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Atomic Structure and

Interatomic Bonding

Atomic Structure
Atomic Number
 Represents the number of protons in a nucleus
Atomic Mass
 The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons
within the nucleus
Isotopes
 Atoms that have two or more different atomic
masses
Atomic Weight


Corresponds to the weighted average of the atomic masses of


the atoms naturally occurring isotopes

Atomic Structure
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
 Used for the computations of atomic weight
Mole (mol)
 One mole of a substance consists of 6.023 x 1023
atoms or molecules

Bohr Atomic Model


Electrons are
assumed to revolve
around the atomic
nucleus in discrete
orbitals
Position of any
particular electron is
more or less well
defined in terms of
its orbitals

Wave--Mechanical Model
Wave
Electron is considered to
exhibit both wave-like and
particle-like characteristics
An electron is no longer
treated as a particle moving in a
discrete orbital but rather
position is considered to be the
probability of an electrons
being at various locations
around the nucleus
Figure at the right shows comparison of
(a) Bohr and (b) wave-mechanical model

Quantum Numbers
The Number of Available Electron States in Some
of the Electron Shells and Subshells

Electron Configuration
Pauli Exclusion Principle
 Stipulates that each electron state can hold no more
than two electrons which must have opposite spins
Valence Electrons
 Electrons that occupy the outermost shell

The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table


Electropositive
 Capability of an element in giving up their few
valence electrons
Electronegativity
 Ability to accept electrons to form negativey charged
ions

Electronegativity

Primary Interatomic Bonds


Ionic Bonding





Always found in compounds that


are composed of both metallic
and nonmetallic elements
This is formed by gaining or
losing of electrons
It is nondirectional which means
the magnitude of the bond is
equal in all directions
Ionic materials are hard and
brittle, electrically and thermally
insulated
Ionic bonding is predominant in
ceramic materials

Primary Interatomic Bonds


Covalent Bonding
 Formed by the sharing of
electrons between two
adjacent atoms
 Covalent bond is directional
 Usually found in elemental
solids like diamond (carbon),
silicon, germanium, etc.
 Covalent bonds may be very
strong
 Polymeric materials usually
exhibit this kind of bond

Primary Interatomic Bonds


Metallic Bonding
 Found in metals and their
alloys
 Metallic materials have one,
two or at most three valence
electrons
 The valence electrons form
the sea of electrons or an electron
cloud
 The remaining nonvalence
electrons and atomic nuclei
from ion cores
 It is nondirectional

Secondary Bonding
Van der Waals Bonding
 Are weak compared to
the primary bonds and
exists between virtually
all atoms or molecules
 Evidenced for the inert
gases which have stable
electron structures and
between molecules that
are covalently bonded
 Secondary bonding
forces arise from atomic
or molecular dipoles

Hydrogen Bonding
 Special type of
secondary bonding
which is found to exist
between molecules that
contain hydrogen

Secondary Bonding Mechanisms


Fluctuating Induced Dipole Bonds


All atoms are experiencing vibrational motion that can


cause distortions in the electrical symmetry of some
atoms or molecules
Liquefaction and solidification of inert gases and other
electrically neutral and symmetric molecules such as H2
and Cl2 are of this type of bonding
The weakest among all the possible intermolecular
bonds

Figure (a) shows an


electrically symmetric atom
while (b) an induced
atomic dipole

Secondary Bonding Mechanisms


Polar MoleculeMolecule-Induced Dipole Bonds
If permanent dipole moment exist
in some molecules by the virtue of
its asymmetrical arrangement of
positively and negatively charged
regions, such molecules is called
polar molecules
 Polar molecules can also induce
dipoles in adjacent nonpolar
molecules and the magnitude of
this bond is greater than the
fluctuating induced dipoles


Secondary Bonding Mechanisms


Permanent Dipole Bonds
 Van der Waals can also exist between adjacent polar
molecules
 Hydrogen bond is a special case of polar molecule
bonding and occurs between molecules in which
hydrogen is covalently bonded to fluorine, oxygen
and nitrogen
 The strongest secondary bonding type

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