Microprocessor

Group: C1

BUCK Driver
Group Members:
Arslan Qayyum
14-EE-11
Ibrahim Khalil
14-EE-115
Mehroz Khan
14-EE-147

Submitted to:
Mam Zunaira huma

Description
The aim of developing this project is to control the speed of DC motor. The main advantage in
using a DC motor is that the Speed-Torque relationship can be varied to almost any useful form.
To achieve the speed control an electronic technique called Pulse Width Modulation is used
which generates High and Low pulses. These pulses vary the speed in the motor. For the
generation of these pulses a microcontroller (AT89c51) is used. As a microcontroller is used
setting the speed ranges as per the requirement is easy which is done by changing the duty cycles
time period in the program. This project is practical and highly feasible in economic point of
view, and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. This project gives a reliable,
durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor.
Circuit Diagram:

Components Required:
Name of the Component

Make

AT89C51
Micro Controller
Resistors
Capacitors
Capacitor
Diode
Transistor
Switches
DC Motor
DC Adapter
DC Adapter
Crystal Oscillator

ATMEL
R1,R2
C1,C2
C3
D1
T1
SW1,SW2
AMETECK
Q1(C)
Q2(C)
X1

Value

Number
1

10K
1nF
1mF
IN4004
TIP122
12Volts
12 Volts
5 Volts
12MHz

2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1

Working procedure:
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method for binary signals generation, which has 2 signal
periods (high and low). The width (W) of each pulse varies between 0 and the period (T). The
main principle is control of power by varying the duty cycle. Here the conduction time to the
load is controlled. Let for a time t1, the input voltage appears across the load i.e. ON state and
for t2 time the voltage across the load is zero.
1 The average voltage at output is given by V = 1/T v dt = t /T Vs = ft Vs = kVs
a
o
1
1
2 the average load current I = V /R = kV /R where, T is the total time period =t1+t2, k =
a
a
s
t1/T is the duty cycle.
3 The rms value of output voltage is V0 = ( i/T V

dt )

=kV
s

2
2
4 The output power and is given by P = 1/T v idt = 1/T v /R dt = kV /R
i
0
0
s

1 The duty cycle can be varied from 0 to 1 by varying t1, T or f. Therefore, the output
voltage V0 can be varied from 0 to Vs by controlling k, and the power flow can be
controlled.
2 As the time t1 changes the width of pulse is varied and this type of control is called
pulse width modulation (PWM) control.
For better understanding of PWM these diagrammatic representations can be used. These
figures represent the waveforms obtained as output at different voltage requirements.

High Speed Signal (90%): The green part of the signal represents the ON time and the
white part of it represents time when it is not receiving any voltage.

Signal with half voltage (50%):

Signal with low voltage (10%):

Block Diagram:

PROJECT PROPOSAL
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Code
#include<reg51.h>
//These are the ports from where the microcontroller gets the information about the switch
positions.
sbit SW_1 = P2^6; //connecting switch 1 to the port 2 ,pin 6.
sbit SW_2 = P2^7; // connecting switch 1 to the port 2 ,pin 7.
sbit MTR = P1^0; // from this pin we get the signal that is to be fed to the base
void main()
{ int x;
while(1)
{
if(SW_1==0 & SW_2==0)
{
MTR=1;
for(x=0;x<150;x++);
MTR=0;
for(x=0;x<600;x++);

Dept. of EED UET Taxila

PROJECT PROPOSAL
}
if(SW_1==0 & SW_2==1)
{
MTR=1;
for(x=0;x<300;x++);
MTR=0;
for(x=0;x<300;x++);
}
if(SW_1==1 & SW_2==0)
{
MTR=1;

for(x=0;x<600;x++);
MTR=0;
for(x=0;x<150;x++);
}
if(SW_1==1 & SW_2==1)
{
MTR=1;
}
}

Dept. of EED UET Taxila

PROJECT PROPOSAL
}
//In this condition both the switches are open so they are stated as 1s and in this condition the
motor runs at full speed.

Dept. of EED UET Taxila