Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ICESD2016
February 19-20, 2016, Pune, Maharashtra, India
ICESD2016-000
WASTE TO ENERGY GENERATION IN INDIA
Niharika Mahesh Deshpande
Mtech student, Sardar Patel College of Engineering
Andheri, Maharashtra, India
Email: niharikamd12@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
India is one of the most rapidly developing countries in
the world. Currently India depends mainly upon fossil fuels
for energy and thus has to pay a huge bill at the end of every
contractual period for imports. India holds a huge potential for
renewable resources of energy like solar, wind etc. waste
materials are one of them. The waste materials that are
produced daily from different sources can be used to produce
energy from which we can get electricity. Waste-to-Energy
(WTE) Technology, the objective of which is treating
municipal solid waste (MSW) to reduce its volume as well as
generating energy and electricity to add value to the process.
This paper discusses MSW materials as a renewable energy
source. This paper focuses on the technologies used for
obtaining energy from waste. It also takes the overview of
WTE scenario in India, WTE generation potential of India and
WTE projects in India.
Keywords
waste-to-energy,
municipal solid waste, India.
renewable
energy,
INTRODUCTION
The natural resources in the form of fossil fuels are the
raw materials from which electrical energy is generated and
the day to day life of the people of todays world is solely
dependent on the electrical energy. Worldwide research and
developments on renewable energy technologies have proved
renewable energy as a potential, sustainable, and
environmentally friendly alternative energy source to the
a) Thermal Process
b) Biological Process
used to turn water into steam, which is used to power a steamturbine generator to produce electricity. Next generation waste
incinerators also incorporate air-pollution control systems.
Figure 2.
Figure 1.
A. Thermal process
Thermal process is the combustion of MSW to produce
heat. Heat can then be used to produce steam to drive a turbine
for the production of electricity.
1. Incineration:
Incineration technology is the controlled combustion of
waste with the recovery of heat to produce steam that in turn
produces power through steam turbines. Complete combustion
optimally involves a two-stage transformation of fuel. Solid
waste into CO2 and water vapour.
Depending upon the pre-treatment methodology, there are
mainly two types of MSW combustion technologies available.
2. Gasification :
The extraction of maximum heat from a given fuel
depends upon the efficiency of mixing the fuel with oxygen or
air. This is perfectly achieved in the case of gaseous fuels.
That is why conversion of solid waste into gaseous fuel is
considered to be one of the best options.
Gasification is the partial oxidation of solid fuel at
elevated temperatures to produce a flammable mixture of
hydrogen (H2), CO, methane (CH4), and CO2 known as
producer gas. It contains H2 (15-20%), CO (10-20%), CH4 (15%), CO2 (9-12%) and N2 (45-55%).
Producer gas can be used to fuel high efficiency power
cycles like combustion turbines, fuel cells, and various kinds
of combined cycles. Producer gas can also be used in chemical
synthesis of transportation fuels, commodity chemicals, and
even hydrogen fuel.
3. Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis uses heat to break down combustible polymeric
materials in the absence of oxygen, producing a mixture of
combustible gases (primarily methane, complex hydrocarbons,
hydrogen, and carbon monoxide), liquids and solid residues.
The products of pyrolysis process are: (i) a gas mixture; (ii) a
liquid (bio-oil/tar); (iii) a solid residue (carbon black).
Figure 4.
Pyrolysis process
Table 1.
Conversion
process
Air / oxygen
supply
Temp.
(C)
Products
Incineration
In excess
800-1200
Heat
Gasification
Less than
stoichiometric
800-1200
Heat,
Producer gas,
300-600
Heat,
fuel
oil,
Combustible
Gas, Char
oxygen
required
Pyrolysis
Total absence
B. Bio-chemical conversion
Figure 3.
Maharashtra
2011
Total
MSW
(TPD)
22434.35
Energy
Potential
(MW)
446.44
2020
Total
MSW
(TPD)
25033.24
Energy
Potential
(MW)
523.19
Uttar Pradesh
13651.39
271.66
15736.25
328.89
West Bengal
12069.24
240.18
13031.28
272.35
Tamil Nadu
Andhra
Pradesh
Karnataka
9501.77
189.09
9948.80
207.93
9998.97
198.98
10732.24
224.30
8296.02
165.09
8992.86
187.95
Delhi
11873.06
236.27
15326.68
320.33
Gujarat
Madhya
Pradesh
Punjab
7930.91
157.83
8805.97
184.04
4633.63
92.21
5271.18
110.17
4645.00
92.97
5051.64
105.58
Rajasthan
4671.89
43.48
5286.89
110.50
Haryana
2184.78
38.94
2490.78
52.06
Bihar
1956.778
33.61
2170.08
45.35
Kerela
1689.02
21.43
1779.28
37.19
Chhattisgarh
1077.02
18.76
1201.69
25.12
Jharkhand
942.55
16.70
1056.53
22.08
Orissa
Jammu and
Kashmir
Uttarakhand
839.25
14.85
901.28
18.84
424.00
8.44
820.75
17.15
341.73
6.80
474.58
9.92
Assam
221.92
4.42
378.49
7.91
Goa
185.66
3.69
272.54
5.70
Pondicherry
137.90
2.74
259.47
5.42
Tripura
Andman and
Nicobaar
Islands
Himachal
Pradesh
Mizoram
105.46
2.10
151.90
3.17
71.53
1.42
128.30
2.68
64.37
1.28
76.98
1.61
61.03
1.21
70.91
1.48
Manipur
54.25
1.08
67.23
1.41
Meghalay
Dadarand
Nagar Haveli
Nagaland
Daman and
Diu
25.73
0.51
59.76
1.25
25.63
0.51
35.35
0.74
14.52
0.29
37.12
0.78
25.63
0.51
16.18
0.34
State/Union
Territory
Figure 5.
Flow diagram of an MSW power plant based on
biomethanation technology
State/Union
Territory
Sikkim
Arunachal
Pradesh
Lakshwadeep
2011
Total
MSW
(TPD)
14.71
Energy
Potential
(MW)
0.29
2020
Total
MSW
(TPD)
16.17
Energy
Potential
(MW)
0.34
13.56
0.27
14.04
0.31
3.74
0.07
4.18
0.09
135702
2836.16
Conclusion
WTE is the clean, green and beneficial method of power
generation. Considering the future population growth of India,
MSW can be the one of the best resources for the power
generation. WTE is the best solution for the disposal of solid
waste. India is having potential to generate close to over
3000MW of energy from MSW by 2020. WTE helps to
conserve the fossil fuels for future. WTE is also environment
friendly technology.
References
[1] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
www.mnre.gov.in.
[2] India energy security scenario,
www.indiaenergy.gov.in.
[3] National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute (NEERI).
[4] EAI Energy Alternatives India, www.eai.in.
[5] Planning Commission. Report of the Task Force on
Waste to Energy (In the context of Integrated MSW
Management), 2014.
[6] Saini S, Rao PS, Patil Y. City Based Analysis of MSW
to Energy Generation in India, Calculation of State
wise Potential and Tariff Comparison with EU,
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2012;
37:407- 416.
[7] Sudhir Kumar, Technology options for municipal
solid waste-to-energy project, TERI Information
Monitor on Environmental Science 5(1): 111.