Department of Ec&é 4 e.teckh ECE Sow: ELecTRomagneTze FIELDS E TRAN SmTSSTON LINES CEMTL) UNITS 1-4 By CH. MAHZpAL REDPY MTech PE)OnrtT- 4 Electrostatics — | -> Covlombes 4a > E dee +o Upp erente ga distributions Electate flue Density Govss £9 ‘Electric potewhaL E= “Vy Martwells Two Ey for slectrostohc Eres density Fields bey bv vsNIT-— oIT- IT A Poissoms omd Laplace Etutons: Giavss’s Raw jn the point form , Poissons Ev Com be dewived. consider the Savsss Law wm the point Form as v7 D> ey B= flox dens asst Cy = Vodumne chasge density D= EEF ViEE= Cv Sworn the Gyoadient roletonship Ea7-Vv wie yy) He -~e(v vvj=ev wey Ea © 15 colled Poissons Eauahon tm Com tain reqym. evso = 2) change Free wagion) this %s Special case Oly Passon’s Eaushon ond is called Laplace's Eauaton the 7 operation is called the Laplacian of V- £y¥ © js fer homogeneous medio foo which @ is cor ta Cartesian co-ordinate system Yve Ba av xy + ou v Qe aa SFOS Tag az vo £85) 185) RED) Wve SY ay = Sat Ss im) riWRT HEE Eee REE ere eee Ee eee EEE PEE Pet eee eee system Ne bf (ret)rk SU) 480 20 —~& VES Deel Oe er Kobe 33 Tay cytindarcal co - ondimete Ev® is Laplece’s Ecustion lm Cysind stat Foor Lay — co-ronrdimote System x “Ov a Gino $s) aay xy oe 7 ZF 3h 4) a oY SAO Se 3 FaNOop me Ev@ ic Leplace’s Eaton iy sphesi cal Fowe, me whether os mot the Following, Potentials @® Deteweni Fields Sotishy the Laplace's Eaunation if wco =\ @ Ve CA pe oy Ve veosde © zcosd + $ = aetiayyyz? © Va weosh RAY se @ ve Wyeth Pye Se 4s 4 VY = Se se) += x coe Sele me ayy OR Be 3 whe) ors) BOP = 2-242 52 Vu £o. Hence Pield V does mot Satrsty heples ® ve res$4H cgtiand vical Co-ordiowte Systems XY, x \ 2 ov Sv av we SOS) Tw Spt om av e Soe ete x (ecosd +2 = Osh oa = x [ecos$ rz] arTsing é a 2, [rcosp +2]Vve = S(t SS a = oa Sx) +s Sq +e 2 at & cos Z => on cosh) 4. ae $y Leesing] +90 = L cosh +1, -v cosgd = SOS — coud wv ok a Fe So this Held satisHes Leplace By Procedure for Solving Loplace’s Equation The peroceduve to solve a problem Pavolving Laplac Eavation Combe Senewaliged as, Stepl; solve the Laploce’s EaueHon Usirng “the semethod Trtegqration. ASSVmMme CoMStants Of mate wotion ac pey the “weavivement’ Step, Detewrmime the constants opplumng the boundary ComditionS riven Or Known for the region. the SoLution obb im step! with Constants obtained using boundary condition is an omique soluhon. Steps, Then E com be Obtained fos the Potential Field v obtained, sing gradient operachon — OV Stepy. Fow homogeneous anedivm , B combe obtouned as€’ Steps: At the Sovkace , €s = Pn hence omce. DB 1s Fhown dhe nowaral component Dy to the Sorbace Ts Km0wN, Hence the choage Induced om the comdocto® Surpace Comoe obtained AS a=—(ecsds Steps: ONL the Charge Prduced @ is Known crn Potential Zs Known then the Capocitorce cof the Sig stem Com be obtained, UTE evo thn Cimiley procedore Con be edeopted te Solve the PISSomS Bavehon@® the region bho wo concentric Nght civculow ar Comoins & OMI FOC Chawqe density @ - solve. the poission’s Equation Foo the Potewtat in the region the. cigdind rica co-osdinat? cable Like ay -rockal dive my crgdinder Select Sy stem. fan Com anal sivuctowe the E As Prom Fares to ovte Hence E ev both fom chons Ob le av. 2 QV are ze70 ad Bz onmbag ar ord mot of 487 6 BV Ag Sotisting wht os to poisSomis Equator Acconding oN = =f ev=e Ee WL 98 (wav) = - e wo Sal Se) Peet O_ (ray oe ae : Se Inte g rotive both Sides wev . (Her v { 8rd Becerra eat Ses cme) +O we Ge = Constant ob imbegrahorn Knowing the Lrourrdesry conkitions cy, Cp Combe Obtained,= -333-33 9° 1 coe) N= 633.38 33-885 Lg oy USe Vo as vps ® o= 885.3845 46 sot, => Came ca) ot Vez B833as y re Ate Us vorlg this Gausds Law. 7 D= ev WT. Gok= ev ve = Sv © = 200€0 = 200 a we et cousidey the yadlal comporout of E fw E= Bron sphatcal co-ordimate system ame hunle clivarguace OE 1. 2 er = wo Ge ed = 308 2 (er) = 200 or ~o'¢y et os ee = Soo FO tH yo = 335:33F +g ore tT BUE we” Exrzo asrro hence (=O OG = 228-32 eee rm F ae Voy de ay th radtek dUreehan Ea Beky = 393733 7 ve ~fe& bene dis “+ a ag Ve- [333.387 Gy Av Gs =~ 383-33 7 6 mo} =~ 333-83 6 4en oF ~ 033-2342 oot Bt Vso at vee He CaO V= 33-32 y oO"Q mo fen Spoce Cy = £C°=O ot vse poissom’s Eauston, to findv as a funchHon of ¥ re ie is assumed ther Epo as TPO, V 20 ob 126 use Spherical co-ondimote System. Cay Find potential V as & fomcHon of wr using Guan fa ond Sine Tmbeg rat S31 Polssion’s Eoweton states thet SP v= —Sy } Wy = -aceo = ~ R00 ar teo pet Grom the conditions Givew te is dear thet vis a fonchon oF T cmby ord wok the function of © & Mn te Br Sea ~ OT Ov. o 1 8 (rev) = ~ BOP ee 8S “OF. a, a(wray,) = -200 °F a =) ee Tate gore orev an = [a0 Mae +5 ar wav _ — 200 PF gy Se se 6 _ 535.33" 44 —O As Ets the fonction ob ¥ omlg je com ewsite =- VE i y OY. > dows B= “VV = Qos = Er os gi o2 brs ~2v Se © ® sbiv © a & WW ey ~530.388 +o @ Bot Eero, T7O o=4y = AHO Subin © prov. 333-33 8% ar avy a aag-ase ar v= ~3a3a3 (7! ter +eee ay Capacitomce Using Laplace Equation A Solve +he teplace Equations for the potertiol Pield int home qenzeus region blo the -kvo concestw'e comdocting Sphewes with vodius a omd b, Such that bra ib potential Veo at v= b and VaVe ab =a. And Fink the. Gpasitomce blw the two concentaie Spheres the field gntensihy E tite be only tm radial direchow hence vis chang @ only iw rrodiot Rirechow AL the the distance %' Gard mot the Fonchiemok oad According to Laplace Eguaton’s = Yao, T=6 Wweo . + oO (fr gv \- i J x ae be OSE) =O vis atunchom of ont 2. (6 _\=0 on oe) oe wre _ foty = 4 Ov =Sl =G a oe oe : Anteyrete V= far de tc aq ot + C2. ri eee eee: vse the boundary condihons calli veo at w=b 8 VEV ab YH or -¢ ah to 2 Vo= sbi wactng the two Eauntons -~VYo = Sl 40, 4S — = —C 2 2Vo Volts this io the potential Field Im the aregiony bivo the too Spheres —VoO = ae EON EEE eget tHe ace eee E= -wv Sea se Gk co te mot’ fonction = & Vo Oe Chen’ Jo Coe) As pes the boundasy comdifons blw comductos amd ciglectsic , dhe B is aluoay> mosomok to the subace hence 7 Gs \pal =1BL = -SYO cheer ep © = totod charge om he Surface ob sphere Of vedlu a= _€Yo % Surface Asea oly Sphete ay tadius % a5 (rs) = evo yx ue = MTEVO og ce Se & Sb” eS ce = whee Ve Potembiat lao two Spheres VEVp = PoterHot Ath Ww two spheses— re (ane) This Ts the capacitamce ob Spherical Capacttos FE Yose taplaces Equation to Fimd the Capocttamce Pee Unit th Of A Co- ancal cable for Imnes Tadivus w omd cuter radius ‘ba ASSUME VEVo ab THA omnd v=o ot wee she co-axial coble is Shown img Comsider cy Minnd wical coromdinake System. jhe Field Tmtemsihy Eis v=0 im cadial diaecton from Tanew tO outer cgtindes hence Vis a funchon fonchon of 2 * vsing Laplace Eamehon Jv =o ob +r onty omd mot the i 2 ov Vet & OS) He 7 } 2(rav) =o as (TEE Ov og = Tonkeqrooke vr = lorg =F N= aT oe Trbeg mote Ve fa EE EE ere Ee eee JS using boumdary conncdifeons VEO at web VEVQ ak THR Os bnlb) HO 2 Vo = Sy UCAS 2 Sobtwact Sobtvacting Vo = QF ante) Ltr} = abc) qe vo = NO " BeBy ion 3)ey dwlb) = Yo ANY? ond Ge 1 fn (3) Ve YO tn@r) — voimld) y *S) bn) RES RSE eergsePE ECE EeE dere Peer “vo Sutry } ao Se cs Ser - Ca is mot fomchon of Fhe ae an eee at ar clane a 6 ) ce) Now B is exis moserot tothe Suvhace as pes the boundary Condi-tHort we By = MOS Be TP(B) Os] [Bx] = SoS Chane “ran (&) yundes ks @Xists on embive Surface Area of inner © @ = esx% Surface Avea. oly loners Cysindes No © 2Tb ge > fs Vo, Thus v= NeS yx atoxt 7 “the poterHoal dibeumece bl the two NM so c= @ 2 Me2th c= ANE Elanvo Using PoiSsomsS Earesnon ODran ene womens "YF clensity ey imside a Sphere olf vadius ao of Given Field im is Peciie Es =Aot , for TSA oh SAT” | For TRA Sd The & ts a furncton ob Farky omd mot of 6 ad from Poissons Eavehon. using Spherical co-ordinate System Sve eo + Svev) = -ev om re aes —O TE is known Ea-Vv E%s a functon ob voy amd mot of 8 24 Bz -O Ke = Eo dg on Ee a HOY. Bre “gv @ casel; for ven, Eraart Avt = —oV ce Qn Last or ou aes an Oey £YO@ 1 & Cart) = —8¥ se OD € : aa(ener) = eG¥=a G Ae o4| Cfrn CEQ Casea. Fos wea, Er= A> A>. ~dV e Se i Ne ee“ Tn, Spherical Com obAimoteS Veo TH ON) OAV =% Ob r= am. a&ssumi Fsee Space blo these oncentric Spherical Shells, find E2B Sd: The free Space Sotisties Laplace's Equation as charge free TW =o Nv oO (Ma \a Wat & eS)? 2 (0 Where c= Comct ob- renkeg vet Tite grating y = s Ve (Sider ce Hae) te —o® Where c= const of mtegroch Var re olmvro V w= am, v=\oov 100 = 4 (E>) He TOTS HCa = 100 = Sob tractina @ trom @ 45, = — 100 he wsn6e 8 SO (oS: 2631 cyca, Svbin@ Ve H10:5263, 4 105-2631 . now Ea -Gv = Ao Ae (other Cormporents “RerO) ao ~ 8 [F 10: 5263 4 105: acsi| Os an o =:-10'5263 ay V \o-S288 Oe Vlery Ba Ge = €o [so-saes =~| _ - Free Space = TABNSAS a, PeleAn Electsfc Dipole ?- @ The two Point charges of aval moagmitde bot opposite S'g~ 1 Separated by a very sthall Listonce Give wise to on Slecdaic dipole. +he Field Produced by svcw & dipole Plasgs om fmMpostant vole iam the Eng ineering E ema the coomelimates of # ave Coro, 4) B (0,9, ~d) HW TO Fimd BE, we wil) Fiand ovt the Potential v ak pont p, clus to an Electorc dipole . thon using perio) Be-vv 1 we Cow timd E due to ow Electsrc clipole x “ee Expression of E Due to om Electole dipole. Tay Spherical Coondimates ; the potential at Poimt P rue +o the chatge +Q is Givenby ya -@ ——O UITEo%} The Potential at p due to the chasqe © fs Aivenbe Vez = @ —@) utr €0 Te. The potentiat at point p fs the Algebyic SuTM Ob WAV; Ve VANE, = © -& utteon UTEOF =Q Won utéo LP yO = Q oF | Seo | ©as showy Th wow point p is Located im -a=0 plane Hence We yer Veo. Ths the. Potential in fig then B=, emhire Zao plane he xy plane is a Kew Sosface. PC, Thy) ; : o=Th, Z=o plan Now consides that p fs nocated fax away from te Clectwic dipole . thes, WT order com be assumed to be paralie) to each other as Shown in Hg am ts Drawn perpendicrlar, Frown Aon T_. Te Age mmade by in Fr) F with Zaks ise as att ave porated. v, BM= ABCOSO = dcose —@ Now PB= PM+BM 3S 3 pa= PM as AM Pevpendicvlas x 3a cose = B | > a pew, PA=F ema po-pme M7 —O &,-b\ = ACOSO —_—@® Ry SE hence Oma As dis vesy smott ™ Q acos8 Ay EEE Ne UuTeo oeEe -VW =7 a Re +l WV & \ ov ‘¢ | + 36 © “ame ag *2 SY = Qdcose 2(45) oe “areo [or =_Qdcoso 2 (oe “aT €o = dco SO = —2Qd cose fa Ureors Ov = 84 Csime) , dv x0 i Url Eos”, od B= -J-sadcose a, adsine x UIT Go oS UTE0 oS E- od a oe —_— ©. UT Eo #2 [ ac eee aan =o] OQ th's is Slectyic field E at poimtP due to an Slectwicdipole Dipole moment: ~ Jak the Vectors Beat cinected from —@ to +R re fsom BOA is To qade& —O Tts Component obong ye drechon dea dcose = de Ge = dh ae (R= deose Ae —OD deeckose Ke Ry then +he Poodoct @ 7 ?s t dyedicose clipolermorment and demoted as BP p= 08 —@units (CovLomb —anekse ) Pay = Od-% = Adcose Hence the Sapression ok potential V Com be Expres as, ve adcoso = © os a @) uléo 7 Uuleos® (Ot Herta Fa vector Toiming Polme of ckipole a \ - AH ommenkt to P if pe \p)e@la] = Qd then E doe to dipole Combe Sxpressed Imtesme of arpgmitode oF dipole rmoment as Ea_P_ |ecose Fe + HHO & Ueo v> i 7 oJ O@bsesve +hak AW Ve th ae 2 Eat eS \ : wn single Poimt charge fs called mmomopole i> which ale Sak oe ane Perangement TWO poimt Chatges 4s Called Bapole im Which ¥ & A = wt =a i Stamiporty Syenemetsi cal Arrom@ermenES ob forge mo Ob Poime charges produce Potentials and Frelds which ave Imvessdy Propoti omol to athe higher Power Such as Myst ete Such creo gored orre GiLA rmultipdesSPE Ee PAPER ett See egy Te ee eee kwo dipoles AS Shown im 2 ig is Ck OGadrup The Syromersi Ae ramyerenE consisting Of tWo quack pe is called ectypale ond SO Om. Og = --4 £8 ‘ « ? ! eee @® ta er the Potential V im terms of dipolemmoment is Va Pods UT Eo s™ A dipole havima amoment P= BAx-5 Oy alo Gx, NCR fs Located at @(2:-4) im Free Space. fiend vat p(2e eat v= Be oo UTVE9 6 Now @ (12,74) & PC 2314) We BA) Ae pray +(e r4) oy = Pay + BY +P Os a = (varqey = Lee Be = = Bap ht SOR hi Tee Pas = m4 Ay +8 He (3 Se - Bay +10 By). Te = Sr S180 218 46% asP mem (66 N66 ve 18 x169 (66 UN x @e5q x10 (LEE)? = 3074tthe Slectric fields due to Successive highet order amuitipoles (Such aS Q Lad spele con sish of two cipal ov an octupole comsish9 Ob +wo Quadwsupoles ) VATY Trversely as Th, BP, 7. while theis Comsespondin Potenbals Vey Emvyersely as 0%, vt, e9- = @ Woe dipeles with dipelewmoments - 5 clan ore! Qemmnclon ave gocated at Poimts (o 10)-2) 20018 Siad the potentiot at she origin Bespechvry . 2 sa Ve & fete ka} “NE0 te? ere Cieeeeereeieeee eee Wneo| ae 7,8 Piz Fog. % (21010) — 601,72) = = -S%, rey VEN 20, ay H\F Po= Qan % =(0/010)— €0)0,3) Vet a — “104 UIT e SESH RIS 7 af = —20:25VTotape On a A pole Placed fr Electorc Field Consides an Electofe pele placed 8+4 = fw & Yaufowm electme freld E, the pole Consict Of Charges —Y ~ Ploced ab B showm Er tig teat | A. the amidpounk OF #8 iSO omd the temath fgad. z -% Soppose the axis Of Lipole AB makes am Angle with the Electarc Feld aba certain Tn stant. m] The fowce OM the charge to is Faye amd the force on the charge -Y is Bix -yE gpbtus @lctate the tow wes (x) Of these Ror About O° The towqve Of FF aboot oo 7s) T= OBK A = OB xX VE = “(6B KE) — and the towowe of FH abovtpo is Be 6Ax = 04 xC48) = — VCORKE) € 7 ° = % (ARE) The het torave om the dipole is T= A+ = y (eBKE) + ¥( 40% E) = USB 4-H) HE =%7ARBKE = ade dipolemoment p= ad T =PKE the diwectow of +e torque fs Pewponciales to the plane Comroining the pole HES ; A AG g The @mogmitude iS T= hl = PEsinoCobctabe the Potential Dez to acti pele Sp A*fokmoms cog dm at a distonce Peom ? sr 1o adro OL distance Imm Foom te, ciy on FH aus (th on Pes perpendicules bisectow Sol, The potetiol due +o dipole Giver bY Va Bdcos® = Pcore UuTreo o> UT EO o> Cl) cvhuw the point Hes of the asis of the pole thon O=O0 sve 2 = @=0 f UITeo o> € 2 ; st0 = e5KIOY ax tol = 4 05V DR cil) phn the Potnt Mes om the Pew pendicvles b jsecto- ob the ai pole ©=90 ve Poot . meee came VsoONIT-IB - 2 Dilécectrtc € CAPACTTANCE Copacitor A Copacitow EsenBoally Comsist of hyo Comduchir Sirf aces Separated by © Aaya OF Trrsulationg mediom @lbd Relectric. . the comdoch*g cumf aces an be fr the fowm Of ether Claeley, oF reclange oh be OF Sphetical os cylindrical Shope. the puspose Oy Capacitor is to stove the Energy iw Electrostatic field, where Q@= change in covsomb. ve Pel tn vols J From the Tn General c= @ fF Vv As charge resides omly or the Seapace of the comductow, Tk conba obt aime: Guass £00 @= boas = § oes EE = feed Ss co Ss He tohite vig the Work clone jm omoving OME positive Chas id com be obtainec from negahve +o the positive Senface + .-{e-d .~-| €4 Vv 6 a a € et c= @ = Gees Vv = F ~(e& crea sed EF charge @ te Tacreased , thew End geet the voltage v also Prcreases by Som by Same factor - Vv Remuns CcomstanE asc factos. thus the woHho of @ to Hence Capacttance te nok the functrow OF chawge , field Tnkeusify 5 fox density amd potential Aitferace,Parallel plate Capacitor - = ' ie 2 piroke A is placed abu=0 ee re xyploue hence hormal to fe he Ke ctevection.. white al t | j y une Uepes paste & fs fwasd te! my plane. 4 & 1 prane, Poraliel to X¥ S a pemasntecl 9 Lat Ax Aveo of Cover Section PURE of the peates in ane O=- @c & c ——O om omy ome Plate AL this 7s mog mitvde ok rege cl ce CoReed by both is Equal in meget To fim ped, tat ve obtain F blo te Prater Assoniug Piate 1 fo be Tarbinite Sheeb OF charge B= £5 ay = S2 A Vimy —@®D aE RE i the By fs howmal at the boundary blo comductor a ciclec exthove ary feng ence Component tonite for Prate2 , We Conn wor ibe ® —&s ay = ~&s_(C& vh —=S. Ow xfs C&2) Vin Re re OD in - a, diveckor f= the pirechow Of Ex ts dommwards he tr ble the plates ie Fab = Ba ec & E= 5+ = = ptln = Been toeNow do =dx ax +4 dy ay + I* a aco 3 es wm. (du aurdy ay +40 4) < 0 ! LS, > zd oe - sett ecodn = 8 ely = — es [o-dJ e € Cal aad ve esd y e c= @ = OSA = &A v esd d Se C= eoey oe Eo SrA ¥TL IS mot dependent on the chazge o7 Te pd blo + plates. Capacitomce of a Co -arial Cable?~ Consider a Co-axtal Coble ov Co-antal capacitor : Rak a= TONED wradivs be ovter wodivs octos COMES co-antal Cable Clm an ite Smface thon Equal "4 Herclm sousts Om the the Luues cond choge density +@ and opposite chaige dens ovler comductor (na EHEHEeEEEEEeE CI) Le th of the cable Assuming cytindrical Co-ordimate System, E wil wadial fsow tnnes to outes comductos , cmd fox Toabinite Lome charge te is Given byE- & @& ———©& aner the pd is Wook done io moving omit chas.ge canst E ie, Apown wab to eee to fimd potential dibpemce, comsides dL in racial divechorw which is dv ay + wea Ve - (ee oa sic ay. dv ar vw ee wHb oO ere Hee "a" =f fae = Lg eb an Aire [2] Ve Rb om [J v ATE Cro HOHE exe Vv eS alt aw{b ane (ela) Ce amet E Int b te] Spherical capacitor: consides a Spherical capacitor Ffowened Of hvo concentoic. sphesical conducting = ehelle of radius a orc b+ the cap acttor Shown in +9 ( the wadivs Of ovter sphere 46 'b’ cttle thot of Tenex sphere of wadivs ¥, Te combe seen thak bea. the wegion bho tivo the spheres Gs Filled with @ Aicectric of pesmnitivity €. he tanew sphere 15 Qivewby aposinve chaage +@ tohile. for the ovtes sphere ibis -Q.considewing Guassian Sushace aS a Sphese of 3 wadive ©) tt canbe obtained that E js in wadial direct Given by cee ar Yin ules” amd x done im mroving ubnt ve ch the potential ai bference 4S Wow direction of E ie from gale to oH & me against the Copacitomce ok Single Ssosated Sphere Jared sphere of madivs'a? giver sa copaci tor with om ovtes plat hence b=d Consider a single iso change +@- xt foun ; which fs Trpntt ey L0a.ge vp = The Capacitance ob such a@ single {sotated | te )s : eect Sphesical comductos Can be Optained by Sobsti why b= Te bot a =o Ge) ule a F This Ts the case ob Spherical Practically this Fact 4s impos tant VSohaked body. comductor ak a lange distance Sao othes comductors + In obtaining the stay cepacitance ob anIsofaked Sphere Coated with Dislectric et ovtes sphere aL \C= ar 7 EG - oT CA Peer react a Cee) * tor, Composite parvalle! plote copacitor: plak® ; the composite parelle} plobe copacitos a5 One te which the space bli the plotes is filled ott more thon one Aslectaic. Consides composi Ee : Capacitors cucth Space filled with EWwoO separate dislectrics fon the distances dada f The dislectic Enter face is paroludt to ‘the comdect ong plates Plate 25 Filled with dielectric having Peaonitving € filled corthdislectare having peominvihy €2. the spaced; qohile space da is get O= chasge ow each plore Bea fietd tontensihy tn region dy Be field Tmtensity in region da 5 save unigorm wr Gidi, Va Eada Both Fmntensitit des of the hwo Tntnsihes ave the wmog omitu = &d)t Eade —O Ve YAM = dohere & © Eg Ata dielectric — dislectric Tmterkace , the howmeal Com paner Of fwx densities ave Eaval i-e Dn) = DN2 Now 9 && and D,= €2E2 te Bde Bde om 1 2 the emogwitude of Swaface chawge tg Same 6% Cas plate henc Cs= Q=D, — @Svbstitotng tw (2) d ve es {— [2 + Now c= © =~ _@ Me El es [ Bot Q= \oxA Cz KR HA a +d. a +d See) SS ce a =- where He dt GS ac g da a Gia a eA Crk 4 Cz <, cra a f fow A Capacitow with) thus the wesult can be Generalized n digletwics as eA st ny +o FS em is parallel +o the plotes, Note: — thus % cdbelectte boumdary 1 i , 4S Eayivalont to two Copacitoss 7nsew the Aor emenk My S| 1 Pele (pares dielectric boundary eee Novara tothe plates, white th the Aislectric boum dary 7s movmot othe FI Ahe Arreramqurent Fs Bopivolent to two Capacitors tal For chick Y Coys tear: Gilae * ae he Energy Stomad tna Capacitor i= consides a porvallel plate Copacitos E= x ay Ky is the direction movmeat +o the plates The Eneagy Stoved ts Given by=i | ct Edy bot &-e= (EI> Vol Hittas fee =e f evéyav \el= ¥ wo = sa b \viv = Axd $e (av ot Se val etlevAd ~ IEA pev Ad = 2 eh ye eke © Wee deve C= a =least > zo : slat 2 . ater = &Q =1 Wa lve t a = Energy clensity: Energy density = Energy ator i dk cay volume ee i 5 =v elev slee( z= at =z Ee Gms) Energy density = 1 ' sydensitye L(Ee)E = + PE pe canbe written as Bet since BSE are im the Same aivecton Emevay, density = OE Emesgy = LC6-E) volume eee 4 pe dv = . Nv Gives the Enessy stowed im om Electric Field,© # parolld plate cepacitot has a pkte avea of) amd plate separottion of 5™m™M . these ave +20 dielectric tn blw the plates: she first dislectric has a thickness ob 3m with a wevhve Peroni teiviry of 6 end Secomd ha a thickness of 2M With a wmbetve permitivily ob 4. find the Capacitance. oustel See si oc) = GA = GoemA ; : - a= 5 = = GoeMA nr6-5¢29F SS ain ay z 26-562" ee Dl danammen Coe Co . Go €ta x Qes6anF do. aa =o Two Copacitors ave in Sevies Cone 102 = 1S. DEINE — Cy 4ce probe? 3) AL ay de “een The flow of change per somit tim ob chawge ot O Specipied point oF Aro Susface is Called Electric current: T= de inh, ae ls e the wate of flor ss a Specibiedt engineers pmmotier charges \ ro. Electro magnetic electric. ete is Various media Such as ‘niquid » Aas, oh comsicered . The baste obras RaW ts mot subbicient Fo fia comoent though emedia. Hence i Slectromagnetrc Emginecrian Tmsteod ok comrent, dhe corment density ply Om janpor tore wole. A covcent Of 1 ampere fs Said to be Plowing Atross the Suwface when a chasge Of one CouLomb is Posting across the swhace fr one second:®) A pois olf 200m dome concentwic Saenger cenag ent of radius So mm and toormm is filled Mth a dislectsic with &= Oto: A voltage ts opplied ie the Conductoss which Establishes EF. =108 a o Oss Cobertere © Capacitance ® voltege opplied © Emervay Stowe en 2 eb on(e-) a Coen cz armel _ 217 (0 Eo) X 2OK'S> az 5ornm am | lO0K 10> b= toormm 5O0xK\o3 = (bo Si 8e ® E is Functor ob w hence Using + ve 7 \ eat a Ao ae. do as aa oe C= r eH SOT) ein ( a dv = oe ess = -\0% (a Sono 4 ooxis?_) = oe © wezkow™ =Lx too: Sle x10! (648: eax to)” = BE. 56067 a | “yey a $C = ide i : aL dvd de O eae Altewmnotively We \"warde dn a y e eYo the Current which fod i hg ec ich Eodsts ley the comductors , due to the ibting Of Electeoms, omclew the Tmplvence of + applied volkage fs called cqfatkt current V while tw Atslectrics » there Combe Flow ob charges » onder Feld tm tensity - Such & current the Imfluence of the Slectsic F erconvecHon Cumeent called a clisplacemest curwenk The Cumrent densi’ ts Defined as the Comment pacsins through the unit smface area, Ohew the Seaface is! mosmot to the direchon of the curvenk. F Alm hol Relation beeween ET and T 2. (o8 Ss Relation between Tand ev vr velocity vectos Ts a ¥ v= ; ey = Volume charge lensing Condi nui hy Equation i- The continuity Eayaton Of the cuere Poindple OF conservation Of charge: concider & closed surface S colt a CUNT: ve EF COD SING the sufaces Givew dthur the total corre eee = ze 4 5 oe s Qs cheage within the Closed Cunkace Rate of decrease of change Tens cloged Stenface: ne fs bosed ont ak dlencin cle the ~ da; dethe Negative sign Imdicates Recreate fr chawge. Poe to poinciple of Comsesvahon Of ch ) thts wake of Recvease 3s same at vote Of curward Flow of Ces 1s Comment tahoe ee) s cohich die Form of the combinwity Equation, of the curtenke eaten By © Indiwting outward Flowing current TF Ph the Cuvvent fs entering the Votwme them § gd a-L=t AQ; S dé Using divergence dtheovem ¢ g.ds= f@-4) dv —© s vel -d@i - f s)dv fare (73) vot Bot Qj = f{ evdy Vol “3 (Dave -¢ A ov] a-{ a8 a A ae dv o ((e-Dav =f f dav eS $e vel Sees vo! Th the veeabow js true Foray volume, Dr must be true evew For ance mentel ( s)ave = av ay volume ov oe qwe fs the point form OF Ajpaachat Form Of the Comtinurt ¢ Eayohon of the curmenk.Steady current a Fow Steady currents which are rot the funchons Home dev _ 1 Se =e V.F=0 KTteody cusvent) The Eaveton Statec that the current ow the change per email diverging From Q Smotl volume Per Umit volus is Eouel to the Hme wobe dy decreate ols change Pe? Uarit volume at every Point.=> The Cumrent Com be measured by oct aa how amy chaages One. Passing Though a specified “Suafea ce or a point in A mateo pew Second. mocthannaticnbley Te sa el, ie A > Electromagnetic Engineening Instead of cowrent, the Comrent Density plays an Important ole. = the torment ‘is Considered +o be +the motion of dhe positive chaiges. the converrhonal current ts due to the Flow of ‘flectwons, which Be Negatively pence the dixechen of Cnventional current fe assumed 4p be opposite to the divecton of flow Of the leetaor => Tew dé=ds YoaT & dra F-45 T 2 TS ore Right orgies ars Tan. ds & eods = Te (74s Ss ‘Fa As ove not T= (FS at Right ange Ssind the total cunrment fh oukward clirecton cobe ob IM 5 with one Covnes at the poralll +o the Cooscdinate ead tf Alm derorn ovigin ond edges a at Fe Oe Ay f 2p SyT any az = r.§7& aJug dv s vol 5@ Find the capacitance a aire bo parallee poate Copacrter Ae IY, stance blo the plotes is Imm, Vot . ‘ , 7 adienk is lo® Vien and chad ge density on he ptod “¢ 2.00c Irs B&F auiclmy, Az 1m" gradient = toSvhy d= tun Octeh = ax 15ee Grodient => ire too = v = ve |00 Vvolb ‘ 1x 163 C= = 2x10- > a = DOHF a A Porallt pate Capacitor has cx plate Mea bemy and a Plate Sepatatton of 5M + there ave tr disleetrics @n blo the plates. the Finst crelectore has dhickness OF 3mm wrth a Ackative petitive of 6 cond the second hag a thickness of 2mm jeladive podmitevity of 4 find the capacitance: with & i)conductors *~ ® The Patbe veloctty te diwectly Proportional to the opel tlectare Field yet —O® V4 = -4eE —® te = mobisth oF Elect tha Given material asC(mobiaity) = Velocity 2 mic 2 me fed Vimy Ab > AL 0-00! | Bhs CU+ 0-00 T= CY @® Sab @ in © we see there @e = ch e density due to th Faree SlecdTone Te be ME -© le = ne ne no ob electsons [rn3 e= charge “e’ Enon Poin foram of Ohan’s Law: slectvow thos fora metallic conductor of the veh Feo ck-O©o= comdectivity alm © =m fox) Siro a AL» B82 KO COM PArIng, dhe Eys 6 «® we wow - 2 g xo” waite oo s Stari m > OO? 46 the reciprocal Ob the conde chivirg temparatvse - As the ‘bradions of crystalline Due to Imcre ased hence the wesietivity the comdoctivi ty depends on the tempasature Tm Crnases, the V! Structure of atoms Im cxeases. vierotions of slectrons, duigt velocihy leeweases , the mobitity and Comduchvily decreases. So the tempo Tneveates , the comduchvilg decweates ond sresistiviry Torcweotes,Resistance of 2 Comaoctov:- the Electric Field applied fs onisorm ee Te (o-ds ey & the conductos has oa r Convemtt or i , Convent: uUmifowrm cvess - section S y amd hence we Cau wet) T-Ts dhe cuesent diwection ic normal to the Se ce = Tle = HE Tze erE = a NX L Bert weve ZL = ce) a Se = Re EEE yee HE Eee £ os R= Gb C= wesichving Ss the corducho» cam) fev non uniform Fields the Resistance of ron uwiborm fields fo Elvewby a Re _-fed pas r b (Fa s Properties of & Conductor: ® onder state onditions , no chawge omd m0 slectric Fie! Cony Exist at Any Point cotthirne the comdactiang amateriali © the charge cam Exist on the Supace of the Coaducte: Sriving wise tO Swhace charge clensihy. within the comductow , the charge density is alw. % as Aero @ the charge distribution on the surface depends ow the Shope of Surface. © the comdochvity Of ow deal comductor fs Pufiavte. © the Comdoclor Surface Ts Om Equipobeiial Suface Re Lartation Time:- Consider a Comdechng anaterial cohich is Linear aed homogeneors . the Coonent density fow Sucy a materia i Fark hese ae comela chivity D- CE Ee B e Ta-Bo ep —@ the point form OF Comtimuly Equahow 7.7 =-Oev SC TCD -. v(en) = -2% —@ ot ECs = —dev at RoE THE ey = ey = —dev a oe dev) esjws 4s the i ff eterdiot Eanshan inty., whose -sofsonen ts Giver by e,= bo cCled® _ a, ate iyhere Y= & See ; = Gyo Relaxation time = Ssec} this shows Hol the a temporary wmbatance OF ‘ Electrons Dnside the five MAE Di clectwc moterials: z “dhe charge density deora © with a Heme conse T= ele See Dislectwie S are dhe Sobstances cohich clo not contai fse2 slectvons OF the wornbes of Suc Electrons as too tow +o conshtte the slectric comment Ton Alslectoics , the clectons ave tightly boumd +0 the nodeas of the atom. mica, Glass, plastic eto Me examples of aiglectrics. pes Ok aiclectorcs They on hv ty a. nonpolar 2. Polar lec, the pele asomge ment tw non polar mole ce bsence ols slectric field Ey T fs dofally absent» in a mpecolts omby (whew am Enter nally Field E 5 appli« to Tt deo Ex: Hor No, On 02 Dalied, igplace ments bw Polar molecules the peveranent A hus ceutees of positive ond Negotve chores snise F dipole acre orrgemments Soice without applicction oe Ex. Ho, Hel, CO Q- Se -@) je~- d\O Pokarigatlenr: - condoctov: — vA Pupect conductos (==-2) Cannot combain, AD Clechvo static Field within Tt. ~ A comdector Fs called on Earrtpotental body, Trapeying thak the potential Is the Same everywnene in conductor - Anis %s based on fact thar E= -YV =O v TeeeE peabect comductow (- 7-2) E>o from Gvass taw E-=o, then ev =o E=z0, ey=0, Van 20 > Emside a @nduct ov Vab Pottutial dtp &luo Points asl @® condctow has ze¥o Slectic fied comditionc. ® isotated conve under Ire Trflvence: om opplied Field, * Polarization tm diglecteices t- the shits fh positive amd Nesotve charges opposite directions amd undes the fofluence applied arses act Like smatt glectste Electric field E Such ch clfpoles ° Amd these Clectate poles Produce on ove fhElectsic field which opposes the I AE CECH Electore field + this process, dve to whic Se pooation of Lound charges wesvlt to produce slect ofe Lpok-s, under Tmfloence Of Electric field E js eloer polerizati To verdes ctomel polarization comsides anstom oF tthe ciglectric as comsisting Of o Negotve charge Ce) [electron clood} omd & positive chasge t@ [moucleat] nce we have Edwuot amounts Os positive owed nesativ st atom OF Trolecrte TS ehedricdLly charge » the hole Nevt wal. ay cohen a Sleetate field € fs applied ithe posihve ais Pc atsplaced Soom bts Equittbetum Position tant Liorcienok & bY the force F HOE cohtte negative change fc Bsplaced 1a the opposite direction py the force Fa-OE, A pole esate from the dicplacement of the charges and the dslectric sotd to be polarized. ow ts Eautvabent, by H the disterted charge isto bot Qimrot list oibohow principle OF Soper position , +e the om pave a dipole cohose amoment is p=od d os the olittance Vectoow from —Q to +@! Where the pole - —s& -Q +a (+) Se —> Er-o ei polovizahon Of a mom polar atom op mole me av of the TE these ode N Aipoles Foy 1 vor’ to the Sleetoie Aelectaic + the total Afpola me ment Due : ° Hild TS Erdit+ Odat -— - - teWPN+e S OKIK k=} The polawizahon P i slamecaso ved) afimed as the total AZpole moment pew umlt volume pe £ Ode wel (I) Ax20 av fox dngity th dielectric B= €oE +P P= Lot Ye = Dimensionss Quombihy Called gleclric Susceph winity B= €0F 44. 60€ = €0& (It te) D = €0eve — ee ye Ite welahve pesanihivi > brreconstonl €reltte =& or dick c © the delectric comstaut or (Aekative pews tivity ) by ie the protio Of the permittivity of the Aickctrte +o thet oF foree Space Dieleetsic Strength: - Large clectric field, the Afelectric becomes Comductang doe +o pwesence ob Large muombes of Face slectsons th Comditon of Aiclectric te called eclectaic loweakdotwn Y the Aletestric strength is the Maximum slectric fretd thot a electric cow with stand without electricat beeak down *Boondary Conditions :~ So faw, we have consiclesed the Goustance Of the UM» When Elestsr'c Electric Field Pn a homogeneous amedi he conditions tHe a medium, H field passes From ome to othe ee Taten face Sep ae oting the the Field amoust Soxkisby at th meclia cre calle Bovmdorry comdi Hons. these comditons awe hkpfut tn dateraniming the field on ome side ob the boumdory te the Field 07 The others Side fs Known, Depending notre of medio, these are three Sitveahons & the bovarcesy cond tons Dietectvic (En) amd Aislectwie (Er) @andector omd dislectic Comductoy ond Free Space To determine boundesy comditions we meed the motores EGke= g me Te = beak ° , § BdB = Qudloted 6 s B= Eet & cohese Ep and Ew are the tangential omd mor’ Components of E, Asimilar decommpositiow Com le hone fox the clectric fix density D. Eaustoms Amok Dislectric — Dislecric Boundary comditons:Dielectric — Dielectric Boundary Conditions shect Hislectrcs wtvus Comsider the Soundary bho two Pe ex has peswni tev one alslectric Has permittivity €, white the oth € To catermine the boundary Cndihons tus use the closed re and the Gvasstan Suvbace of E at the boundary: consides aclosed path abeda wectanguler tr shape hauls y height aw and elementary cidth SW as shou intig, 6 teis placed fr such a Way “thot ah ts tw islet vic 2 tshtle the ~rem aining Je aislectric 2. THE Fields & Om & tn emedia & and 2, vespechvely Can be decomposed AS slementar Es Ey t Em Eo = Eset Ean 2 = a closed contovr 's xe% of E.de carried over J ig closed The Tntegtal sitive charge aloni Re Worl done mn carvying unit po path 1S-xero $ edi so . d ce b a Th peas Gea (FH + e ee t frame a ip ¢ d b b a ( Edi = €(| &= € aw where & constant “fe ae . Ed -e (aK = 4h ve € raf = => b 3 i oa Ep ow — Embh - ban - Eat aw + eawSn + ‘eb (Ee - Exe) ow £0 i Aw £0 finite Ge = Gt a tangenkiod components of Field Tntensity at the boundary fn both the delectrics remain Same fe slectric Fredok the boundary tn both the Arélectrics Telmasre [potenss Jectric Field Tatensihy 2s continuovs across the same '-e]) sl boumdary. Since Beeb = +H Be = € Bre Dt = €e Se Be. St Be & Thus tangential component od eral Some ch e.across the tober face hence ‘ot DTS Seid tobe ds coninuvous ccross the boundary. B at the Bouncdary:- Pr the foorn Ok wight a way that half of ft Lies half in tglectare > the g O Consider a Gaussian Surface lex cytinder, placed fw such Cisco the wemathing oielectwic 1 while wn fajibvhow to the height ShrO the cow gides vanishes. for Hop Suface ebewing the boundary chile fer bottom sexbace Reaving “the boundary Pras — Pn OS = @ a From Guats taw {04 =Q where Q@= @s4S Qnas ~ Pan as = br 4 Dn- Doan = es These Ps no Free chore available I~ purfect Bieler hence no Free change can erst ow the Surface. Hence ab the fdeal dielectric media the Surpace change Santi ty &e Con bE asgwmed 2Evo Din -Dan = Que Dantono, — Em = £1 tanor Err ee this fe Called Law of weerachon conductor — dielectric bounclavy conditions : aicleetrie diclecbic e =eoer Here conductors is assumed to be perfect (— 20) to determine the Lou mdary Conditions For acondecto diclectrte Interface , we follow the Same psocedore USA ofrtc — Lelectric Inter face 2eceplh We for the Hicle fact that E=0 Trside the comdu ctov: In comporate the Aprly § E-di co to the closed paty abed z oa + @ sh pth ah _ eit ee = a Ee Aw En fh -0 h =e Erso Dace Dero the + erbot components of the Electove Field Trkensity Sle ctrve FAK density 4s Revo at the boundowy blo corde 2 delectstc Simiury for cysindsrical Guassian Suagace apply g B-dS = Rencloses Ss Assome Sh 0, Dras-O 45 =Q where Q= Cs OS Dnas = © g S28the nowmal Component oy fiux density D fr Combnvous Hence ak the boumdary blo the two papect Uelectrics, Ore€E Drj=€) Er) OND = €2 One €. En _ pmbm . 2 Eny e Dm e| En. Eo Be = 4 ld Trtensihy © The nowmoal components ol the electrre Fie! Propotionat +o the velatve permit vities ave Ty media. of the two Re fra cton:- We canuse the determine the face. boundary conditions to JO, wll adsractow the sleetwic field Ccaoss the tn ter| consider 2, °F & amd Por E, mak les O,am the nowenal to the Tontenfaces as retost woted in Fig. Ere, caso, = 2 Ee sn. —@ Alvide 24 O by © Sino, eg SND Ee] BH COSO} Co & C050 > TanO|, = TanOr = TONO = es é @ ' ex Tandon =Dn= & “AS ro Dn = es Dn=En@e , En= PH = ES € e0er dthus the fivy teaves the Swhace More and the normal cwmponent ok Plax harsityg Ps Equas to th Swface eee dorsi ty. Condoctoe - free Space Boundary comd tons. (E21) the boumdary conditions ak the Interface blo conduct amd Free Space Canbe obtained by De = €0 Ex =0 Er =o Dn= oer En =es tohere Er! D Dn= €0 En =es eee eae conductor 9) At the boumdeny bio gua Grae) md ake, the Lines Of slectwic field make am omale H 46 with mormal to the boundary. TH slectaic fLoK density im the aia hs 0.a5 £8 clamn3 aetesmine the ovientation Ind ae of D in the Glows 1, sh Says O=7. 6 air Ly Pm Po=? enz\ oor" Pu,= Puno En - G2. Em &DpH Orasdtccim” , cose, = PKI Pe; Cos 4S = Day oas Pye O IANS bee fn Pas Dra = 0 lat g aee{me Now r= ](Dm)* (Can) oas =/@l4I5)>4 (> tan) Ding = 0 1G delim Da =. 1. ty Pts 2 ea Din = €or Oy = ea Des} (On) ~4(Pe) > Cos0, = Pe = 0.2855 Or 4 Ko loo7 = O64 IF fee] mr t n 0-107 Le [me O,= 713-47 ® An Electwie Field Pr medium whose vrehative Permittivin Fe 7 passes Inte a anedivm Of weteahve Peoa'ttivil 2.2RE am ome of 68 lth the boundamny Nowmal , what Angle does the ‘pield na worth the mormal ten the Second ielf alectricy tauo, = Er ands eer tan6o <7 tandr Sa tano, = tanbo x = O,= 26-389OntT-L € ONIT-H OD Cutl te atefined as charutetron per omt Area @ Pivaguerop vectow Frye Density ic net outflow of fox peo unre volume. ® th & =152 a, sxpress the & in spherical Coordin System fo We sg @©® The Piveagence o E is Soha 7 ‘onal i Cenotehonts id © the Corl of vectow field vanishes Bris ~~" © positive divergence implies a Sous, d Nagahve Avesqence Praplies a SOAK ~ @ the divergence of a vectos field ('s ze7rO suv field called Selereldelpratd ® the Ub peietal Volume Pw Spherical coordimates , dv OY sine _ drdodg @ The aw ence theorem habs us br weplacing Surface HEY a votume ce & Vice versa Oa “fone + Stokes theorem convat Srokace hE? a clased Mne Tnbes™ ond vice-versa § ada = (era) ds x @ the electric Field due to om tobovte Sheut of chaage cloes wot depends om distance® Gaves Lew Cannot be applied tp E's MOk Om yore and Notnormal tp the Sulface consi dered © Upbeat ot form of Gwass 400 is dive =ev WD =ev @ Electric fox ovigin at “AYE and terminates t= @® the slect ie freld pue to o charged disc of toinit® Ly a Charge density wadivs 1S Om bom by es clr fs eee sel Heo" charg ed crt @© The work done in moving dhe charge Frm atob coun be expoessed as ~—4( €-deo a © Potential Fo the work done In moving H OMe positive charge From Bobintke fo the field pone @ p-p blo two points fs dependent Onby upow thaiy distance From the point charge and not on the path. from 8 tow Potentiat freld Fs a Scolar Field taplace’s eq Tve0 6) poisson’ Garation are -2¥ eS @ FA combimchoew ef tvo charges tv amd -—G Sepaweted by a sono distance constitutes aun cledrie Lipde @ vice the Cupressiow for Slectrie Potential doe fo Lpole ve PCoro uleéos™