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SPE 28709
A Multi-Phase Mud Filtrate Invasion and Wellbore Filter Cake
Formation Model
Faruk
Civan,
U. of Oklahoma
SPE Member
Copyright
Engineers,
Inc.
Petroleum
Conference
Mexico, 10-13
October
1994
This paper wes selected for presentation by sn SPE Pmgrsm Committee following review of information contsined in sn abstract submined by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presentsd, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to corretiton by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papws presented et SPE meetings are aubjact to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society
Of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is reslriied to an abstract of not mere than 3tM words. Illuatratione may not be copied, The abstract should cmtain conspicuous acknowledgment
of where and by whom the paper is presented, Write Librarian, SPE, P,O, Sox 833s36, Richardson, TX 750SMS36,
U.S.A. Telex 1S3245 SPEUT.
ABSTRACT
Mathematical modeling for prediction of the distribution and tilng of
mud filtrates in the reservoir formation surrounding a well being drilled
and the filter cake build-up and ita effect on the mud filtrate invasion
into the formation, es well aa the resulting formation damage effects is
presented. The model can simulate the single aod two-phase flow
situations in the formation with water or oil based drilling mud cases.
External
------
srt;cl*
r--
;a.;n
-.
-~.u
A,.w
b
--
AU- -..1.,
-.4..,4
as cl+-.
,..L..
:..:&
-.:--
lluuauuu
399
+ v (P3q = +$
;t=w@a
(1)
Therefore,
~Pu
[2)
V.* -1
=,.
t
and
. ..
(4)
~, = w,
The fluid phase saturations add up to one
~~,=1
1
(13)
u, = Etv,
Thus, for the solid phase, Eq. 6 becomes
(8)
The species A mass balance equations for the water, oil, and solid
phases are given by
aa(c~~
;
+ v (P#J
t = w~~
and
+ v 1~ =
(1s)
rnAt denotes the rate of species A added per unit volume of the ~
phase. 7A, denotes the diffusive mass flux of species A in the ~
phase given by modifying the expression given by Olson and Litton
for multiphsse flow:
(16)
-E++)+%ml
-l
(7)
a, = (1 - *)V,
e&
(12)
(3)
6, =1-*
= P, ; 4 = W,o,s
(9)
A = 1~,...~
where
B ~ is the coefficient of dkperaion of species A in the ~
phase, k is the Boltzmann constan~ and T is temperature. The first term
represents the diffusive transport by concentration gradient and the
second term by the gradient of the potential interaction energy, ~~ ,
For particulate speci~ of relatively large &es the first term in Eq. 16
may be neglected. When particles am subjected to uniform interaction
potential field then the second term drops out.
The jump mass balance equations form the basis of the boundary
conditions for Eqs. 1 and 9. Simplifying the expressions given by
SMtery2, these are given, respectively, by:
[P&
- U) . tf] = r:
(17)
(lo)
Therefore,
~wa
= 1 ; ~ . W,o,s
(11)
and
400
L.J=(...)-
(19)
(28)
(...)-
where the signs + and - indicate the post and fore sides, respectively, of
t~ dw:dtig sl_~acg..
In deforming porous mexia the volumetric flux of the fluid relative to
the moving solid matrix is given by Darcys law as:
FARUK CIVAN
SPE 28709
v,
is the
mu1
-.
(29)
fJiV3!D
- T>
(30)
(22)
where g is the gravitational acceleration, gz is the potential of fluid due
to gravity, z is the positive upward distance measured from a reference,
S2 is the overburden potential which is the work of a vertical
displacement due to the addition of liquid into porous mand v (c)
is the liquid-content-dependent potential or simply the negative of the
--
effec$iw5 stress diie ti
&e iritterarfkms ef
&e Aqiirl Wit&he pum
surface.
The capillary pressure is given by
Pe=Pe
where pOis the density value at a reference condition (T@pd we,) and
a, & f are some empirical coefficients.
Neglecting the effect of
pressure for a liquid phase, the Flory equation can be expressed as, for
one species A io the liquid phase
(23)
-P=
(31)
P = P.(~)P(~A)
k-1
p(wA)
(m)
a,w:
V*
i7=uv+s70
Eqs. 20, 22, 23, and 24 can be manipulated to express the volumetric
flux of the water phase by (Civao*3):
P. = JwYcawmM.%ql
~w =Fa+
{
>#w3w-5JAPdtv2
ew
where J (SW)is the empirical Lcverett J-function, and y and 8 are the
surface tension and the contact angle which vary by tempemture and
species A concentration. The permeability and porosity of porous media
vary by formation damage.
The relative permeabiities are usually given by empirical
relationships of the saturation W
in which
Ap=pW-pe
(33)
- SJ
(26)
Kd = KJS#
(2?)
Fluid Properties
Assuming separability, the density and viscosity of the fluid phases can
be expressed by the following state equations
401
= O,w#uisW~w<(l
SJ
(34)
In Eqs. 33 and 34, S= and S= reprewnt the connate water and residual
oil saturations which vary as a result of the packing of particles during
formation damage. The values of these quantities am Iarg= for onkred
packing of particles.
-g
of particles and smaller for &smdemd
A MULTI-PHASE MUD FILTRATE INVASION AND WELL BORE FILTER CAKE FORMATION MODEL
Au = -
L.....,--
UGLWWU
llULU-1
lUIU
6UU
8UUU-llUIU
kdp~c~
+ k&p#~
-cd
- kdp~r,
- ~b)
SPE 28709
(40)
+ k-@P&
U3ualuuta.
The driving force for particle traosfer between two fluid phases is
the nettability of the fluid phases relative to the wettabllity of the
particles. Particles prefer to be in the phase that wets them. But
mixed-wet particles tend to remain on the interface where they are most
stable (Ivanov et al.l~. In the region involving the interface between
wetting and nonwetting phases, it can be postulated that particles A in
a weaker nettability phase 1 first move to the interface and then they
migrate from the interface to a stronger nettability phas&2 according to
the following consecutive processes
The fust term on the right of Eq. 40 represents the rate of surface
particle release by mlloidal forces. pm is the mass concentration
(mass/bulk volume) of the particles on the pore surface in contact with
the @ phase wetting fluid. ~ and c ~. are the brine concentration
and the critical brine concentration as defined by Khilar aad Foglerlg.
&is the surface pat.icle release rate constant given by
ktid
c#cW
(41)
kd =Oothcrwfw
The second term repments the surface particle erosion rate by
hydrodynamic forces. ~ and ~. are the shear stress and the critical
shear stress necessary for particle mobilization accordiig to Orueabeck
and Colliism. ~ isthe surfaceparticle erosion rate constant given by
kati
kd =0
A@:
(36)
AJ&
A>fi
*, =
AJ(+s,f2J, t = 12
Othcrwe
kd=o
(37)
P~P&
(43)
otherwise
(38)
kx~
In Bqs. 35-38, AA1and k~, are some rate constantq (SAand &
empirical exponents of intensities; and t~l, tA12,and tM are
delays due to the inertia of the respective traosfer processes.
of particle transfer can be expressed per unit volume of the
according to the following expremion:
(42)
= AA@
?t>~u
are some
the time
The rate
@phase
kH = O Otk~
(WdJO is ~ critic~we
throa to particlediametersize necessary for
pore throat blocking to occur due to jammin g process given by the
following expression:
(39)
402
SPE 28709
FARUK CIVAN
(47)
where w is the fraction of the fine pore throats.
Another importaot point is the fwt that ge~ wax, asphaltene, and
@
typSS Of pXeCipihteS Cm form SOfteXand StiCkieXparticles that
can seal off the pore throats to prevent any flow through them.
Whereas, the packing of hard granular particles such as sand behind the
pme throats may permit some leak off. Therefore, Civa33lU*and Llu
~d Civm9,10m have mo~ed
the Kozeny-Cammo Wllfin
fm thii
Ohen ~d Cimn, Chang ~d Civana3,
affect. Although Civan 17.1..21,
and Liu and Civan9.10mintroduced these concepts in some simplified
forms, a genemlized dynamic permeability-porosity-texture relationship
U.w..r
.uO.
. ...-.
*.*
IAAW
v
k
is ~hfi .
mmf av.;l.hla
e . -e...
...
W..,,
b 06 P&
separable, the following form of a general relationship can be proposed
.
m9
(49)
= -c& - 4rJ,fJ4r94e-4,
(50)
4-I-HPU811U
by swelling (Chino and Knappn, LkI and Chnn,
Civan et al.~:
(51)
and by net deposition and erosion inside the porous medi~ A$P(E!q.40).
Therefore, the instantaneous porosity is given by
where & is the critical particle dkrneter given by Eq. 51 and ~ and
& are the lower and upper boundary values of the pore size range, and
f(x) is the pore throat size distribution function usually expressed as a
weighted linear sum of the pore size distribution functions, f,(x) and
fz(x), of the fine and coarse fractions as:
-.,
@)
(52)
~-e
y~eg~
~t_~
nhmrved
-..
that the uniqueness of the parameter values can be achieved when the
number of the data sets for the same reck-fluid-particle system
As a simplifkd approach, a power law function, & (Q=
~ &pi, is
403
A MULTI-PHASE MUD FILTRATE INVASION AND WELL BORE FILTER CAKE F4)RMATION MODEL
(53)
+ v (p#,) = #@A
~~w~ +v
(P&J
= @U=
- RA
- k(EJv;lw,
SPE 28709
(61)
,,-A__
m.
*
g?**.I G.
-+ . mRk!ia!!y lkver%i~
WA.I., mmwmg
ruitkie htidoii
Averaging Eqs. 53-55 and incorporating Eqs. 56-58 accding to the
procedure given in Appendix B results in the following simplified
compressible fWer cake model:
A
(62)
(5s)
where RAdenotes the mass rate of smaller particles deposited from the
flowing phase to the solid matrix inside the falter cake given by Eq. 40.
The simplifkd jump mass balance equation, associated with Eqs.
53-55 are given, respectively, by, at the filter cakdmud sluny interface
(64)
[P#,
- ~
fit]=
r:=
R:
(56)
When the solid and flowing phase densities, p, and pe are assumed
constan~ and the effect of p$icle transfer rate on the flowing phase
mass balance is negligible, R s O, Eqs. 62 and 63 simplify to the
followings, respectively:
where RAois the net mass rate of larger particles deposited born the
mud slurry over the filter cake surface given by surface deposition and
----emsi(lii &XOIS of Bq. 46.
The overall mass balance of particles for the filtercake is given by
the following by genemlizing the ~uation given by Abboud? -
jbA4#
=i(wq-d
0
&.fio*&~ *~
f~c=y*e
(59)
imdime.
(60)
(68)
FARUK CIVAN
SPE 28709
e#l~~d
@JAJ#@&
- t)] -
- 2r~Pti~d
. ~.
Da
~[i:
i:
In
.i(f%@#~r=P
0
j(P#Jm(%P
0
jcp&~rW
r=
+
(70)
+ ~q@Odf
r.
- r:)]=
tic%
(76)
(69)
+ %@t%)~
.
(m
(71)
subject to the following condkions
m)
(79)
When the solid and flowing phase densities, p, and p~ are assumed
constant Eqs. 71 and 72 simplify to the following compressible cake
equations:
pad/& [=~r~ - r~] = 2r=R~,
(73)
(80)
Sw = S:(r), r-q M
me Sat!ntims
s + se = 1.0
(81)
flux is given by
(82)
(75)
flh/ @~*)
(83)
The aqueous phase and oil phase dissolved species A mass balance are
given by simplifying Eq. 9 as:
and
405
A MULTI-PHASE MUD ~LTRATE iN-VASiON ~-D w%LL BORE Fiii~BR CAKE FORMATiON NKXX3ii
.
w~ a/w
r..
Uw=(%)h J=o,
t>o
(94)
Sw = s:(x),
C>o
(m
(84)
rwsr<qa
Jw 4 = W4
and A = l,&.
X=1,
rWs
(w
t=O
r<_,
(%)
~u=(~cw~~,r=rw
(86)
t>O
u
Wu =w&(r),
r-q
=Uw+ge=
9*
(m
I @**)
(m
t>O
:(W%J
++ - XY:[(l- X)-%M]= o,
w
t=w,
t>o,
<1,
(98)
@t=tv,o&A=l,~_.
(88)
WA4=w&(x), osxsl,
t=o
(99)
t>o
(loo)
(89)
1*
~M=(q%&
,X=o,
wM=w&(x),
x=l
,t>o
be
infinity
bjj a Siiffkikii*j
kmg
fiie
CWWe,
(101)
(102)
&e
(103)
(91)
1 - (r /rJ-w
Eq. 91 maps tbe semi-infinite domain into a unit size ftite domain.
Consequently, invoking Eq. 91, tbe model equations, Eqs. 77-90, are
expressed in tbe following forms:
~+%)
+* -# ~(1 - X)-%w]
= o,
0s%s1
(92)
(104)
, t>()
&c
-=
S=s:(x), o<xsl,
r=o
(93)
&
Q141,tpM
- &$ - q
(1 - *,)pA
406
(10s)
A solution of Eq. 112 with Eq. 92 yields the aqueous phase pressure and
saturation vs. the radial distance. Subsequently, Eq. 107 can be used to
determine the fdtrate invasion rate as a function of time.
(106)
re=OJ=O
Eqs. 77-106 are valid for constant or variable filtrate invasion rates. At
field operations, usually the mud pressure, P.ti, is maintained constantConsequently, the fdtrate invasion rate varies, and the foiiowing
additional equations are necessary to determine the variable filtrate
invasion rate. An integration of Darcys law, assuming incompressible
falter cake without particle invasion, and incompressible and constant
viscosity filtrate, leads to the following equation for the fdtrate invasion
flux or rate
,. *.
[lUI)
FINAL REMARKS
This parperpresented the generaa em]~tinn~
for -ml*~ .fil**c=
-l--
--. . ...~nv~c~fin
. ..L.u and
wellbore filter cake formation, and an application to radial flow. These
equations are non linear and strongly coupled. The numerical solution
with spec~lc data is reserved for future studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the School of
Petro!~J~ ~~ C~!@~
E~@e~@
at f&erl.;
-f W-auwe.
~~l-3----u. .=~fi,
-..., v,
1.
On the other hand, the total flowing phase equation of continuity,
assuming incompressible fluids, is given by:
*/*+(1
/rp/*(n3)=0
2.
(108)
3.
4.
5.
6.
where ~ 1. is given by Eq.107.
Initially, the aqueous phase pressure is given by:
Pv = P;(r) , rwsr<-J=O
7.
(110)
8.
10.
Substituting Eq. 107 into Eq. 109, assuming a water base mud, and
applying Eq. 91 yields the following convenient fontx
11.
(112)
subject to:
12.
x=l
(113)
13.
407
REFERENCES
Chan, F. and T. Engler, Drilliig Mud Fdtrate Invasion Improved Model and Solution, Journal ojfPemh?n science
and k?hgineenng,
to appear.
Clark, P.E. and O. Barbat, The Analysis of Fluid-Loss Data,
SPE Paper No. 18971, Proc., SPE Joint Rocky Mountain
Regional/Law Permeability Reservoim Symposium and Exhibition,
Denver, CO, March 6-8, 1989, pp. 437-444.
Jiao, D. and M.M. Sharma, Mechanism of Cake Buildup in
Crossflow Filtration of Colloidal Suspensions, 1 CWoid and
Inte@ce Sci., Vol. 162, pp. 454-462 (1994).
Donaldson, E.C. and V. Chernoglazov, Drilling Mud Fluid
b;~,~fi MrxM, J. P~i. W. EZ-~.,Vd 1, NO. 1, pp. 3-i3 (i987j.
Chase, G.G. and M.S. Willis, Compressive Cake Filtration,
Chem. Eng.Sci., Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 1373-1381 (1992).
Smiles, D.E. and J.M. Kirby, Compressive Cake Filtration - A
Voi. w,
~Q ..u.
N- AT,
10 FP. 343i-3434
~Qmm@ , Wm. J%g. Se:.,
(1993).
Corapciogln, M.Y. and N.M. Abboud, Cake Filtration with
Particle Penetration at the Cake Surface, SPE Resemoir
Engineering,Voi. S*NO. 3; .~%3i7-326, ~gwt 1990.
Abbond, N.M., Formation of Filt& Cakes with Particle
Penetration at the Filter Septum, Particulate Science and
T.w.lmmhm.
a-uw-~,,
9.
(111)
Pv =P:,
FARUK CIVAN
SPE 28709
v.-.1
...
.
.1 .z . pp.
11<
121
JIJ-LJ1
11Q9*~
(17
.7).
10
14:
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
~~:
23.
24.
2s.
26.
27.
28.
A MULTI-PHASE MUD FILTRATE INVASION AND WELL BORE FILTER CAKE FORMATION MODEL
408
29.
30.
31.
32.
SPE 28709
1994, 16 pages.
-,-. - n > m .,
-_ mm
--- -/? ml---.-11:---J r?:--K.M. mnapp, rJIeCL
m
uity
aweumg
anu
rum
Miwgation on Formation Permeability, SPE Paper 16235, Pmt.,
SPE Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, OK
31W, pp. 475-483.
Civan, F., R.M. Knapp, and H.A. Ohen, Alteration of
Pesmeabiity by Fii Particle Recesses, J. PetroleumScience
and Engineering,Vol. 3, Nos. Ml, pp. 65-79, Oct. 1989.
MiJlan-ArviW E. and F. Civan, Characterization of Formation
Damage by Particulate processes, J. Cknudian Petroleum
Technology,Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 27.-33, March 1992.
Gadiyar, B. and F. Civan, Acidtion
Jnduced Formation
I?--L---.-1
-->
lfi_A_l:__
@A..A:
f! c!DU ---
*1AM
n--_-age
- J+JCIUUHIWA
am
muucuug
muoIr+
ar = papa
z JWJU,
uvao, r. ano
33.
34,
35.
1 L -. -
I u yugG*.
36.
37.
APPENDIX A
K -$- f# Relationship
The effect of particle deposition mechanisms on permeability can be
analyzed by considering pluggable and nonpluggable paths according to
Gruesbeck and Collinsm. The total cross-sectional are% A, of porous
meda can be separated into two parts (Chn]):
(1) The area &
containing pluggable paths in which plug-type deposition and pom
filling occurs, and (2) the are% &, containing nonplugging paths in
which nonplugging surface deposition occurs. Thus, by definition
A= AP+AW
(A-1)
Similarly, the volumetic flow rate, q, can be separated into the flow
rates, qP and qw, passing through the pluggable and nonpluggable paths,
respectively. Then,
q=q,
+q*
(A-2)
11
FARUK CIVAN
SPE 28709
(A-3)
q=Au
(A+
q, = App
4, =
Substituting
u = ffi,
~4WdtI
(A-15)
MS.
(A-6)
+ f#w
~= A,/ A&
fw=l-fv
Osf~wsl
(A-7)
u=(K/p#-@/ar)
F(Q) is the pore size distribution function and $= is the critical porosity
below which particle plugging occurs. The mean porosity of the porous
media is given by
$ =+, ++- =
jmki$
o
Substituting E@. A-13 and 14 into Eq. A-12 yields the following
expression for porous media undergoing an alteration by patticle
deposition
(A-18)
J$=(K,
/pJ
(A-9)
(-*/a)p
D- J:.lL.
nuuullly
~ and ~
represent the permeabilities of the pluggable and
nonpluggable fhctions of the core.
Assuming that there is
interconnectivity and hydraulic communication between plugging and
nonpluggiog paths, the pressure gradients in both paths sre equal, i.e.,
(-*/a),
(-a/
a)w
=(-*/a)
(A-n)
K = ~p~; + twl~
lX14._
J! Uwa
@.L.
Qua=
17_...4_._.
mquummla
44
}=pwp
4
11 results in
APPENDIX B
A m..-mwlagm
(B-1)
Applying Leibnitzs rule for the derivative of Eq. B-1 with respect to
time, the following expression can be obtained
(A-12)
(B-2)
The following empirical equations can be used to correlate the
permeability-porosity relationships in the plugging and nonplugging
paths, respectively (Civanl):
q%
(A-13)
Appiying the averaging rules given by Eqs. B-i through B-3 according
to Corapcioglu and Abboud7, and Abboud8, the partial differential falter
cake model can be simplified into an ordinary differential filter cake
(A-14)
409
12
A MULTI-PHASE MUD FILTRATE INVASION AND WELL BORE FILTBR CAKE FORMATION MODEL
SPE 28709
(B-12)
(M)
(B-13)
in which & and & are the areas at the well bore and mudkake
interface radii, r= aud r., given, respectively, by
w)
in which the well bore radius, r. is find. Applying the jump mass
balance equation, Eq. 57, at the mud and well bore sides of the filter
cake yields, respectively:
(B-14)
The area element is given by:
(B-16)
(q,drc / &
and
(#Jw
- (fJ#)w = (PPJ-
- (P#O)-
(B-17)
in which the wellbore dlus, r., is fixed and assuming that the particles
cannot penetrate the well bore, the fdtrate flowing into the porous media
do not carry any particies, i.e. (~~mb = 0. Tnejump mass &danee
equation, Eq. 56, yields the following relationship at the mud side of the
ftiter cake
O=(P,)= [(%)= - #
+ %
(B-9)
(B-18)
in which the left side IS zero because there is no sohd matrix on the
mud side, and the macroscopic velocity of the matrix is given by:
~. B-17
(l%.).
Sil@ifkS
(P#J-
to:
(B-19)
Thus, the following expression is obtained liom Bqs. B-9 and B-10
(%%). = (#,)c *C / ~ - R&
Substituting Eqs. B-18 and 19 into Eq. B-13 yields the followiug
averaged expression for the flowing phase mass balance:
(B-11)
Substituting Eq. B-11 into Eq. B-8 yields the following expression for
the averaged falter cake solid matrix
410
13
FARUK CIVAN
SPE 287W
E, =
(B-20)
(c-2)
1-+,
The rate of net deposition of particles per unit area of the cake surface
is the difference between the deposition and the erosion rates; i.e.:
(c-3)
R~=r4-re
in which Ru&Gis negligible assuming that the flowing phase contains a
small amount of solid particles.
Similarly, averaging Eq. 55 yields
r4 = k##M
in which the well bore radks, rW,is fixed. The jump mass balance
equation, Eq. 58, can be written at the mud and well bore sides,
respectively, as:
(pA@~- (pA#)~
=(PAA),- (PAP),
- :.
(C-5)
- fu)
t,= is the critical shear stress necessary for mobilization of particles (k,
= O when q S ZC=). Thus, substituting Eqs. C-2 tiu@
C-5 ~to ~.
C-1 yields the following expression for the variation of the filter cake
radius:
(B-22)
&,
.
&
which, upon the substitution of Eqs. B-15 and 16 for U.d and u yields
/&
k/tcp~
- k&
Pp
- Trc)
(C4)
- %)
(B-23)
Assuming a theological model for drilling muds in the form of a power
law function of the shear rate ~, cis given by
? =-ky
(B-24)
(c-7)
where & and h are the cake permeability and thickness, respectively.
APPENDIX C
Incompressible Filter Cake Model Without Partkle Invasion
Eq. 75 expresses the falter cake solid matrix mass balance as:
411
SPE 28709
A MULTI-PHASE MUD FILTRATE INVASION AND WELL BORE FILTER CAKE FORMATION MODEL
14
MU?
WELL
t
.
-Ww%.n.,
.
r
..
,,
,.,
,,
.
.-...
,, .. .
1. . . .
r um-ui L LULW
..
,.
~ .
.. . .
,.
.
.,
. .
.,
RESERVIORI
FORMATION
d
/?
Sk.
6
Figure
particle
2 -
rc
Filter
and
~.-(2L
cake
filtrate
u.
-k--
re
rw
in
a wellbore
with
invasion
.
Figure
filter
1 - Mud filtrate
cake
and porous
invasion
through
media
.
,
RESERVOIR
FORMATION
FILTER
CAKE
SLURRY
.
Figure
created
invasion
3 -
Filter
f racture
4 - Nonplugging
Figure
realization
in a core
cake
in a hydraulically
with
particle
and filtrate
412
and
(after
pluggin
Civan
paths
f 7)