SQQS1013 Ch2 A122

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Raw data
- Data recorded in the sequence in which there are

collected and before they are processed or ranked
Array data - Raw data that is arranged in ascending or

descending order.
Example 1
Here is a list of question asked in a large statistics class and the raw data given by one
of the students:
1.
What is your sex (m=male, f=female)?

Answer : m
2.
How many hours did you sleep last night?

Answer: 5 hours
3.
Randomly pick a letter S or Q.

Answer: S
4.
What is your height in inches?

Answer: 67 inches
5.
Whats the fastest youve ever driven a car (mph)?

Answer: 110 mph
Example 2
Quantitative raw data
Qualitative raw data
These data also called ungrouped data.
Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics
2.2 ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING QUALITATIVE DATA

2.2.1 Frequency Distributions Table
A frequency distribution for qualitative data lists all categories and the
number of elements that belong to each of the categories.
It exhibits the frequencies are distributed over various categories
Also called as a frequency distribution table or simply a frequency

table.
e.g. : The number of students who belong to a certain category is called
the frequency of that category.
2.2.2 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distribution
A relative frequency distribution is a listing of all categories along with their

relative frequencies (given as proportions or percentages).
It is commonplace to give the frequency and relative frequency distribution

together.
Calculating relative frequency and percentage of a category
FORMUL
A
Relative Frequency of a category
Frequency of that category

Sum of all frequencies
2
Percentage (%) = (Relative Frequency)* 100
Example 3
A sample of UUM staff-owned vehicles produced by Proton was identified and the
make of each noted. The resulting sample follows (W = Wira, Is = Iswara, Wj =
Waja, St = Satria, P = Perdana, Sv = Savvy):
Construct a frequency distribution table for these data with their relative frequency
and percentage.
W
Is
Wj
Wj
St
W
W
Is
Sv
W
P
W
Wj
W
W
Is
Wj
Sv
Is
W
Is
Is
W
P
W
P
W
W
Sv
St
Is
W
W
Wj
St
W
Is
Wj
Wj
P
St
W
St
W
Wj
Wj
Wj
W
W
Sv
Solution:
Category
Frequency
Wira
Iswara
Perdana
Waja
Satria
Savvy
Relative
Frequency
Percentage (%)
19
8
4
10
5
4
Total
2.2.3 Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data

a) Bar Graphs
A graph made of bars whose heights represent the frequencies of

respective categories.
Such a graph is most helpful when you have many categories to

represent.
Notice that a gap is inserted between each of the bars.
It has
o
o
o
o
simple/ vertical bar chart

horizontal bar chart
component bar chart
multiple bar chart
Simple/ Vertical Bar Chart

To construct a vertical bar chart, mark the various categories on the horizontal
axis and mark the frequencies on the vertical axis
Horizontal Bar Chart

To construct a horizontal bar chart, mark the various categories on the vertical
axis and mark the frequencies on the horizontal axis.
Types of Vehicle
UUM Staff-owned Vehicles Produced

By Proton
Satria
Perdana
Wira
0
10
15
20
Frequency
Component Bar Chart

To construct a component bar chart, all categories is in one bar and every
bar is divided into components.
The height of components should be tally with representative frequencies.
Example 4
Suppose we want to illustrate the information below, representing the number of
people participating in the activities offered by an outdoor pursuits centre during
Jun of three consecutive years.
2004
21
10
75
36
Climbing
Caving
Walking
Sailing
Total
2005
34
12
85
36
142
2006
36
21
100
40
167
191
Solution:
Number of participants
Activities Breakdown (Jun)

200
150
Sailing
Walking
100
Caving
Climbing
50
0
2004
2005
2006
Year
Multiple Bar Chart
To construct a multiple bar chart, each bars that representative any

categories are gathered in groups.
The height of the bar represented the frequencies of categories.
Useful for making comparisons (two or more values).
The bar graphs for relative frequency and percentage distributions can be
drawn simply by marking the relative frequencies or percentages, instead of the

class frequencies.
Activities Breakdown (Jun)
Number of participants
120
100
Climbing
80
Caving
60
Walking
40
Sailing
20
0
2004
2005
2006
Year
b) Pie Chart
A circle divided into portions that represent the relative frequencies or

percentages of a population or a sample belonging to different
categories.
An alternative to the bar chart and useful for summarizing a single

categorical variable if there are not too many categories.
The chart makes it easy to compare relative sizes of each

class/category.
The whole pie represents the total sample or population. The pie is
divided into different portions that represent the different categories.
To construct a pie chart, we multiply 360 o by the relative frequency for

each category to obtain the degree measure or size of the angle for the
corresponding categories.
Example 5
Movie
Genres
Comedy
Action
Romance
Drama
Horror
Foreign
Science
Fiction
Total
Frequency
Relative Frequency
Angle Size
54
36
28
28
22
16
16
0.27
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.08
0.08
360*0.27=97.2o
360*0.18=64.8o
360*0.14=50.4o
360*0.14=50.4o
360*0.11=39.6o
360*0.08=28.8o
360*0.08=28.8o
200
1.00
360o
c) Line Graph/Time Series Graph
A graph represents data that occur over a specific period time of time.
Line graphs are more popular than all other graphs combined because
their visual characteristics reveal data trends clearly and these graphs
are easy to create.
When analyzing the graph, look for a trend or pattern that occurs over
the time period.
Example is the line ascending (indicating an increase over time) or

descending (indicating a decrease over time).
Another thing to look for is the slope, or steepness, of the line. A line
that is steep over a specific time period indicates a rapid increase or
decrease over that period.
Two data sets can be compared on the same graph (called a

compound time series graph) if two lines are used.
Data collected on the same element for the same variable at different
points in time or for different periods of time are called time series data.
A line graph is a visual comparison of how two variablesshown on the

x- and y-axesare related or vary with each other. It shows related
information by drawing a continuous line between all the points on a
grid.
Line graphs compare two variables: one is plotted along the x-axis
(horizontal) and the other along the y-axis (vertical).
The y-axis in a line graph usually indicates quantity (e.g., RM, numbers
of sales litres) or percentage, while the horizontal x-axis often measures
units of time. As a result, the line graph is often viewed as a time series
graph
Example 6
A transit manager wishes to use the following data for a presentation showing
how Port Authority Transit ridership has changed over the years. Draw a time
series graph for the data and summarize the findings.
Ridership
(in millions)
88.0
85.0
75.7
76.6
75.4
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Solution:
Ridership (in millions)
89
87
85
83
81
79
77
75
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Year
The graph shows a decline in ridership through 1992 and then leveling off for the years
1993 and 1994.
EXERCISE 1
1. The following data show the method of payment by 16 customers in a supermarket

checkout line. ( C = cash, CK = check, CC = credit card, D = debit and O =
other ).
C
CK
a.
b.
c.
CK
CC
CK
D
C
CC
CC
C
D
CK
O
CK
C
CC
Construct a frequency distribution table.

Calculate the relative frequencies and percentages for all categories.
Draw a pie chart for the percentage distribution.
2. The frequency distribution table represents the sale of certain product in ZeeZee
Company. Each of the products was given the frequency of the sales in certain
period. Find the relative frequency and the percentage of each product. Then,
construct a pie chart using the obtained information.
Type of
Product
A
B
C
D
E
Frequency
Relative Frequency
Percentage
Angle Size
13
12
5
9
11
3. Draw a time series graph to represent the data for the number of worldwide airline
fatalities for the given years.
Year
No. of
fatalities
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
440
510
990
801
732
557
1132
4. A questionnaire about how people get news resulted in the following information
from 25 respondents (N = newspaper, T = television, R = radio, M = magazine).
N
R
M
T
T
N
N
M
R
R
R
T
N
M
R
T
M
R
N
N
T
R
N
M
N
a. Construct a frequency distribution for the data.

b. Construct a bar graph for the data.
5. The given information shows the export and import trade in million RM for four
months of sales in certain year. Using the provided information, present this data
in component bar graph.
Month
September
October
November
December
6.
Export
28
30
32
24
Import
20
28
17
14
The following information represents the maximum rain fall in

millimeter (mm) in each state in Malaysia. You are supposed to help a
meteorologist in your place to make an analysis. Based on your knowledge,
10

present this information using the most appropriate chart and give your
comment.
State
Quantity (mm)
435
512
163
721
664
Perlis
Kedah
Pulau Pinang
Perak
Selangor
Wilayah Persekutuan
Kuala Lumpur
Negeri Sembilan
Melaka
Johor
Pahang
Terengganu
Kelantan
Sarawak
Sabah
1003
390
223
876
1050
1255
986
878
456
2.3 ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING QUANTITATIVE DATA

2.3.1 Stem-and-Leaf Display
In stem and leaf display of quantitative data, each value is divided into two
portions a stem and a leaf. Then the leaves for each stem are shown
separately in a display.
Gives the information of data pattern.
Can detect which value frequently repeated.
Example 7
25
36
14
12
13
41
9
11
38
10
12
44
5
31
13
12
28
22
23
37
18
7
6
19
Solution:
2.3.2 Frequency Distributions
11
A frequency distribution for quantitative data lists all the classes and the
number of values that belong to each class.
Data presented in form of frequency distribution are called grouped data.
The class boundary is given by the midpoint of the upper limit of one
class and the lower limit of the next class. Also called real class limit.
To find the midpoint of the upper limit of the first class and the lower limit
of the second class, we divide the sum of these two limits by 2.
e.g.:
400 401
400.5
2
class
boundary
Class Width (class size)
FORMUL
A
Class width = Upper boundary Lower boundary
e.g. :
Width of the first class = 600.5 400.5 = 200
Class Midpoint or Mark
FORMUL
A
12
class midpoint or mark =
Lower limit + Upper limit

2
e.g:
Midpoint of the 1st class =
401 600
500.5
2
Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables

1. To decide the number of classes, we used Sturges formula, which is
FORMUL
A
where
c = 1 + 3.3 log n
c is the no. of classes
n is the no. of observations in the data set.
2. Class width,
FORMUL
A
Largest value - Smallest value

Number of classes
Range
i
c
i
This class width is rounded up to a convenient number.

3. Lower Limit of the First Class or the Starting Point
Use the smallest value in the data set.
Example 8
13

The following data give the total home runs hit by all players of each of the 30 Major
League Baseball teams during 2004 season.
i)
Number of classes, c
ii)
Class width,
= 1 + 3.3 log 30
= 1 + 3.3(1.48)
= 5.89 6 class
242 135
6
17.8
18
iii) Starting Point = 135

Table 2.10 : Frequency Distribution for Data of Table 2.9
Total Home Runs

135 152
153 170
171 188
189 206
207 224
225 242
Tally
|||| ||||
||
||||
|||| |
|||
||||
f
10
2
5
6
3
4
f 30
2.3.3 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions

FORMUL
A
14

Frequency of that class
Sum of all frequencies
f
=
f
Relative frequency of a class =
Percentage = (Relative frequency) 100
Example 9
(Refer example 8)
Table 2.11: Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions
Total Home Runs

135 152
153 170
171 188
189 206
207 224
225 242
Class Boundaries
134.5 less than 152.5
152.5 less than 170.5
170.5 less than 188.5
188.5 less than 206.5
206.5 less than 224.5
224.5 less than 242.5
Total
Relative
Frequency
0.3333
0.0667
0.1667
0.2000
0.1000
0.1333
1.0
%
33.33
6.67
16.67
20.00
10.00
13.33
100%
2.3.4 Graphing Grouped Data

a) Histograms
A histogram is a graph in which the class boundaries are marked on the
horizontal axis and either the frequencies, relative frequencies, or percentages
are marked on the vertical axis. The frequencies, relative frequencies or
percentages are represented by the heights of the bars.
In histogram, the bars are drawn adjacent to each other and there is a space
between y axis and the first bar.
Example
(Refer example 8)
10
Frequency histogram for Table 2.9

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
134.5
b) Polygon
152.5 170.5 188.5 206.5 224.5 242.5
Total home runs
A graph formed by joining the midpoints of the tops of successive bars in a

histogram with straight lines is called a polygon.
15
Example
11
Frequency polygon for Table 2.11
134.5
152.5 170.5 188.5 206.5 224.5 242.5
For a very large data set, as the number of classes is increased (and the width of
classes is decreased), the frequency polygon eventually becomes a smooth
curve called a frequency distribution curve or simply a frequency curve.
Frequency distribution curve
c) Shape of Histogram
Same as polygon.
For a very large data set, as the number of classes is increased (and the width
of classes is decreased), the frequency polygon eventually becomes a smooth
curve called a frequency distribution curve or simply a frequency curve.
The most common of shapes are:

(i) Symmetric
(ii) Right skewed
(iii) Left skewed

16
Symmetric histograms
Right skewed and Left skewed
Describing data using graphs helps us insight into the main characteristics of the
data.
When interpreting a graph, we should be very cautious. We should observe
carefully whether the frequency axis has been truncated or whether any axis has
been unnecessarily shortened or stretched.
2.3.5 Cumulative Frequency Distributions

A cumulative frequency distribution gives the total number of values that
fall below the upper boundary of each class.
Example 12
17
Using the frequency distribution of table 2.11,

Total Home
Runs
135 152
153 170
171 188
189 206
207 224
225 242
Cumulative
Frequency
Class Boundaries
134.5 less than 152.5

152.5 less than 170.5
170.5 less than 188.5
188.5 less than 206.5
206.5 less than 224.5
224.5 less than 242.5
10
2
5
6
3
4
Ogive
An ogive is a curve drawn for the cumulative frequency distribution by joining
with straight lines the dots marked above the upper boundaries of classes at
heights equal to the cumulative frequencies of respective classes.
Two type of ogive:
(i)
(ii)
ogive less than

ogive greater than
First, build a table of cumulative frequency.
Example
13
(Ogive Less Than)

Earnings
Number of
(RM)
students (f)
Cumulative Frequency
30 39
40 49
50 59
60 - 69
70 79
80 - 89
5
6
6
3
3
7
Total
Earnings (RM)
Cumulative
Frequency (F)
Less than 29.5

Less than 39.5
Less than 49.5
Less than 59.5
Less than 69.5
Less than 79.5
Less than 89.5
0
5
11
17
20
23
30
30
35
Graph Ogive Less Than

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
29.5Statistics
39.5
Chapter 2: Descriptive
49.5
59.5
69.5
79.5
89.5
Earnings
18
Example
14
(Ogive
More Than)
Earnings
(RM)
Number of
students (f)
30 39
40 49
50 59
60 - 69
70 79
80 - 89
5
6
6
3
3
7
Total
Earnings (RM)
Cumulative
Frequency (F)
More than 29.5

More than 39.5
More than 49.5
More than 59.5
More than 69.5
More than 79.5
More than 89.5
30
25
19
13
10
7
0
30
Graph Ogive More Than

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
29.5
39.5
49.5
59.5
69.5
79.5
89.5
Earnings
2.3.6 Box-Plot
Describe the analyze data graphically using 5 measurement: smallest

value, first quartile (K1), second quartile (median or K2), third quartile
(K3) and largest value.
19
For symmetry data
Smallest
value
K1
Median
K3
Largest
value
For left skewed data
Smallest
value
K1
Median
K3
Largest
value
For right skewed data

Smallest K1
value
Median
Largest
value
K3
2.4 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

2.4.1 Ungrouped Data Measurement
Mean
FORMUL
A
Mean for population data:
Mean for sample data:
where:
x
N
x
n
x =
the sum of all values

N = the population size
n = the sample size,
= the population mean
= the sample mean
Example
15 following data give the prices (rounded to thousand RM) of five homes sold
The
recently in Sekayang.
158
189
265
127
191
Find the mean sale price for these homes.

20
Solution:
Thus, these five homes were sold for an average price of RM186 thousand @
RM186 000.
The mean has the advantage that its calculation includes each value of
the data set.
Weighted Mean
Used when have different needs.
Weight mean :
FORMUL
A
xw
wx
w
where w is a weight.
Example 16
Consider the data of electricity components purchasing from a factory in the table
below:
Type
Number of component (w)
Cost/unit (x)
21

1
2
3
4
5
1200
500
2500
1000
800
Total
6000
RM3.00
RM3.40
RM2.80
RM2.90
RM3.25
Solution:
xw
wx
w
1200(3) 500(3.4) 2500(2.8) 1000(2.9) 800(3.25)

1200 500 2500 1000 800
17800
=
6000
= 2.967
=
Mean cost of a unit of the component is RM2.97
Median
Median is the value of the middle term in a data set that has been
ranked in increasing order.
Procedure for finding the Median

Step 1: Rank the data set in increasing order.
Step 2: Determine the depth (position or location) of the median.
FORMUL
A
Depth of Median = n 2 1
Step 3: Determine the value of the Median.
Example
17
Find the median for the following data:

10
5
19
Solution:
(1)
Rank the data in increasing order
22
(2)
Determine the depth of the Median

n 1
Depth of Median =
2
5 1
=
2
=3
(3) Determine the value of the median
Therefore the median is located in third position of the data set.
Hence, the Median for above data =
Example
18 the median for the following data:
Find
10
5
19
8
3
15
Solution:
(1) Rank the data in increasing order
(2) Determine the depth of the Median
n 1
2
6 1
=
2
= 3.5
Depth of Median =
(3) Determine the value of the Median

Therefore the median is located in the middle of 3rd position and 4th
position of the data set.
Median
8 10
9
2
Hence, the Median for the above data =
The median gives the center of a histogram, with half of the data values
to the left of (or, less than) the median and half to the right of (or, more
than) the median.
The advantage of using the median is that it is not influenced by outliers.
Mode
23
Mode is the value that occurs with the highest frequency in a data set.
Example
19
1. What is the mode for given data?
77
69
74
81 71
68
74
73
2. What is the mode for given data?

77 69 68 74 81 71 68 74 73
Solution:
1. Mode =
2. Mode =
A major shortcoming of the mode is that a data set may have none or
may have more than one mode.
One advantage of the mode is that it can be calculated for both kinds of
data, quantitative and qualitative.
2.4.2 Grouped Data Measurement
Mean
FORMUL
A
Mean for population data:
fx
N
Mean for sample data:
x=
Where
fx
n
the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class.
Example 20
The following table gives the frequency distribution of the number of orders received
each day during the past 50 days at the office of a mail-order company. Calculate the
mean.
Number of order
10 12
13 15
16 18
19 21
f
4
12
20
14
n = 50
24
Solution:
Because the data set includes only 50 days, it represents a sample. The value of
fx is calculated in the following table:
Number of order
10 12
13 15
16 18
19 21
f
4
12
20
14
n = 50
fx
The value of mean sample is:
Thus, this mail-order company received an average of 16.64 orders per day during
these 50 days.
Median
Step 1: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution.
Step 2: Decide the class that contain the median.
Class Median is the first class with the value of cumulative frequency is
at least n/2.
Step 3: Find the median by using the following formula:

FORMUL
A
Example 21
n
2 - F
Median = Lm +
i
f
m
Where:
n = the total frequency
F = the total frequency before class
median
i = the class width
= the lower boundary of the class
median
= the frequency of the class median
Based on the grouped data below, find the median:

Time to travel to work
1 10
11 20
21 30
31 40
41 50
Frequency
8
14
12
9
7
25
Solution:
1st Step: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution
Frequency
1 10
11 20
21 30
31 40
41 50
8
14
12
9
7
Thus, 25 persons take less than 23 minutes to travel to work and another 25
persons take more than 23 minutes to travel to work.
Mode
Mode is the value that has the highest frequency in a data set.
For grouped data, class mode (or, modal class) is the class with the
highest frequency.
Formula of mode for grouped data:

FORMUL
A
Mode = L
mo
1
i
1 + 2
26
Where:
Lmo
1
2
i
is the lower boundary of class mode

is the difference between the frequency of class mode and the
frequency of the class before the class mode
is the difference between the frequency of class mode and the
frequency of the class after the class mode
is the class width
Example
22
Based on the grouped data below, find the mode

1 10
11 20
21 30
31 40
41 50
Frequency
8
14
12
9
7
Solution:
Based on the table,
We can also obtain the mode by using the histogram;
27
2.4.3 Relationship among Mean, Median & Mode

As discussed in previous topic, histogram or a frequency distribution curve
can assume either skewed shape or symmetrical shape.
Knowing the value of mean, median and mode can give us some idea
about the shape of frequency curve.
(1)
For a symmetrical histogram and frequency curve with one peak, the
value of the mean, median and mode are identical and they lie at the
center of the distribution.
Mean, median, and mode for a symmetric histogram and frequency distribution curve
(2)
For a histogram and a frequency curve skewed to the right, the value of
the mean is the largest that of the mode is the smallest and the value
of the median lies between these two.
Mean, median, and mode for a histogram and frequency distribution curve
skewed to the right
28
(3)
For a histogram and a frequency curve skewed to the left, the value of
the mean is the smallest and that of the mode is the largest and the
value of the median lies between these two.
Mean, median, and mode for a histogram and frequency distribution curve
skewed to the left
2.5 DISPERSION MEASUREMENT
The measures of central tendency such as mean, median and mode do not
reveal the whole picture of the distribution of a data set.
Two data sets with the same mean may have a completely different spreads.
The variation among the values of observations for one data set may be
much larger or smaller than for the other data set.
2.5.1 Ungrouped Data Measurement

Range
FORMUL
A
RANGE = Largest value Smallest value
29
Example 23
Find the range of production for this data set,
Solution:
Range = Largest value Smallest value
= 267 277 49 651
= 217 626
Disadvantages:
o
being influenced by outliers.

based on two values only. All other values in a data set are ignored.
Variance and Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is the most used measure of dispersion.
A Standard Deviation value tells how closely the values of a data set
clustered around the mean.
Lower value of standard deviation indicates that the data set value are
spread over relatively smaller range around the mean.
Larger value of data set indicates that the data set value are spread
over relatively larger around the mean (far from mean).
Standard deviation is obtained the positive root of the variance:

FORMUL
A
Variance for population:
30
Variance for sample:
s2
FORMUL
A
n 1
Standard Deviation for population:

2
Standard Deviation for sample:

s
s2
Example 24
Let x denote the total production (in unit) of company
Company
A
B
C
D
E
Production
62
93
126
75
34
Find the variance and standard deviation,
Solution:
Company
Production (x)
A
B
C
D
E
62
93
126
75
34
x2
390
31
The properties of variance and standard deviation:

o
The standard deviation is a measure of variation of all values from the

mean.
The value of the variance and the standard deviation are never
negative. Also, larger values of variance or standard deviation indicate
greater amounts of variation.
The value of s can increase dramatically with the inclusion of one or

more outliers.
The measurement units of variance are always the square of the

measurement units of the original data while the units of standard
deviation are the same as the units of the original data values.
Range
FORMUL
A
Range = Upper bound of last class Lower bound of first class
Class
41 50
51 60
61 70
71 80
81 90
91 - 100
Total
Frequency
1
3
7
13
10
6
40
Upper bound of last class = 100.5

32

Lower bound of first class = 40.5
Range = 100.5 40.5 = 60
Variance and Standard Deviation

FORMUL
A
Variance for population:
fx
fx
Variance for sample:
s2
FORMUL
A
fx
fx
n 1
Standard Deviation:
Population: 2
Sample:
s2
Example 25
Find the variance and standard deviation for the following data:
No. of order
10 12
13 15
16 18
19 21
Total
f
4
12
20
14
n = 50
Solution:
No. of order
10 12
13 15
16 18
19 21
Total
f
4
12
20
14
n = 50
fx
fx2
33
Variance,
Standard Deviation,
Thus, the standard deviation of the number of orders received at the office of this mailorder company during the past 50 days is 2.75.
2.5.3 Relative Dispersion Measurement
To compare two or more distribution that has different unit based on their
dispersion OR
To compare two or more distribution that has same unit but big different in
their value of mean.
Also called modified coefficient or coefficient of variation, CV.

FORMUL
A
s
100% ( sample)
x

CV
100% ( population )
x
CV
Example
26
34

Given mean and standard deviation of monthly salary for two groups of worker who
are working in ABC company- Group 1: 700 & 20 and Group 2 :1070 & 20. Find the
CV for every group and determine which group is more dispersed.
Solution:
20
100% 2.86%
700
20
CV2
100% 1.87%
1070
CV1
The monthly salary for group 1 worker is more dispersed compared to group 2.
2.6 MEASURE OF POSITION
Determines the position of a single value in relation to other values in a

sample or a population data set.
Quartiles
Quartiles are three summary measures that divide ranked data set into
four equal parts.
The 1st quartiles denoted as Q1

FORMUL
A
Depth of Q1 =
n 1
4
o The 2nd quartiles median of a data set or Q 2

o The 3rd quartiles denoted as Q3
FORMUL
A
Depth of Q3 =
3( n 1)
4
Example
27
35
Table below lists the total revenue for the 11 top tourism company in Malaysia
109.7
79.9
21.2
76.4
80.2
82.1
79.4
89.3
98.0
103.5
103.5
109.7
86.8
Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the data in increasing order
76.4
79.4
79.9
80.2
82.1
86.8
89.3
98.0
121.2
Step 2: Determine the depth for Q1 and Q3
Depth of Q1 =
n 1 11 1
=
=3
4
4
Depth of Q3 =
3 11 1
3( n 1)
=
=9
4
4
Step 3: Determine the Q1 and Q3

76.4
79.4
79.9
80.2
82.1
86.8
89.3
98.0 103.5
109.7
121.2
Q1 = 79.9 ; Q3 = 103.5
Example
Table below list the total revenue for the 12 top tourism company in Malaysia
28
109.7
79.9
74.1
98.0
103.5
86.8
121.2
76.4
80.2
82.1
79.4
89.3
Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the data in increasing order
74.1 76.4
79.4
79.9
80.2
82.1
86.8
89.3
98.0 103.5
109.7
121.2
Step 2: Determine the depth for Q1 and Q3
Depth of Q1 =
n 1
12 1
=
= 3.25
4
4
Depth of Q3 =
3 12 1
3( n 1)
=
= 9.75
4
4
Step 3: Determine the Q1 and Q3

36

74.1 76.4
79.4
79.9
80.2
82.1
86.8
89.3
98.0 103.5
109.7
121.2
Q1 = 79.4 + 0.25 (79.9 79.4) = 79.525
Q3 = 98.0 + 0.75 (103.5 98.0) = 102.125
Interquartile Range
The difference between the third quartile and the first quartile for a data
set.
FORMUL
A
IQR = Q3 Q1
Example 29
By referring to example 28, calculate the IQR.
Solution:
IQR = Q3 Q1 = 102.125 79.525 = 22.6

Quartiles
From Median, we can get Q1 and Q3 equation as follows:
FORMUL
A
n
4 - F
Q1 LQ1 +
i
f
Q
1
3n
- F
Q3 LQ3 + 4
i
f
Q3
Example 30
Refer to example 22, find Q1 and Q3
Solution:
37
1st Step: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution

Frequency
1 10
11 20
21 30
31 40
41 50
8
14
12
9
7
8
22
34
43
50
2nd Step: Determine the Q1 and Q3
Class Q1
n 50
12.5
4
4
Class Q1 is the 2nd class
Therefore,
n
4 - F
Q1 LQ1
i
fQ1
12.5 - 8
10.5
10
14
13.7143
Class Q 3
3n 3 50
37.5
4
4
Class Q3 is the 4th class

Therefore,
n
- F
Q3 LQ3 4 i
fQ3
37.5 - 34
30.5
10
9
34.3889
Interquartile Range
38
FORMUL
A
IQR = Q3 Q1
Example 31
Refer to example 30, calculate the IQR.
Solution:
IQR = Q3 Q1 = 34.3889 13.7143 = 20.6746
2.7 MEASURE OF SKEWNESS
To determine the skewness of data (symmetry, left skewed, right skewed)
Also called Skewness Coefficient or Pearson Coefficient of Skewness
sk
mean mode
3(mean median)
or sk
s
s
If Sk +ve right skewed
If Sk -ve left skewed
If Sk = 0 symmetry
If Sk takes a value in between (-0.9999, -0.0001) or (0.0001,

0.9999) approximately symmetry.
Example
32
The duration of cancer patient warded in Hospital Seberang Jaya recorded in a
frequency distribution. From the record, the mean is 28 days, median is 25 days
and mode is 23 days. Given the standard deviation is 4.2 days.
39
a. What is the type of distribution?

b. Find the skewness coefficient
Solution:
This distribution is right skewed because the mean is the largest value
Sk
Sk
Mean - Mode 28 23
11905
.
s
4.2
OR
3 Mean - Median
s
3 28 25
4.2
21429
.
So, from the Sk value this distribution is right skewed.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Use of Standard Deviation
1. Chebyshevs Theorem
According to Chebyshevs Theorem, for any number k greater than 1, at least (1
1/k2) of the data values lie within k standard deviations of the mean.
1
k2
1
1
2 2
0.75 @ 75%
1
Thus; for example if k = 2, then
Therefore, according to Chebyshevs Theorem, at least 75% of the values of a

data set lie within two standard deviation of the mean
40
2. Empirical Rule
For a bell-shaped distribution, approximately
1.68%of the observations lie within one standard deviation of the mean.
2.95% of the observations lie within two standard deviations of mean.
3.99.7% of the observations lie within three standard deviations of the mean.
Measure of Position
1.
Ungrouped Data - Quartile Deviation
QD is a mean for Interquartile Range
It used to compare the dissemination of two data set.
If the QD value is high, it means that the data is more

disseminated.
Quartile Deviation = Interquartile Range / 2

= (Q3 - Q1) / 2
2.
Ungrouped Data Percentile
41
Pk = value of the (kn)th term in a ranked set 100

Where: k = the number of percentile
n = the sample size
Percentile rank of xi = Number of values than xi

X 100
Total number of values in the data set
42
EXERCISE 2
1. A survey research company asks 100 people how many times they have been to
the dentist in the last five years. Their grouped responses appear below.
Number of Visits
04
59
10 14
15 19
Number of Responses
16
25
48
11
What are the mean and variance of the data?
2. A researcher asked 25 consumers: How much would you pay for a television
adapter that provides Internet access? Their grouped responses are as follows:
Amount ($)
Number of Responses
0 99
100 199
200 249
250 299
300 349
350 399
400 499
500 999
2
2
3
3
6
3
4
2
Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
3.
The following data give the pairs of shoes sold per day by a particular
shoe store in the last 20 days.
85
89
90
86
89
71
70
76
79
77
80
89
83
70
83
65
75
90
76
86
Calculate the
a. mean and interpret the value.
b.median and interpret the value.
c. mode and interpret the value.
d.standard deviation.
4.
The followings data shows the information of serving time (in minutes) for 40
customers in a post office:
2.0
4.5
2.5
2.9
4.2
2.9
3.5
3.2
2.9
4.0
3.0
3.8
2.5
2.3
2.1
3.1
3.6
4.3
4.7
2.6
4.1
4.6
2.8
5.1
2.7
2.6
4.4
3.5
2.7
3.9
2.9
2.9
2.5
3.7
3.3
a.Construct a frequency distribution table with 0.5 of class width.
2.8
3.5
3.1
3.0
2.4
43

b.Construct a histogram.
c.Calculate the mode and median of the data.
d.Find the mean of serving time.
e.Determine the skewness of the data.
f. Find the first and third quartile value of the data.
g.Determine the value of interquartile range.
5.
In a survey for a class of final semester student, a group of data was obtained for
the number of text books owned.
Number of students
12
9
11
15
10
8
Number of text book owned

5
5
3
2
1
0
Find the average number of text book for the class. Use the weighted mean.
6.The following data represent the ages of 15 people buying lift tickets at a ski area.
15
30
25
53
26
28
17
40
38
20
16
35
60
31
21
Calculate the quartile and interquartile range.

7.A student scores 60 on a mathematics test that has a mean of 54 and a standard
deviation of 3, and she scores 80 on a history test with a mean of 75 and a
standard deviation of 2. On which test did she perform better?
8.The following table gives the distribution of the shares price for ABC Company which
was listed in BSKL in 2005.
Price (RM)
12 14
15 17
18 20
21 23
24 26
27 - 29
Frequency
5
14
25
7
6
3
Find the mean, median and mode for this data.
44

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SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

- Data recorded in the sequence in which there are

Array data - Raw data that is arranged in ascending or

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Randomly pick a letter S or Q.

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Quantitative raw data

Qualitative raw data

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Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

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Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics

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SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

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SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

A graph made of bars whose heights represent the frequencies of

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simple/ vertical bar chart

Simple/ Vertical Bar Chart

Horizontal Bar Chart

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SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

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Useful for making comparisons (two or more values).

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Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

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Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

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Example is the line ascending (indicating an increase over time) or

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