Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Introduction
Nanostructured materials are dened as solids with grain,
subgrain, twin, or dislocation cells with sizes below 100 nm.14
Such materials usually have superior mechanical and physical properties, including high strength,14 improved corrosion
resistance,5 and higher wear resistance.6 Two complementary
approaches have been developed for synthesizing nanostructured solids. The rst is the bottom-up approach, in which
nanostructured materials are assembled from individual atoms
or from nanoscale building blocks such as nanoparticles.7 The
second is the top-down approach, in which existing coarsegrained materials are processed to produce substantial grain
renement and nanostructure. The most successful top-down
approaches involve the application of large plastic deformation,
in which materials are subjected to plastic strains typically
larger than 46.
Plastic deformation renes grains by a combination of several mechanisms, including dislocation glide, accumulation,
interaction, annihilation, tangling, and spatial rearrangement.810
For materials with medium or low stacking fault energies, deformation twinning could also play a signicant role, especially in
the nanocrystalline grain size range.10 Detailed microstructural
evolution may vary with the nature of materials as well as
deformation mode, strain rate, and temperature. Hansen and
co-workers have done extensive work on the grain renement
Yuntian Zhu, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; ytzhu@ncsu.edu
Ruslan Z. Valiev, Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, 12K.Marx St. Ufa 450000, Russia; e-mail rzvaliev@mail.rb.ru
Terence G. Langdon, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; langdon@usc.edu
Nobuhiro Tsuji, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; nobuhiro.tsuji@ky5.ecs.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Ke Lu, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China; lu@imr.ac.cn
977
sample
die
High-pressure torsion
1
2
45
978
Upper Anvil
P
Lower Anvil
979
b
Vacuum
Sample
SMAT, and (2) much larger balls with smooth surfaces that are
used in SMAT to minimize wearing and damaging the formed
nanostructured surface layers.
In SMAT samples, a gradient in grain-size distribution is
generated along the depth from the treated surface, from a few
nanometers to micrometers, owing to the gradients in strain
and strain rate. In the topmost layer, very high strain rates up
to ~103 s1 can be imposed, inducing extremely ne nano-sized
grains distinct from those in the conventional plastic deformation of bulk metals. Finer grains can be induced at higher
strain rates,65 owing to an increased dislocation density and/or
nanoscale twinning at high strain rates.10
Nanostructured surface layers have been synthesized in
a number of materials, including pure metals (e.g., Cu, Fe,
Ti) and alloys.13,14,64,6668 Nanostructured surface layers can be
~50 mm thick, underneath which is an ultrane-grained layer
(>100 mm thick). Thicknesses of the nanostructured surface
(and the ultrane-grained) layer depend upon the nature of
materials treated and the processing parameters, such as ball
size and vibration frequency. The nanostructured surface layer
exhibits higher hardness, strength, wear resistance, fatigue
strength, atomic diffusivity, and chemical reactivity than that
of the coarse-grained matrix.64
SMAT is a low-cost process with a unique exibility to
realize a nanostructured surface layer in localized areas on bulk
materials or components without shape change. The gradient
grain size distribution eliminates the problem of delamination
of the nanostructured layers from their matrix. Recently, SMAT
has been successfully applied at BaoSteel Co. (Shanghai, China)
for processing cold-rolling rollers, elevating their service lifetime by a factor of three.
The depth of the nanostructured layers produced by SMAT
is limited by the energy applied onto the materials surface,
which also affects surface roughness and contaminations of
the surface layer from processing media. The
development of new SMAT techniques is in
progress to thicken the nanostructured layers with a better control of surface roughness
and contaminations (e.g., surface mechanical
grinding treatment).69
Sample
Vibration
generator
980
Conclusions
The significance of a processing technique
for producing nanostructured materials can be
evaluated by two criteria: (1) The capability
of producing unique nanostructures for fundamental studies, and (2) the possibility of scaling up for economical industrial applications.
The former criterion requires the production of
nanostructured materials that are porosity- and
contamination-free, while the latter requires
continuous production of nanostructured materials in an industrial facility. The four techniques
presented in this article meet one or both of
the above criteria. High-pressure torsion can
References
1. R.Z. Valiev, R. Islamgaliev, I.V. Alexandrov, Prog. Mater. Sci. 45, 103 (2000).
2. R.Z. Valiev, Y. Estrin, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, M.J. Zehetbauer, Y.T. Zhu, JOM
58 (4), 33 (2006).
3. Y.T. Zhu, X.Z. Liao, Nat. Mater. 3, 351 (2004).
4. H. Gleiter, Acta Mater. 48, 1 (2000).
5. A. Balyanov, J. Kutnyakova, N.A. Amirkhanova, V.V. Stolyarov, R.Z. Valiev,
X.Z. Liao, Y.H. Zhao, Y.B. Jiang, H.F. Xu, T.C. Lowe, Y.T. Zhu, Scripta Mater. 51,
225 (2004).
6. P.Q. La, J.Q. Ma, Y.T. Zhu, J. Yang, W.M. Lu, Q.J. Xue, R.Z. Valiev, Acta Mater.
53, 5167 (2005).
7. H. Gleiter, Prog. Mater. Sci. 33, 223 (1989).
8. B. Bay, N. Hansen, D.A. Hughes, D. Kuhlmannwilsdorf, Acta Metall. Mater.
40, 205 (1992).
9. J.Y. Huang, Y.T. Zhu, H. Jiang, T.C. Lowe, Acta Mater. 49, 1497 (2001).
10. K. Lu, N. Hansen, Scripta Mater. 60, 1033 (2009).
11. G.I. Taylor, J. Inst. Met. 62, 307 (1938).
12. K. Lu, J. Lu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 15, 193 (1999).
13. X. Wu, N. Tao, Y. Hong, B. Xu, J. Lu, K. Lu, Acta Mater. 50, 2075 (2002).
14. H.W. Zhang, Z.K. Hei, G. Liu, J. Lu, K. Lu, Acta Mater. 51, 1871 (2003).
15. N.R. Tao, Z.B. Wang, W.P. Tong, M.L. Sui, J. Lu, K. Lu, Acta Mater. 50, 4603
(2002).
16. Y.T. Zhu, D.P. Butt, in Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
H.S. Nalwa, Ed. (American Scientific Publishers, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003),
Vol. 6, p. 853.
17. C.C. Koch, Nanostruct. Mater. 9, 13 (1997).
18. R.J. Perez, H.G. Jiang, C.P. Dogan, E.J. Lavernia, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 29,
2469 (1998).
19. R.Z. Valiev, T.G. Langdon, Prog. Mater. Sci. 51, 881 (2006).
20. A.P. Zhilyaev, T.G. Langdon, Prog. Mater. Sci. 53, 893 (2008).
21. Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, N. Tsuji, T. Sakai, Acta Mater. 47, 579 (1999).
22. Y.T. Zhu, H.G. Jiang, J.Y. Huang, T.C. Lowe, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 32, 1559
(2001).
23. Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, H. Suzuki, A. Sakai, Scripta Mater. 42, 1139
(2000).
24. J.C. Lee, H.K. Seok, J.Y. Suh, Acta Mater. 50, 4005 (2002).
25. G.J. Raab, R.Z. Valiev, T.C. Lowe, Y.T. Zhu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 382, 30
(2004).
26. D. Orlov, Y. Beygelzimer, S. Synkov, V. Varyukhin, Z. Horita, Mater. Trans.
49, 2 (2008).
27. L.S. Toth, M. Arzaghi, J.J. Fundenberger, B. Beausir, O. Bouaziz, R. ArruffatMassion, Scripta Mater. 60, 175 (2009).
28. J.H. Jiang, Y. Ding, F.Q. Zuo, A.D. Shan, Scripta Mater. 60, 905 (2009).
29. Y.H. Ji, J.J. Park, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 499, 14 (2009).
30. V. Vidal, L. Thilly, F. Lecouturier, P.O. Renault, Acta Mater. 54, 1063 (2006).
31. F. Dupouy, S. Askenazy, J.P. Peyrade, D. Legat, Phys. B 211, 43 (1995).
32. K. Han, J.D. Embury, J.R. Sims, L.J. Campbell, H.J. Schneider-Muntau,
V.I. Pantsyrnyi, A. Shikov, A. Nikulin, A. Vorobieva, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 267, 99
(1999).
33. V.M. Segal, V.I. Reznikov, A.E. Drobyshevskiy, V.I. Kopylov, Russ. Metall.
99 (1981).
34. K. Nakashima, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto, T.G. Langdon, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 281,
82 (2000).
35. Y. Iwahashi, J.T. Wang, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto, T.G. Langdon, Scripta Mater.
35, 143 (1996).
36. F.Z. Utyashev, F.U. Enikeev, V.V. Latysh, Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat. 21, 379
(1996).
37. R.Z. Valiev, N.A. Krasilnikov, N.K. Tsenev, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 137, 35 (1991).
38. R.Z. Valiev, A.V. Korznikov, R.R. Mulyukov, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 168, 141 (1993).
39. S.C. Baik, R.J. Hellmig, Y. Estrin, H.S. Kim, Z. Metallkd. 94, 754 (2003).
40. Q. Xue, I.J. Beyerlein, D.J. Alexander, G.T. Gray, Acta Mater. 55, 655 (2007).
41. A. Vinogradov, T. Suzuki, S. Hashimoto, K. Kitagawa, A. Kuznetsov, S. Dobatkin, Mater. Sci. Forum 503504, 971 (2006).
42. Y. Iwahashi, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto, T.G. Langdon, Acta Mater. 45, 4733 (1997).
43. P.W. Bridgman, Phys. Rev. 48, 825 (1935).
44. C. Xu, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, Acta Mater. 56, 5168 (2008).
45. A.P. Zhilyaev, G.V. Nurislamova, B.K. Kim, M.D. Baro, J.A. Szpunar, T.G.
Langdon, Acta Mater. 51, 753 (2003).
46. Y. Estrin, A. Molotnikov, C.H.J. Davies, R. Lapovok, J. Mech. Phys. Solids
56, 1186 (2008).
47. M. Kawasaki, B. Ahn, T.G. Langdon, Acta Mater. 58, 919 (2010).
48. Y. Cao, Y.B. Wang, S.N. Alhajeri, X.Z. Liao, W.L. Zheng, S.P. Ringer, T.G.
Langdon, Y.T. Zhu, J. Mater. Sci. 45, 765 (2010).
49. A.P. Zhilyaev, A.A. Gimazov, G.I. Raab, T.G. Langdon, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 486,
123 (2008).
50. M.T. Perez-Prado, A.P. Zhilyaev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 175504 (2009).
51. J.Y. Huang, Y.T. Zhu, X.Z. Liao, R.Z. Valiev, Philos. Mag. Lett. 84, 183
(2004).
52. G. Sakai, K. Nakamura, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 406, 268
(2005).
53. Y. Saito, N. Tsuji, H. Utsunomiya, T. Sakai, R.G. Hong, Scripta Mater. 39,
1221 (1998).
54. N. Tsuji, Y. Saito, S.H. Lee, Y. Minamino, Adv. Eng. Mater. 5, 338 (2003).
55. N. Tsuji, Production of Bulk Nanostructured Metals by Accumulative Roll
Bonding (ARB) Process. (Nova Scientific Publishers, CA, 2006).
56. M. Atzmon, K.M. Unruh, W.L. Johnson, J. Appl. Phys. 58, 3865 (1985).
57. K. Yasuna, M. Terauchi, A. Otsuki, K.N. Ishihara, P.H. Shingu, J. Appl. Phys.
82, 2435 (1997).
58. S. Ohsaki, S. Kato, N. Tsuji, T. Ohkubo, K. Hono, Acta Mater. 55, 2885
(2007).
59. X. Huang, N. Tsuji, N. Hansen, Y. Minamino, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 340, 265
(2003).
60. N. Tsuji, Adv. Eng. Mater. 12, 701 (2010).
61. N. Tsuji, Y. Ito, Y. Saito, Y. Minamino, Scripta Mater. 47, 893 (2002).
62. N. Tsuji, S. Okuno, Y. Koizumi, Y. Minamino, Mater. Trans. 45, 2272 (2004).
63. X.X. Huang, N. Hansen, N. Tsuji, Science 312, 249 (2006).
64. K. Lu, J. Lu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 375377, 38 (2004).
65. Y.S. Li, Y. Zhang, N.R. Tao, K. Lu, Acta Mater. 57, 761 (2009).
66. K. Wang, N.R. Tao, G. Liu, J. Lu, K. Lu, Acta Mater. 54, 5281 (2006).
67. K.Y. Zhu, A. Vassel, F. Brisset, K. Lu, J. Lu, Acta Mater. 52, 4101 (2004).
68. L. Zhou, G. Liu, X.L. Ma, K. Lu, Acta Mater. 56, 78 (2008).
69. W.L. Li, N.R. Tao, K. Lu, Scripta Mater. 59, 546 (2008).
981