Manajemen Konstruksi

Penjadwalan Proyek
(Precedence Diagram Network)

Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko

PLANNING AND CONTROL

Planning requires us to predict the future,
and in construction we need to do this to:
ensure our organisation stays in business POLICY
ensure our projects are achieved within
budgets and to time - PROJECT

Project, not process:

Start

Problems of ensuring good quality and

completion to time and within budget in projects

End

Obstacles to effective planning

Uniqueness of projects

Weather

Obstacles to effective planning

Ground conditions

Obstacles to effective planning

WORKFORCE
Equipment

Plant

Macam-macam teknik penjadwalan

1. Bar chart / Gant chart / diagram batang
2. Network
Activity on Arrow (CPM - Critical Path Method)
Activity on Node (PDM Precedence Diagram
Method)

BAR CHART

ACTIVITY
Excavate base
Blind base
Formwork
Reinforcement
Concrete

TIME (weeks)
2

Activity on Arrow (CPM - Critical Path Method)

21

3 21

North
stem

North
wwalls
12

North
backfill

33
36

15

0
0

North
base
6

6
6

South
base
6

South
21 stem
21

15

South
36 wwalls
36

12

South
48 backfill
50

Deck
20

56
8 56

Kerbs
2

Surfacing
60
10
60
2

58
9 58

Activity on Node
(PDM Precedence Diagram Method)
KEY
earliest
start

latest
start
N
21
6
stem
6 2 15 21

N
21 wwall 33
26 4 12 38

N
33
b/fill 39
50 8 6 56

activity
name

earliest
finish

N
33 b/fill 39
50 8 6 56

latest
finish

activity duration
reference

N&S
12
bases
0 1 12 21
0

S
36
stem
21 3 15 36

21

S
36 wwall 48
38 5 12 50

S
48 b/fill 54
50 7 6 56

36 Deck 56
36 6 20 56

56 Kerbs 58
56 9 2 58

Sur60
facing
58 10 2 60
58

CPM vs PDM

Activity on Arrow
Hubungan antar kegiatan

Dummy
A

Keg A &B harus selesai

sebelum C dapat dimulai.
Keg D dapat dimulai setelah
B selesai dan tidak
tergantung pada A

Dummy:
- kegiatan fiktif
- digambarkan sbg garis terputus
- tidak memerlukan waktu dan sumber daya

D
Galian

Galian A

Galian B

Pondasi A

Pondasi

Galian C

Pondasi B

Urugan A

Urugan

Galian D

Pondasi C

Urugan B

Pondasi D

Urugan C

Urugan D

CPM vs PDM

CPM vs PDM

PDM

Hubungan kegiatan (constraint) PDM

Finish to start (FS)
Keg (i)

FS(i-j) = a

Keg (j)

Start to start (SS)

Keg (i)
SS(i-j) = b

Keg (j)

Finish to finish (FF)

Keg (i)

FF(i-j) = c
Keg (j)

Start to finish (SF)

Keg (i)

SF(i-j) = d
Keg (j)

Hubungan ini banyak digunakan oleh software penjadwalan (MS Project, Primavera, dll)

Direct link

11

Lead link

11

Lag link
n

excavate

p
r

construct
base

q
s

construct
wall

Contoh Layout PDM - activity on node

(ES) Early start - the earliest the activity can start

(EF) Early finish - the earliest the activity can finish

(a)
(b)
(LS) Latest start - the latest the activity can start without delaying the project
(LF) Latest finish - the latest the activity can finish without delaying the project

NORTH ABUTMENT
wingwalls

deck
stem

backfill

finished ground
profile

embankment
already
constructed
existing ground
profile

Activity Name
North & South bases
North abutment stem
South abutment stem
North wingwalls
South wingwalls
North backfill
South backfill
Deck
Kerbs
Surfacing

SOUTH ABUTMENT

base

Activity Reference
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
6
9
10

embankment
already
constructed
existing ground
profile

Activity duration (days)

6
12
15
15
12
12
6
6
20
2
2

Resource constraint: only one set of formwork is

available for abutment stems and one set for wingwalls

Forward pass

Early start - the earliest the activity can start

Early finish - the earliest the activity can finish

6
6

N
stem
2 15

21 FS 21

N
FS
wwall 33
4 12

N
b/fill
8 6

33

39 FS

FS

FS

SS+6

N&S
12 FS
bases
1 12

21

S
stem
3 15

-Waktu awal = 0
- Diambil ES terbesar bila 2 atau
lebih dari satu keg bergabung
ES(j)
= EF(i) + FS(i-j)
= ES(i) + SS(i-j)
= EF(i) + FF(i-j) durasi (j)
= ES(i) + SF(i-j) - durasi (j)

36 FS 36

S
48 FS
wwall
5 12

48

36

56

S
b/fill
7 6

FS
Deck

EF(j) = ES (j) + durasi (j)

6 20

FS

54

56 Kerbs 58
FS

9 2

58
FS

Sur60
facing
10 2

Latest start - the latest the activity can start without

delaying the project
Latest finish - the latest the
activity can finish without
delaying the project
N
N
21 FS 21
6
33 FS
stem
wwall
26
38
6 2 15 21
4 12
6

N
39 FS
33
b/fill
50 8 6 56

KEY
earliest
start

activity
name
33

earliest
finish

N
39
b/fill
8 6

activity duration
reference

FS

FS

SS+6
0

N&S
12 FS
bases
1 12 12

21

21

S
S
S
Sur60
58
36 FS 36
54
56 Kerbs 58
stem
wwall 48 FS 48 b/fill
facing
38
50
50
36
56 9 2 58 FS 58 10 2 60
3 15
5 12
7 6 56 FS

Diambil LF terkecil bila 2 atau lebih

FS
dari satu keg bergabung
LF(i)
= LF(j) FF(i-j)
= LS(j) FS(i-j)
= LF(j) SF(i-j) + durasi(i)
= LS(j) SS(i-j) + durasi (j)

36 Deck 56

36

6 20

LS(i) = LF(i) - durasi (i)

56 FS

Backward pass

Lintasan Kritis
KEY

Sama dengan perhitungan CPM/AOA

ES=LS
EF=LF
LF-ES=duration

earliest
start

latest
start
N
21
6
stem
6 2 15 21

N
21 wwall 33
26 4 12 38

N
33
b/fill 39
50 8 6 56

activity
name

earliest
finish

N
33 b/fill 39
50 8 6 56

latest
finish

activity duration
reference

N&S
12
bases
0 1 12 21
12
0

S
36
stem
21 3 15 36

21

S
36 wwall 48
38 5 12 50

S
48 b/fill 54
50 7 6 56

Lintasan Kritis
36 Deck 56
36 6 20 56

56 Kerbs 58
56 9 2 58

Sur60
facing
58 10 2 60
58

Free float (FF) : the maximum time an activity can be delayed without
delaying any subsequent activities that are starting at their earliest times
Total float (TF) : the maximum time an activity can be
delayed without delaying the whole project

KEY
earliest
start

activity
name

earliest
finish

N
39
b/fill
50 8 6 56

33

FF=0
TF=5

FF= 0
TF= 0
6
6

FF= 0
TF= 0

N
21
stem
2 15 21

FF= 0
TF= 0
S
36
stem
21 3 15 36

N&S
12
bases
0 1 12 21
12

21

FF=ESj EFi
TF=LFi - EFi

latest
start

N
b/fill 39
50 8 6 56

N
21 wwall 33
26 4 12 38

FF= 17
TF= 17
33

FF=0
TF=2

FF= 2
TF= 2

S
36 wwall 48
38 5 12 50

S
54
b/fill
50 7 6 56

48

FF= 0
TF= 0
36 Deck 56
36 6 20 56

Demonstrate the MS Project on this!!

latest
finish

activity
duration
reference

FF= 0
TF= 0
56 Kerbs 58
56 9

2 58

FF= 0
TF= 0
Sur60
facing
58 10 2 60
58

total float and free

float of activity 8

a
b

9 10

time (days)

10

20

30

40

DO THE EXERCISE

50

60

Susunlah penjadwalan proyek dengan metode PDM

No

Kegiatan

Durasi (hari)

Konstrain

SS(1-2) = 3

FS(1-3) = 2
FF(2-3) = 2

SF(2-4) = 11

FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4

SS(5-6) = 5

SS+4

D
4 7
SF+11

SS+3

SS+5

B
2 6

A
15

E
56

FS+1

68

FF+2
FS+2

C
36
SF+9

No

Keg

Dur

Konstrain

SS(1-2) = 3

FS(1-3) = 2
FF(2-3)= 2

SF(2-4) = 11

FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4

SS(5-6) = 5

SS+4

D 14
4 7
11
10
10

SF+11
SS+3

0 A 5
15

Hitungan Maju

SS+5

3 B 9
2 6

FS+1

11

E 17
56

16

24

68

FF+2

7
FS+2

C 13
36
SF+9

No

Keg

Dur

Konstrain

SS(1-2) = 3

FS(1-3) = 2
FF(2-3)= 2

SF(2-4) = 11

FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4

SS(5-6) = 5

SS+4

7
7

Hitungan Mundur

D 14
4 7 14
SF+11
SS+5

SS+3

0 A 5
0 15 5

3 B 9
3 2 6 9

5
6

FS+1
9
10
12

E 17
11 5 6 17
11

16

16

6 8 24

24

FF+2

7
FS+2

C 13
3 6 14
SF+9

No

Keg

Dur

Konstrain

SS(1-2) = 3

FS(1-3) = 2
FF(2-3)= 2

SF(2-4) = 11

FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4

SS(5-6) = 5

SS+4

7
7

Kegiatan Kritis?

D 14
4 7 14
SF+11
SS+5

SS+3

0 A 5
0 15 5

3 B 9
3 2 6 9

FS+1

E 17
11 5 6 17
11

16

16

6 8 24

24

FF+2

7
FS+2

C 13
3 6 14
SF+9

No

Keg

Dur

Konstrain

SS(1-2) = 3

FS(1-3) = 2
FF(2-3)= 2

SF(2-4) = 11

FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4

SS(5-6) = 5

SS+4

D
4 7
SF+11

SS+3

SS+5

B
2 6

0 A 5
15

E
56

FS+1

68

FF+2
FS+2

C
36
SF+9

No

Keg

Dur

Konstrain

SS(1-2) = 3

FS(1-3) = 2
FF(2-3)= 2

SF(2-4) = 11

FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4

SS(5-6) = 5

Planned

Reviewing a network

Time now = 40

Actual

time
now

9 10

time (days)

10

20

30

40

50

60

 all activities completed given zero duration

activities underway to have durations reassessed
activities not yet started to have durations reassessed
reassess plan logic
make early start of first activity = time of review
make lead/lag durations relating to completed
activities = zero
do new forward and backward pass
Note that critical path may change!
N
40
stem
40
40
2 0

40

N
40
40
wwall
40
40
4 0

Activity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Status
completed
completed
completed
completed
underway
underway
not started
underway
not started
not started

Remaining time to completion (days)

0
0
0
0
13
17
6
4
2
2

N
40
44
b/fill
55
59
8 4

N&S
40
bases
40
40
1 0

40

S
40
40
stem
40
40
3 0

S
40
53
wwall
40
5 13 53

S
53
59
b/fill
53
59
7 6

40 Deck 57
42 6 17 59

59 Kerbs 61
59
61
9 2

Sur63
61
facing
61
63
10 2