Sports Biomechanics

ISSN: 1476-3141 (Print) 1752-6116 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rspb20

Effect of fatigue on reaction time, response time,

performance time, and kick impact in taekwondo
roundhouse kick
Jader SantAna, Emerson Franchini, Vinicius da Silva & Fernando
Diefenthaeler
To cite this article: Jader SantAna, Emerson Franchini, Vinicius da Silva & Fernando
Diefenthaeler (2016): Effect of fatigue on reaction time, response time, performance
time, and kick impact in taekwondo roundhouse kick, Sports Biomechanics, DOI:
10.1080/14763141.2016.1217347
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1217347

Published online: 05 Sep 2016.

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Date: 06 September 2016, At: 09:53

Sports Biomechanics, 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1217347

Effect of fatigue on reaction time, response time, performance

time, and kick impact in taekwondo roundhouse kick
Jader SantAnaa, Emerson Franchinib , Vinicius da Silvaa and
Fernando Diefenthaelera
a

Sports Centre, Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianpolis, Brazil; bSchool of
Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sport, University of So Paulo, Brazil
ARTICLE HISTORY
ABSTRACT

Reaction time and response time are considered important

abilities and can potentially affect combat performance. This study
investigated the effect of a specific fatigue protocol on reaction
time, response time, performance time, and kick impact. Seven male
athletes reported to the laboratory on two different days. During
day one, athletes performed a specific progressive taekwondo test,
and on day two, a protocol for determining reaction time, response
time, performance time, and kick impact before and after a time to
exhaustion test at an intensity level corresponding to the maximal kick
frequency obtained during the specific progressive taekwondo test.
Muscle activation from rectus femoris and kick impact of the preferred
limb were assessed. No differences were observed for response time
and performance time. However, kick impact decreased (43 27
to 13 10 g, p < 0.01) while reaction time increased (145 51 to
223133ms, p<0.05). Moderate correlation was observed between
kick impact and response time (r=0.565; p<0.01), and kick impact
and performance time (r = 0.494; p < 0.05). Results indicate that
coaches and athletes may use taekwondo training programmes on
coordination-based exercises leading to improve response time and
to reduce fatigue effects in order to improve technique effectiveness
and enhance the possibilities of scoring in a competitive situation.

Received 1 February 2016

Accepted 22 July 2016
KEYWORDS

Combat sports; EMG;

exhaustion

Introduction
In general, few sports require a variety of situations and movements as large as combat
sports. Combat sports such as taekwondo are complex and demand high degree of the
athletic ability by practitioners. It has been observed that agility, balance, coordination,
power, speed, and reaction time (Pieter, 1991; Bridge, Ferreira da Silva Santos, Chaabne,
Pieter, & Franchini, 2014) are very important and can be determinant in this sport.
The simple reaction time is considered an important ability for any form of combat sport,
especially in relation to visual stimulus (Cojocariu, 2011). Reaction time is described as the
interval of time between presentation of a non-anticipated stimuli and the onset of response
of the person (Schmidt & Wrisberg, 2000), but it also represents individuals time to make
CONTACT Fernando Diefenthaeler

fernando.diefenthaeler@ufsc.br

2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

F. Diefenthaeler ET AL.

decisions and initiate actions, which is considered one of the most important measures in
human performance in many situations (Ando et al., 2005).
Another important ability is the response time, which has been defined as the time
required for performing a voluntary movement after a stimulus (Magill, 2007). In combat
sports such as taekwondo, it can be also defined as the elapsed time between the presentation of a stimulus to the kick get to the target. Both reaction time and response time can
potentially affect performance during the roundhouse kick execution, considered the most
used technique in taekwondo (Roh & Watkinson, 2002).
A late response of a motor action to a particular stimulus may be related to a failure of
any process involved in muscle contraction (i.e. fatigue) during a physical effort (Cojocariu,
2011). In taekwondo competitions, athletes perform quick steps, kicks, and punches multiple
times. Therefore, during fatigue process the reaction time, response time, and performance
time (defined as the time interval between reaction time and response time) may affect
athletes capacity to escape or responding effectively from an opponents action (Lima,
Tortoza, Rosa, & Lopes-Martins, 2004).
Previous studies investigated reaction time and response time during different kinds
of taekwondo kick technique, including the effect of target distance during a roundhouse
kick (Kim, Kwon, Yenuga, & Kwon, 2010; Falco, Molina-Garca, lvarez, & Estevan, 2013);
to identify the factors for success in high-level athletes performing a roundhouse kick
(Hermann, Scholz, Vieten, & Kohloeffel, 2008); foot techniques to the head with the highest
potential for success in competition (Falco, Estevan, & Vieten, 2011), and in different levels
(age, gender, and ability level) (Vieten, Scholz, Kilani, & Kohloeffel, 2007). Nonetheless,
there are only few studies that focused on the effects of fatigue process on reaction time or
response time in taekwondo. Santos et al. (2014) investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion
on performance during a simulated taekwondo combat. The authors observed that caffeine
ingestion reduced reaction time prior to the first combat in a non-fatigued state, but did not
influence reaction time after the first and second combats. Conversely, caffeine ingestion
shortened breaks during initial rounds of a simulated combat, promoting high-intensity
movements during the first rounds of the second combat while the intensity of the entire
second combat was similar to the first combat, which suggests that caffeine may delay fatigue
during successive taekwondo combats.
It is well known that in competitive combat, the success during a match is often determined by fast actions performed after a stimulus and that it can be influenced by fatigue
(Bouhlel et al., 2006; zdemir, Kirazc, & Ugras, 2010). Therefore, there is a need for more
studies investigating reaction time and response time during kick execution in taekwondo
athletes submitted to a specific fatigue protocol. Thus, the aim of the present study was to
verify the effect of fatigue on reaction time, response time, performance time, and kick
impact during the roundhouse kick execution in taekwondo athletes submitted to a time to
exhaustion test. The primary hypothesis for this study was that reaction time, response time,
and performance time might increase while kick impact decreases after the fatigue protocol.

Methods
Participants
Seven male competitive athletes (24.53.9years; 8.86.1years of practice; 176.43.4cm;
73.75.9kg, and 11.71.4% body fat) were evaluated. They were selected based on the

Sports Biomechanics

Table 1.Delineation of the specific progressive taekwondo test.

Stage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Duration of the stage (s)

100.0
84.0
77.1
73.3
70.9
69.2
68.0
67.1
66.3
65.7
65.2
64.8
64.4
64.1
63.8

Number of kicks per stage

6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62

Frequency of kicks (kicks/min)

3.6
7.1
10.9
14.7
18.6
22.5
26.5
30.4
34.4
38.3
42.3
46.3
50.3
54.3
58.2

following requirements: (1) participation in regional or national official taekwondo tournaments in the year previous to the study; (2) training at least three times per week; (3) age
equal or higher than 18years.
Before taking part in any experiment, all the participants were fully informed about
the aims and methods of the study and any possible risks and gave their written consent.
The Federal University of Santa Catarina Ethics Committee approved this study (protocol
number 145.882). All procedures were performed in accordance with Helsinki Declaration.
Procedures
Data collection was performed on two different days in the following order: (i) on the first
day, anthropometric measurements (height, body mass, and skinfold thicknesses to calculate the percentage body fat) and the specific progressive taekwondo test were performed;
(ii) on the second day, participants performed a specific protocol for determining reaction
time, response time, performance time, and kick impact. This protocol was conducted
before and after a time to exhaustion test at intensity corresponding to the maximal kick
frequency obtained from specific progressive taekwondo test. Participants were instructed
to refrain from physical activity for 24h before the tests and to arrive at the testing site fed
and hydrated. Before trials, athletes performed a 5min warm up, consisting of stretching
and hopping. During the test, athletes were verbally encouraged.
Protocols
Specific progressive taekwondo test
Test was performed in an area of 22m, using a punching bag of 1.00.9m. Kicks
should be carried out in height between the navel and nipples. Participants began specific
progressive taekwondo test with the right leg and the first stage initiated with a frequency
of six kicks, alternating legs, increasing four kicks on each new stage (Table 1). During
the test, participants remained in step (fighting stance hopping). The pace was dictated by
sound signals (beep) with fixed intervals between each kick getting shorter every new stage
(Sant Ana, Silva, & Guglielmo, 2009). Each participant kept pace until exhaustion, while

F. Diefenthaeler ET AL.

being motivated to perform kicks at maximum power and speed. Heart rate was recorded
by a heart rate monitor (Polar S610, Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) during the protocol.
Heart rate peak recorded at the end of the test was considered the maximal heart rate.
Testretest reliability of the specific progressive taekwondo test was previously established in
our laboratory (unpublished data) by comparing the same variables during an incremental
test on a treadmill (n=18). The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard
error of measurement (SEM) for peak exercise oxygen consumption (VO2PEAK), maximal
heart rate, and maximal blood lactate concentration were 0.92, 0.96, 0.70 and 7%, 3%, 14%,
respectively. With regard to maximal kick frequency, maximal heart rate, and blood lactate
concentration testretest reproducibility (n=12), we observed that ICC and SEM were 0.98,
0.97, 0.62 and 14%, 4%, 11%, respectively.
Oxygen consumption (VO2) measurements were obtained using a gas analyser (Quark
PFTergo, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) during the protocol. For the measurement of ventilatory
variables gas analyser, calibrations were performed before each test, according to the manufacturers recommendations. The VO2 was measured breath-by-breath throughout the
protocol from the expired gas, and the data smoothed to an average of 15s. Peak exercise
VO2 (VO2PEAK) was considered as the highest value obtained during the specific progressive
taekwondo test in these intervals of 15s. The largest frequency of kicks reached during the
test was defined as maximal kick frequency.
Time to exhaustion test
After 24h of recovering period, participants underwent a protocol consisted of kicks at maximal kick frequency pace obtained from specific progressive taekwondo test until volitional
exhaustion or lack of maintenance of pace. The pace was determined by a sound signal at
intensity corresponding to the maximal kick frequency of each athlete. In this recording,
by each sound signal, athlete performed the roundhouse kick on the punching bag.
Protocol for determining reaction time, response time, performance time, and kick
impact
The protocol consisted in executing the roundhouse kick on a punching bag with maximum
speed in response to a visual stimulus (i.e. light signal). All testing trials were conducted at
approximately the same time of day. All athletes had previous experience with the protocol
(they have participated in a previous study using the same time to exhaustion test). To determine reaction time, each athlete performed a total of three roundhouse kickstwo before
(the fast reaction time value obtained was considered the valid kick) and one immediately
after the time to exhaustion test. Reaction time was defined as the time interval between
the visual cue and muscle activation response. Muscle activation was assessed by means of
surface electromyography (EMG) from rectus femoris of the preferred limb. EMG signals
were amplified and recorded at a sampling rate of 2000Hz with common rejection mode
of 110dB, impedance input of 1TX and resolution of 14-bit using a four channel Miograph
system (Miotec Biomedical, Porto Alegre, Brazil). Pairs of Ag/AgCl electrodes (bipolar
configuration) with a diameter of 22mm (Kendall Meditrace, Chicopee, Canada) were
positioned on the skin after careful shaving and cleaning of the area with an abrasive cleaner
and alcohol swabs to reduce the skin impedance (Merletti, 1997).
Response time was defined as the time interval between light signal and the peak impact
identified from the kick executed with the leg in which the triaxial accelerometer (model

Sports Biomechanics

4,321, Brel & KjaerTM, Germany) was fixed on the ankle. Three preamplifiers were used
to amplify the signal, one for each axis (x-antero-posterior; y-bi-lateral; z-vertical) (model
2,635, Brel & KjaerTM, Germany). The signal was acquired through a 16 channels module
(MCS1,000, Lynx, So Paulo, Brazil) with a sampling rate of 1000Hz and processed by
AqDados software 7.02 (Lynx, So Paulo, Brazil). The magnitude of the impact in each kick
in the bi-lateral axis was identified as the highest impact over the kick (Sant Ana et al., 2014).
Performance time was defined as the time interval between reaction time and response
time. In order to determine reaction time and response time, an external trigger source,
which allowed coupling and synchronising both accelerometer and EMG systems in the
timeline output of the light signal, was used.
Data analyses
VO2PEAK was considered when three of the four following criteria evaluated were reached: (1)
respiratory equivalent (R) greater than 1.10; (2) maximal heart rate at least 90% of predicted
maximal heart rate for age; (3) blood lactate concentration [La] greater than 8.0mmol/L;
and (4) voluntary exhaustion (Laursen, Shing, Peake, Coombes, & Jenkins, 2002).
The raw EMG signals were filtered using a fourth order recursive band-pass Butterworth
digital filter at 20500 Hz. In order to better represent muscle activationdeactivation
dynamics, the root mean square envelope was calculated over a 40ms moving window.
EMG baseline activity was assessed for 150ms prior to each light signal used to determine
the execution of the roundhouse kick. An increase in muscle activity equal to five times
the standard deviation of the mean baseline value was used to determine the initiation of
muscle response (Hopper, Allison, Fernandes, Osullivan, & Wharton, 1998). All impact
data were normalised by 9.81m/s2 and expressed in gravity acceleration units (g). For data
analysis, proper mathematical routines were developed using software Matlab 8.0 (Math
Works Inc., Natick, USA).
Blood lactate analysis
Capillary blood samples were collected from participants earlobes in 25L heparinised
capillary tubes at rest and after testing. Blood samples were stored in 1.0ml sealed polyethylene tubes with 50l haemolysing solution (sodium fluoride, 1%). Subsequently, [La]
was determined using an electrochemical analyser YSI 2,700 Stat Select (YSY Incorporate,
Yellow Springs, USA).
Statistics procedures
Descriptive statistics were used to report the results for mean and standard deviation.
Data normality was evaluated by ShapiroWilks test. To check for differences between
mean values of reaction time, a Wilcoxon test was used. To test for differences between
response time, performance time, and kick impact a paired t-test was used. The magnitude
of the differences was verified from the effect size and were then scaled for trivial (<0.25),
small (0.250.50), moderate (>0.501.0), or large effects (>1.0) (Rhea, 2004). Pearson linear correlation was used to verify the relationship between selected variables. The level of
significance was set at p<0.05. For statistical procedures, the SPSS 12.0 package (SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL, USA) was used.

F. Diefenthaeler ET AL.

Table 2.Mean and standard deviation for maximum kick frequency (FKMAX), maximum kick frequency
per minutes (FKMAX/min), maximum heart rate (HRMAX), time to exhaustion test (TLIM), and peak oxygen
uptake (VO2PEAK), and in a specific progressive taekwondo test and values of blood lactate [La] after the
fatigue protocol (n=7).
Mean (SD)
399
359
1956
22424
49.844.33
9.281.76

FKMAX (kicks)
FKMAX (kicks/min)
HRMAX (bpm)
TLIM (s)
VO2PEAK (ml/kg/min)
[La] (mmol/L)

Table 3.Mean and standard deviation for reaction time (RT), response time (TRESP), performance time
(PT), and kick impact (KI) of the roundhouse kick during pre- and post-time to exhaustion test (n=7).
RT (ms)
TRESP (ms)
PT (ms)
KI (g)

Pre
14551
807111
662119
4327

Post
223133
780181
557168
1310

p
0.043
0.718
0.318
0.006

ES (d)
1.54
0.24
0.88
1.11

ms=milliseconds; g=acceleration of gravity; p<0.05; ES (d)=effect size.

Results
Table 2 shows the mean values of the maximal kick frequency, maximum kick frequency per
min, maximal heart rate, time to exhaustion test, and VO2PEAK after a specific progressive
taekwondo test and [La] after the fatigue protocol.
Table 3 shows the results for reaction time, response time, performance time, and kick
impact for both pre- and post-moments. No differences were observed for response time
and performance time. However, kick impact decreased significantly from pre to post-test
and reaction time after the time to exhaustion test was significantly higher than pre-test.
A moderate correlation was observed between kick impact and response time (r=0.565;
p<0.01), and between kick impact and performance time (r=0.494; p<0.05) when all
21 kicks performed were analysed. No significant correlation was observed between kick
impact and reaction time (r=0.072; p>0.05) and between reaction time and response
time (r=0.092; p>0.05).

Discussion and implications

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has investigated the effect of fatigue
on reaction time, response time, performance time, and kick impact during roundhouse
kicks in taekwondo athletes during a specific time to exhaustion test. The main findings
of the present study were that reaction time and kick impact were negatively affected by
the time to exhaustion test, which intensity corresponded to aerobic power. Ando et al.
(2005) also observed an increase in reaction time for the peripheral visual field at exercise
intensity above the ventilatory threshold in relation to pre-exercise, but did not observe
changes in reaction time below and immediately after ventilatory threshold. According to
the authors, it seems that high-intensity exercise (i.e. above ventilatory threshold) causes
a fall in cerebral blood flow in specific brain areas involved in the manual response to the
peripheral visual stimulus.

Sports Biomechanics

The voluntary exhaustion associated with increased [La] observed at the end of the
protocol indicates that the participants had a reduced ability to maintain force, reflecting
on impact decline. On the other hand, response time after time to exhaustion test was not
significantly different from pre-test (Table 3). This result suggested that even under fatigue
condition athletes evaluated were capable to sustain the same kick execution time. Similar
results were observed by Santos et al. (2014) when investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion
on kick time (reaction time subtracted from time expended between the visual signal and
foot contact with the target) during a simulated taekwondo combat. Authors did not find
difference between caffeine and placebo condition. In both studies, athletes presented the
same level of experience, indicating that training level plays a key role in athletes kicking
performance. However, our results for response time were higher than values observed for
the athletes from German national team (646ms) (Hermann et al., 2008), but similar to
the Spanish national taekwondo team (740ms) (Falco et al., 2011). These differences could
be explained by athletes level evaluated in each study. Hermann et al. (2008) evaluated
Olympic-level athletes while in the present study and Falco et al. (2011) athletes were from
regional and national levels.
Although there was no difference in response time after time to exhaustion test, increase
in reaction time and the drop in kick impact observed may indicate a fatigue process occurrence that could affect the technical standard of the kick, which can influence the effectiveness to score during combat. With regard to fatigue and the roundhouse kick technique,
Quinzi, Camomilla, Di Mario, Felici, and Sbriccoli (2016) observed that elite karate athletes
modified their technical execution after repeated kicking actions.
Regarding performance time, no difference was observed between pre and post time to
exhaustion test (Table 3). According to Hermann et al. (2008) performance time is related
to the quality of the kicking movement. Unfortunately, as a limitation of the present study,
we were unable to control technical execution of the kick throughout the time to exhaustion
test. Furthermore, our results were higher than those observed in the previous studies (Falco
et al., 2011; Hermann et al., 2008). Although studies abovementioned also used the difference between the reaction time and the moment that foot reached the target to estimate the
performance time and execution time, respectively, both studies used kinematics parameters
to calculate the reaction time (i.e. when the first marker moved). In the present study, the
reaction time was calculated as the delay between the visual stimulus and muscle activation
response (i.e. onset), which could explain the higher values observed for performance time.
The correlation observed between kick impact and performance time and between kick
impact and response time suggest that the longer the time to reach the target the greater
was the impact of the kick. This suggests that such behaviour would probably be explained
by pushing the foot of the kicking leg on the ground. In other words, we speculate that
participants spend more time (i.e. greater response time observed) applying force to the
ground with intent to generate greater accumulation of energy in the muscle-tendon unit
(Bobbert, Gerritsen, Litjens, & Van Soest, 1996). As power is a product of applied force and
velocity, increasing the contact time of the foot of the kicking leg on the ground (i.e. depth)
may be responsible for generating an increase in power (i.e. impact of the kick) (Kirby,
Mcbride, Haines, & Dayne, 2011). However, when the execution technique of taekwondo
athletes roundhouse kick was analysed in three different stance positions, it was observed a
negative correlation between ground reaction force and execution time (Estevan, Jandacka,
& Falco, 2013). Although in the present study ground reaction force was not measured,

F. Diefenthaeler ET AL.

the controversial results for correlation may be related to the different methods used to
calculate both movement instants (i.e. response time and execution time). In the present
study it was defined as the time interval between light signal and the peak impact, while in
the aforementioned study it was defined as time interval between the moment that kicking
legs ground reaction force lifted one per cent of the athletes body weight and the moment
when the first kinematic marker moved.
Finally, regarding our results and based on changes in competition rules (World
Taekwondo Federation) that occurred in recent years, where the outcome of a match is
determined by the points scored from contact between the sensors of the protectors (socks,
thorax and helmet) and considering that achievement of the points scored require low
impact and forces (Ramazanoglu, 2013) and low energy values (Del Vecchio, Franchini, Del
Vecchio, & Pieter, 2011; Tasika, 2013), taekwondo coaches and athletes may use training
programmes aimed to enhance improvements on technical and tactical abilities leading
to a better response time and not necessarily increase force output or impact of the kick.
Besides, the training programme development may be directed to prepare the athletes to
reduce the influence of fatigue kick in the technical standard and effectiveness of this technique to acquire points during a competitive match situation.

Conclusions
Fatigue process affected reaction time and kick impact in competitive taekwondo athletes.
There was a moderate correlation between response time and kick impact, and kick impact
and performance time. It was also observed that the longer the time to reach the target the
greater was the impact of the kick.

ORCID
Emerson Franchini http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0769-8398
Fernando Diefenthaeler http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-8994

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