Ch 21 Electric Charge and Electric Field

Electric charge
Conductors and insulators
Coulombs Law
Electric field calculations
Electric field lines
Electric dipoles

21.1 Electric charge

Plastic

Glass

The photocopier, a very clever tool

Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter

Li

Li +

Li

Electric charge is conserved

21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and

Induced Charges
plastic

Glass

Charging by Induction

Electric Forces on Uncharged Objects

21.3 Coulombs Law

F1on2 = F2on1
q1q 2
F1on2 = F2on1 = k 2
r

Fundamental Electric Constants

k = 8.987551787 109 N m 2 /C2 8.988 109 N m 2 /C2

= (10-7 N s 2 /C 2 )c 2

F=

q1q 2

4 0

r2

(Coulomb's law)

Permittivity
0 = 8.854 10-12C 2 /N m 2 and
1
4 0

1
4 0

= k = 8.988 109 N m 2 /C 2

= 9.0 109 N m 2 / C 2

Superposition of Forces: vector sum of forces

21.4 Electric fields and Electric Forces

Electric field:
electric force per unit charge


F
E
q0

F0 = q 0 E

Electric field as electric force per unit charge

force exerted on a point charge q 0 by E

m0

Fg = m 0

F0
E= lim
q0 0 q
0

Electric field of a Point Charge

F0

qq 0

4 0 r 2

E=

4 0 r 2

1 q
E
r
4 0 r

Ex 21.7 Electron in a uniform field

ay

(b)

vy2

(c)

Fy

eE
m m
v 0y 2 2a y (y y 0 )

(a)

v y v 0y
ay

| v y | 2a y y
K

1
mv 2
2

(v y v 0y a y t)

21.5 Electric-Fields Calculations

The superposition of Electric Fields

F1 = q 0 E1

F2 = q 0 E 2

F0 F1 F2 F3 q 0 E1 q 0 E 2 q 0 E 3

F0
E 0 =E1 E 2 E 3
q0

Ex 21.8 Field of an electric dipole

Ex 21.9 Field of a ring of charge

1 q
E
r
4 0 r

dE

cos

dE x dE cos
dE x

x ds
4 0 (x 2 a 2 )3/2
1

dQ ds
Ex

dQ
4 0 x 2 a 2

x
x2 a2

xQ
4 0 (x 2 a 2 )3/ 2

Ex 21.10 Field of a line of charge

dE

1 dQ
1 Q
dy

4 0 r 2 4 0 2a (x 2 y 2 )

dE x dE cos

cos x / r

dE y dE sin

sin y / r

Ex 21.11 Field of a uniformly charged disk

xQ
4 0 (x 2 a 2 )3/2

Ex

dE x
Ex

Ex

(2 rdr)x x

4 0 (x 2 r 2 )3/2 4 0

x
2 0

R x

1
1

x 2 R 2 x 2 0

Ex

2 0

2 rxdr
4 0 (x 2 r 2 )3/2
1

2rdr
(x 2 r 2 )3/2

1
1

2
2
(R / x ) 1

10

Ex 21.12 Field of two oppositely charged infinite sheets

E1 E 2

2 0

E E1 E 2 j
0
0

21.6 Electric field lines

11

21.7 Electric dipoles

Force and Torque ( = r F) on an Electric dipole

= (qE)(d sin )
p = qd (magnitude of electric dipole moment)

= pE sin (magnitude of the torque on an electric dipole)

=p E (torque on an electric dipole, in vector form)

Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole

Work done by a torque

W=

dW = d = pE sin d

( pE sin ) d

W = U1 U 2

= pE cos2 pE cos1
U( ) pE cos

U p E (potential energy for a dipole in an electric field)

12

Field of an Electric dipole

Ex 21.14 The electric field of a dipole revisited
Ey

q
1
1

4 0 (y d / 2) 2 (y d / 2) 2

1
1

4 0 y 2 (1 d / 2y) 2 (1 d / 2y) 2
q

(1 x) n 1 nx

1
d
1
(1 d / 2y) 2
y

1
d
1
2
(1 d / 2y)
y

d
d
(1
)
(1
)

4 0 y 2
y
y
2dq
p

3
4 0 y
2 0 y3
q

13