International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249071X, ISSN (Print): 22784209

Voltage Swell Mitigation by Using UPFC

Tandra Sutradhar, Jhuma Rudra Pal, Champa Nandi
Abstract This paper deals with modeling and simulation
of UPFC in IEEE 14 bus System with Induction Motor load
for avoiding voltage swell. UPFC is an effective device,
combining the features of the STATCOM and SSSC. UPFC
can control active and reactive power flows and to optimize
the system stability in a transmission line. When no UPFC is
installed, real and reactive power through the transmission
line cannot be controlled. The effect of reactive power
compensation to prevent Swell has been analyzed with
UPFC. A Power System Computer Aided Design/
Electromagnetic Transients including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC)
is used to carry out simulations of the system under study
and detailed results are shown to access the performance of
UPFC on the voltage swell of the system.
Keywords

Voltage
PSCAD/EMTDC, UPFC.

Stability,

Voltage

comparative performance evaluation with and without

UPFC has been studied. The proposed technique
successfully improves the voltage and power profile in the
power transmission systems.

II. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF UPFC

Swell,

I. INTRODUCTION
Power Quality problems encompass a wide range of
disturbances such as voltage sags, swells, flicker,
Fig.1. Basic circuit configuration of the UPFC
harmonics distortion, impulse transient, and interruptions.
Voltage swell is defined as a momentary increase of
UPFC consists of two voltage source inverters (VSI's)
voltage magnitude relative to nominal or pre-event voltage connected by a common dc storage capacitor and
magnitude. Voltage Swell magnitude is always greater connected to the power system through coupling
than 1.0 [1]. Voltage swell mitigation of a power system transformers [3], [7]. One VSI is connected to in shunt to
an alternative solution is to locate an appropriate Flexible the transmission system via a shunt transformer, the other
AC transmission system (FACTS) device. In 1980s, the one is connected in series through a series transformer [8].
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) introduces a new
Fig.2 shows, one VSI connected to the AC network
approach to solve the problem of designing, controlling using a shunt transformer and the second VSI connected to
and operating power systems: the proposed concept is the AC network using a series transformer. The active
known as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). power demanded by the series converter is drawn by the
FACTS was introduced a family of power electronic shunt converter from the AC network and supplied to bus
equipment has emerged for controlling and optimizing the m through the DC link. The output voltage of the series
flow of electrical power in power transmission lines. This converter is added to the nodal voltage, at say bus k, to
equipment makes use of large rating (4500 V to 6000 V, boost the nodal voltage at bus m. The voltage magnitude
4000 A to 6000 A) gate turn-off thyristor (GTOs) in high of the output voltage
provides voltage regulation, and
power inverter configurations that can be controlled to
the phase angle
determines the mode of power flow
behave as three-phase sinusoidal voltage sources. Its main control [6].
objectives are to increase power transmission capability,
The UPFC has many possible operating modes: Var
voltage control, voltage stability enhancement and power
control mode, automatic voltage control mode, direct
system stability improvement. FACTS controllers are
voltage injection mode, phase angle shifter emulation
based on voltage source converters such as Static Var
mode, line impedance emulation mode and automatic
Compensators (SVCs), static Synchronous Compensators power flow control mode [9].
(STATCOMs), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators
VAR Control Mode: The reference input is an
(TCSCs), Static Series Synchronous Compensators
inductive or capacitive VAR request. The shunt inverter
(SSSCs) and Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs)
control translates the Var reference into a corresponding
[2]-[5], [7]. In this paper investigate, voltage swell in a
shunt current request and adjusts gating of the inverter to
transmission line with and without UPFC. UPFC is the
establish the desired current. For this mode of control a
most flexible and efficient device combining the features
of the STATCOM and SSSC. It serves to control all three feedback signal representing the dc bus voltage (Vdc) is
parameters i.e. voltage, impedance and phase angle, also required.
Automatic Voltage Control Mode: The goal is to
simultaneously at the same time. Alternatively, it can
independently control both the real and reactive power maintain the transmission line voltage at the connection
flow in the transmission line [8], [10]. UPFC is placed in point to a reference value. For this mode of control,
midpoint of a standard IEEE 14-bus system. A voltage feedback signals are obtained from the sending
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International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249071X, ISSN (Print): 22784209
end bus feeding the shunt coupling transformer. The series
inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage
injected in series with the line to influence the power flow
on the line. The actual value of the injected voltage can be
obtained in several ways.
Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs
are directly the magnitude and phase angle of the series
voltage.
Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The reference
input is phase displacement between the sending end
voltage and the receiving end voltage.
Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference
input is an impedance value to insert in series with the line
impedance.
Automatic Power Flow Control Mode: The
reference inputs are values of P and Q to maintain on the
transmission line despite system changes.

III. MATHEMATICAL OPERATION

The magnitude

V vR and phase angle cR

of the voltage

source representing the series converter are controlled

between limits V cR min V vR V cR max and 0 cR 2
respectively. Based on the equivalent circuit is shown in
Fig.3. The active and reactive power equations [6] are:
At bus k:

P K V K G KK V K V m G Km cos K m B Km sin K m
V V G cos B sin V V
G cos B sin
2

cR

Km

Km

cR

vR

cR

vR

vR

vR

vR

(3)

QK V 2K B KK V K V m G Km sin K m B Km cos K m
V V G sin B cos V V
G sin B sin
K

cR

Km

Km

cR

vR

cR

VR

vR

vR

vR

(4)
At bus m,
From this equivalent circuit suitable expressions for the
two voltage sources are:

Pm V m Gmm V mV K GmK cos m K BmK sin m K

2

The UPFC equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.2. It

consists of a shunt-connected voltage source inverter and a
series-connected voltage source inverter.

V mV cR

mm

cos

B
m

cR

mm

sin

cR

Qm V 2m Bmm V mV K G mK sin m K BmK cos m K

V mV cR

mm

sin

B
m

cR

mm

cos

(5)

cR

(6)
Series converter:

PcR V cR G mm V cRV K G Km cos cR K B Km sin cR K

2

V cRV m G mm cos cR m B mm sin cR m

(7)

QcR

G sin B cos
V V G sin B cos

V cR B mm V cRV K

Fig.2. UPFC system

cR

(1)

EcR VcR (cos cR j sin cR )

(2)

V vR and cR are the controllable magnitude

and phase angle 0 vR 2 of
V
V

Where
vR min

vR

vR max

the voltage source representing the shunt converter. The

magnitude V vR and phase angle cR of the voltage
source representing the series converter are controlled
between limits V cR min V vR V cR max and 0 cR 2
respectively.

cR

mm

Km

cR

cR

km

cR

(8)

EvR VvR (cos vR j sin vR )

Km

Shunt converter:

PvRVvRGvRVvRVKGvRcosvRKBvRsinvRK
Q V B V V G sin B cos
2

vR

vR

vR

vR

vR

vR

vR

vR

(9)
(10)

IV. CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

UPFC has many possible operating modes, it is
anticipated that the shunt inverter will generally be
operated in automatic voltage control mode and the series
inverter will typically be in automatic power flow control
mode. Accordingly, block diagrams are shown in Fig.4
and Fig.5, giving greater detail of the control schemes for
each inverter operating in these modes. The control
schemes assume that both the series and shunt inverters
generate output voltage with controllable magnitude and
angle, and that the dc bus voltage will be held substantially
constant. This may not always be the case, as discussed in
the next section.
The automatic power flow control for the series inverter
is achieved by means of a vector control scheme that
regulates the transmission line current, using a
synchronous reference frame in which the control
quantities appear as dc signals in the steady state. The

Fig.3. Unified power flow controller equivalent circuit

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International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249071X, ISSN (Print): 22784209
appropriate reactive and real current components are
determined for a desired Pref and Qref, compared with the
measured line currents, and used to drive the magnitude
and angle of the series inverter voltage. The series injected
voltage limiter in the forward path of this controller that
takes account of practical limits on series voltage.

This prevents the shunt inverter current reference from

exceeding its maximum rated value. The control block
diagrams shown in Fig.4 and Fig.5 are only a small part of
the numerous control algorithms that are needed for all the
operating modes of the UPFC, and for protection and
sequencing. The control system typically incorporates
many sophisticated computers and extensive electronics[7].

V. SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION

A single line diagram of the IEEE 14-bus standard
system extracted from is shown in Fig.6. In this system,
three UPFC is installed in BUS3, BUS6 and BUS8. There
are 11 loads in the system [10].

Fig.4. Block Diagram of Series Inverter Control

A vector control scheme is also used for the shunt
inverter. In this case the controlled current is the current
delivered to the line by the shunt inverter. The reference
for the reactive current (iq shunt) is generated by an outer
voltage control loop, responsible for regulating the ac bus
voltage, and the reference for the real-power bearing
current( ip shunt) is generated by a second voltage control
loop that regulates the dc bus voltage. In particular, the
real power negotiated by the shunt inverter is regulated to
balance the dc power from the series inverter and maintain
a desired bus voltage. The dc voltage reference (Vdc ref)
may be kept substantially constant for the shunt inverter
the most important limit is the limit on shunt reactive
current as a function of the real power being passed
through the dc bus.

Fig.6. IEEE 14-bus System

In this model we use two stations. Station 1 connected

with bus1 and station 2 is connected to bus2. An Induction
motor of 74.6KW is connected to bus 6 improving the
voltage swell performance. Load is rejected from the
circuit for 1 sec (1 sec to 2 sec). Here a 132 KV line is
under simulation. The shunt converter of the UPFC is
installed at bus6, bus3 and bus8 through a shunt coupling
transformer and the series converter of the UPFC is
connected to transmission line through a series coupling
transformer.
Controllers are designed to co-ordinate real and reactive
power transfer in the UPFC. The simulation design of
UPFC in PSCAD/EMTDC Environment is shown in Fig.7.
To simplify the design procedure we carry out the design
for the series and shunt branches separately. Circuit for
generating angle order for Shunt converter controller in
PSCAD/EMTDC Environment is shown in Fig.8. In shunt
converter controller, measured reactive power and root
mean square (RMS) voltage (in P.U) is given as the input.
The generated angle order represents the required shift
between system voltage and voltage generated by shunt
converter (STATCOM). But, in series converter controller
measured reactive power and RMS voltage (in P.U) is
given as the input. The generated angle order represents
the required shift between system voltage and voltage
generated by series converter (SSSC) [2]. Control circuit
for generating pulses for Shunt Converter Controller in
Fig.5. Block Diagram of Shunt Inverter Control
PSCAD/EMTDC Environment is shown in Fig.9.
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International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249071X, ISSN (Print): 22784209

Fig.7. Simulation design of UPFC in PSCAD/EMTDC

Environment.

Fig.8. Circuit for generating angle order for Shunt

converter controller

Fig.9. Control circuit for generating pulses for Shunt Converter Controller

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT

A. Voltage swell case with and without UPFC
UPFC is connected to the system and load is rejected
into the system for 1 sec (1 sec to2 sec). The voltage
characteristics graph of Induction Motor with and without
UPFC during the time interval of 1 to 2 sec as shown in
Fig.10. Voltage Characteristics graph of BUS 6 with and
without UPFC is shown in Fig.11. From these Figs. it is
cleared that without UPFC voltage label enters in voltage
swell case but with the presence of UPFC voltage swell
case can be avoided. Voltage Level of Induction Motor
without and with UPFC is shown in Table I.

B. Reactive power compensation of UPFC

The reactive power graph of UPFC during load rejection
condition for 1sec (1sec to 2sec) is shown in fig. bellow.
The performance of reactive power compensation also
depend on several factors such as load type, fault type,
fault location. Reactive Power graph of UPFC of BUS6 is
shown in Fig.12. Reactive Power value of UPFC is shown
in Table II.

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International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249071X, ISSN (Print): 22784209

Fig.10. Voltage Characteristics graph of Induction Motor with and without UPFC
Table I: Voltage Level of Induction Motor Without and With UPFC.
Sl no
1
2
3
4
5

Time (Sec)
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.0

Voltage level Without UPFC (P.U)

1.04
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29

Voltage level with UPFC (P.U)

0.97
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

Fig.11. Voltage Characteristics graph of BUS 6 with and without UPFC

Fig.12. Reactive Power graph of UPFC at BUS6

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International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249071X, ISSN (Print): 22784209
Table II: Reactive Power Compensation of UPFC
S. No. Time(sec) Reactive Power Compensation
of UPFC (MVar)
1
0.5
46.67
2
1.0
46.67
3
1.5
44.53
5
2.0
43.81
6
2.4
47.37

VII. CONCLUSION
In this study, the PSCAD environment is used to
simulate the model of UPFC connected to an IEEE-14 bus
system for mitigation of voltage swell. The shunt
converter generates or absorbs the necessary amount of
reactive power to regulate the bus voltages. Without
UPFC, the voltage level enters in voltage swell case even
if the load is rejected. But due to presence of an UPFC, the
voltage swell case can be avoided. Simulation results show
the effectiveness of UPFC to control reactive power. It is
found that there is an improvement in the reactive powers
through the transmission line when UPFC is installed.

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AUTHORS PROFILE
Tandra Sutradhar
completed B.E. (Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering) from Tripura Institute of Technology, in
2011. Now she is pursuing her M.Tech in Electrical
Engineering at Tripura University (A Central
University). Her research works in FACTS, Power
Quality and Voltage Collapse. She has 2 Papers in
Journals. Email: tandrasdhar@gmail.com

Jhuma Rudra Pal

completed B.E (Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering) from Tripura Institute of Technology,
in 2011. Now she is pursuing her M.Tech in
Electrical Engineering at Tripura University (A
Central University). Her research works in FACTS,
Power Quality and Voltage Collapse. She has 2
Papers in Journals. Email: jhuma.rpal@gmail.com

C. Nandi
received the M.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering
from Tripura University of India, in 2008. She joined
NIT Agartala, as a lecturer in the department of EE,
from 2008-2010.From July 2010 she joined Tripura
University( A Central University) as an Assistant
Professor .Her research interests include Power
Electronic Converters, Reactive Power Control, and Power Quality
Compensation Systems such as FACTS devices and has many papers in
Journals and Conferences. Email: champanandi@yahoo.com

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