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Cap C PDF
Cap C PDF
Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
Cuprins
C2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
C2
C10
C11
C15
C1
C16
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
C2
ara
Domestic (V)
Comercial (V)
Industrial (V)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
Africa de Sud
Frecvena i tolerana
(Hz & %)
50
220 (k)
50 2,5
433/250 (a)
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
11.000
6.600
3.300
500 (b)
380/220 (a)
Algeria
50 1,5
220/127 (e)
220 (k)
11.000
6.600
3.300
433/250 (a)
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
220/127 (a)
Angola
50
Arabia Saudit
60
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220/127 (a)
Antigua i Barbuda
60
Argentina
50 2
Armenia
50 5
Australia
50 0,1
Austria
Afganistan
380/220 (a)
220/127 (a)
380/220 (a)
240 (k)
120 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
415/240 (a)
240 (k)
400/230 (a)
120/208 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
415/240 (a)
440/250 (a)
440 (m)
50 0,1
230 (k)
Azerbaijan
50 0,1
Bahrain
50 0,1
208/120 (a)
240/120 (k)
415/240 (a)
240 (k)
Bangladesh
50 2
Barbados
50 6
Belarus
50
Belgia
50 5
Bolivia
50 0,5
230 (k)
Botswana
50 3
220 (k)
410/220 (a)
220 (k)
230/115 (j)
115 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220/127 (a)
127 (k)
230 (k)
230 (a)
3N, 400
410/220 (a)
230/115 (j)
200/115 (a)
220/115 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
230 (k)
230 (a)
3N, 400
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
380/220 (a)
10.000
5.500
6.600
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
11.000
7.200
380/220 (a)
400/230 (a)
120/208 (a)
380/220 (a)
22.000
11.000
6.600
415/240
440/250
5.000
380/220 (a)
11.000
415/240 (a)
240 (k)
11.000
410/220 (a)
230/400 (g)
230/155 (j)
380/220 (a)
6.600
10.000
11.000
15.000
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
Tab. C1: Tensiunea reelelor locale de joas tensiune i diagramele circuitelor asociate (se continu pe pagina urmtoare).
ara
Domestic (V)
Comercial (V)
Industrial (V)
Brazilia
Frecvena i tolerana
(Hz & %)
60
220 (k)
127 (k)
220/380 (a)
127/220 (a)
Brunei
50 2
230
230
Bulgaria
50 0,1
220
220/240
Cambogia
Camerun
Canada
50 1
50 1
60 0,02
220 (k)
220/260 (k)
120/240 (j)
220/300
220/260 (k)
347/600 (a)
480 (f)
240 (f)
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
Cehia
50 1
230
500
230/400
Chile
China
50 1
50 0,5
220 (k)
220 (k)
Ciad
Cipru
50 1
50 0,1
220 (k)
240 (k)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220 (k)
415/240
Columbia
60 1
Congo
50
120/240 (g)
120 (k)
220 (k)
13.800
11.200
220/380 (a)
127/220 (a)
11.000
68.000
1.000
690
380
220/380
220/380 (a)
7.200/12.500
347/600 (a)
120/208
600 (f)
480 (f)
240 (f)
400.000
220.000
110.000
35.000
22.000
10.000
6.000
3.000
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
11.000
415/240
13.200
120/240 (g)
380/220 (a)
Corea
Corea de Nord
60
60 (+0, -5)
100 (k)
220 (k)
Croaia
50
Danemarca
Djibouti
Egipt
50 1
50
50 0,5
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
Elveia
120/240 (g)
120 (k)
240/120 (j)
120 (k)
100/200 (j)
220/380 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
50 2
400/230 (a)
400/230 (a)
Emiratele Arabe
50 1
220 (k)
Estonia
50 1
Etiopia
50 2,5
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220 (k)
415/240 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/231 (a)
Falkland (Insulele)
Fidji (Insulele)
50 3
50 2
Filipine
Finlanda
60 0,16
230 (k)
415/240 (a)
240 (k)
110/220 (j)
415/230 (a)
415/240 (a)
240 (k)
13.800
4.160
2.400
110/220 (h)
50 0,1
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
13.600
6.800
400/230 (a)
400/230 (a)
400/230 (a)
66.000
33.000
20.000
11.000
6.600
380/220 (a)
20.000
10.000
3.000
1.000
690/500
6.600
415/210 (a)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
15 000
380/231 (a)
415/230 (a)
11.000
415/240 (a)
13.800
4.160
2.400
440 (b)
110/220 (h)
690/400 (a)
400/230 (a)
Tab. C1: Tensiunea reelelor locale de joas tensiune i diagramele circuitelor asociate (se continu pe pagina urmtoare).
C3
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
ara
Domestic (V)
Comercial (V)
Industrial (V)
Frana
Frecvena i tolerana
(Hz & %)
50 1
400/230 (a)
230 (a)
Gambia
Georgia
50
50 0,5
20.000
10.000
230/400
380
380/220 (a)
Germania
50 0,3
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
400/230
690/400
590/100
220/380
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
Ghana
Gibraltar
Grecia
50 5
50 1
50
220/240
415/240 (a)
220 (k)
230
220/240
415/240 (a)
6.000
380/220 (a)
Grenada
Hong Kong
50
50 2
230 (k)
220 (k)
India
50 1,5
440/250 (a)
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
440/250 (a)
230 (k)
Islanda
Insulele Capului Verde
Insulele Solomon
Indonezia
50 0,1
230
220
240
220 (k)
230/400
220
415/240
380/220 (a)
Iordania
50
380/220 (a)
Iran
50 5
380/220 (a)
400/230 (k)
220 (k)
Irak
50
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
Irlanda
50 2
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
Israel
50 0,2
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
Italia
50 0,4
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
Jamaica
50 1
Japonia
+ 0,1
- 0,3
200/100 (h)
200/100 (h)
(pn la 50 kW)
Kazahstan
50
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
Kenya
Kirgizstan
50
50
Kuweit
Laos
50 3
50 8
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220/127 (a)
127 (k)
240 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220/127 (a)
127 (k)
240 (k)
380/220 (a)
C4
50 2
50 2
380/220 (a)
20.000
10.000
6.000
690/400
400/230
415/240 (a)
415/240 (a)
22.000
20.000
15.000
6.600
400/230 (a)
11.000
386/220 (a)
11.000
400/230 (a)
440/250 (a)
230/400
380/400
415/240
150.000
20.000
380/220 (a)
400 (a)
20.000
11.000
400/231 (a)
380/220 (a)
11.000
6.600
3.000
380/220 (a)
20.000
10.000
400/230 (a)
22.000
12.600
6.300
400/230 (a)
20.000
15.000
10.000
400/230 (a)
4.000
2.300
220/110 (g)
140.000
60.000
20.000
6.000
200/100 (h)
380/220 (a)
415/240 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
415/240 (a)
380/220 (a)
415/240 (a)
380/220 (a)
415/240 (a)
380/220 (a)
Tab. C1: Tensiunea reelelor locale de joas tensiune i diagramele circuitelor asociate (se continu pe pagina urmtoare).
ara
Frecvena i tolerana
(Hz & %)
Domestic (V)
Comercial (V)
Industrial (V)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220 (k)
230 (k)
127 (k)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
400/230 (a)
220/127 (a)
230 (k)
127 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
Lesotho
Letonia
50 0,4
Liban
Libia
50
50
Lituania
50 0,5
Luxemburg
50 0,5
Macedonia
50
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
Madagascar
50
220/110 (k)
380/220 (a)
Malaezia
50 1
415/240 (a)
Malawi
50 2,5
240 (k)
415 (a)
230 (k)
Mali
50
220 (k)
127 (k)
Malta
Marea Britanie
(fr Irlanda de Nord)
50 2
50 1
240 (k)
230 (k)
Marea Britanie
(cu Irlanda de Nord)
Maroc
Martinica
50 0,4
50 5
50
230 (k)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
127 (k)
Mauritania
Mexic
50 1
60 0,2
230 (k)
127/220 (a)
220 (k)
120 (l)
Moldova
50
Mozambic
50
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220/127 (a)
127 (k)
380/220 (a)
Nepal
50 1
220 (k)
Noua Zeeland
50 1,5
Niger
50 1
Nigeria
50 1
230 (k)
220 (k)
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
Norvegia
50 2
230/400
230/400
Olanda
50 0,4
230/400 (a)
230 (k)
230/400 (a)
400 (a)
230 (k)
380/220 (a)
220/127 (a)
220 (k)
127 (k)
415/240 (a)
400/230 (a)
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
220/127 (a)
127 (k)
400/230 (a)
127/220 (a)
220 (k)
120 (l)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
440/220 (a)
220 (k)
400/230 (e) (a)
230 (k)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
400/230 (a)
220/127 (a)
380/220 (a)
20.000
15.000
5.000
10.000
6.600
380/220 (a)
35.000
5.000
380/220
415/240 (a)
400 (a)
380/220 (a)
220/127 (a)
415/240 (a)
22.000
11.000
6.600
3.300
400/230 (a)
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
225.000
220/127 (a)
400/230 (a)
13.800
13.200
277/480 (a)
127/220 (b)
380/220 (a)
6.000
10.000
11.000
440/220 (a)
11.000
400/230 (a)
15.000
380/220 (a)
15.000
11.000
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
230/400
690
25.000
20.000
12.000
10.000
230/400
Tab. C1: Tensiunea reelelor locale de joas tensiune i diagramele circuitelor asociate (se continu pe pagina urmtoare).
C5
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
ara
C6
Domestic (V)
Comercial (V)
Industrial (V)
Oman
Frecvena i tolerana
(Hz & %)
50
240 (k)
415/240 (a)
Pakistan
50
230 (k)
50 2
240 (k)
415/240 (a)
240 (k)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
415/240 (a)
240 (k)
Paraguay
50 0,5
220 (k)
Polonia
50 0,1
230 (k)
Portugalia
50 1
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
Qatar
50 0.1
415/240 (k)
Republica Dominican
Romnia
50
50 0,5
230 (k)
220 (k)
220/380 (a)
400/230 (a)
220/380 (a)
Ruanda
50 1
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
Rusia
50 0,2
Santa Lucia
50 3
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
240 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
415/240 (a)
Samoa
San Marino
50 1
400/230
230/220
380
Senegal
50 5
220 (a)
127 (k)
380/220 (a)
220/127 (k)
Serbia i Muntenegru
50
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
Seychelles
50 1
400/230 (a)
400/230 (a)
Sierra Leone
50 5
230 (k)
Singapore
50
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
Siria
50
220 (k)
115 (k)
Slovacia
Slovenia
50 0,5
50 0,1
230
220 (k)
Somalia
50
Spania
50 3
Sri Lanka
50 2
230 (k)
220 (k)
110 (k)
380/220 (a) (e)
220 (k)
220/127 (a)
127 (k)
230 (k)
S.U.A
Charlotte
(Carolina de Nord)
60 0,06
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
400/230 (a)
15.000
5.000
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
415/240 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
200/115 (a)
230
380/220 (a)
440/220 (j)
220/110 (j)
230 (k)
380/220 (a)
220/127 (a) (e)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
265/460 (a)
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
400/230 (a)
22.000
11.000
415/240 (a)
22.000
380/220 (a)
1.000
690/400
400/230 (a)
15.000
5.000
380/220 (a)
11,000
415/240 (a)
400/230 (a)
20.000
10.000
6.000
220/380 (a)
15.000
6.600
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
11.000
415/240 (a)
15.000
380
90.000
30.000
6.600
10.000
6.600
380/220 (a)
11.000
400/230 (a)
11.000
400
22.000
6.600
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
230/400
10.000
6.600
380/220 (a)
440/220 (g)
220/110 (g)
15.000
11.000
380/220 (a)
11.000
400/230 (a)
14.400
7.200
2.400
575 (f)
460 (f)
240 (f)
265/460 (a)
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
Tab. C1: Tensiunea reelelor locale de joas tensiune i diagramele circuitelor asociate (se continu pe pagina urmtoare).
ara
Frecvena i tolerana
(Hz & %)
60 0,2
Domestic (V)
Comercial (V)
Industrial (V)
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
480 (f)
120/240 (h)
120/208 (a)
S.U.A
Los Angeles
(California)
S.U.A
Miami (Florida)
60 0,2
120/240 (j)
4.800
120/240 (g)
13.200
4.800
4.160
480 (f)
120/240 (h)
120/208 (a)
4.800
120/240 (g)
60 0,3
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
120/240 (j)
120/240 (h)
120/208 (a)
S.U.A
New York
(New York)
60
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
240 (f)
S.U.A
Pittsburg
(Pennsylvania)
60 0,03
120/240 (j)
265/460 (a)
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
460 (f)
230 (f)
S.U.A
Portland (Oregon)
60
120/240 (j)
227/480 (a)
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
480 (f)
240 (f)
S.U.A
San Francisco
(California)
60 0,08
120/240 (j)
277/480 (a)
120/240 (j)
S.U.A
Toledo (Ohio)
60 0,08
120/240 (j)
120/208 (a)
277/480 (c)
120/240(h)
120/208 (j)
Sudan
50
240 (k)
Swaziland
50 2,5
230 (k)
Suedia
50 0,5
Tadjikistan
50
Tanzania
50
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220/127 (a)
127 (k)
400/230 (a)
415/240 (a)
240 (k)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
400/230 (a)
230 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
Thailanda
50
220 (k)
Togo
50
220 (k)
Tunisia
50 2
Turkmenistan
50
Turcia
50 1
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220/127 (a)
127 (k)
380/220 (a)
S.U.A
Detroit (Michigan)
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
13.200
2.400
480/277 (a)
120/240 (h)
12.470
4.160
277/480 (a)
480 (f)
13.200
11.500
2.400
265/460 (a)
120/208 (a)
460 (f)
230 (f)
19.900
12.000
7.200
2.400
277/480 (a)
120/208 (a)
480 (f)
240 (f)
20.800
12.000
4.160
277/480 (a)
120/240 (g)
12.470
7.200
4.800
4.160
480 (f)
277/480 (a)
120/208 (a)
415/240 (a)
11.000
400/230 (a)
6.000
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
11.000
400/230 (a)
380/220 (a)
20.000
5.500
380/220 (a)
30.000
15.000
380/220 (a)
15.000
6.300
380/220 (a)
Tab. C1: Tensiunea reelelor locale de joas tensiune i diagramele circuitelor asociate (se continu pe pagina urmtoare).
C7
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
ara
C8
Domestic (V)
Comercial (V)
Industrial (V)
Uganda
Frecvena i tolerana
(Hz & %)
+ 0.1
240 (k)
415/240 (a)
Ucraina
+ 0.2/- 1.5
Ungaria
Uruguay
50 5
50 1
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220
220 (b) (k)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220
220 (b) (k)
Vietnam
50 0,1
220 (k)
380/220 (a)
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
50
50 2,5
50
250 (k)
220 (k)
225 (k)
440/250 (a)
380/220 (a)
390/225 (a)
11.000
415/240 (a)
380/220 (a)
220 (k)
220/380
15.000
6.000
220 (b)
35.000
15.000
10.000
6.000
440/250 (a)
380 (a)
11.000
390/225 (a)
Diagramele circuitelor:
Circuit diagram
(j) Monofazic;
(j) Single-phase;
trei conductoare;
Three-wire:
mijlocul legat
Earthed mid point
la pmnt
(k) Monofazic;
(k) Single-phase;
dou conductoare;
Two-wire:
capatul legat
Earthed
end of phase
la pmnt
(l) Monofazic;
(l) Single-phase;
dou conductoare;
Two-wire
nelegat la pmnt
Unearthed
Tab. C1: Tensiunea reelelor locale de joas tensiune i diagramele circuitelor asociate (sfrit).
Vk
(m) Monofazic;
(m) Single-wire:
un fir, returul
Earthed return (swer)
prin pmnt
(n) Curent
(n) DC:continuu;
trei Three-wire:
conductoare;
nelegat
la pmnt
Unearthed
Sistem
120 V 1 faz, 2 conductoare
120/240 V 1 faz, 3 conductoare
120/208 V 3 faze, 4 conductoare
220/380 V 3 faze, 4 conductoare
230/400 V 3 faze, 4 conductoare
240/415 V 3 faze, 4 conductoare
Curentul maxim
pe consumator racordat
60 A
60 A
60 A
120 A
120 A
120 A
kVA
7,2
14,4
22
80
83
86
C9
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
C10
C11
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
C12
C13
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
C14
Cablul principal de branament are terminalele ntr-un cofret montat aparent sau
ngropat n zid, accesibil din domeniul public, care conine fuzibilele necesare pentru
izolare. Aceast metod este preferat din motive estetice atunci cnd consumatorul
poate oferi un spaiu adecvat pentru msur i pentru ntreruptorul principal.
Fig. C8: Branament pentru instalaii de tip urban.
Aplicaii practice
C15
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
C16
Reducerea pierderilor
n practic, fiind departe de condiiile ideale menionate mai sus, structura tarifelor
se bazeaz n parte pe cererea de putere aparent (kVA), precum i pe energia
consumat sub form de energie activ (kWh). Dat fiind c pentru un anume
consumator de putere activ, puterea aparent minim corespunde la cos = 1,
consumatorul poate minimiza nota de plat a energiei prin corecia factorului de
putere (cum este prezentat n capitolul L).
Valoarea puterii aparente, utilizat n tarife, este egal cu valoarea maxim a puterii
medii cerute pe durata unui interval de contorizare. Aceasta se bazeaz pe valoarea
medie a puterii aparente absorbite pe durate fixe (n general perioade de 10, 30 sau
60 de minute) dup care se selecteaz valoarea maxim din irul acestor valori.
Metoda este descris mai departe n principiul contorizarii cererii de putere aparent
maxima.
Contoare
Este evident c, pentru a implementa acest fel de contorizare sunt necesare
instrumente i dispozitive de nalt calitate.
Aplicarea actual a acestor principii este favorizat de dezvoltarea unor contoare
electronice cu microprocesor, precum i utilizarea comenzilor la distan de tip
ripple control(1), emise de centrul de control al furnizorului de energie. (acesta
poate, de exemplu s schimbe perioada de vrf de sarcin pe durata unui an, etc.).
n majoritatea rilor, tarifele se bazeaz pe cererea de putere aparent, coroborat
cu consumul de putere activ, contorizate pe durate fixe (de obicei, intervale de 3
luni). Puterea aparent maxim nregistrat de contor, este de fapt un maximum
selectat ntre puteri aparente medii, (cea mai mare valoare) msurate pe intervalul
de timp de facturare.
C17
5x
1
= 5 x 6 = 30 kVA
1
6
C - Conectarea la reeaua de
distribuie de joas tensiune
C18