Final

Latin
Latin: one hell of a giant to beat

By Brittney Johnson
 Part II: Vocabulary
(Part I is ignored since there’s basically no way to prepare for it.)

Know the vocabulary, especially the whole Latin form (nom sing + gen sing for nouns, 4 principal parts
for verbs), as you’re screwed for Part III if you don’t.

ātrium, ātrī atrium, hall (n)

balneum, balneī bath (n)
cibus, cibī food (m)
domus, domūs home, house (f)
exitus, exitūs outcome, departure (m)
fructus, fructūs fruit (m)
manus, manūs hand (f)
silentium, silentiī silence (n)
solea, soleae sandal, shoe (f)
trīclīnium, trīclīniī dining hall (n)
dignus, digna. dignum worthy
nōnus, nōna, nōnum ninth
colō, colere, coluī, cultus to cultivate, inhabit, worship
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtus to determine
perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, perfectus to finish
perturbō, perturbāre, perturbāvī, perturbātus to disturb, throw into confusion
maximē very greatly, especially
facultās, facultātis faculty (f)
palūs, palūdis swamp (f)
rāna, rānae frog (f)
antīquus, antīqua, antīquum ancient
decimus, decima, decimum tenth
octāvus octāva, octāvum eighth
quartus, quarta, quartum fourth
septimus, septima, septimum seventh
sextus, sexta, sextum sixth
dēdūcō, dēdūcere, dēdūxī, dēductus to lead
dēscendō, dēscendere, dēscendī, dēscēnsus to descend
fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētus to weep for
tendō, tendere, tetendī, tentus to stretch, go
nē so that...not
ut so that
aedificium, aedificiī building (n)
hospes, hospitis guest, guest-friend, host (m)
mora, morae delay (f)
raeda, raedae carriage, bus (f)
tempestās, tempestātis storm (f)
vīlla, vīllae farmhouse, villa (f)
amplus, ampla, amplum great, magnificent
angustus, angusta, angustum narrow
sordidus, sordida, sordidum dirty, mean
adhaereō, adhaerēre, adhaesī, adhaesus to stick (to)
ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectus to throw (out), stick out, expel
vehō, vehere, vexī, vectus carry
deinde then
hodiē today
mātūrē soon
enim for (never first word)
exsilium, exsiliī exile (n)
mercātor, mercātōris merchant (m)
oculus, oculī eye (m)
portus, portūs harbor (m)
ratis, ratis raft (f)
ēditus, ēdita, ēditum elevated
proprius, propria, proprium (one's) own, characteristic of
colligō, colligere, collēgī, collēctus to collect
doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitūrus to grieve
excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptus to receive
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus to bear, carry
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus to break, burst
namque for
posteāquam after
rectē rightly
satis enough, rather
clāmor, clāmōris shout (m)
forum, forī marketplace, Forum (n)
mors, mortis death (f)
vestis, vestis clothing (f)
perītus, perīta, perītum skilled
posterus, postera, posterum following
tantus, tanta, tantum so great, so much, so large
perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus To scare thoroughly, alarm
prehendō, prehendere, prehendī, prehensus to seize
relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus to leave (behind), abandon
ita so, in such a way, thus
paene almost
saepe often
sīc so, thus
tālis such
tam so
tot so many
cliēns, clientis client (m)
cōnsul, cōnsulis consul (m)
ignis, ignis fire (m)
maiōrēs, maiōrum ancestors (m, plural)
opera, operae work, effort (f)
quiēs, quiētis rest (f)
rēs, reī thing, matter, affair (f)
spēs, speī hope (f)
aeger, aegra, aegrum sick
mortuus, mortua, mortuum dead, having died
emō, emere, ēmī, emptus to take, buy
incendō, incendere, incendī, incensus to set on fire, burn
reficiō, reficere, refēcī, refectus to repair
surgō, surgere, surrexi, surrecturus to rise
vīvo, vīvere, vīxi, vīctus to live
cotīdiē daily
aetās, aetātis age, time of life (f)
fidēs, fideī trust, protection (f)
acūtus, acūta, acūtum sharp
cēterī, cēterae, cētera the others
īnsignis, īnsigne noted
mīrus, mīra, mīrum wonderful
cōnsentiō, cōnsentīre, cōnsēnsī, cōnsēnsus to agree
contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptus to despise
ēligō, ēligere, ēlēgī, ēlēctus to pick out
exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus to think
gaudeō, gaudēre, --- , gāvīsus to rejoice, be glad
perveniō, pervenīre,pervēnī, perventūrus o arrive at, come through
igitur therefore
praetereā besides
quidem at least, to be sure
cum when, since, although
 Part III: Grammar and Forms
This basically means declining nouns and conjugating forms. We’re gonna start with nouns, since they’re
easier.

NOUNS

If you don’t have a clue what you’re doing, start here. So the basic idea of declining nouns is so
that you know what the word’s function is in a sentence. You’re supposed to be able to look at the
ending of a noun in Latin and say, “oh, that’s a direct object,” or “that means it’s possessive.” You’re also
supposed to identify what a word is being used as and give it the appropriate Latin ending when
translating from English to Latin. To do all that, all you really need to know are 40 endings, the five form
names and what they do, and 1 rule (the neuter law).

If you have the general idea but you don’t know what the 5 cases (nom, gen, etc.) do, start
here. First off, the five cases are Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Ablative. (If you have
trouble remembering which order they are in the chart, just remember that it goes reverse
alphabetically. i.e. the order is N, G, D, Ac, Ab down the chart, which is opposite of abc order. ) Let’s look
at each one. First is the Wikipedia definition. If you’re still confused, I’ve expanded each a bit.
The nominative case, which is used to express the subject of a statement:
servus ad villam ambulat.
The slave walks to the house.
The genitive case, which expresses possession, measurement, or source. In English, the
preposition of is used to denote this case:
servus laborat in villa domini.
The slave works in the house of the master.
The dative case, which expresses the recipient of an action, the indirect object of a verb. It
also is used to represent agency in a construction with a passive periphrastic. In English, the
prepositions to and for most commonly denote this case:
servi tradiderunt pecuniam dominis.
The slaves handed over the money to the masters.
* The dative is never the object of a Latin preposition.
The accusative case, which expresses the direct object of a verb or direction or extent of
motion and may be the object of a preposition:
dominus servos vituperabat quod non laborabant.
The master cursed the slaves because they were not working.
The ablative case, (may or may not be preceded by a preposition) which expresses
separation, indirection, or the means by which an action is performed. In English, the
prepositions by, with, and from most commonly denote this case:
 dominus in cubiculo dormiebat.
The master was sleeping in his bedroom

Nominative – this is the subject, which means it’s who/what is doing the action. Nominative is
usually used as the first or second word in a sentence.
Genitive – possessive. When you say “Magister’s test is crazy,” Magister is in genitive. It’s also
possible (often easier) to say “the test of Magister is crazy,” in which case Magister is still in the genitive.
So however it’s written, just know that when in English whatever word gets the ‘s or comes after the of
is in genitive.
Dative – indirect object. Basically, whoever receives the action. I did X to/for Y. Y would be in the
dative case. Make sure a preposition isn’t being used, though, because if it is then there’s a different
case.
Accusative – accusative’s nice because it usually ends in m. It’s also direct object, which is easy.
Direct object is the subject of the verb, so who/whatever is directly involved with the verb but isn’t
actually doing it. Be careful, as accusatives also take certain prepositions. Without going too specific, if
the preposition is talking about motion towards (or possibly at) a place, it’s probably accusative. To be
honest, the difference between when to use an accusative or ablative with a preposition – or for that
matter, whether to use a preposition at all – still confuses me.
Ablative – ablative is that screwy case that no one likes. It does a billion different things.
(1) Ablative of place – motion away from a place.
ab/ā/abs, "from"; ex/ē, "out of"; or dē, "down from"
(2) Ablative of instrument/means – what was used to do the action. (I did the word
power with a pencil.)
Don’t use a preposition for this.
(3) Ablative of manner – how you did something. (I did the word power with vigor.)
Use “cum” (with) when there isn’t an adjective describing whatever noun is in
the ablative. cum cūrā, but cūrā bonā
(4) Ablative of time – when you’re trying to say at/during a certain time
Don’t use a preposition for this.
(5) Ablative absolute – so we were supposedly supposed to know this for the midterm,
but until now I didn’t understand it. Basically, it’s the circumstances surrounding an action. E.g.
Urbe captā, Aenēas fugit, "With the city having been captured, Aeneas fled." What’s special is
that fact that it needs to have a noun or pronoun and either a past participle, a present
participle, an adjective, or an appositive noun. In this case it’s the captā (I think). In general, we
used the participle. If you’re having trouble, don’t bother with all that nonsense; just try to
remember that if a noun in the ablative and something that looks like it used to be a verb start
off the sentence, it’s an ablative absolute.
 If you just need the declension endings, here they are.

Singular 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 4th 4th

forms F M N M/F N M N
Nominative a us um - - us ū
Genitive ae ī ī is is ūs ūs
Dative ae ō ō ī ī uī ū
Accusative am um um em = nom. um ū
Ablative ā ō ō e e ū ū
Nominative ae ī a ēs a ūs ua
Genitive ārum ōrum ōrum um um uum uum
Dative īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus
Accusative ās ōs a ēs a ūs ua
Ablative īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus

*Remember the Neuter Law: Nom and Acc are always the same, and in the plural they’re both a. So
don’t bother memorizing 2nd N separate from 2nd M, since they’re the same other than the Neuter
Law. Same goes for 3rd . However, 4TH DECLENSION NEUTER IS SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT.

VERBS

If you don’t have a clue what you’re doing, start here. Verbs are kind of like nouns in that the
endings are supposed to say a lot. You’re supposed to be able to look at the ending to know who’s doing
the action (person and number), plus what tense (there are 6), voice (active or passive) and mood
(indicative or subjunctive) the verb is being used in. So all there really is to know about verbs are all the
endings for each person, number, tense, voice, and mood, and when to use each one. It sounds like a
lot, but it’s not that bad since the only thing that’s really gonna change is the vowel (aeiou) being used.

If you don’t know what “person” and “number” means, start here. Person and number is
basically who’s doing the verb. Number is
singular or plural, and person is 1st, 2nd, or 3rd. Singular Plural
st
Remember having to say what person a book 1 Person I We
nd
was written in when you were in like third 2 Person You Y’all (you plural)
rd
3 Person He/She/It They
grade? This is the same thing. Mostly.
 If you don’t know what the tenses are, or what they mean, start here. There are 6 tenses.
-Present Tense occurs in present time. There’s one present tense in Latin (unlike English which
has three). The Latin word porto means I carry, I am carrying or I do carry. Don’t use a word for am or
do in Latin to show the progressive or emphatic present tense we have in English.
-Imperfect Tense refers to an action begun in the past and is maybe still occurring (I was
running; Did I stop?) or an action that occurred over a period of time. (I used to run)
-Future Tense refers to an action that has not yet occurred. The operative word in English is will.
-Perfect Tense refers to a finished action. As with the present tense this tense can also have
several English translations. One can say I have seen, I did see, I saw in translating vidi.
-Pluperfect Tense, also called Past Perfect, is used when there are two past actions indicated
and one occurs prior to the other. The verb we use in English (but not in Latin) to indicate this tense is
had. Ex. I saw (perfect) that you had finished (pluperfect).
-Future Perfect Tense is seldom used in English. In Latin it is used to express an action which will
have occurred prior to another action that will occur. This sound complex. Look at this example... I
will read this book if you will have left it for me. In English one usually does not say you will have left
or you'll have left but rather you leave. In Latin the idea of a previous future action needs to be
recognized, so they made this tense.

If you don’t know what voice means, start here. Voice basically means active or passive. Did
you do the action or was the action done by you? Active – Magister threw the book. Passive – The book
was thrown by Magister.

If you don’t know what mood means, start here. Mood means subjunctive or indicative. We
use subjunctive with the hortatory, purpose clauses, and result clauses. Those last two look a lot alike.
Hortatory – Sort of like a polite command. In English, we say “Let’s” , or something similar. It will
always be in the 1st person plural (i.e. the “we” form).
Purpose clauses – are just what they sound like. Something is done so that something else
happens. We use ut to say “so that” or “in order to,” and we use ne to say “so that not” or “in order not
to.”
Result clauses – are also just what they sound like. Something happened, so therefore
something else happened. We use ut to say “so that.” We use ut…non to say “so that… not”
If there isn’t hortatory, a purpose clause, or a result clause, we use indicative. There are actually
lots more reasons to use subjunctive, but we haven’t learned them yet so it doesn’t matter.

If you pretty much get what all that means but still can’t conjugate a verb, start here. This is
the hard part. You have to match stuff with endings and principal parts and all that jazz based on what
you’re trying to say. I’ll space this out a bit so it’s all on one page.
Indicative – Present, imperfect, or future: 2 nd PP + ending
*Some differ by conjugation, which are indicated by 1 st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th
Present active
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th: o, s, t, mus, tis, nt
Imperfect active
1st, 2nd: ba + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
3rd, 4th: eba + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
Future active
1st, 2nd: bi + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt, except bo, not bim; and bunt, not bint
3rd, 4th: e + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt, except the “I” form is am, not em
Present passive
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th: or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur
NOTE: 3rd uses intur, 3rdi uses untur, and 4th uses untur
Imperfect passive
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th: ba + r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur
Future passive
1st, 2nd: bi + r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur, except bor, not bir; and buntur, not bintur
3rd, 4th: e + r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur, except the “I” form is ar, not er
Indicative – perfect, pluperfect, or future perfect: 3 rd PP for active + ending, 4th PP for passive +esse form
*I don’t have to say which conjugation since they’re all the same.
Perfect active: ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt
Pluperfect active: eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant (imperfect form of esse)
Future perfect active: erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint (future form of esse)
Perfect passive: us, us, us, ī, ī, ī, + esse in the present as a separate word (sum, es, est, sumus,
estis, sunt)
Pluperfect passive: us, us, us, ī, ī, ī, + esse in the imperfect as a separate word (eram, erās, erat,
erāmus, erātis, erant)
Perfect passive: us, us, us, ī, ī, ī, + esse in the future as a separate word (erō, eris, erit, erimus,
eritis, erunt)
*notice that the endings for pluperfect and future active are the same as the form of esse that
gets added in the passive, except erint becomes erunt.)

Subjunctive – take the stem indicated below and add (ending).

= m, s, t, mus, tis, nt for active; or r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur for passive
Present – Let’s beat that giant! 2 nd PP stem + e, ea, a, or ia according to conjugation +
Imperfect – 2nd PP (whole thing) +
Perfect – 3rd PP stem + eri +
Pluperfect – 3rd PP stem + issē +
Ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum – use this verb to make it easier to identify principal part use.

Active Passive Active Passive (don’t have to know)

Indicative Indicative Subjunctive Subjunctive

Present Present Present Present
ferō feror feram ferar
fers ferris ferās ferā́ ris
fert fertur ferat ferā́ tur
ferimus ferimur ferā́ mus ferā́ mur
fertis feríminī ferā́ tis ferā́ minī
ferunt feruntur ferant ferā́ ntur

Imperfect Imperfect Imperfect Imperfect

ferēbam ferēbar fererem fererer
ferēbās ferēbā́ ris fererēs fererēris
ferēbat ferēbā́ tur fereret fererētur
ferēbā́ mus ferēbā́ mur fererēmus fererēmur
ferēbā́ tis ferēbā́ minī fererētis fererēminī
ferēbant ferēbaantur fererent fererēntur
   
Future Future
feram ferar
ferēs ferēris
feret ferētur
ferēmus ferēmur
ferētis ferēminī
ferent ferentur

Perfect Perfect Perfect Perfect

tulī lātus sum tulerim lātus sim
tulístī lātus es tuleris lātus sīs
tulit lātus est tulerit lātus sit
tulimus lātī sumus tulerimus lātī sīmus
tulístis lātī estis tuleritis lātī sītis
tulērunt lātī sunt tulerint lātī sint

Pluperfect Pluperfect Pluperfect Pluperfect

tuleram lātus eram tulíssem lātus essem
tulerās lātus erās tulíssēs lātus essēs
tulerat lātus erat tulísset lātus esset
tulerā́ mus lātī erāmus tulissēmus lātī essēmus
tulerā́ tis lātī erātis tulissētis lātī essētis
tulerant lātī erant tulíssent lātī essent
   
Future Perfect Future Perfect
tulerō lātus erō
tuleris lātus eris
tulerit lātus erit
tulerimus lātī erimus
tuleritis lātī eritis
tulerint lātī erunt