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Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Laminar flow in circular pipes under steady and uniform
conditions
1.2Turbulent flow in bounded conduits under steady and uniform conditions
1.3 Moody Chart
1.4 Pipe problems
1.5 Separation losses
1.6 Equivalent length
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
Learning Outcomes
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
1.0 Introduction
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
p 2r r p2rr
p p 2r r p p 2rr
dp
p x 2rr
dx
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2r x 2rx
On the outer part (opposite direction of flow)
of the element,
d
2r r r x r 2 r r x
dr
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Weight of element
W mg
2r.r.x g
2r.r.x.g
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dp
d
W 2rrxg
dz
sin
dx
Simplifying,
dp 1 d
r g dz 0
dx r dr
dx
d
p gz 1 d r 0
dx
r dr
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Where when r = 0, C = 0
Modifying the shear-stress-velocity gradient
relationship for distance measured from the centre of
pipe,
du
dr
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Rearranging,
r d
p gz dr
du
2 dx
Integrating,
r2 d
p gz D
u
4 dx
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R
u
r2 d
p gz
4 dx
R2 d
p gz
4 dx
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Q u.2r.r
r2 d
p gz 2r.dr
4 dx
R
d
p gz R 2 r r 3 dr
2 dx
0
R
2r
d
r
p gz R
2 dx
2 4 0
d
p gz R 4
Q
8 dx
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Average velocity,
vQ
d
A
Therefore,
R 2
R2 d
p gz R 4
8 dx
v
R 2
R2 d
p gz
v
8 dx
1
v umax
2
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d
p gz
dx
Substituting
per length of pipe),
p 4 p d 4
Q
R
8 L
8 L 16
pd 4
128 L
Rearranging,
128LQ
p
d 4
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p
hf
g
128LQ
hf
gd 4
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Example 1.1
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Solution
vd
Re
1.14 10 3 Pas
998kg / m 3
998 0.354 5 10 3
1.14 10 3
1550 2000 Laminar flow,
use Hagen Poisseuille
L 85m
d 5mm
Q 25 L / hr
25 10 3
Q
6.94 10 6 m 3 / s
3600
5 10 3
A
v
1.963 10 5 m 2
Q
0.354m / s
A
128LQ
d 4
128 1.14 10 3 85 6.94 10 6
5 10 3
43.8 103 Pa
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Example 1.2
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Solution
maximum local velocity in the pipe
centre of the pipe
3 mm
r
R
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Solution
vd
Re
1.14 10 Pas
3
1000kg / m 3
1000 0.0177 20 10 3
1.14 10 3
310 2000 Laminar flow,
use Hagen Poisseuille
L 50m
d 20mm
Q 20 L / hr
20 10 3
Q
5.55 10 6 m 3 / s
3600
A
20 10
3 2
Q
v 0.0177 m / s
A
3.142 10 4 m 2
128LQ
d 4
128 1.14 10 3 50 5.55 10 6
20 10 3
80.56 Pa
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umax 2v 0.0354m / s
Distance from the wall 3mm
Distance from the centre, r 10-3 7mm
R 2 r 2 p
u
4
L
20 10 7 10
3 2
4 1.14 10 3
0.01802m / s
3 2
80.56
50
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Example 1.3
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r
R
R
u
R
r 2 p
4
L
u 0.9vmax
R 2 p
r 2 p
0 .9
4
L
4
R 2 r 2 0 .9 R 2
r 0.01R
r 0.01
d
2
y Rr
d
R 0.01
2
d
d
0.01
2
2
0.495d
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End of Part 1
Part 2: Douglas 10.3
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Topic 1-Part 2:
Pipe flow analyses
Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Laminar flow in circular pipes under steady and uniform conditions
1.2Turbulent flow in bounded conduits under steady and uniform
conditions
1.3 Moody Chart
1.4 Pipe problems
1.5 Separation losses
1.6 Equivalent length
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
Learning Outcomes
Able to discuss laminar and turbulent flows in circular
pipes (CO1-PO1)
Able to discuss Chezy Equation and its application (CO1PO1)
Able to apply Darcy Weisbach Equation to solve
turbulent flow problems (CO1 PO3)
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Forces acting
Forces due to static pressure at both ends : p1, p2
Forces due to shear stress opposing the wall acting
along the conduit wall:
Weight of the element acting downwards: W
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Substituting,
W gAL
z
sin
L
Therefore,
p1 p2 A LP gAz 0
1
P
p1 p2 gz 0
L
A
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dp *
dx
dp*
P
0
dx
A
A
m
P
Substituting,
dp *
0
dx m
dp *
m
dx
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dx
2m
10
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Substituting dx with L,
dp* gh f
fv 2
L
L
2m
11
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L 2 gm
hf
Where
hf
L
i hydraulic gradient ,
fv 2
i
2 gm
2g
v2
mi
f
v
13
2g
mi
f
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Letting
2g
C
f
v C mi
14
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A
4 d
P
d
4
fLv 2
4 fL v 2
hf
2 gd
d 2g
4
m
4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g
15
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Q
Q
v 2
A d
4Q
2
d
32 fLQ 2
hf 2 5
gd
fLQ 2
hf
3.03d 5
fLQ 2
hf
3d 5
16
Sometimes it is convenient
to write Darcy equation in
terms of Q when flowrate
is known and velocity is not.
The answer differs by only
1% but still acceptable.
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Example 1.4
17
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Solution
Q 2.0 L / min
L 500m
Q 2.0 L / min
d 30mm
f 0.01289
2 10 3 m 3
60 s
33.33 10 6 m 3 / s
1000kg / m 3
1.14 10 Pas
3
30 10
3 2
7.068 10 4 m 2
Q
v 0.047m / s
A
18
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vd
Re
1000 0.047 30 10 3
1.14 10 3
1241 2000 laminar
use either Hagen or Darcy
Darcy
Hagen
4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g
hf
3
30 10
2 9.81
97.5mm
19
128LQ
gd 4
1000 9.81 30 10 3
97.5mm
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End of Part 2
Part 3: Douglas Chapter 10.4
20
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Topic 1-Part 3:
Pipe flow analyses
Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Laminar flow in circular pipes under steady and uniform conditions
1.2Turbulent flow in bounded conduits under steady and uniform conditions
1.3 Moody Chart
1.4 Pipe problems
1.5 Separation losses
1.6 Equivalent length
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
Learning Outcomes
Able to explain the use of Moody Chart in determining
flow friction factor (CO1 PO1)
Able to solve different categories of pipe problems (CO1PO3)
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
f fn (v, d , , , k )
v velocity
d diameter
density
viscosity
k absolute roughness (mm)
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Material
Riveted steel
1-10
Concrete
0.3-3
Wood
0.2-1
Cast iron
0.25
Galvanized steel
0.15
0.12
Commercial steel
0.045
Drawn tubing
0.0015
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Friction factor, f
k
1
1.26
4 log
f
3.71d Re f
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Laminar regime
Transition regime
Complete turbulence
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10
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Laminar regime
gd 4 4
gd 2
32 Lv 4 fL v 2
hf
2
gd
2g d
16
f
vd
11
16
f
Re
Fanning friction factor
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Transition regime
12
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Complete turbulence
13
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Example 1.5
14
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Solution
Q 2.0 L / min
L 500m
Q 2.0 L / min
d 30mm
k 0.09mm
2 10 3 m 3
60 s
33.33 10 6 m 3 / s
1000kg / m 3
1.14 10 Pas
3
30 10
3 2
7.068 10 4 m 2
Q
v 0.047m / s
A
15
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Re
vd
1000 0.047 30 10 3
1.14 10 3
1241 2000 laminar
f
16
16
0.01289
Re 1241
4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g
128LQ
hf
gd 4
3
30 10
2 9.81
97.5mm
16
1000 9.81 30 10 3
97.5mm
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Example 1.6
17
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Solution
L 500m
3
Q 30 10 m / s
d 150mm
k 0.09mm
3
1000kg / m 3
0.152
4
1.767 10 3 m 2
Q
v 1.698m / s
A
1.14 10 3 Pas
18
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Re
vd
1.14 10 3
223375 2000 turbulent use Darcy
Re 2.23 105
0.0006
d 150mm
4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g
4 0.00479 500 1.6982
0.15
2 9.81
9.385m
19
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20
Category
Known parameters
Parameter
to be solved
I
II
III
hf
Q
d
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Category I
Straightforward to find hf
Known: Q, d used to determine v, Re, k/d
Moody chart is used to determine f.
Apply Darcy equation to determine hf.
4 fLv 2
hf
2 gd
fLQ 2
hf
3.03d 5
21
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Category II
Use iterative method to find Q
4 fLv 2
Known: hf
hf
2 gd
1. Assume a value of f typically 0.01
fLQ 2
2. Use Darcy equation to determine Q
hf
5
3
.
03
d
3. Using Darcy determine v and Re
4. Moody chart find new f
5. Use new f to calculate new Q
6. Compare new Q with previous Q
7. Repeat steps until values of f and Q do not change
22
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Category III
Use iterative method to find d
Known: hf
fLQ 2
hf
1. Assume a value of f typically 0.01
3.03d 5
2. Use Darcy equation to determine d
3. Using Darcy determine v and k/d, hence, Re
4. Moody chart find new f
5. Use new f to calculate new d
6. Compare new d with previous d
7. Repeat steps until values of f and d do not change
23
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Example 1.7
24
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Solution (Category I)
d 500mm 0.5m
Q 500 L / min 8.33 10 3 m3 / s
L 5km 5000m
k 0.9mm(Table 1.1 - concrete)
Q
v 0.0424m / s
A
vd
Re
1.14 103
18615 2000 turbulent
25
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k 0.9mm
1.8 10 3 0.0018
d 500mm
Moody's chart,
f 0.00745
Re 1.86110 4
4 fLv 2
hf
2 gd
26
2 2
fLQ 2
hf
3.03d 5
3.03 0.55
0.0273m
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Example 1.8
27
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1. Assume f 0.01
4 fLv 2
2. Calculate v using h f
2 gd
4 fLv 2
hf
2 gd
4 0.01 5000 v 2
0.0273
2 9.81 0.6
v 0.0401m / s
28
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vd
3. Calculate Re
k
4. Calculate
d
k 0.9mm
0.0015
d 600mm
29
5. Moody's chart f
f 0.0073
4 fLv 2
6. Recalculat e v using h f
2 gd
4 0.0073 5000 v 2
0.0273
2 9.81 0.6
v 0.047m / s
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Repeat steps
vd
3. Calculate Re
k
d
k 0.9mm
0.0015
d 600mm
4. Calculate
30
5. Moody's chart f
f 0.0070
4 fLv 2
6. Recalculat e v using h f
2 gd
4 0.0070 5000 v 2
0.0273
2 9.81 0.6
v 0.048m / s
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Comparing f & v,
Previous
0.047
0.0073
v (m/s)
f
New
0.048
0.0070
0.6 2
4
13.6 L / s
31
0.048
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Example 1.9
32
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1. Assume f 0.01
fLQ 2
2. Calculate d using h f
3.03d 5
fLQ
d
3.03h
f
0.011000 0.045
3.0312
0.223m
33
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3. Calculate Re
4 Q
d
4 1000 0.045
Re
0.223 1.14 10 3
224935
2.25 105
5. Moody's chart f
f 0.0053
fLQ 2
6. Recalculat e d using h f
3.03d 5
fLQ
d
3.03h
f
k
4. Calculate
d
k 0.25mm
0.001119
d 223mm
34
0.197m
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4 Q
3. Calculate Re
d
5. Moody's chart f
4 1000 0.045
Re
0.198 1.14 10 3
253836
2.53836 105
fLQ 2
6. Recalculat e d using h f
3.03d 5
fLQ
d
3.03h
f
k
4. Calculate
d
k 0.25mm
0.00126
d 198mm
35
f 0.0054
0.198m
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Comparing f & d,
d (m)
f
Previous
0.197
0.0053
New
0.198
0.0054
36
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End of Part 3
Part 4: Douglas 10.8
37
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Topic 1-Part 4:
Pipe flow analyses
Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Laminar flow in circular pipes under steady and uniform conditions
1.2Turbulent flow in bounded conduits under steady and uniform conditions
1.3 Moody Chart
1.4 Pipe problems
1.5 Separation losses
1.6 Equivalent length
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
Learning Outcomes
Able to identify and solve problems related with different
types of separation losses (CO1-PO1:PO3)
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
Douglas Chapter10.8
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
Rate of change of
momentum in flow
direction
p1 A1 p' A2 A1 p2 A2 Qu2 u1
Q A2u2
p' p1
p1 p2 u2 u2 u1
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
.(10.63)
p1
u1
p2 u 2
Z1
Z2 h
2g
2g
Z1 Z 2
p1 p2 u1 u2
h
2g
u1 u2
h
2g
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
A1u1 A2u 2
A1u1 A2u 2
A2
u1
u2
A1
A1
u2
u1
A2
u1
A1
1
h
2 g A2
2
10
u2
h
2g
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
A2
1
A1
11
Impossible to apply
momentum equation
between sections 1 & 2 due
to uncertain pressure
distribution across ABCD.
Through experiment, most
pressure loss occurs as a
result of the eddies formed
as the flow area expands
from vena contracta area up
to the full cross-section of
the downstream pipe
resulting similar situation as
sudden enlargement
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
v2 A2
v2 1
h
1
1
2 g AC
2 g CC
CC coefficien t of contraction
2
A2/A1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
CC
0.61
0.632
0.673
0.73
1.0
v
hL K 2
2g
12
A2/A1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
Loss coefficient,
K
0.41
0.34
0.24
0.14
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
v2
hL K
2g
13
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14
Fittings
0.25 25
Globe valve
10
0.1
1.5
Return bend
2.2
900 elbow
0.9
450 elbow
0.4
0.6
Tee junction
1.8
0.5
1.0
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
4 fLe v 2
v2
K
2g
2 gd
kd
Le
4f
4 f Le L v 2
hf
2 gd
15
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Example 1.10
16
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Solution (a)
A1
0.12
7.854 10 m
4
0 .2 2
A2
0.031m 2
4
Q 3m 3 / min 0.05m 3 / s
Q
v1
6.366m / s
A1
hL
v1 v2
2g
6.366 1.592
2 9.81
1.162m
Q
v2
1.592m / s
A2
17
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Solution (b)
H1 H 2
2
p1
v
p v
1 z1 2 2 z 2 h
2g
2g
p1
v1
p 2 v2
h
2g 2g
v12 v2 2
2 g 2 g h p2 p1
v12 v2 2
2 g 2 g h p
6.366 2 1.592 2
1.162 9810 p
2g
2g
7.60kPa p
18
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Solution (c)
Gradual enlargemen t, h 0
v12 v2 2
p p2 p1
2
g
2
g
6.3662 1.5922
9810
2g
2g
19.0kPa
19
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Example 1.11
20
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Solution
A1
0 .2 2
0.031m 2
4
0.152
A2
0.018m 2
4
Q
v1
15.92m / s
A1
Q
v2
28.29m / s
A2
21
A2 0.018
0.581
A1 0.031
K 0.198
2
v2
hC K
2g
28.29 2
0.198
2 9.81
8.077 m
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
H1 H 2
2
p1
v1
p 2 v2
z1
z 2 hC
2g
2g
p1
v
p v
1 2 2 hC
2g 2g
v12 v2 2
h
C p2 p1
2g 2g
v12 v2 2
h
C p
2g 2g
15.92 2 28.29 2
8.077 9810 p
2g
2g
352.674kPa p
22
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Example 1.12
23
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Solution
Galvanized steel, k 0.15mm
Elbows, K 0.9
Globe valve, K 10
d 100mm 0.1m
Q 15 L / s 0.015m 3 / s
24
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L 3 3 4 10m
A
v
0.12
4
7.854 103 m 2
v2
helbow K
2g
1.912
0 .9
2 9.81
0.167m
Q
1.91m / s
A
Re
1.7 105
3
1.14 10
hvalve
v2
K
2g
1.912
10
2 9.81
1.859m
k 0.15mm
d 100mm
f 0.023(M oody chart)
hT h f 2 helbow hvalve
4 fL v 2 4 0.023 10 1.912
hf
1.711m
d 2g
0.1 2 9.81
25
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Example 1.13
26
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Solution
K 10
Kd
Le
4f
10 0.1
4 0.01
25m
27
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End of Topic 1
Topic 2: Douglas Chapter 14.1-14.5
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