-::

ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOCIETY SERIES

sEREs EDTORS
LniversitY
Robert !V. Preucel, Universi of Pennsylvania
Ian Hodder, Slanford

n lecent cecades, archaeology has e,xpandecl beyond a narrorv focus on

econotnics anl envonmenl adilPtalion to addIess issues oi deolog];
porver, and meanittg, These trends, som |imes |ermed "PostProcessua"'
ea lviih botlr tlre inierpre|aiol of rhe past and the complex and politi_
ca)ly charged. inierrelationships of Pasl and present. Today', archaeologyi. respor,ing to and incorporaing aspecs of he debates.on identil1',

explored in r'ar1'ing.fields: sociaL

-uuning, an po tics curenly ixing
LInguistics. and ps;rchology'
Irision',
geography_,
iociolog1',
anlhrolog;l,
and material culture
sudies
thal
ancient
rizto
is
a
There
io*'ing
of identties r-rnder
consruclion
the
conemPolary
rv
lin
be
aligied
can
Tlris iiemaglobalizalion'
and
hnoscapes,
of
rrationalsm,
lubrc
the
o{
archaeoogy
pacrice
he
conempoIaY
connect
lviLl
help
seri
s
tiona
\-il these hends in research atrd, in lre process, demonshate the Ie-

Lr Defense of Things
Archaeoogy and the
Ontology of Objects
Bjornar Olsen

er.ance of archaeoLogy to related fields and society in general'

\rolumes in his series:

tu Dgferse cf Things, Bjornar Olsen (2010)
Appprntid Pas!: Intligenous Peoplu ntd thc Cotonin! Cttlure of Archrec'
o3y, Ian i. \'IcNiren and Ly'nerte Russell (2005)
Arc|lieology o! Per|ontlnnce: Tlienlrll, Pouer, and Connntnit1, edited b;l

Takeshi Inomta and Lalyrer'.ce S. Coben (2005)

Co!!born!olt in rchnee[ogcn! Prncte: Eng8in8 Desceldlin Conmnilie1
edited b;l Chip Colrvel-Chanthaphonh and TJ. Fergusorr (2007)
Arthaeoog nrt t'he Postco|olt Cr{fi'/e. edited by \'Iather'+' Liebmann arld

Lzma Z. Rzvi (2008)

Trc Scciql Corslruciou of Cotnnunilies: Agency, Stlctura, nnil renly in the
Prehsyanc Sonthlusl, edired by lr'{ark D. Varien and James l' Po|er
(2008)

oliel!ing, trlenliy, nir! he v! vn: Re[nior! Archaeology a Chtttichttclnl, b'v

ftot Hutson (2009)

AL^^B
PRS5
.

drYision of

IOWI^N & LTL E F LD P UB LISHERS, lNc

Ianlnnt . Nau York . Tolot1lo . Plynnnth' JK

Contents

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British Librar;_ cato8un8 in Publcaticn lnfotnration'vai]abe

Library of Congress Calaloging_in_Pubcaion

olsn, Bonnr.

"ii'"ii
-rchaeology and tl're ontology
(.rcheology
'r.'i,''gs:
in Socie:/ seres)
o. cm,
Inudes bibiographica refetences arrd index'

;\ ,r-6-'rr!30-7

(ecronic)

(cloth

'. ioroc*-Philosophy'

alk. paper)

of objechs '/ Bjorlar Olsen'

ISBN E8-oj59L-7932-

2' aer cutue' 3' rndscape'

r-r'""o-""o'gy. 5- Actorjl'rehvork theory'

cc72.o18 2010

r.

'

itle_

201co]0867
930.10-dc22
of
o '' -h. oeoer used in 1s publction mees lhe nhlimum requerelrts
Paper
',Y-*l.N_i",*riar'au,aiortnto'*acnsciences-Permanerrceof
iii;i""a r, .u.y ltuteras, ANSII'MSo Z9 '8-|992'

PIined in he Unted saes of Americi

Lisi of IlluSlaiions

3
4
5
6
7
8

vl

Inroducion

Brolhers in Arms? Archaeologv and foIatera Cufurc

Studi s

iVlaerial Culure as T xti Scenes from

Engagernent

21
a

Troubled
39

The Phenomenology of Things

63

Tacii ,Ialter| The Silencing ofThings

89

Temporality and ,[emory: Horv Things Remember

107

Lilin8

729

!9ih Thi.gsi v1atel in Pace

In De{ense of Things

151,

\-oies

75

References

79

ndex

197

About the Auhor

203

NA

Temporality and Memory

Hozu Things Remember

To \.rire hisor}_ means gvig dates lleir phvsio8nomy,

-l,Vale

Beniamr. Tln Arcnles Ptojett

"The Temporalit;r of th Landscap" Tim Ingol<l rr.rites

landscape as a netrr.ork of nterrelated times anc time
rhyrhms, It cannot be ascribed any paricular age or subsumed lo any
single rhythm (such as ihe seasonal cycLe), but instead is a complex composition of cottcurrenI cvcles and chlonooPes, Ingold ilustrares his difierenia|ed emPorality by discussing a Renaissance pailtiing by the Femish arist Pietel Bruegel. knorvn as The Hnti;eslers' Dra'rving our atertion
to seleced conPonerts of the Pained larrdscap Ingod effectirely brings
out tre \.rlious inerrreaving temporaIiii s and historica references simultaneousy present in it: the (reaive) pertnatretrce of the topographv oI
hills and valleys; the cyces oI movemetrts and activiies and arrivas and
departures associated gitlr Paths and tracks crissctussing the landscape;
tre grorvth lfe atrd arutual c1.cles of the old pear tree lnder lvhicr the
harses|ers rest; the coevalness of he 'heat field depicted le P cess
ofbeing cr-rt (thus aso marking a seasonal rhythm); |he "pastness" and biography oi tlre stone clrurclr (also schecued o announce calendrcal and
rumatr cYcles by ils bell); and, final;., the rhythms and c-yces of people
of dif{erent ages (not ony |he harvestets) errgaged in differenL tasks and
relalions (201J0:201-7),
Far more enities conlained irr the painting corhbue to the complex
netlvork of interrveavng duratons and ime references, stLch as the r'llage }ouses, dis|ant churcheg harvest ools. clohs, sea, drifting skies, and

his

essa,"_

rbout the

103

Chue| 6

o atd lye do to leed to corsult a Renaissance Pailltin8 o et this

"mixing'' of |mes and lme rhvthms occuf o us. A quick viers around
uS an-ytim anylshere rr,ll suffice. Our material and lemporal being_inthe-rvorld is alrvays-already a hybrid e-xperience of different temporal
teferences. At every moment he materials of he lvorld conflon us !_ih
a great patchlvork of coexisting temporaL horizons haI create rrer!_orks
and conneclions belr,r'een different limes, different pasts, It is nol onh. a
n t!,york rhat nterweaves and drarts to8ether different pasts and presen5, bu ore that, by its vely "naure" and its durabiii;r, is also projected
ahead of lself lorvaId the fuue.
This is as much an inescapable truth lor past lifeworlds as for hose lve
are currently dlveling in. Sti, as ichaeoo8iss and culture historiaru,
tve often tend io hlrk of the pa-st as a series of encosed temporal lrorizons o be dentfied and purified through straegies oi careful sequenc-ing. Laurent olivier has made a lvefourr<te<l poirrt aboLLt t-ris encapsulation of ime and horv he himself for a long time imagined hat ron Age
people ived n some knd of Iron Age nvifonmen, in Iron Age buidings, rvorking rvith Iron Age tools, and bur;ring lheir dead according to
Iron Age funeral practices: 'All |ha se s obvious, all of tha seems aural: all archacological cfuonologies. all archaeologica reconslruction-. of
rlre p:rs, ar based on that baSic assumPion, according to lvhich an1. agg
of he Past b ars n itself ils or/n emporal speciiici!/' (2t}01:6.l). Bui, as he
adds, "ihings do not rvork ike that" (64). Reflecting on |he time rr'hen his
rvlitn8 rakes place (1999), he notes |he "invisibiliy" of he 1990s in lvhat
he sees ftom his rvindols. lVha he sees are houses and construCions dang back o the ser'enteenlh, eighteen and ninee nth centuries. The lae
try_entieth cenlurv seems reduced to deiais in the maerial surtoundings.
Thus, ihe presenl is not comprised of things belonging to the sam age.
bul takes the form of a multitemporal field in rvbich fhe past has accumulated itself (olivier 2001:66_6. Drarving ol Henri Bergsorr's concept of
curaliorr, Olivier's generaL argulnent is that any Plesen carr be concevec
of as a maerial recordirr8, of the past: "The cutrerr state oi he Present
- . , basicalli. consists of a palimpsest of aII durations of the past hat har.e
become recorded r mare" (2001:66; see oivier 2008).
Tlrese initial rematks set the agenda for tlris chapter. lt iS !'Iitten as
a critical commetary lo the prevailing disciplinari. a-rrd popular concEltions of hisorv as inevi|abv succcssil-e, of ihe Pas as gone and of
me]noy as only a recoleclirrc caPacity thal might be aciva|ed in search
of lhi-q osL ime, \{\, mo., ,r',oo.or.t ob|ectil-e, horvever, is to hi8hli8ht the
cruca role tha things play in uphoding the past, thus enabing various
forms of memorv_ Thngs are not iusr lraces or esdues of absent Plesents;
thev are e(fectively engaged in assembling ald hybridizing periods and
epochs, As durable maLer, lhings make lhe Past Present and tarrgible;
so

T cll

Pa y n ,q,ory
!

hey (onslanlv r sist he regitrre that has subjugatec time to the prevail_
ing image of i as in-sanlaneoUs and irreversble.
The very etymology of tlre word "thirrg" precisely sll8gesls such
ranscending or gathering funclon, A5 no|ed by several authors (cf, Heidegger 1971:72; G|assie 1999:67-48; Serres 1987) |he Old orse and orl
English rvorcl pirtg meant "assembly," as did lhe Old High Cerman Tlirr3.
Horr.ever, it is less l+'idely kno'vn that a possibly older emological ro<'lt
(lerkl) sutgests an addiriona |emporal dimenson: "duration." or, }ier_
ally, "extended" oI "Stleched time" (FaIk and Torp 199{/1906:903; Bio_rvand and Lindeman 2000:939fi.).

ARCHAEOLOGIES OF MEIVIORY
}Ve have ecent v!'ilnessed a considerable interes| also in archaeology
in fegard to memoy and the elduring past (c{. Rorvlands 1993; olivier

200, 2008; Alcock 20 2; Bradley 2002; Williams 2003; Van Dyke and
Acock 2003; Meskell 200'; Lucas 2005; Jones 2W7; Naum 2008). one
lr'ide shared assumption in hese s(udies, if .ot an uncon|es|ed one
(e.g,, oivier 2001, 2008). is of memo y aS a "recolectve" faculty, By ihis
I mean ha| memol). s seerr as a conscious anc willfu hutnan process of
recalling or reconstruchng he Past, mosI eagery etrrplrasized in reaion
lo he ceaion of seeciYe and hegemonic accouns. For exampLe, in the

important volume Archneoogcs oJ l\emoty, all conributors are *rid to en_

gage "lvith he trvin, i:rler-reaed themes o{ auhoril-y and id nily, and
the rule nemory Pa}'S in their cr aion, defence and possible ranSfolmalion" (Van D-yke and Atcock 2003:. Ivloreover, 'tvhen the editors Present
heiI lou( "maeriallv accessible media" through ruhich scca memories
are cottstruced and observed (ritual behavior, narratives, ePr senlaion.
nrrd obects and places [Van Dy'ke at'r< Acock 2003:4_5, my emphasis]).
hey se n little concemed rVth rYhat memo).PIesevirrg quairies things
tl thiltgs lrave to offer. Objects are peltienl]/ mentiorred otrlv as repress'll? exPIessions (paintilrgs, figurines, rock art, etc,) that possess commel']ofav-e func|ons, t'hile places "are spaces hat have been l_scri'ed
rvh meann& usually as a result of some pas event or attachment" (4_5,
my emphasis),
Ths ltsonates l,l'el lvith a general concern in his|orica and cultural
stu(ies wih horr' memory crystalizes ino sites or places of memor;',
locales of coIecive rememircring (Nora 1984; Assm a^ 7992)' DesPte the
er.enuaL Presence oI nscribed morrumelts or memorials, he malefiality
of h'e [eu de tttlnore 7sef |s trormal;' nol considered o be decisive. The
ucal -.sue s the past even, 8one past, and rre lr'il o remernrer iL
through site embodmetrt. Il reated Studies il archamlogy, things also

Tdlyol! d !\|

!ry

11

r{irh he Pasi (accessible on* hrou8h lhe fragmentary tlaces i| ha.s left
behirrd), rests on several partly (but not necessarily) n| rrelated Pemises, Some of rese are rvell knorr'r others desen'e molt caeful atenton'
The firsi is lhe common conceP|ion of jme and history as sornelhing
hat Pass s s an irrercrsibe seres of discr te momens, a ine of nstants
(cf. Lucas 2005). For his to be true, as argued bY Ltour {7993:72_73)'
hstoy has ro be mad up of a series oi pr senLc in lr'hch all eemen|s lt
each Point are aligned and made "contemporary." These emenls mu-ct
furlhr be conceived of as mol'ing in step and beJng replaced b1i other
syst ms of things equally' aligned. "The and onl;' therl time fotms a
coninuous and progressive floy" (Laoul 1993:73). Despite the massive
criicism raised aganst this conceplion of "insLataneor-rs" and spatializecl
rim it has provd remarkaby Pesistent, which of course s an effect of
S consih-tive roLe for modemty ancl all otons oi evoulion, Plo8res,
and hsoricism (Fabian 1983). Our historical and archaeological divi_
sos of |he Past no clear-cut periods nC ePochs rrcre made possible
b;r this epistemic iriPeIatye. In iact, rlris synchronizalion of- the past also
cntrbued to the spalial image of lime as exenrplified by the aligrrtlerrt
o nrtifact and monument types made "present-at_hanrl" in mus ums
atrd texlbooks from |re mid-nneteenth c nury onrinId, Iigures, tables,
anc shortcases located arlfacs and monumenls in a lrierarchical and ef_
ficiently visible spalial organization oI continiies and discortinuiti stlrat is; in a marx of linely gradated and measurable inervals |hat re_
vealed iheil' t1ipological and chtonological idenh (Foucauli 1979; olsen
and Svestacl 1994), The "order of things" created by ths regulaiory iceaL
thus gave realiy to the serial image of time as movi]g berveen discree
iurmobile states,
This vav of disciplining thirrgs irrto ciens and servans of spatilI, divided, and linear tirr,.e is becoming er'er tnore eydelrt. The modern feeling
of livirrg Jn a temporay labile tme, oI ilne as shfting-acruall,u- as moving fastr and faster-is to a arg exent orcheslra|ed by things, mainl;r
ep.emeral consmer objec|s nrobilized in supporr of this regulatory ideal
of progressive lme (ci. Atfied 2000:76- 4). This is perhaps most col_
spicuousl,"_ and illusively seen i lhe fashion industt1, vh rc segmets
oi our materlal life are prescrlbed lo be rener'ed in lvha| Roland Bartlres
once termed "n annua po|latch" (19&5:xii; cf, Appadurai 1986a:32)' This
"istant" conceptiolr of lme rr'as skongly linked o he lev capitalisL
consurer sociel;, th.rt emerged during lhe neeenl cerrtury, Irr lris
unfuilled Pnssngerl-l!'er i{alter Benjamn depicts holy he once_modern
rinet enth-cenlury Parisian shopping arcades rvete becoming ruins,
ending up as lhe stranced relcs of he consumer capitalism hat soon
mad"h"m extinct (Benamin 1999b), The rapid c1'ce of mod rn material
IPlacemelt made eyen the noveles of one's parents' youih ouidaled

l2

Cllplat

(Benjamin \999b:61_62): "For lhe firut imc, |he most recen Past becomes
dislant/' (8eniamin quoed irr Buck-llorss 1999:65). Today, Beniamil's
observation is becoming e\. r ttue| ney retrosPeci\. visua media help
tj crcal ths image of ime as moving irrevcrsibly. of re past as blac_k
nd w'hie, oudaed and rePlaced-bv dicting the reloci ot changes,
revealing horv ridiculously old-fashioned oUr clothin8 and harcu ryere
far back in the 1990s.
A second premise for conceivinB lhe past as gone is the common atitude of associating society and culture v'ith he nonmaerial, lrith he
lhoughts and actiols of iving peope. The past is gone since he hrrman
subject i5 gone-lear.ing us ony }vih traces or epiphenomena of lheir
rhoughls and actions. This brings n an absoluteness (ai leasl beyond ]re
oldest living human) tha a-lorvs {or ro pariial or li!' exsence oI
the Past, letrng i xisl "some,!_hat" thtuugh its slrviving materia cons|iuerts (cf. Latour 1999b:156), Thus, the Rena-<sance is an abse-L Pas
a lime to be recovered, despie ihe abundance of Paintin8s, tex|s, musc,
buildings, and dead bodies sill Present, Lik v-s vth other pasts. since
lhe nrinds. reaiorrs, and actions of the living subiecis are vatrished; "rvhat
rte simpLy have lefr are the hill8s, the physical emind rs and illstan_
liatons of the 8retness tha v"'as EgyPr' (,Ieskell 2004:219). According
to this premise, hislory and historicitv are limied to rlrinkirrg and livin8
subjecs ald banned for nonhumalrs and dead bodies.
The thrd premise is subtler, as il claims that ar absent past-the
concePion of tre Past as 8one'--<onstiues a nec ssaly epistenr.ologi-

cal and ontological foundaon of the moden hisorical inqu}'-that

hsorical r m mbering is poasible only as a mode of forgeling, The
pas becom s a chaenging Problem, a myshery lo be solved because it
is hidden to uS in he presen, As Michael Shanks and Christopher Tilley
have lemarked, "he distance, the olrer-ness, lre absence of the Past iS
poshrlat d as a condition of the challenge" (1,987:.9-10). Thus, it can be
argue<l that the modem concen rvh he Past r quested a celain aliUde
of "forgetling"---{ "birrdness" ovard th ternporaily and "pastness" of
th "Plesent" material lvorld (cf. Casey 1987,,2_' As at'r oucorr.e of this
a|itude, rvhich fredrich l\ietzsche once denounc d as |he "illness oi
listoricsm," th Past becomes somethirrg ro be lesored onlv because i is
lost (Latour 1993169). This PoilL, ov/e\.er, rreeds to be expoed fu lher.

THE FORCOTTEN PAST;

HIDEGGER oN TEiVIPORALTY AND HISToRICITY
c.f Things, Michel Foucaull made rhe seeminglv paradoxicaL
claim lhat |he rise of modern hisoricism in the earh.' ninete nh century

n The order

Tli.,lolly i

hl)ry

113

ernerged as an oulcome of a "break" in lylrich humankind found is l{

in a ehstoricized condition: "T'ne imaginatir,'e valu s th n assumed by
the Pasi, . . . he consciousness of history of lat peliod, the livey curios_
ity shorvn fol documens and for traces eft behind by time---all this is a
surface expression of lhe simPle fact tha mln found hmself emPied of
history" (1989:369). This curiosity and historca conscousness lvas ir'- fact
a si8n lha "he rvas already begnnn8 to r covel" (369), and Lhe nerv intefes in molum ns and aniquiies in the early ninele nth century nay
be seen as direc related to lhis lecolerv. N{aera remains became bo|h
,/it]esses of a lost Pas and the Pomis s of is reco']Stucion (Oser and
Sr.estad 994; Svestad 1995; o|sel 2001). As noed in tl".e prer'ious chap|er,
there is a cose connectiol behveen |his lo*s and recovery of hisorv and
ihe changng attiude orvard thngs (cf. Andersson 2001:1.
Foucaut's claim that our modern histocal consciousness rvas condilioned by our "emptiness of history" maY be raced to ualin H ide88e's
notion of "forgetling" (1962:388- 9; \'Iacann 1993:102; lnrvood 2000:15556). Heidegger coined this erm to descib a celailr a|tiude torvard he
past, chaIct ristic of our morern being. He conrass ths 'bntic" mode of
teing rvitlr "repetition" {\iederhoung), rvhcr refers |o an authen|ic "relivin" of the past in which lhe past lives on in our ptesent, in our careful
concems and readv-to-hand dealing 'ih thn8s ("Being alorrgside ivhat
s readv-o-hand ' . . te?npo/1! ree[s ilsdJ ns lIrc nenning oJ nuhenic rt"
Heidegger 1962:37,l. emphasis in original]). The Pas i-s not an "objec" of
conscous consideraion, somelhin8 Dasein explicitly remetnberec but is
embedded in our very being-ilr{he-rvord.
"Forgetting" (Vergessen, Vergessenheil) is an inau hentic 'rva}' oi re"Ia ing
to lhe pas (and present). lve for8et that he Pas is Pal of oul Ples'en
being an by doing so, oPen uP he Past as "a field of recollectabes" or
as something to be consciously reenacted (Inrvood 2000:156; Anderssou
20o1':1 ' lt makes he Past pn-':i-the very condition for remembering it:
"onty on the basis of such forgetin8 cart atrything be relriined' .. . Just as
expeititrg is possible onl;r olr lhe basis of arvatng, rerlrtttberill3 is possible
oniy on that of forg ting" (Heidegger 1962:389, emphasis in original). As
rroted by \,acanrr: "\hat Heidegger intends by this se min8Ly srange
conjoining of {ol8eting and remembering s the islgrt thal, rt-hen we
'remember' tJre pas in the typical mode of'gone forever,'lve are'iorget|n8' lat ve 4/c our Past, |at ye are haunted by our pas. hat our past
lives on n oul pes n" (19937oz) '
So far, so 8ood. Ho!-ever. lvhelr Heidegget'more e-rplicitly discusses
ime and hisoriciy, hepastsill PeS n! isPrimarilv argued to be a mode
of lullnnn temporality and histori(ij/. The orrologicaL basis for this "hs_
tolicing" is h human subj c's tempora! "connectedness of fe"-"hat
is to say, the stetching-along, he ro\, emen and the persistence s'hich

TePrlly l M,

Chnpler 6

are speciiic for Daseitr" (I{eidegger 196227)' As mortal beings, our

lives

are essentially lemPor, s|reched berr.een birth arrd death, also ground-

in8 the concern or care hat de{ines Daseir's being, I is lhis emPoralit};
n diaing Pas, Present, and future. r,yhch makes Dasein hislorical. Thus,
he Past "itsef" S not consitutive of our historcality, "entities do rrot be_
come more hislorical by being moved off into a past . . . so ha he oldest
of hem rvould be he mos auhenicallv historica" (Heiclegger 1962:.l33).
It is an e{fec of our exisence as lemporal beings (unifying |he fur.rre an<
PsI in tlre present),
Conlrar\. to lvha ri.as al8ued by heoriss such is Benjamin, Heldegger
dd not concel-e of things as historica or as making any contributiorr to
lruman "ristoricality," According to Heidegger, things are at bes "sec_
ondarily listorical," as rcvealed in his discussion of museurn obiects:
The "anquits" preserved in n scus (lrouschold gear. Ior example)
bcon8 to a "ime rr'rch js Pst"i t |hev ae s|l PreserL-ahad in the
'Presenl." Horv far is slrch equiPment hisro.ci, rYl",en iI is ,ct ,e pas? Is it

hlstcrical, leI r.s sa,'.., onlt' because it has become an ,ll7zrf of historcal
tcre_r, of anriquarian study or national lorc? (1962_431, emphasis in origirral)

According to Heideg5er, lo be proper hisorica ob.jecls the h8s lhemselves must be his|orical 3nd inus "n hemseves" have "somehing
pa-<( (7962:431). He ndeec acknorr'l dges tha nuseum obects do sholv
he ra,'ear and tear oI rime, that some o[ hem become fragil rvom-earel
and so on. Thrs Vergnglichkeil (transience), horvever, is not part of lhe
pa-tt, brrl -tomethin8 tha 8oes on

in he presentj

lha

thn, is the Pas in thls r.,quipoleut? l,! haL ?i\zl hese "Things" rt'lrich
today hey are no longer? Thev ale still delrite iems }f equiPrneni for L<e;
but ']J ae out o, use, Suppose, horvel'er, tht (hey _e!e sil in se today,
like many lrousehold heirlooms; r,vould tbey hen be no yet hstolica? Al
|he sanre, rvhetlrer th y are use ct out of use, they a.e ']o ]on8er \']at
1e}_ wre. hat is ?as"? Nothing eJse tltan hal. iLvzi rvithin rvhich they
belonge<l to a one-Yt of qupmen and rger encountered as ready-to-hand
artd used bv a concernful Daseirr ryho w_as_in-lre.w'orld. T]rat rrvrld s no
lorrger. (Heidegger 1962:32, empltasls orlgina))

Thls, for Heidegger that pas word is 8one, The on1y beg at (an
|tanscend ths Pastness is Dasein itself. Things eceive lei hsoicalil}Prmalilv historical: Dascin.
whch is rendered hisorical by is olvn temporal mode of being, Thirgs
thus become epiphenomena or "derivatives" of the world and of Dasein's
historical being,] In Heidegger's ar8umcn about Past hing-. (or equipnet), here s a st(ange and constrairring dcholomy: thei. a1g .1;l.. a.r,
by being tlre concem of the ori/ being thal is

lry

Li5

and read)-|o-hand or present and present-atrand_ Even if the Past object

is used in the Presenl, it colrsciously orcllts to Ls as Pas|, foI examPe as a
PreS nr-hand herloom, Consider hoI_ this pont is cxplained bv one o{
his commentaos, using an anc nt dinner pate as an ilustrationi

d nel plate belongs |o the Psl becaus'e it belon8s to Past lvorld. I

co]sliutes a ce oi a PricLlar concePUal arrd cuural famcgork yithn
ryhich t frted as oe elennL in a ota)iy of equipment. . . . t le'nans pIesenL to ls its itl objec ft'ihin our rvord, and-rtllether !sed lo seye food or
disPlay d in a cabine2 . . . t is still an heirloom, s(l an histolcl obict, behe

cause i s marked b]_ re s,ord for ch it rgas oli8ialy created arrd lvthjn
ighich i ryas origally used. Even for the Iamily lbr rr'hiclr it is an lreirloom,
i s ot used for serving food in just lhe same rtay heiI co']temPoay dinrrer serlicc is uscd-lhe heilloom is or special occasions. (ltulhal 1996-168)

Plob ms r'vith ihis atgument Firs. there is no recogmulti|udes

of degrees of duaton in the material lvorld,
lriion of thc
ranging lrom te momenaly Piece ot b(ead to a stone ax oI a city. \hile
some objecs mus b rePlace( many rimes durirrg a rvork |ask, a season,
or a hnal life cyc ohers can sumber as contemPoray rcady-lo_hand
tems for set'eral hltman generations wilhou ever drawin8 atention to
themse!-es as Pres n-a-hand hisioical obj cs. In fact, it may be argued
tl't lvha lums hem ino historica objecs is a "forgelting" of them as
Pesent items of use. second, and using Hedegger's laier philosophy
a8anst himsef (cf, Heldegger 1971; Young 2002), a house r ated r9ith
care, for example a Black Fores farmhous ri,i']l live on, offerjng "drvelling" for repeated generalions, }elPng to cleate their Heirlnl. Thus, the life
history of the house may help disclose the fu "thingness" of i (lhat which
"gatles"), ,/lrich has been |heaened or obsructed by Lhe calcuative renderrcv |o see it ony as us fll and uiilajan {as Cesell, Young 2002:4,lff,;
se chaPter 4). -asI and most seriously; Heidegger (and Stepren vIulhall)
se m o fel. back on a conceptiol ofhistoty a5 a series of synchronous and
l'.omogenous sates of lifewor<-q, To edr slch sae lhere correspor'ds a
unique ''equiPmental otait}.," whch is rePlaced by- another "rvo ld" (or
Ulalrv) equally . l United and cose-knit, No entit can exist al cfferetrt "litnes"; ovelaPpirg arrd endur rg dltraiorrs are ruLed ou. The rveb
of relaiona assi8nments so cosihtive of Dasen's being-in-the-v,'ord
(Heidegger 1962:9_48; cf' c}apter {) seems operational on a pLrr s;.rrchronous, spatial level. rendering the hUman subiect aS he orrlv temporal
being able lo t{.lnscend s confitled momentaly hsorica location, It may
ra|rer be ar8u d hat Lhis r.etrvork of assignmens o:: references creating
irLks beir+'een thing-., 64 betrveen people and things, also ettabes a historical linkint (or "gathering") of different historical horizons,
There are se\ ral

Tcntpornlity nncl Muuory

t17

oS bodily movements into relational wholes, makes us "remember" se_

Heidegger's initial distinction betwcen "repetition,, and ,,forgetting,, (and

"remembering") can be further illumjnated by taking into accoun B"rgson's work on tme and memoy (Bergsorr 2004; Mullarkey 2000; Pearso'-n
2002) As did FJeidegger, Bergson conceivecl of our day-o-cay clealings
with objects as referenta assignmenS-the isolated obect is-a fictionl
assumpion (I)earson 2002:145), They also shared a conception of human
nvolvement with things aS nonleplesentational, a relation Bergson explicity stated as a bodily relationship (Bergson 200:86_87, 717_q.
Crucial to Bergson was that the difference between matter and percePtion Shold be erased: "Let uS place oulselves face_to-ace with immediate r'eality: at once we Wi find that there is no impassable barrier,
no essential difference, no real distinctio. even, between
PercePtion and
the tlrings perceived'' (2004:297)' This relation should be conceved of as
one between part and whole-we are part of what we perceive, an image among images (Pearson 2002:760; see chapte 4). our perception of
matter (or aggregates of things), Bergson further asserted, is intlmately
relaed to the Potentia of actions (and reactions) created by tlre irrtei_
face between bodies and things. Tlrings act on us/ they ,,india at each
moment, like a compass that is being moved about, the position of a
celtain ilage, my body, in relation to the surrounding images,, (Bergson
2004:10). Herein also lies the poLential for a different kind of memory, not
Ieated to mental representa|ions and conscious lecaling. In our ,,avetage everydayness," we lepeat certain actions by habit or by prescribed
"instfctions" for motor skills provided by the things themseves: ,,Or:r
daily life is spent among objects whose very presenc invites us to play a
parf" (Bergson 2004:113). This enmeshment prodttces a material haitiral

competence and spalial knowledge,

a "knowing-your-way-around-

somewhere" (Casey 1984:283). t is his competence acquired by iterative

Plactices, raher than mental leplesentation, that helps us navigate; in
other words, i| prodrrces knowledge for "how to go o.,, irr a lanscape,
a city, or a house; "In fact, we commonly act our recognition before we

it" (Bergson 2004:1,13).

The outcome is habitual schemes of bodiy practices hat constitlte the
basis for a particular kind of memory, a habit nenory (Bergson 2004). In
contast to rccolactua memory, which involves a conscious gaze at a particular past (the searching for unique, dated recollectables), habit memory
is a bodily memory preserved by rePetitiolS practice. The
PaSt continres
by being relived irr oI loltines arrd ways of dealing witlr thin8s So that
"it tro longer represeilts oul PaSt to us, it acls it" (Bergson 2004:9, emplrasis in origiual). Our refer.ential involvement with obiects, organizing varithir.rk

of bodily Practices when encouneing one (Mullarkey 2000:49).

quences
-

Opposing idealist conceptions, Bergson maintained that this memory

did not consist of a le8ression from the plesent to he Past, "bt, on the
contrary in a progress from the Past to the Present" (2004:319), The past
was not recalled; instead it lived on, making itself Present. In Bergson's
formative conceplion of habit memory, this prolongation was a function
of aclaptive value: only those aspects of the Past that were usefrtl or compatible with our present conduct were "retnembered" in habit memory.
il is o memory that is not concerned with origin (such as our nutritional
system remembering our pre-Neolithic past) but can rather be seen to be
directed ahead of itself, committing itself to becoming (i,e., as something
to be actualized, accomplished), whereas recollection by definition is
cxclSivey diected toVald the past (a "looking back"; Casey 1984:281).
This reaes o another chalactelistc of habit memory, which is the
<ifference between itS actal and "virtual" evel. As exposed earlier, ortr
perception of things by necesSity iS Sbtlactive. Faced witlr the "numberess vibrations" of the material world, we need to Subtlact or shadow
sbstantia Parts in older to make some of it appear (see chapter 4;
3etgson 2004:27_28, 276). Actual memory involves such a leducion o
suppression of the Vast viltal level, bringing forth ,1r'hat iS sitationally
reevant. According to Edward Casey, the viltual iS a kind of potential or
lridden reservoir of action, a Parutlatun8 (holding_in-readiness), wlriclr
may be activated sPontaneousy; "It is precisely because of this marginalyeavailable position that So many of these memories arise in an unrehearsed way; we simply Snach tlrem out of the pool of our immediate
accessible IeSoIceS for being-in-the-world in a frrlly functional way"
(1984:283). This larger ficld is also related to Bergson's somewhat ambigrrors concePtion of a "pure memory" and a "pure past," whiclr condion
both recoection atrd habitua memory (Mullarkey 2000:52). This "pure"
for the
PaS may be regarded as an all-embracin8 Past, the real reservojr
elective fr'agrnents corrsciously recollected or living on in our practical
comPortment. These fragtrrents constitue "the tip of an enolmous Pyrarnid whose total bulk is the past irself" (Casey 1984:293). DesPite he fact
that much of it may have ceased to be rrsefltl, and maybe trever wi be
actualized as recollections or in habits, it has not ceased to be (Pearson
2002158 , 1.73-7 4)

INVOLUNTAIY MEMORIES
Another term used by Bergson to describe and define habit memory is
"inattentive" r'ecognition, as opposed o the attentive lecognition reated

118

to "recollective," rePrcscnLaional memoly (Ber8son 2004:tl9ff.). rr mtrcr

the same way as things withdraw from our attention in the ready-to-hand
mode, we are not aware of this memory because it is so embedded in our
habittral practices. I-abit makes S inattentive to the common wolld that
is simultaneously stored up (cf. Benjamin 1996:468). Flowever, and in
a manner similar to Heidegger's description of how the ready-to-hancl
becomes present-at-hand (cf. chapter 4), attentive memory can be evoked
when our routinely based involvement with things is disturbed (Edensor
2005:143ff.; Jones 2007:56_61; Bergson 2004:113). n other words, these ar
not exclusive forms of memory, but possible modes of remembering (see
Joyce 2003;107_8). The memory filling the gap caused by oul interfuped
Progams of action may be conceived of as the virtr,ta or "Pure" PaSt actualizing itsel (Mullarkey 2000:50_52), reconquering "the influence it has
lost" (Bergson 2004:169),

Such interrr:ptions make us aware of experiences forgotteni they accicentally brin8 back elements of past habitual living. The smell, sound,
oI touch of a tlring may tligger an abrrrpt flash of memory, a dj vu,
in which the past is revealed to uS (cf, Benjamin \999b:473-76) ' he d\fference between this kind of actuaiza|ion ar'd conscous recollection is
its "involuntary" character. It occurs when our habitual, ready-to-hand
routines are disrupted, as opposed to wilful "volttntary" remembering
(lhe conscious recaling of the past). Such itrcidences, in which the virtual is made actual, are unpredictable and always involve elements of
chance and surprise: "The past is situatecl somewhere beyond the reach
of the intellect and its field of operatiol'S, il' Some material object. . , . And
whether we come upon this object before we die, or whether we never
encounter it, depends entirely on chance" (Marcel Proust, quoted in Ben-

jamin 2003:315).

unporaity and Meuory

Chopttr 6

Tris kind of ffinorc tLuo[ontnre is masterfully nallated in PIouSt'S

wok l' Se rcl of Lost Tine, described by Benjamin ars the one that puts
Bergson's theory "to the test" (2003:315). In the famous madeleine scene,
a piece of cake (a petite nndeeine) and a cuP of tea suddenly britrg to the
PIeSent th nartatot's childhood in the village of Combray (of which he
corrsciously held ony very irrdistinct memories): "No sooner had the
warm liquid mixed with tre crumbs touched my palate tharr a shiver ran
through me"(Proust 2003:60). Unabe to locate the origin of the Sensation
felt, the narator stains his Senses lecalling it (and also rePeatlg the act),
and sdde11ly he memoy reveals itself: ris Arrnt Lonie offering him
tea-soaked madeleine on Sr.rnday mornings. In that very moment all of his
childhood's Combray iS leveaed to him: "The good folk of the village and
theil little dwellings and tl-re parish chtrch and the whole of Comblay
and its surrour'dings, laking shape and solidity, SPIang into being, to'\/n
and gardens alike, from my cup of tea" (64). Later the nallatol lecalls ho'\/

,i:rl

6.1. "Despite the fact that much of it may hav'eased to bc useful, and maybe
n&er will be actulizecl as recolectons or in habits, it has not ceased to be'" Window
letlge assemblagc in the abandoned minin8 town of Pyrarniden; Svalrard, Norway
Figufe

(photo: Bjgfna olsen).

two neven paving Stones fi88e the memory of Venice, a napkin rcminScent of Bajbec, experienae-d them at the present moment and at the
to
Same time in the contex of a distant momel', so that |he past was made
in
One
was

whethel
encroach uPol the plesent and I was made to dottbt
or the othei . . . because they had in them something that was common to
a <lay long past and o lhe pesel't" (Proust 1999:262)'

DURATION AND I-IABIT MEMORY:

RE-MEMBERING THINGS
Centra to his theme, of coulse, is Bergsorr's conceptiol of tilne as Ctaof
tot'L (cltLre). opposing the dominant view of time aS the sccSsion
t-ts
as
drtratiotr-as
to
(and
appears
time)
rstants, he ass_tS tht the past
sediments constantly pilnrg up (rnd gradually eroding): " Duration is not
merely one instant replacing another; if it were, there would never be
anything but the presnt-n prolonging of the PaSt into the actual' no

1)o

Chnptcr 6

evoution/ no concfcte duration. Duation iS the continuos prOjleSS

of
Llre past which gnaws il.to tre futr.rre and whiclr swels as iiaclvarrces,,
(Bergson 1998:4). D^uration may be seen as the material, physical, expres_

sion of memory (olivier 2001:61), The past elrdures, i acrrmulas in

every becoming "now," making these presents polychronical by defini_
tion. AS noed by Gilles Deler-tze in his Bergsoliltisit: ,,The past and the
plesent do not denote two successi..e moments, but two eleents which
coexist; one is the Present, which does not cease to pass, and the othe
iS
the PaS, which does not ceaSe to be but thror,rgh which al1presents pass,,
(1991:59),

In Bergson's exposition of duration, the past is ,,pressing against,, the

presen '/gnawing" and ,,swelling,, irrto th futule. As ,-,otd,'ihi. luy"._
ing of the past in the Present iS had to conceYe of withoLrt things. In the
Sme way as habit memory must be conceived of as a material memory,
the duration of the past arrd the ,,physiognomy,, and reality it there

acqires in the Present iS a fr.nction of matelial dulation. Duiation is th

material expression of habit memory, Strangely, though, with the notable
excePtions of Proust arrd the closely kindrcd project of Benimin, tl-ings
themselves seem to be of little explicit lntereit to those concerned with
habit memoty. n lris discussion of how an olanist encounes a new
instrument, Martrice Mereau_Ponty reates s'-tch memory entirely to the
"instantaneous" powcr of the body, a habtual cultivar< potential for
movement and actions that can also be rapidly modjfiec o acommodaLe
new (btrt lelated) Situaons (1'962:14547). Even to Belgson, mosl honor
seems ascribed to tlre moor skjls of the human body, tus enabling it to
"store up the action of the past,, (ZOO4:87).
The body aS a mafix of habitual action is clearly decisive for habit
memory-in other words, fot makirrg the past immanent in the
Pesent.
However', the whole pont iS that lrabitttal action would be imossible
without things and their facilitating capacities ancl arrangements, DeSpite Malce Mauss's itrsistence on tle pure ,,teclrniques t th" booy,,
(7979:104), very few techniques oI habitual actions r-rnflcl
or are learnd
and remembered outside an active engagement with things. Things are
fundamentally involved, not only as i means for the acti n to bJcom_
pleted, but also in making the action ald material experience familiar and
predictable. Things thenrselves also assign or ,,instiuct,, a certain boclily
behavior. They lequile cerain formalze skills to actuaize thal.competences (cf, ohansen \992:112_"!9). A spear, whether a javelin or hurrting
SPear,- SetS up its own rules for successr-rl use, althor.lgh in cooperatioi
witlr the spear.tlrrower, tlre prey oI |arget, the grouncl,ihe weatrer, and
So.on. ]n Mereatr-Pon|y's example with the organ pIayer (1'962:1'4547),
t ]S, o1 coutse, not on]y the ttained and clever -tands and feet of tlre organist that matter. Fis skill carr only be implemeirted by intelactin8 with

Tcl'Pol ty n

Mclol!

1?'|

an or8an tha is actally tlrcre and PoSSeSSeS tlre same familiar qr,lalities
as hose on which he obtained his skills, to make his actualization and
remembeIing poSSibe.
Neither can the taci, exisentia assIance of Lhe past as "incorrtestable" (cf. Merleau'Ponty \962:9 and below) be facilitated through bodily

dispositions alone. The enduring past is anchored in he accumulating bedrock of materials, in artifacts, streets, and monuments, and in
architectrrre-what Benjamin caled "the most binding part of the com_
mnal lhythm" (7996:41'8). T'his bedrock constitutes a fundamenal conditon for the epetition and continuation involved in habit memory ald
is of vita impoLance to the ontological secIity that any social being is
based on. Contrary to actions, performances, and speech, things lasl (cf.
oliviel' 2001:65). There are, of course, differences in theit duratiol, blt
the PaSt Still present cannot be accouned for withorrt the astin8 and
gathering quality of thhgs. Despite temporary discontinuities in human
involvement, things nr"c and can be approached again and again to be
constittive of new actons and memories (cf, Edensor 2005:150_59). Due
to their pesistence, the (past) maerial word is always directed ahead oI
itsef into or plesent and future. Thr.ts, every becomin8 Presen lcceiveS
a greater share of the past. ASo in this sense tlrings are historical.

HOW SOCIETIES REMEMBER

In his book on social memory, Paul Connerton (1989) has convincingly
demonstrated how habit memory is an essential aspect of "social memory," Connerton's book became immensely popular in archaeological ancl
anlhropological stndies of mcmory and commemoraLive practices, in parl
because lris notion of incopolating Plactices fitted wel into the emerg-

ing discourses on the body and Somatc experiencing. Still, as argued

lhrolghou this book, the reitrstallment of the body in social dscourses
did not necessariy aest to a mor'e material approach, and the quesliotl
is if Conner'on makes an excePtion.

Connerton bravely critcizes what he erms a "cogntive imperiaism,"

wlrich has had the dr-ra effect of, on the one hand, privileging inscripton and text ovel habitual memory and, on the other, redrrcing habitual
bodily practices to langlage and signs (1989:94_104). Irr historical interpretation, "inscribing practices have always formed the privileged story,
incorporating practices the neBlected story. . . . The plimary obiects are
canonic texts, and the ife of human beings, as a historcal life, is understood as a life reported on and narrated, not life as physical existence"
(Cotrnertotr 1989:100_101), Connerton ssefts the importance of bodily
practices for memory: "Habi is a knowledge arrd a remembering in the

722

Chaptcr 6

hands and in the body; and in the ctivation of habit it is our body which

'understands"'

(95).

Connelton coirrs a distinctiorr bet\/een tvr'o "fundamentally different"

ways in which socjeties "remember," in'scribng and incorporntttg ptactices, which are clearly related (but not identical) to the duality of habit
memory arrd recollective (oI ePIesentational) memory. Inscibing PIactices are mosly intentional and consist of storing (inscribing) informa_
tion in a lasting medium snch as text, images, and other memory-storing
devices fi'om whch the PaSt may be recalled. ncorPorating Practices
ale boh intentional and nonintentional and consist of bodily practices
in which cullural norms are scted rather than inscribed. This menory
is elated to bodily per'formances (he also uses the term "Performative"
memory), in which "the past is, as it were, sedimented in the body"
(Connerton 1989:72). He briefly acknowledges lhat objects and material
Stctufes are aso involved in incolpoIating bodiJy practices, assertin8
that "patterns of body nse become ingrained through our interaction
with objects" (94).
In Connerlon's own analysis, things and materjals mostly become
epiphenomenal to bodily practices (which themselves seem subsumed to
cultural norms), In fact, there is an ironic similarity between the way Conncr|on tleats trings and the way he claims hstorical interpretalion has
treated habit memory. Consider lris algment on how the natural sciences
have "abducted" the body from hermeneutics and the social sciences:
The mecha1isation of plrysical reality in tle exact natual sciences mea1t tl-at
the body was conccPtaised aS onc objcct amon8 othels in an object-domain
madc up of moving bodies which obey lawful processes. The body was legarded as a matelial tlg: it was materiaised. Bodily PIactices as sch ae
he'e lost fom vicw. (1989l101)

Athough there may be some truth to this (See chapter 5), Connerton does
not extend his concern o he "matelial tlring," which obviously -is properly located where he ascribes it (in the "natr-rral" world) and is thus in
no need of repatriation. Obiects may contribute to the physical scene and
Setting, bt are trot "incorporated" themselves into tl'e act of remembering, Connerton continues by arguing the well-established case that habit
memory is largely inattentive and based on repetitive (mnemonic) and
persistent Plactces. By contrasin8 this to inscribing practices, which
"by the fact of being inscribed" demonstlate "a wil to be remembered,"
he States, "It is eqrrally tnle tha incolpolatin8 Plactices, by contrast, are
argey traceess and that, as such, they are incnpabe oJ proaidttg a neans by
uhich nny caidence of rt zu to be renelnbered cnn be'left behnr"'' (102' my
emphasis), Neither properly inscribed nor propelly incorporated, things
become insigrrificant for "how societies remembe."

,l*"";.

or'instruct'a ccrlain bodily.behavior' hey

"hin85 themsclvcs also assign

l"'q."'"l"'i'i""ii,a 'urr' to.*ru"ti'" 't',"1Norway

:::riT::""*::','Ai:::'''n"
(photo: Biornar olsen)'
;; ffi ,;;'il" .r i;y'"'Ia*, Svalbar<l'
of course, Conneton

to be actrraiS right in that habit memory needs

bodies' It is' however' as much a

L" ;;;;;;;'p.fo',,e

uy actjnB

cquiPmens'
fact rhat without materia SPaceS, ob]ts, and
|h: Possrbillitle

ow
ilV of rlDeiious .tction wil be erasc' lt is quite rcmdk'lbtc
memory
ol
o"ntioi .'',.ho"ologists h.rve paid to thiS maeri'l 'Sp('cl
of
sphere
our
e
;t#; ";;;J' fynn Mestlt, "this iclcally shoud
of
notion
.-,i"; rzoo,2), lnste.rd, Connerton's utterly problematic
seems
i''r""-,'"" -"iices (and ths habit rnemory) as "raceless"
example' claim
*i'-"*p,.:a._;h v," Dyke and Susan Alcock' for material errd of
ror archaeoloists to access the inscribed'
,r-r"i;; i,
prctices
"r*r,
lt o
of mcmorv practices" (2003:4)' while incorPOrated
".o.+.',(4)'
ilccCPtdnc('
This
;;".""'"-'","irli., rt,' t"*ing;rt best only "footPrints"
on the comlSO
but
concived
is
memory
.iri, r-ring". p.rrtly On how
'techrric1uesof'the body"'
il; ;;""P.ir:" of todily PIactices, including(Connerton
1989:101)'
rai-governd'anc selsufficient

"".

Tentpornity and Memory

125

thepast(cf.Johnsenand.OlsenTgg2).InmuchtheSamewayasthe,,effecand archaeo1ogists,
-"ir,".i.I,, hurbeen of ittle concern to historians
than a resource"
an
obstacle
"mofe
as
most
to
t r i, -"r.rory also appears
the_ past into the
by
resettlingsince
?rruu 1984:$)--puir'up, obviously,
(and
ontological)
epistemological
tre
)]ri..r. it chanes or bypasses
that of an
inquiry:
historical
modrn
the
|"""rii"" of histricis- "a
2008:86)'
(olivier
bsent past, the past as gone
a denouncement
Defending memory ut ttr it memory is,of course' not
be conceptualmemory
habit
shou1d
of th". forirs of memory. Neither
excluding the
one
with
memory,
|)" u" the antithesis oi recollective
incorporating
and
inscribing
between
ott.,".. e, with the relationship
and deMoreover,
interactive.
and
oractices, this relationship is inricate
to
also.essential
are
things
memory,
pi* ,r.'"i, constitutive role for habit
offered
qualities
differentiated
The
other-conscious-memory practices.
habits and conscious
bv things are always mediting between customary
habitual
incorporating,
the
;;t.:t-,_ In otfer words, a"cknowledging
them a
denies
means
n-o
by
,i.ifi.u.,.u of things in social remembering
been
probably
has
there
societies,
a1l
,o" i" aiding cogniive memory. In
totalmateria1
inattentive
the
n or'going t"".'.ior' o, ."ro.ur,e between
sym_
iiy * th se features of it that "occur" or "light "P^'. ?? historical
cities,
buildings,
old
past).
present
rrc i*nit" simultaneously being a
of our inattentive, ready-to-hand
*or'r*u.tr,
',|wor|d,,bu and rock artay fo n prt
muy also more or lesJ occasionally call attention to themcultural origins'
selves as "signs'i of the past-as symbols of ancestors'
is always a
There
"hetitage."
as
.y,r.'l.rr her"s, and so iorth-in short,
(cf' oyce
ready-to-hand
is
which
p&ential for attentive recognition in that
2003; Edensor 2005:148).
Certain
The opposit" pro."r, is also possible, though far less common'
been
have
may
memorials)
obects or monuments (such a burials and
creation'
very
their
coirsciously intended as inscriptions of memory lrom
a product of such
at least as part of their rationae' However, even being
having or achievfrom
inscribing practices does not exclude these things
results of conthe
clearly
ing an in"crporating role. War memorials are
while at the
remember,,,
to
scious inscribing p.*ti.",, manifesting a,,will
incorrepetitious,
and
same time cteait facilitating rituahzd behavior
in.inscribing
serve
role that things
o.rtirrg practices. Furtherore, the
by human purposes and intentions'
prescribed
entirely
not
is
ractice"s
cal
y tr'"i. very solidity u" enduring natule, maerils such as stones
inscrib"afford"
attention to their ow'n potential as a aide-mmore-they
as a
ing practices and have throughout lr-story offered their competence
things
of
importance
o.y storing device to huans. This mnemonic
of
is aso recognied in classical rhetoric (Yates 1,966) and in cabinets
the
represent
curiosity, aJweil as in modern museums-which probably

Tentporaity and Metnory

127

a palimpsest of structhe archaeological site is truly mxed, "consisting of

ur'a rubish pits, constructed and deposited at different periods"

encounters is
ft989:36; see chaptr 3). What line excaaatng archaeologist
superimposed
layers,
mixed
as
such
conditions
hybridlzed
of
)*uy' a set
short, sites
strucures, artifacts, Stones, soil, and bones mixed together-in
completeideal
of
wished-for
historicism's
and
modernity
to
ihat oUlect
this
using
actively
than
rather
However,
time.
purified
and
n"rr, ordu.,
have
solutions
opted-for
the
historicism,
o
challenge
rnaterial record
the
nearly always been to purify this entangled mess and to reassemble
history'
narrative
and
time
linear
of
expectation
the
to
entitis to conform
Time is not allowed to be mixed and hybridizedbut has to be cleansed
and sequenced, in short, "unlocked." Through ever more fine-grained
dating methods and advanced stratigraphical and typological sequencing, ehistoric settlements and sites are cut into increasingly thinner
slices of time, cleansing them from the historical conditions that grounded

ru,

these presents.

purifying practice is nothing but a necessary

ransformational process that the archaeodestructive
r"rr"rrui or t
Thus, what we have left is the distorted
undergone.
logical record has
that beyond and prior to the exposed
ti-";
"compres'"d"
ipression of
order to be restored, a pure temporal
a
historical
is
eniangled mess, theie
convincing but should be tested by
sound
may
specifity. This argument
time. How would such temporal
own
in
its
out
explorm how it lays
as London, Rome, or Tromsa?
such
to
sites
s[ing viork when applied
we identify tlre contemporary
do
How
belong?
To wich age does Rome
that are more than ten, fifty,
allentities
London, thresent? By excluding
eft
of this site, in fact any site,
be
would
What
oI one hundied years old?
In any case, what
approach?
chronological
if we appliea suh a rigorous
they are: the outwhat
sites
these
makes
which
*" *oid have lost is that
of the presthe
conduct
conditioning
come of a gathering past constantly
a far
is
providing
record
archaeological
ent. In this sense, the palimpsestal
narrative'
historical
any
than
past
the
of
more realistic and accuratemage
As argued by Laurent Olivier: ';Each of the moments of the past is indeed
necesarily ultitemporal, since the present spontaneously becomes fossilised in teing transiormed; at any time, the present is made up of an
accumulatior-t of ,ll the previous states whose successions have built this
present'as it is now"'iolivier 2007:66).In order to realize the potential of
ihis ,,thingingi, past things themselves must be emancipated from their
synchron us"imrisonmet, allowing for the "monstrous" thought, "that
tl-'i.,g, themselvs have a history" (Latour 1993:70). This is just another
way"of saying that we must relese them from the conceptualstepladder
of isconnectd historical worlds, the monotemporal imperative based on
the seductive idea that what is rendered contemporary by the calendar
It may be argued that this

Living with Things

Matter in Pace

aS you believe social aggregates can hod their own being

propped up by "social forces," then objects vanish from the view and

As soon

the magical and tautological force of society is enough to hold eaerything

with, literally, no thing.

-Bruno

Latour, Renssembling the Socinl

A re are often met by anthropological-and archaeological-caims asY V serting that the world is "culturally constituted," that the meanings

of things are always "culturally relative," and that variations in material

culture itself stem from things being imbued with this cultural difference.
Such claims seem grounded in a notion of culture as somehow "prior" to

or detached from matter, that cultures and peoples "aheady different"

approach the material world in unique ways, causing the variety of material expressions and meanings. Clearly, people around the world relate to
materials in different ways and ascribe specific meanings to things, and
myriads of material realities are being produced. The question, however,
is whether this difference is a product of different mentalities, ideologies,
ot "cultures" tltat approach the material world in "cuturally" specific

ways (cf. Hodder 2004:36; Meskell 2004:2-3; Preucel 2006:257). Or is it,

rather, a question of different ways of living with things, of linking (or
combining) humans and nonhumans in countless hybridities without assigning any a priori precedence to who-to what-causes this difference?
The latter position is being explored in this chapter, which deals specifically with this linking: how human life is "always-abeady" blending with
things, forming innumerable interacting hybrid units and colectives.
129

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Index

75, 77 -7 8, 84-88, 732-33, 152-53;

as co-cePt and mctaphol, 2_3, 152,

col_nctwok theoty, 12, 50' 73'

101_3, 130,

13314''3748,

151" L55'

177 7' actar.t,' 73' 138' ''42' 'l,48,

178n7.5i black-box 8, 73' 1'42-43,
164_65, 170; intermediaies, 73,

144_46j mecia|ors, 17, 38, 103, 1'45,

l.o, l5o. 5rc n1su Bygstacl, Bcndik;

Lator, Brnoi Law, Jolrn; Lee,
Nick; Rolland, Krrrrt; Stetrrrcr, Paui
symmctical aPProach, Sorensen,

Knt

disciplirre o 22_26 ,'26_27, 170_72;

postprocessual, 24-27 ,29, 40, 4c), 52;

Pocessa, 34-36, 42, 107

atcirectule, 38, 96, 121','44' 746
Ashmore, Wcncly, 29
Attfield, Jndith, 4
ava,52,96,131. See also mimetic
attitde

Adorno, Theodor, 9 L, 77|'5'1'

alfordarrcc, l, 4t_47.l56, lb0. l62_

Ballet, Janes, 134

Ballr, Fredrik,23

63,1,65, t73
agency, 11, 17 ,27 ,35, 733-36, 762; ot
things, 11, 35, 51, 134-36
Alcock, Ssan, 29, :23

Beek, Gosewin van, 58

bcirrg-in-rhc-world. 5c' Hcidcg8eri.rn

Andelsson, Dag, 167

ANT. Ss. actor-network thcoty

Antactic,

l7,2l-2,33' J7_38 ' 47 '

75, 77, 79, 86, 93, 97-98,
'26' |29, 13315' 1'52

4c,

4, 5, 7,
'

41, 43-44'

50'52,

conccpts

Ilender, Barbartr, 29-30

143

anthropology/anthroPologists,

Balles, Rolad, 39,

55, 1i1

5\' 56.

1004,

721.,

Benjmi-, altel, 2 12, 17,34,36,52,

'
55' 6L' 87 ,95-96' l'I'2' 174,1'18'
'3
_32, 151 1'61" l'67_70,
120_2',
'
|77tl5. l . Sr'r n/ru atrrn; da lc.tic

ima8e; etman; im(]tic

attitde

ApPadtl', AIjn, 36

Benso, Sivia,-51
Bestand. Scc Heideggerian concePLs

archaeologyr and art,6l; and

pherromenology, 26-3', 40, 46' 71,
197