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Item
Objective
Introduction
Apparatus
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Diagrams
Calculations + Graphs
Precautions
Bibliography
Page No.
OBJECTIVES:
INTRODUCTION:
This project is of Investigatory Type. In this project, a hollow
prism has been used to calculate the refractive index of various
liquids. The hollow prism is filled with liquid and then the
experiment is performed.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Board
Sheet of Paper
Graph Paper
Protractor
Drawing Pins
All Pins
Pencil
THEORY:
Refraction :
In a homogenous medium, light travels along a straight
line,but whenever it falls on a surface of another medium, a
very small fraction of it is reflected back and most of the light
passes into the medium, though with a change of direction.
This phenomenon of the bending of light at the surface of
separation of the two medium is called refraction of light.
Causes of refraction :
This phenomenon of refraction takes place when a beam
of light enters a medium in which light enters a medium in
which light travels with a different velocity.
Laws Of Refraction:
1. The incident ray, the refracted and the normal to the surface at
the point of incidence lie on the same plane.
2. For any two given media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the angle of refraction is a constant, where it is the
angle of incidence and is the angle of refraction.
Constant
Critical angle :
It is that angle of incidence in the denser medium for
which corresponding angle of refraction in the rarer medium is
90 degree.
I
= --------Sin C
Where,
- Refractive Index
C- Critical angle
The four parameters on which angle of deviation depends are:
1. Angle of prism ( A )
2. Material of prism ( )
3. Angle of incidence ( I )
4. Wavelength or color of light ( )
Sin i
-------Sin r
bending away from the normal and making an angle e with the
normal.
If the incident ray IP be produced backwards to meet QE
produced at S, the angle KSQ is called the angle of deviation is
represented by D. Angle BAC is called the refracting angle of
the prism and represented by A.
To derive the relation:
A+ D = i+e
In SPQ,
PS is produced to K.
KSQ or D is the external angle.
D
= SPQ + SQP
= i-r1 + e-r 2
= (i + e) - (r 1 + r 2) .............(1)
r1 + r 2 + PTQ = 1800
r 1 + r2 = 1800 - PTQ .........(2)
----------------(3)
i+e
r1 - r2 = r (say)
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Fix the sheet of white paper on Drawing board with cello tape
or drawing pins.
Draw a straight-line XY nearly at the center of the sheet
parallel to its length. Mark points marked as O at suitable
spacing on the line XY and draw normal to the line XY at point
O. Draw straight line PQ corresponding to the incident rays that
are drawn at the angles of incidence ranging from 30 to 60 i.e.
for angles 35,40,45,50,55 & 60 using a protractor.
Fill the liquid from open and of prism.
Fix two pins P and Q about 8 cm on the incident rayline and
view its image with one eye closed from the side of BC of the
prism. Fix two pins R and S on the paper such that the tips of
these pins and the tips of these images of the incident ray pins,
all lie on the same straight line.
Join the points (i.e. pin pricks) S & R and produce it
backwards to meet the incident ray PQ produced. Thus RS is
the emergent ray corresponding to the incident ray PQ. Draw
arrow heads to show the direction of rays.
Measure the angle of deviation D with Protractor.
Repeat at steps (4 to 8) for different liquids having different
values of angle of incidence and measure the corresponding
angles of deviation D. Take at least three values (i) from 30 0 to
400.
Now place the prism on separate sheet of paper or on the
same sheet at a suitable place and trace its triangular boundary
with a sharp pencil. Measure the angle A, of the triangle so
traced with the help of protractor.
Record your observation in observation table.
Precautions
1.
2.
4.
5.
The pins should have sharp tips and fixed vertically and the pin
pricks should be encircled immediately after they are removed.
6.
7.
OBSERVATIONS
1)
FOR H2O:
Sl.No.
ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1.
35o
25o
2.
40o
24o
3.
45o
23o
4.
50o
25o
5.
55o
26o
1)
FOR SPIRIT:
1)
Sl.No.
ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1.
35o
29o
2.
40o
26o
3.
45o
25o
4.
50o
27o
5.
55o
28o
Sl.No.
ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1.
35o
39o
2.
40o
38o
3.
45o
35o
4.
50o
40 o
5.
55o
41o
Sl.No.
ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1.
35o
40o
2.
40o
39o
3.
45o
41o
4.
50o
42 o
For Glycerin:
4.
FOR BENZENE:
5.
CALCULATIONS
Formula Applied:Sin (A+Dm )
Sin (A/2)
2
=
-----------------------
55o
45o
1.
Water
Sin (60+23 )
=
-----------------------
Sin(60/2)
Sin(41.5)
-------------------
Sin 30
2.
0.6626
0.5
= 1.33
Spirit
Sin (60+25 )
=
-----------------------
Sin(60/2)
=
3.
Sin(42.5)
=
-------------------
Sin 30
0.6756
= 1.35
0.5000
Glycerin
Sin (60+35 )
Sin(60/2)
Sin(47.5)
-------------------------
-------------------
Sin 30
0.7372
---------
1.47
0.5
4.
Benzene
Sin (60+39 )
=
Sin(49.5)
=
-------------------
-----------------------
Sin(60/2)
=
1.52
Sin 30
RESULT
(i)
(ii)
Water
= 1.33
ii.
Spirit
= 1.35
iii.
Glycerine = 1.47
iv
Benzene
= 1.52