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Zebrafishes
Bandonil
Comia
Lego
Malit
Versoza
Fertilization
Sperm attachment
Fast block to polyspermy
Slow block to polyspermy
Ooplasmic segregation
Pronuclear Fusion
Relatively small
Macrolecithal
Two layers
Vitelline envelope
Chorion
External fertilization
External fertilization
ZEBRAFISH
SEA URCHIN
Blocks to polyspermy
ZEBRAFISH
Fast block: plugged micropyle
Slow block: cortical granule reaction
SEA URCHINS
Ooplasmic segregation
Pronuclear fusion
Morphology
Fertilized egg = relatively larger due to lifted chorion
Cell division
Survival
Unfertilized egg can only survive for 8 hours, with deterioration of cytoplasmic
contents starting at 3 hours after shedding (cytoplasmic darkening)
Early development
CLEAVAGE
* 1-cell to 64-cell stages; 45 minutes post-fertilization
* discoidal meroblastic - only the cytoplasm of blastodisc
becomes embryo
* synchronous (up to 6th cleavage) and metasynchronous (7th
cleavage onwards)
CLEAVAGE
* initially, all cells have an open connection to the yolky
cytoplasm
* body axes are not yet specified
Fertilization
BLASTULA
* yolk syncytial layer (YSL), enveloping layer (EVL), deep cells,
periderm formed
* epiboly occurs; mediated by microtubules
* zygotic genes are turned on
* mid-blastula transition at the tenth cell division
GASTRULATION
* involution begins, forming the epiblast and hypoblast
* germ ring and embryonic shield are formed
* ends in the bud stage (100% epiboly)
* brain region forms anteriorly; tail bud forms posteriorly
Bud | 10 hours
Zebrafish Organogenesis
Segmentation
(10 -22 hours)
Pharyngula
(24-42 hours)
yolk
Fin buds are mesenchyme outgrowths that give rise to pectoral and
pelvic fins
Hatching
(48-72 hours)
Cartilaginous skeleton of
pharyngeal region is being laid
down. Larva is colored yellow due to
iridiphores.
Optic cup
Otic placode
somites
Olfactory
placode
lens
Opening of pronephric
duct
Protruding mouth
(72 hours)
Present: mouth anterior to
the eye, gill slits and cartilage
in branchial arches.
The dorsal body is as yellow as
the head.
Teratogenesis
Lithium
Exposure at cleavage affects
pattern formation
Lithium
Exposure at later stages affect
anterior development
Lithium
Two teratogenic stages:
16 cell stage
2000 cell midblastula stage
Ethanol
Mechanism is unknown
Retinoic acid/retinoids
Affects circulatory and central nervous system structures
Retinoic acid/retinoids
Unknown mechanism and pathogenesis
Endocrine disruptors
Several methods of interaction with biological processes
Temperature
Development achieved between 23-34 C
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