''

i .::

-./;;t-re-i--.."
t'.lir'7
^\."a\

t/-a /
Iv r \ o!
./\'^7----u,fi, -\]/
i.'cg,r 1, rr\ @\'
l
ti
,.1

l1
i:_"-----n /j li
' \\l
,-.:,/'
c\--l.1
\,r,.
i.%;'\
r-l"\J

PI{)N

.;'d;s,i
'".-o.ngioe"nst

FU

IR

NbAMENTALS trIF ENt3 INEERING

h.

U Soe Naing
1.

ig0esign Supervisor & Consultant (PIONEERI

23'd August, 2015

Fundarrrerrtals trf Engirreering

{" STRUCTURAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR
R. C. CONSTRUCTION

* ORDINARY &

SEISMIC DETAILINGS

OF R, C. STRUCTURES

* STEEL CONSTRUCTION
1)

| .- t , . , i --

l-iil'i,-.'
i '.". ii'.'

if',,,'_'],,'-,

.,

.')'i, 1;j,.r,.,--i'i_t'i

i,.1.,

..-,;',,.j,.' I ;-..1

C'

(1) Material Strenqths

Concrete
* ACI Code uses cylinder strength -f"
specified compressive strength of concrete,
"rthe
* In Myanmar cube strength test results are normally provided by concrete testing laboratories.
* Therefore, conversion is necessary if ACI Code is used in
n.
,l

CQHP guidelines:

.f),**

* 0.7s { f;<
= f)

f".,**=f

3500 psi )

+0.80 (3500 <

f;<

5000psi)

f)."uu"=f +0.81 (5000 . "f;< 6000psi)

f".*u, = f) + 0.83 ( f; > 6000 psi )

(REYNOLDS et a/) According

f",*u" = f) + 0.50
f",*r" = f) +0.52
.f",*u"=f +0.S6

to EN Eurocode or

1/

<

6000 psi )

6000

(psi)

,4

-r,

(PsiXcQnP)

2000

25U

2500

3205

3000

3846

3500

4487

EC 2 on Concrete Structures,

psi -10000psi )

rhe ratio ( f: I .f:,*0" ) increases

strongly with an increase in strength.

(f, = 13000psi)

{,u= {*.rr*c

\m1a=l\5Psi

lr0

(1) Material Strenoths confd.

*

f, {:

yield strength) is the most useful

(f*)

Grade 75

100

properlv for designers.

* Tensile strength

90

l:0

Reinforcinq Steel

.iso

and percentage

Grade 60

Grad.40

elongation are other important properties

of steel.

* Plain bars

little bond; require

end

hooks for anchorage; seldom used today

in construction

100
:00
0 i.J
i.5
l0
t(
:0
(. 0.001)
0.001)
Strain (.0.001)
Fig. Typical stress-strain curves for reinforcing bars
Table - Summary of minimum ASTM strength requirements

+ Deformed bars
better bond; hooks can
be eliminated in many cases

Sizes av'ailable

in inch ( No. 3

through

Srrair (.

No. 1l , No. 14 . No. l8 ). For example,

lvlinimum Tensile
Skengttr psi (MPa)

No. 3 means 3/8 inch diameter bar

No. 6 means 6/8 (= 3/4) inch

.10000

diameter bar

Today, in Myanmar. most bars are available

75OOO <52O)

in millimeter.

60000 (420)
[ 78000 (540.1 nur.

+ For steel on present{ay Myanmar market,

fr.

OOOOpsi

or = 40000psi(local)

./, = Soooo psi

*

(280)

60000 (420)

40000 (280)

to 60000 psi (foreigr)

50000 (350)

Test steel bars (2 specimens for each size

and from erery batch)

60000 (420)

But not tess than 7.25 times the actuat yield strength

(2) Concrete Cover

for

Concrete Protection

Reinforcement (net concrete cover)

of concrete cover outside

The following minimum thicknesses

Not exposed directly to

Particulan

withsmtmd

2 irr bril

%rL

Beanr ard

in brNo.

(16rm) and snaller bars

2tL

lYzrn

cotmms

the outermost steel are specified

Exposed dircctly to neatlrer

or in contact wiflr gmr.und

urcather or rmt in contact

Slabs ard Walls

of

If concrete is poured in direct contact with the ground without the use of forms, a coverof at least 3

in.

shall be provided, However, it may be reduced, but not to be less than 2 in., if at least 3 in. thick (1:3:6)
lean concrete is placed under the footing.

(3) Bar Spacinq (For maximsnrciAe of aooreoate 1 inch)

Tlpe of rrember
Beam

Cohrrn

Slab

/ Stair

Maxim,mc/c spacirry

Minfunm clear spacirE

r%\
1% d,o

/z

ldrocts

(or) l%.
J

(to save labour)

3h

(or) l8' (one-way slab)

2h

(or) 18' (two-way slab)

Teno. & slr. steel- 5h (or) 18'

where do=diameterof thelargestbar,

=thicknessof slab

Note: clear distance between

layers of beam reinforcement must
not be less than 1 in. and the bars
in the upper layer should be placed
directly above those in the lower

layer. Bars in beams must be

placed symmetrically about the
vertical centreline.

(4) Simolified Tension Development Lenqth , l,

Au{gC
L{-o.oq
.

{:L

where

'i = 25 Jf;
db

forNo. 6 ( 20 mm ) and smallerb"

Jr+
+
db= 20 rlf;

forNo.

(22mm)

4 gt'l
fy

1.0

for other bars

Modification factor = As, r"quir"d I Ar, p,orid"d (to

ld >

12

I .25

in2 and

>22

<20

>22

mm

mm

>22
lnm

<20

mm

mm

mm

36.5 db

27.0 db

33.E d6

32

dt

40 du

29.2.lb

50

4O

dt

50 du

36.5

dt

45.6

dt

33.8 da

423 dt

60

48 du

60 dt

43.8 db

54.8

dt

40.6

50.8 da

multiply)

*' a",

oars multiply by 1,3.

Modify if applicable

.--^3
( L, rt- r!
2.

= I .461 in2,

-J
x_.-_;

. (+oooo, t.s ) 20 t.zs

" I zs Jzsoo 1 2s.4 146l

t,,_

-t:

28 inch

(5) Comoression Develooment Lenoth, /r.

ld"

3.5

<?-0

4 = 2500 psi concrete,

f, =40000 Psi steel,

As, provided

3.0

40

inch ( in all cases )

For examplc, for 20 mm top bors,

As, required

2.5

0:.si)

( i.e., 12 inch or more of concrete is cast in a

single concreting belorv the development length
or splice in question)

rf

-1!; Unmodified
rrnmaeririad la
r for plhgr bars

and largerbars

fortop bars

1.3

A>.

t'+>

_0.02L

Unmodified Ir"

A=ff>o'ooo34' u

e.

Modification factors ( to multipll,)

(i)

24.0 d6

Ar, ,"qri,ud I Ar, p*urdnd

(ii) lf confined,

i.e., if No. 4 ties at not more than

ld"

>

8 inch ( in all cases )

Al or near midspan
(Middle third)

n--------------t

lsptice, ten

tr3 tucl^*A

splice

l"ptio,*n

= l.o

la

'.--Ctass B splice:( l"ot*".*, = 1.3 la

\-:.+--'*l

Note

: (i) [
(ii)

At or near the support

^_l

-t--------+

is obtained as in Section (4) but without applying the factor As, reqrired I A,, p,ouid"d for this purpose

Lap splices are generally Class B, except when

splice, and

<

As, provided

Z x As, required o\:Qt lhe lenglh of the

50 Vo of the total reinforcement is spliced within the lap length

> 12 in. ( in all cases )

"di"".t",
(iv) Location of splice as shown ( for gravit_v loads only )
(77i) I

d6

Beam Sp/ices

(6) Lap Splice in Tension,

A<rql

4:

203

Modify if applicable

4 in. spacing c/c is provided, may be modified with 0.75

(11i)

21.9

C\,r'

A,rn-*J.1

A rY\"""

L-

>,

),S

Aal vptn-

"

'.a

e.\...r

9B

r lspne,am

(7) Lao Solice in Comoression

lrpttca,m
db

Note

:.

.0.00051,

o-oooSAgQ

: (i)
- For 7) < nOOpsi, increase by one-third

r@

&r

FJ

1s

(ii) Minimum l,ptt"a,o* is 12 inch

(iii) If lateral ties are used tbroughout the splice length having an area of ties of at least 0.001 5 ft s,
where s is the tie spacing and h is the larger dimension of the member section, splice length
may be multiplied by the faotor
0.83 but

lrpli"","r in

f*

12 inch

& values

,,

ft"i}'

llir,,

riddi

:'39.9-i

ffi

(8) Standard Bar Hgrhg

#.

rG

1ffi;s,",'
_iL.

llaln Rcinf,orccment
> 3.0'ain.

--l l2db l*

1.----i-6&

r[T
rf
lh**"l,Hm* ]f*L*#;',3ffi

for seimichoots

,rtw.

ll-.- *o.rrrr*rl
--{f- a barorsualler

Stirruog and Ties

Fig. Standard bar hookr

l{inimum diameter of bcnd for standard hooks (main bars)

i*'.1

,-*

N"" s iio*ilhl$-,yb

No.8(?fffin) '
For rtlrrup and tlo hook3, llor bar rEqr
ba

ls''

than 4db (ACI).

'';'irii,i::,,
,

,',irl

: r,.rlrli,l. .:
i ir',',,iiiti,l

'i ,ii:lirrii ,

to. 5 (16mm) .nd

rrii i

:r::;r-i
1,lr,,]

'ffiir:1,."','''

3m.lleJ, ths lnrkls

rll.mt r ot Dnd shouH not

(9) Develooment Lenoth of Standard Hooks , lrn

L

lfi =
l* =
la, =

db

basic development length for standard hooks

development length for standard hooks

rl

[*m,]'a

/r,a

x modification factor

db

(a)

l*- f,
db so rlf;

(6)
(c)

(a) 4 d6 for Nos. 3 through 8 bars

(&) 5 d6 forNos. 9 ttuough I I ban
(c) 6 da for Nos. 14 and t8 bars

Modification facjors ( to multiply )

(i) If side cover of main bars )

Fig. Details of standard hooks

2.5 in. clear, and for 90' hook

clear cover on bar extension also

if

2 2.0 in.

0.7

(iii)Reinforcement in excess of that required

Note

Minimum

As. ,'sq,i7sll 4", provided

/ar:8da > 6in.

18

(1O) Simolified Cutoff or Bend Points

Note:100o1o cutoff

o.tsq 1
I
I

of total

0.3 L r-

Io'4-

-r'e.{

(Note that, from design

if nol more

experience,

ro

|'!)o.rrt4 \'il-, .Ll

t to"l *'" /'o.l2s4

continued throughout.

*-

11
-

,(total -ve A,\ is

cut off tmd the resl
than

the cutoff points for

negatil,e bars may be
considerably nearer to

-;

Simply - zupported exterior end with brick uall orspardrel beam

supports than lhose

shown in the figtre Jbr

nearly equal
R-C.column

spans

underu.d. loads)

orR.C.wall

| (toral+ re.{, ) cutoff

(b)

Fig. Gutoff or bend points

for bars in beams and

one-way slabs having

approximately equal
spans with uniformly
distributed loads

If adjacent

spans are

dffirent in span lengths,

use the larger of the rwo.

11

(11) Other Soecifications (for examole)

Building

Type

Intermediate moment-resisting frame (IMRF) without shear wall and not

classified as "high-rise"

Code of Practice

ACI 318-2008 for R. C. design

Loading

Gravity load and wind load (ASCE 7-05)

Seismic load (UBC 97)

Qa,gros

Software

2.25 Vftz at 8'5" from N.G.L,

ETABS Version Q 5 o fnr frame analysis and preliminary design
SAFE PLUS Version 8.0.4 for foundation analysis and design

Detailing

IMRF detailing

Seismic Loading Cri teria

Ct = 0.03

Soil Profile Type = So

Zone Factor z = 0.2 (Yangon, Zone 28
Seismic Source Type
Distance to Source

- UBC)

Wind Data :
Basic wind Speed = 100 mph
Exposure Category B , Flat Ground
Assume " enclosed "
Occupanry Category II

> 10 km

C, = 0'32
Ca = O'22
t< = 5.5

13

ORDINARY & SEISMIC

DETAILINGS OF R. C.
STRUCTURES
CE)

(1) General
Seismic zones
According to UBC (Uniform Building Code),
Seismic Zones are 0, 1 (Low) ;2A,28 (Moderate) ; 3, 4 (High Seismic Risk).
(Myanmar Zone IIIIII)
Yangon is considered as in equivalent Zone 28 UBC .*
(Myanmar Zone V)
Mandalay is considered as in equivalent Zone 4 UBC

fVote : Nyanmar Zones,are : I, II,

III, IV and V -

see the Seismic Zone map )

Moment-Resisti nq Fra mes and Deta il ino Reo ui rements

(i) Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frames (OMRF) for Zones 0 and 1 (UBC)

(ii)

require no seismic detailing; ordinary detailing is sufficient

Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frames (IMRF) for Zones 2A and

28

require detailing for IMRF

(iii)

Special Moment-Resisting Frames (SMRF) for Zones 3 and 4 (UBC)

require detailing for SMRF

Notc

(UBC)

Dual syshm and other framing sysf,c,ms are not included in this dlscussion. Dual syste,m
means ( shar wall / hra*d frame ) + ( OfiRF / IftlRF / SIt RF ) acting bgether.
i.,r-gi

Fig. Seismic zone map of Myanmar

(b) Exterior column

Max. slope

For tied columns,

I :6

max. spacing is

(l) s-* = 16 dt
(2\ s-*= 48 d1
Bottom

ofbend.-.-/t

Special tics to
resist outward
thrust

(3)

tl
t----+
r---T
{---+

smaller dimension of
column section

Note: tres ar /east No. 3 in size; no

unsupported main bar shall be
farther than 6 in. clear.from a
supported bar. Lateral
support is to be pro'tided by
the corner of a tie hruing an
includedangle < 135"

(a) Interior column

(c) Exterior column with

large ofEet

s-- :

Not more than s

Note:

in exterior

p-, :

0.01

; p-r, = 0.08

for longitudinal bars

(non-seismic case)

Fig. Splice details at

typical interior and
exterior columns

Columns

(2) Intermediate Moment-Resistino Frame Detailino

Jdilnfuforcm3d

<2,r

SED&bdoY

Tmridmmatil

uordarewi6ACI
SGczt3.5

f E x hqibdiut
J

z+,

bd dnne{a

tetcaima

$S 1oJ,(rE lkrdqq

ea)

L t2'.

Note: frer? is no testriction on the

location of ,ongitudinal bar sp,icg,s
for intermediate moment frames.

The sptice may be t@ated away

m1
ScliotrA-A

f$rn the potentiat hinge rcgions

(Le, near the joints ) as shown
above.

Transverse reinforcement
requirements for columns

t7

(3) Soecial Moment-Resistinq Frame Detailino

Columns

frgerof GaG

F
Tmim lapplie wifin

*hrtfofmgrlber

cr*Ui*ltlof
rrJ

[*m-

kmgitudimlbudbrctr

6x

[m;4" "r

tdymftiDftrcmmb

025x(mllrof q tr

s6tinA-A

pcACISw.2l.6..t

Cr)

tlroiml

smllqt longiMimlbe

6x

.|"pr*e t

diqfs

lum tJ

S0

6d, qtasi.n

Fig. Longitudinalreinforcement
requirements and splices in
COlumnS

Plovilcrdditiml

tm"*ercinfment

'Plo"iri-

Sec*im A-A

cross sectional area ofcolumn core,

= meaaured
outto out ofstirrup stel

Fig.

t*na6J

mtalrc

bc rdisficd

frces

4"< so =4a1114-h, )137<6"

/
t

Transversereinforcementreouirements
for columns (rectangular hoops)

18

(1) Ordinarv Moment-Resistino Frame Detailino

Eor beams,
max. spacing ol stirnrps

Stirrup support bars (if necessary)

ACI standard hook

0.3/ or

4.251

O.

is the smallest of

(r)s,*

- 4f'-

so bw
o.7slf:b*=1!!-

Simply
supported

(2)
2" (50mm
*

\lu.

6"

(I

50 mm), unle ss otheru,ise speojlied

Fag, Non-perimeter beam with closd stirrups

of e*erior-span bem is monolithic with R. C. colmn or shear wall uswe

At leasl % of posilive moment

reinforcemed terminated ]vith
ACI stmdrd hook

ACI stmdud hmk

At least

(3)

Sec,B-B
the same as interior-span

bum.

r/6

lh

of positive momnt reinforcmeni

continuous or class B teroion spliced

ir
Simply
supporttd
2" (50mm)

fl

Fig. Perimeter beam

oY,>

4{I

b*d}

= 24 rn.

if V,> +r[Ji U-a\

P.

s,o: I
E

or 12 in.

(closed stimrps
case) where

for

torsion

P, is perimeter

of centreline of stirrups.
1lomml

Ir-4XJ"

Note:

ILJL"'NTI

'*=*'T

--f

clee

s.*

(=12 in.
(4)

of ncgativ6 moment rinforc.msnt

continuous or class B tension spliced at midspan
At least

s,*=

,=t

17r" (40mm) clr,

under stirrups

/ = clear span

clear

en<)

f'tuio.n I

lca

r( 14'oceobe
i, = mnx. valuoof * on all colum

to the

legs that constituts Aci

Note : dthe

rlu:tf*l

of21.6.5

c,

[" = dimension of column cor ( out to out)

pcrpendicular
in th direction

fo3s4 t6,/A{)'lo.w
t,--L-F
Ltf *
"

iflticlnss>/t'

Altmde9(}" hmtr

BeamS

6J

-J t

leoslhocJilod wilh

Ad,

{rpEoilg

6"

l%" (4&nm) clr.

under stinups

F"t=Ul9rr.

for main steel

19

2) Intermediate MomenbResistino Frame Detai Ii no

Beams
P,a": 3 ,lI"

i
'lp*:o.3643

f, > 2ool fr
F,

it

fy

M;PM;t/3

M;,>M;,8
M,orM) >(max. M,atoilhe,r

jointYs

Note: Trsnsverce rcit{orcement tot slownfor

cloity

Fig, Flexural requirements for beams

s <dl2

Tranwerse reinforcement dctermined in

accordaace wilh ACI Sec. 213.4 at both
ends

Fr = o-85

fw

f,

< 4{xnpsr

0-80

for

= 5000p.,

Fig. Transverse reinforcement requirements for beams

2A

(3) Soecial Moment-Resistino Frame Detailinq

Beams

Fig. Flexural requirements for beams

M;r>M;iD

Lap splice confined and locared

outside potential hinge area

M;,>M;
M)
Noto: Tnzrsrryne

or

M)

>

(mx. ff"

at either

joint ) /a

rchforenwt rut shownfor darity

Fig. Lap splice requirements for beams

Hoop or spiral
reinforcement

Slabs

Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab

There are some basic differences between one way slabs and two way slabs. To
clear the concept of one way and two way slabs a table is shown below.

One Way Slab

Two Way Slab

One way slab is supported by beams in

Two way slab is supported by beams in

, only 2 sides.

all four sides.

r The ratio of longer span panel (L) to

The ratio of longer span panel (L) to

: shorter span panet (B) is egual or

I greater than 2. Thus, L/B

>=

shorter span panel (B) is less than 2.

Thus, [r/B < 2.

I Main reinforcement is provided in only

one direction for one way slabs.

Main reinforcement is provided in both

the direction for hrio way slabs.

Table - Minimum thickness /r of nonprestressed one-way slabs

Simply supported

t/20

One end continuous

t/24

Both ends continuous

ll28

Cantilever

ll10

The minimum thickness for two way slab is often taken equal to
1/180 times the inside panel perimeter.

Slabs

q
Y+"

(20mm) clear

'-ri

0.3/ or 0.3/.
greater

0.3/ or 0.
greater

Symmetrical about

Z
o,L25t
H

+
+

/ = clear

span c

x = spacing

Slab thickness

Min. 6' (150 mm), unless otherwise specified

Sec.C-C

Fig. Interior span, continuous one-way slab

For slabs,

Maximum spacing

= 3h (or) 18" (one-way slab - for main steel)

= 2h (or) 18" (two-way slab - for main steel)
= 5h (or) 18" (for temp. & shr. steel)
Note: Ar,^,nfor slab = 0.002 bh forfy = qA/sA ksi ( = temp. &shr. steel
= 0.0018 bh for fv = 50 ksi ( = temp. & shn steel )

23:

(1) AISC Manual

,,

Previolsly, Lpad and:Reslstanae Fctor Design (LRFD), ryas.cavered,by 1999 AISC Spectflcatlon,and IRFD Manual of Steel
Construction, 3d edltion. Allowable Stress Design (ASD) was covered by 1978 AISC Speclflcation and Manual of Steel

Construction, 9th edition. In 2005, the two approaches were unlfled in a slngle specification and a single manual, the 13th
,edition of Steel Constructlon Manual (AISC 325-05).

(2) Material Prooerties of Structirral Steel

ASTM Designation

Steel Type

or Grade of

fY

f"

(ksi)

(ksi)

58-80

Structural Steel

Carbon Steel

High-Strength,
Low-Alloy

A36

36

A53 Grade B

35

60

A5o0 Grade B

42 or 46

58

ASOO Grade C

46 or 50

62

A913

50-70

60-90

4992

50-65

65

A572 Grade 50

50

65

4242

50

70

Low-Alloy

A588

50

70

A50O Grade B*
As(x) Grade C

Corrosion-Resistant,
High-Strength,

Channeh ( C- and MC- Shapesl

A50O 6rade Ba
A50o Grade C

(3) Various Shapes of Sections

throat, I, is constanttbr
any given series of
W-shapes

\-

|
I
V

ll
flange ll

tapered

W14x9o means
nominal depth 14"
and own-weight
90 lb/ft

onerall depth d is constant

.for any given

series

of

S-shapes

ll=l

a_l
S-shape

(also known as American Standard Beam)

W-shape

(Wide-flanged shape)

constant for

HP-shapes

HP12x53

M-shapes

+ Commonly used as bearing

piles

*
Available sizes are

limited;
max. depth = L2.5"

and max. flange

Nominal depth approximately

equal to flange width
Flange and web thicknesses
equal

are approximately

width = 5"

Web thicker than for

comparable W-shape section

* only

a few sizes are available

26

(3) Various Shaoes of Sections confd,

r- r=
I- f-rc
*l
11"""^' ?l lf*'"'
ilil
I | ,- stopea =l
12

LK

Unequal
10 6

I-L

li

ilz-.r

legs
*

3/2

Equal legs

*3/t

l-

[kr,

*6*

Vs

*l
*t
'l
ll
ll
]-lL_--,+ f L=_:rr:t
T-

i,l

I!4

C-shape (example)
Mc-shape (example)
(American Standard Channel) (Miscellaneous Channel)

L---t)

Angle shapes (examples)

Structural tees are obtained

by cutting W-shape, M-shape
and S-shape in half to obtain
WT-shape, MT-shape and
ST-shape, respectively

14x9O

WT 7x45
WT-shape (example)

Fig. Various shapes of structural steel

27

(3) Various Shaoes of Sections contd.

Plates, Bars, Hollow and Built-uD Sections
Previously,

lYz"x 12" plale

widths S 8" was

referred to as
bars; now, all

l%"square bar

flat stocks are

referred to as

4"

^;\

,.wall thickness = 0.25"

design thickness =0.233"

outside dimension

wall thickness :0.375"

1:-r

HSS 6x4x3l8

design thickness = 0.349"

Plate girder

TI

bar (example)

bar (example)

Plate (example)

tY,"

plates

HSS 4 x 0.25

[J-1^outs

ide dimension

Fig. HSS( Hollow Structural Section) and structural pipes (examples)

Reinforced

W-section (2) - C 12x25

(Double

Channels)

cap channel

spacer or
in contact
back-to-back

- L5x4x3/8
(Double Angles)
(2)

S12x3.18 with
C10x15.3 cap channel

Fig. Built-up sections (examples)

28

(4) Basic Structural Steel Elements

roofgirder

top chord

roofdeck

Glrders arg typlcally

shear connection

connected to column
flanges, whlle
bams are usually

connected to th

pcrimeter angle
(deck closure)

perimctcr angle
(pour stop)

wb of tho column.

Fis. Typical steel

building
-basic
structural
elements (3-D)

bearing wall
rvall footing

base plate and

anchor rods

spread footing

floor bcam

(9) Miscellaneous Connection Examples confd,

Columq-base-plaltes and a nchor rods
Base plate is usually shopwelded to column on both
sides of web and flanges.
Use non-shrink grout.
base plate

Ievel ing plate

Leveling

plate

L
Leveling
nuts

Fig. Leveling plate and leveling nut

Plate

washer

Double nut

Fig. Types of anchor rods

(9

iscel la neous Con nection Examples_eoatd.

Work point

Gusset Plates

(wP)

WT Truss
top chord

Gusset plate at a truss panel

point (top chord)

Double angle

Gulset plate with

kness,

Unbraced length

of

gusset plate,

Doublc anglcs

Ls > distance between

adjacent bolt lines

Fig. Gusset plate at a diagonal

brace

31

(10) Tvoes of Welds

Fillet, SIot and Pluo Welds

il

r*r-

ll lL1

Lapped plates

Column base plates

Slotted

Pipe

ilmtrtr

connection

connection

.rL

Beam

Tee

connection

Brackets

Beam bearing plates

brackets Built-up section Built-up section Built-up section

Fig. 5.5.4 Typical uses of fillet welds

ffifB
Ends cun'ed as
pcr LRFD and ASD-J2.l.b

Fig. Slot and plug welds in combination with fillet welds

(1O) Tvoes of Welds contd,

Groove Welds

Fig. Use of groove welds at joints

ill_rc

ffi

Q<rl
ZD {*1.c3 t=,-D
Square

Single-V

Double bevel

AD
Single-J

Fig. Types of groove welds

Double-V

,,rrn,"-,

r:l-:
(
:l\_
,"rr*,
33

(11) Comoosite Beams

R. C. slab

shear connector

Formed concrete

Metal deck
(Ribs parallel to girder)

Concrete-encased section

floor system is considered

deck ribs are reinforced for

additional bending strength

noncomposite for strength and

composite for floor vibrations

formed
steel deck

Composite deck
(Ribs perpendicular to beam)

Metal deck flooring

34

Weld Svmbols
Other weld symbols

Firlet

>-v-

Shop weld

Field weld

Square
-

Bevei

'

z\

.------F>--T--

lav777-7771

Weld all around

v77714j777'ryt
rzr777aj7zr77l

'

a.

WZ7*77-/1V:

t/.t"

t/t"

Jillet weld, shop welded on near

fillet

t??7v*777
%"

weld,

field

sicle

w'elded on both sicles

littrt weld, fietd wtltl all arountl.

usei 880 electiodes

Flare

>-4N I-\

bevel >-a--

Backing

bar >---t--

orryg'?v"vt

I
.---N--\
-

,1.

%"ftlet weld, shop weldetl

onJ'ar side.

3"1ong welds at 8" on center

e. single bevel weld,.field weldetl with

baiktng

bar

APPENDIX : Reinforced Concrete Desion Data and Equations

(2009 IBC) U.D. Live Load,

or Use
Assembly areas and theatres
Fixed seats (fastened to floor)
Lobbies
Movable seats
Stages and plafforms
Balconies (exterior) and decks (same as occupancy served)
(except as otherwise indicated)

Fire escapes
On single-family dwellings only
Garages (passenger vehicles only)
Trucks and buses (See IBC Sec. 1607.6)
640 lb/ft of lane
H 20-44 and HS 20-44
- for shear
lb for moment / 26000Ib

conc. load of I 8000

480 lb/ft of lane

conc. load of 13500

15-44 and HS 15-44

- for shear
lb for moment / 19500 lb

Ilospitals
Operating rooms, laboratories
Patient rooms
Corridors above the first floor

Loads contd,
(2me rBC) u.D. Live Load,

Occupancy or Use

Buildings
Lobbies and first-floor corridors
Offices
Corridors above the first floor

100

50
80

Residential
Dwellings (one and trvo-familv)
Uninhabitable attics wittrout storage
Uninhabitable attics with limitd storage

20

llabitable attics and sleeping areas

30

All

40

other areas

Hotels and multifamily dwellings

Private rooms and corridors serving them
Public rooms and corridors serving them

l0

40
100

Roofs
Ordinarv flat, piiched, and curved roofs
Roofs used for promenade purposes
Roofs used for roofgardens or assembly purposes

20
60
100

Schools
Classrooms

Conidors above the first floor

First-floor corridors
Stairs and exits
One andtwo-fami

40
80
100

t00
40

37

APPENDIX : UNit WEiOhtS

weight( lbfts)

rYpe

lron

161.1
555.4
1205.0
491.3

Lead

6%.7

Mercury

w8.7

Nickel

549.4
L342.2
655.5

Aluminium
Copper
Gold

Platinum
Silver
Tin
Uranium

Fully-compressed
Glass {Sheet)
32 o2,0.155 in. thick
Glass {Cast, dear plate}
0.25 in. thick
0.5 in. thick
Plywood (per mm thick)

t*[,_.*

90

Loose
Dense
Soils (Cohesivg)

115
130

t 10
t 10

Soft

100

l-trm

110
125

tight

weight ( lb/f*)

Asbestos cement sheeting,

Flat 0.25 in. wallboard

Cement, portland, loose

Cement portland, set
Soils (Non-cohesive (or granular))

Medium

130
140

HeaW, e.B. marble

tt0

Stoneworlg natural (Sandstone)

Light

Medium

t.4

Heavy

2.5

Stonework, natural (Granite)

Ught

3.3
6.5
0.125

183

Stonework, natural ( Limestone)

64.0
62.4
57.2

Tvre

150
120

stiff

LL67

lM8.6

lce

145

Reinforced or prestressed concrete

Bricks

MA.2

Tinc
Sea Water
Water

Plain concrete

Medium

Heavy
Stoneworlg natural (Shale or slate)
Terrazo (Paving 0.625 in. )
0.025

15
10
10