Nuclear physics

Conversion of
nuclear energy

Energy released by an isotope

THE END JAJAJAJ

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