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2016.08.10
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Heat energy
Velocity
Acceleration ?
Work
?
Power/ energy ?
M
t
T
Q
Dimensionless number
Convenient way of expressing
mathematical correlations
Dimensionless numbers
Engineering correlations and graphs are best presented in dimensionless form
Useful for general use and independent of particular system of units
E.g. Mach number, effective length, effective diameter
Dimensionless numbers
Dimensionless numbers
Properties of fluids
2016.08.10
Fluid
Fluid - Matter that can flow
Fluid- fluid is a gas/ liquid that flows when subjected to a shear stress
Role of fluid in metallurgical processes
Raw material/ reagent/ heat transfer media
Continuum hypotheses: assume fluid consists of homogeneous properties
Control volume- region of interest
Properties of fluids
Intensive properties
Extensive properties
are those whose values depend on the size of the system
e.g. total mass, total volume
Upper case is used to denote
Properties of fluids
Density and specific gravity
Density of ideal gases
Vapour pressure and cavitation
Energy and specific heats
Compressibility
Viscosity
Surface tension and capillary effect
ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified
temperature (20C)
Problem
Vapour pressure
Pressure and Temperature are dependent properties for pure substances during phase
change processes
Saturation temperature: At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance
changes phase
Saturation pressure: At a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance
changes phase
Vapour pressure: the pressure exerted by its vapour in phase equilibrium with its
Vapour pressure
Partial pressure: the pressure of a gas or vapour in a mixture with other gases
The rate of evaporation from open water bodies is controlled by the difference between
the vapour pressure and partial pressure
Why vapour pressure is important?
Example 1: Liquid flow systems (Cavitation)
Hydraulic turbine and pumps
Example 2: Alloy melting
High vapour pressure elements: Mg, Ca, Mn, Li, Zn
Compressibility
Coefficient of compressibility/ Bulk modulus of compressibility/ Bulk modulus of
elasticity
Coefficient of compressibility represents the change in pressure corresponding to a
fractional change in volume or density of the fluid while the temperature remains
constant.
Coefficient of compressibility of a truly incompressible substance is infinity.
A large value of k indicates that a large change in pressure is needed to cause a small
fractional change in volume
Compressibility cont.
Coefficient of compressibility of water
21000 atm.
Notes of interest
Water hammer arrester
Viscosity
A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion
Fluidity/ Viscosity
The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction is called the drag force
Derive a relation (mathematical expression) for viscosity
Newtonian fluids
Fluids for which the rate of deformation is
linearly proportional to the shear stress are
called Newtonian fluids
e.g. water, air, gasoline, and oils
Non- Newtonian fluids
e.g. blood, liquid plastics
Non-Newtonian fluids
Dilatant/ shear thickening fluid
e.g. solutions with suspended starch/ sand
Pseudoplastic/ shear thinning
e.g. paint, polymer
Bingham plastic
e.g. Toothpaste
Weak dependence
Weak dependence
Temperature
For gases
Pressure
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Density is proportional to
pressure. Hence influences.
Temperature
Measuring viscosity
Consider a fluid layer of thickness , within a small gap between two concentric
cylinders, such as the thin layer of oil in a journal bearing.
The gap between the cylinders can be modelled as two parallel flat plates separated by
the fluid.
Problem
Viscosity of gases
Viscosity of gases
Viscosity of gases
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/critical.html
Problem
Viscosity of gases
Problem
All liquid metals obey the same function as above. All of the liquid metals have a
reduced viscosity which is a function of reduced temperature and volume.
Problem
Finding viscosity of gas mixture
Solution
Viscosity of alloys
Depends of alloying elements present in the alloy
Viscosity is maximum for congruently melting compound
Viscosity is minimum for eutectic composition
Viscosity of slags
Slag is formed during refining of hot metal
Slag: generally oxides (of Si, Mn, P and Fe)
In steelmaking it is mostly a solution of oxides and
sulphides in the molten state and the multicrystalline phases in the solid state
Role of slag
It acts as a sink for impurities during refining of steel
It prevents passage of nitrogen and hydrogen from atmosphere to the molten steel
It absorbs oxide/sulphide inclusions
It acts as a thermal barrier to prevent heat transfer from molten steel to the
surrounding.
It protects steel against re-oxidation
It emulsifies hot metal and promotes carbon oxidation.
In electric steelmaking slag prevents the radiation of heat of arc to the walls of the
furnace and roof
The above functions require that slag should possess certain physical (density, melting
point, viscosity) and chemical properties (basicity, oxidation potential)
Types of slag
Acidic
SiO2 and P2O5
Network formers
Basic
FeO, CaO, MgO
Network breakers
Effect of temperature
Effect of metal oxide additions on activation energy of viscous flow of silicate melts
56 types of flow
Important types are
Laminar- Turbulent
Compressible- Incompressible
Adiabatic
Reynolds number
Differentiate laminar- turbulent flows
Reynolds number= inertia forces/ viscous force