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Indian Standard
( Reaffirmed 1995 )
PORTSANDHARBOURS-PLANNING AND
DESIGN- CODEOF PRACTICE
APART 2 EARTH
(
PRESSURES
First Revision)
UDC ~627*2/*3:624-13153
.. \
_. :
@BIS
BUREAU
MANAK
October 1990
OF
BHAVAN,
1990
INDIAN
STANDARDS
9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
ZAFAR
MARG
Price Group 4
Sectional
Committee,
BDC 66
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Part 2 ) ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards
on 24 May 1989, after the draft finalized by the Ports and Harbours Sectional Committee had
been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
A great need has been felt for formulating standard recommendations
relating to various aspects
of water front structures. This standard is one of a series of Indian Standards formulated on this
subject. This part ( Part 2 ) deals with earth pressures. This standard was first published in 1969
mainly to cover provisions of earth pressure for the design of port and harbour structures.
In the first revision, the subject has been covered comprehensively to include all aspects related
to earth pressure needed for the design of ports and harbours structures. The clause on earth
pressure has been revised.
For the purpose of deciding whether a
the final value, observed or calculated,
off in accordance
with IS 2 : l%O
number of significant places retained
specified value in this standard.
Is 4651(Part 2 ) : 1989
Indian Standard
PORTSANDHARBOURS-PLASNINGAND
DESIGN- CODEOFPRACTICE
PART
(
2 EARTH
PRESSURES
First Revision )
2 REFERENCES
1 SCOPE
resistant
revision)
3 TERMINOLOGY
3.0 For the purpose
of this
following definitions shall apply.
standard,
the
If the wall moves sufficiently towards the backfill, by translatory motion or rotation about the
base of their combinati.on, the backfill offers
resistance which is termed passive earth resistance
(also,
less accurately,
passive earth
pressure ).
A wall which holds back a soil mass is a retaining wall. The soil mass is referred, to as a
backfill.
4 SYMBOLS
4.1 For the purpose of this standard,
wing symbols shall apply:
it
the follo-
c, cl = apparent cohesion;
C,C1= effective cohesion;
F
= factor of safety;
f-I
= height;
HI = equivalent height of soil for uniform
surcharge q or a load;
i
= slope angle;
- coefficient of earth pressure at rest;
&
K* = coefficient of active earth pressure;
K,
= coefficient of passive earth resistance;
N$, = the flow value = tans (~45+ #/2 ) or
tan ( 45 + $,/2 )
N&
PO - the ( total ) earth pressure at rest
per unit length;
=
the ( total ) active earth pressure
PA
per unit length;
= the ( total ) passive earth resistance
PP
per unit length;
= the ( total ) earth pressure per unit
P,
length when arching is present, for
example, in braced open cut;
=
pressure intensity;
P
is
it is
PA
PP
Q =
4
3 =
c( =
Yt
Y1
Y, =
Yl
Yd
ysst
yw
6
Q
r
a,
$;
f:;
northe
the
angle
of wall
TWALL
RJw-
5 WALL MOVEMENTS
5.1 In water front structures, wharves constructed as gravity retaining walls have sufficient
outward movement to mobilize active pressure
and Coulombs pressure distribution obtains.
IA ACTIVE
PRESSURE
WALL MOVING OUT
18 ACTtVE
PRESSURE
WALL MOVING DOWN
5.2.1 In highly plastic clays, pressures approaching at rest condition may develop unless wall
movement can constitute with time.
5.3 Walls in the locks and in the dry docks,
being monolithically constructed with the floors
may not yield and earth pressure at rest in these
cases should be taken.
1C PASSlVt
RESISTANCE
WITH
FIG. 1
46
-6
6 EARTH PRESSURE
5.5 Gravity wharf walls founded on clayey subgrade may eventually sufficiently yield as to
fully mobilize the passive resistance.
1D PASSIVE
RESISTANCE
WITH
AT REST
Ko YZ
. ..(l)
Soil
KO
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Ii
(3)
(2)
Loose sand
Dense sand
Sand, well tamped
Soft clay
Hard clay
(1)
7-
l-
04
05 to 06
08
06
05
FIG. 2
7 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
7.1 In waterfront
structures,
the backfill
is
usually horizontal.
With a uniform surcharge
intensity q and uniform backfill:
K4
----I--,
cos 6
2cH
where
K
+a(a
l+
DISTRIBUTION
. ..(2)
sin
2cr
PRESSURE
A SURCHARGBDTWO-LAYEREDSOIL
WITH WATER TABLE
$)cos8
and
FIG. 3
2c
where iG = q + yZ
whereG=q+yD+y(Z-D)
Forh<Z
<H,P,=$-
where G=q+y
1
D+y
&+yw
(h-D)
(Z-D)
ffl
(Z-h)
than
KA
wp
L-I-X
Hydraulic
pressure due to rainfall should be
taken into account. In a freely draining backfill,
if the water entering it fills up all the voids and
the water is being drained out, the hydraulic
pressure will be one-half of the full static hydrostatic pressure
0.2
0.4
*
;
k
w
2
>
0.6
0.6
1.0
0.2
VALUE
0.4
0.6
0.6
1* 0
OF 6H@)
0.5
VAL+
1.0
l.5
OFU+&
FOR ms0.4
PRESSURESFROM
LINE
(BOUSSINESQ
EQUATION
BY EXPERIMENT)
LOAD WL
MODIFIED
RESULTANT
RESULTANT
FORCE
FROM
LINE
(APPROXIMATE
METHOD FOR
RETAltilNG
WALLS)
FIG. 4
I
FOR t-n>0.4
PH. K WL
LOAD wL
SECTldN
LOW
XX
PRESSURES
FROM POINT LOAD Wp
(BOUSS~NESQ
EQUATION MODIFIED
BY EXPERIMENT)
7, @ OR
-dEFLECTED
CT
POSITION
:OS b
Sheet piling or soldier beams driven.
As excavation is deepened wales and
braces
placed
in sequence.
Wall
deflection
increases
with depth,
resulting
in
trapeToida1
pressure
distribution.
EXCAVATION
EXCAVATION
IN SAND
PRESSURE IN
IN CLAY
BRACXDCUTS
5<
yH-
1.5(1t-
No)C
015 H
A
B
055 H
046 H
No < 10
078 HUH
078 HUH
YR-
4C
015 H
055 H
046 H
If the amount
of water entering the backfill is
less than sufficient to fill up all the voids but the
water
is being
drained
out, the hydrostatic
pressure will be less than one-half of the full
static hydrostatic pressure. And if, on the other
hand, the amount of water exceeds the capacity
of the backfill to drain it out, full static hydrostatic pressure will build up.
YH
4 No) C
20 < No
05 HUH
yH
(03 -
0015 No) H
(11 -
0055 No) H
038 H
033
10 < No < 20
(21 -
8 PASSIVE RESISTANCE
8.1 When a retaining wall is pushed out due to
active thrust of the backfill and the surcharge
thereon, partial or full passive resistance will
be mobilized in the front soil. In waterfront
structures, the front soil will usually be dredged
and there may be downward inclination. However, the depth in the fairway channel or berth
should be taken for calculations, and
i=O
. ..(5)
should be adopted
Coulombs
the earth
IS 4651(
Part 2 ) : 1989
.., (7)
sin
(++S
sin
$
_
a
Icos 6
1
8.2.1 It is recommended
to take generally
~<4/3 and, in which case, equation (7) shall
apply. If the wall movement outward should be
more than what is essential to mobilize active
earth pressure, 8 may exceed $/3, equation (7) is
developed with plane surface of rupture and the
error for true curvilinear surface of rupture is
insignificant up to about 6 = $/3. For values of
8 exceeding this value, therefore,
curvilinear
surface of rupture should be taken and the
values of K, may be taken from tables on the
subject ( Tables for the calculation of passive
resistance, active pressure and bearing capacity
of foundation by Caquot and Kerisel ).
K,=
Cd
WATER LEVEL7
BACK FILL
szb $4
FIG. 6
may be taken.
of surcharge
For
O<Z<h
where <
Forh<Z<H
whereas
for
pp =
=
~~IV55+2c4~$]
y Z
pp = a,N#1+2
= yh + yI1 (2 - h )
(8)
c1 $/N$, 1
horizontal
resistance
with the
ANNEX A
( Clause 7.4 )
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
A-l COHESIONLESS
SOILS
KA YZ
earth pressure
at any depth,
PRESSURE
DUE TO
K_QCfor cohesive
- Values of 9
-__-h--_-__---_----_____~
30
3Y
c----------
25
O0
lo0
20
30
40
450
041
033
021
022
017
037
034
-
031
028
025
023
020
019
016
015
026
021
017
014
Table 4 Vdues of & and KAc for Cohesive and Mixed Soils
( Clause A-2.1 )
Coefficient
Values
of B
Values
CWIC
of
.---I
c--------LI-
(0
(4
(0
(0
KAC
if
All
values
0
Values of d
-----------___~
10
15
20
25
085
078
070
064
059
050
048
040
040
032
.::kz
183
260
168
238
154
216
140
196
129
176
245
283
210
247
182
213
155
185
132
159
115
141
5"
0"
KA
and
;:g
ANNEX B
( Clause 8.3 )
PASSIVE EARTH RESISTANCE FOR VERTICAL WALL WITH HORIZONTAL
GROUND SURFACE
El
COHESIONLESS SOILS
depth,
2,
p, =K,
K, YZ
K,,
yc +
at any depth 2, is
Values of 6
r--_-__-___-_----~-_25O
Values of 4
30
----------___7
w
40
25
30
37
46
10
31
40
48
65
20
37
-
49
60
88
58
73
114
30
KP
KPC
Values
of 6
Values of
CWIC
Values of 4
h------------___-_~
r-------------0
10
15
20
25
All
10
12
14
17
22
25
Values
10
13
16
22
29
22
;:9
24
29
26
32
:::
28
29
;::
33:;
t:;
34
39
47
0
8
10
&
10
;:;
26
24
26
39
31
38
44
55
57
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or producers may be obtained from the Bureau of
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issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the
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Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS giving the
following reference:
Dot : No. BDC 66 ( 4018 )
Amendments
Since Pablication
Text AfIected
Date of Issue
Amend No.
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