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This chapter will also examine the availability of nutrients in the soil
and their uptake by roots.
• ion traffic into and through the root tissues and the concept of
apparent free space.
O2
O2
Minerals
CO2
H2O
Plants are immobile and autotrophic.
Ni Constituent of urease.
In N2-fixing bacteria, constituent of hydrogenases.
Phosphate-deficient
Potassium-deficient
Nitrogen-deficient
Mineral Deficiencies Disrupt Plant Metabolism
and Function
• Chlorosis
• Necrosis
Relationship between yield (or growth) and the
nutrient content of the plant tissue.
Water
available
to plant
Root hair
Air space
Soil water
Cation exchange in soil
• The width of the shaded areas indicates the degree of nutrient availability
to the plant root.
• All of these nutrients are available in the pH range of 5.5 to 6.5.
Soil pH Affects Growth of Soil Microbes
and Roots, & Nutrient Solubility
• Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonification - bacterial and fungal catabolism
soil organic matter NH4+.
Nitrification - Nitrosomonas sp.: NH4+ NO2-
and
Bacteroids
within
vesicle
Nodules
Roots
Developing
root nodule
Bacteroid
Nodule
vascular
Bacteroid tissue
Mycorrhizae and Plant Nutrition
• ectomycorrhizae
• endomycorrhizae
In ectomycorrhizae, the mycelium of the fungus forms
a dense sheath over the surface of the root.
Epidermis Cortex Mantle 100 µm
(fungal
sheath)
Endodermis
Fungal
hyphae
between
Mantle cortical
(fungal sheath) cells
(colorized SEM)
Ectomycorrhizae.
In endomycorrhizae, microscopic fungal hyphae
extend into the root.
Epidermis Cortex 10 µm
Cortical cells
Endodermis
Fungal
Vesicle
hyphae
Casparian
strip
Root
hair Arbuscules
In the infected root, the fungal hyphae surround the root to produce a dense fungal
sheath and penetrate the intercellular spaces of the cortex to form the
Hartig net.
The total mass of fungal hyphae may be comparable to the root mass itself.
Association of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi with a section of a plant root.
• The fungal hyphae grow into the intercellular wall spaces of the cortex and
penetrate individual cortical cells.
• As they extend into the cell, they do not break the plasma membrane or the
tonoplast of the host cell. Instead, the hypha is surrounded by these
membranes and forms structures known as arbuscules and vesicles, which
participate in nutrient ion exchange between the host plant and the fungus.
Quiz
Discuss the importance of the following in nutrient
uptake in plants:
1. soil pH
2. cation-exchange capacity (CEC)
3. root growth
4. microorganisms