Flow in Open Channel: Prepared By: Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar

1
CHAPTER 3
FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL
9/9/2014
Prepared By :
AMALINA AMIRAH ABU BAKAR
2
9/9/2014
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Understand the concept and equations in open channel flow
To determine the velocity and discharge using Chezys equation
To resolve velocity and discharge problems using Mannings equation
Able to solve problems related to optimum cross section in both conduits
and open channel
Able to relate the concept of specific energy and momentum equations in
the effect of change in bed level Broad Crested Weir
Able to relate the concept of specific energy and momentum equations in
the effect of lateral contraction of channel - Venturi Flume
3
9/9/2014
CHAPTER 3
FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3.2
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW
3.3
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF OPEN CHANNELS
3.4
ROUGHNESS EQUATIONS
3.5
OPTIMUM CROSS SECTIONS FOR OPEN

CHANNEL
3.6
OPTIMUM DEPTH FOR NON FULL FLOW IN CLOSED

CONDUIT
EC 110- DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (SEMESTER JANUARY2010- APRIL2010)

ECW 301- BASIC HYDRAULICS (PREPARED BY: Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar)
4
9/9/2014
LECTURE 3.1
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
INTRODUCTION

5
9/9/2014
INTRODUCTION
Flow in open channel is different in many ways
compared to flow in closed conduits

It is essential that the difference between the two
types of flow be understood and appreciated

before studying flow in open channels
6
9/9/2014
Comparison between full flow in closed

conduit and flow in open channel
7
9/9/2014
8
9/9/2014
Comparison between full flow in closed

conduit and flow in open channel
9
9/9/2014
LECTURE 3.2
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

10
9/9/2014
Flow in open channels deals with flowing water
Most practical purposes flowing liquids in
open channel are considered incompressible.
E.g.: density within the flow remains constant
This simplifies the analysis
Flow in channels can be classified in several
ways
11
9/9/2014
12
9/9/2014
TURBULENT FLOW
Flow can be classified based on motion of the
fluid particles
Fluid motion characterised by the random and
irregular movement of fluid particles
TURBULENT FLOW
Movement of fluid particles in turbulent flow is
accompanied by small fluctuations in pressure
13
9/9/2014
TURBULENT FLOW
Flows in open channel are mainly turbulent
Examples of turbulent flows in open channel
Hydraulic jump from spillway
Flow in fast flowing river
14
9/9/2014
LAMINAR FLOW
Flow characterised by orderly movement of fluid
particles in well defined paths LAMINAR

FLOW
Laminar flow tends to move in layers

In open channels - laminar flow may be found
close to the boundaries of the channel
15
9/9/2014
LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

The flow in a pipe changes from laminar to
turbulent if the velocity of the flow is increased
beyond a certain limit
Reynolds number used to determine whether a
flow is laminar or turbulent
Laminar Flow
- Re < 2000
Turbulent Flow
- Re > 2000
16
9/9/2014
LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

In open channels determination of laminar
and turbulent flow can be made by using
Reynolds Number, Re
Generally, open channel , classification can be

made as follows
- Laminar flow will result when Re < 500
- Turbulent flow will result when Re > 500
17
9/9/2014
UNIFORM & NON UNIFORM FLOW

Flow can be classified based on average values
of flow parameters such as velocity and

pressure
These flow parameters may remain constant or

may vary from section to section within a flow
18
9/9/2014
UNIFORM FLOW
Flow in which the parameters (velocity and
pressure) remain constant with respect to

space at any point in the flow
E.g : Flow with a fixed discharge in a channel of

constant geometrical shape and slope
19
9/9/2014
NON UNIFORM FLOW

Flow parameters (velocity and pressure) do
not remains constant with respect space

E.g .: Flow of fixed discharge through a channel
which changes either in geometrical shape or

slope of the channel
20
9/9/2014
STEADY & UNSTEADY FLOW

Apart from classifying flow by monitoring flow
parameters with respect to space, flow can also

be classified by monitoring flow parameters
(velocity, pressure, etc) with respect to time.
21
9/9/2014
STEADY FLOW
Flow where the parameters remain constant
over a specified time interval
UNSTEADY FLOW
Flow where the parameters vary over time
22
9/9/2014
UNIFORM FLOW & STEADY FLOW

From these two types of classification such as
uniform and steady flow, further subdivision can
be made.
1. STEADY UNIFORM FLOW

Flow parameters do not change w.r.t space
nor time
Constant flow rate in a long channel with
constant slope and cross section is an example
of this type of flow
23
9/9/2014
2. STEADY NON UNIFORM FLOW

Flow parameters change w.r.t space
However, at any given point in the flow,

parameters are constant w.r.t time.
E.g.: Constant flow rate in a channel with

changing cross section or changing bed slope
24
9/9/2014
3. UNSTEADY UNIFORM FLOW

Flow parameters do not change w.r.t space, at
any given instant
Example:
- At time t1 , the velocity at any section 1 is equal to
v1
However, at time t2 the velocity at this section
changes from v1 to v2
Flow in a long channel of constant cross section
and slope during a short burst of heavy storm is
an example of this type of flow
25
9/9/2014
4. UNSTEADY NON UNIFORM FLOW

Flow parameters change w.r.t both time and
space
Flow in a natural channel with changing cross
section and slope during a heavy storm is an

example of this type of flow
26
9/9/2014

Steady uniform flow are characterised by
constant flow velocity w.r.t time and space

Such flows may be achieved in long channels
with constant cross sectional area and constant

channel slope
27
9/9/2014

Under these conditions and constant flow rate,
Q in the channel will attain what is called the

terminal velocity which is constant
The depth of flow under steady uniform

condition is called normal depth
28
9/9/2014

Steady uniform flow can also be analysed from
energy or total head consideration
Figure 3.1 shows the total energy line for flow in

an open channel
29
9/9/2014
D1
B1
v12/2g
v2/2g
D1
z1
Total Energy Line

v22/2g
D2
z2
D2
B2
Datum
Figure 3.1: Flow in an open channel
From the figure it is clear that if the water depth

is constant, then
the slope of
=
the slope of the
total energy line
channel
30
NON UNIFORM FLOW
9/9/2014
When velocity and depth of flow in an open channel change, then
non uniform flow will result

Non uniform flow in open channels can be divided into two types:
Gradually varied flow, GVF
- Where changes in velocity and depth of flow take place over a long
distance of the channel
Rapidly varied flow, RVF
- Where changes in velocity and depth of flow occur over short
distance in the channel
31
NON UNIFORM FLOW
9/9/2014
32
9/9/2014
33
9/9/2014
ANALYSIS OF FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL

Analysis of flow in open channel relies on
equation established in the study of fluid

mechanics
- CONTINUITY EQUATION
- MOMENTUM EQUATION
- ENERGY EQUATION (BERNOULLI)
34
9/9/2014
To illustrate how these equations can be applied
to flow in an open channel refer to Figure 3.1

h
D1
B1
v12/2g
v2/2g
D1
z1
Total Energy Line

v22/2g
D2
z2
Datum
D2
B2
35
9/9/2014
CONTINUITY EQUATION
The continuity equation can be applied at
sections 1 and 2
In order for continuity to be satisfied, flow rate
at two sections must be equal
36
9/9/2014
For rectangular channel,
37
9/9/2014
For rectangular channel, commonly to use flow

rate per unit width, q
Hence for a rectangular channel of constant

width, the continuity equation may be written as
follows;
38
9/9/2014
MOMENTUM EQUATION
As flow in one channel is likely to experience a
change in velocity, then the momentum of
flowing fluid will also change
This change in momentum will result in forces
being present in the flow system
Analysis of these forces can be done using the
Momentum Equation
The general Momentum Equation can be given
as follows
39
9/9/2014
But net force, F comprises of three components

namely;
40
9/9/2014
For the flow shown in Figure 3.1, the free body

boundary and control volume selected are
shown in Figure 3.3
41
9/9/2014
42
9/9/2014
43
9/9/2014
ENERGY EQUATION
44
9/9/2014
Head, h
v12/2g
D1
B1
D1
z1
v2/2g
Total Energy Line

v22/2g
D
D2
D2
z
z2
B2
Datum
Free Water Surface = Hydraulic Grade Line
45
9/9/2014
46
9/9/2014
47
9/9/2014
48
9/9/2014
49
9/9/2014
50
9/9/2014
51
9/9/2014
52
9/9/2014
LECTURE 3.3
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES
OF OPEN CHANNEL

53
9/9/2014
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF
OPEN CHANNEL
There are several important geometrical of open
channels that need to be understood before
analysis of flow in open channel can be

attempted
54
9/9/2014
Properties of Open Channel
Flow Cross Sectional Area, A [L2]

Wetted Parameter, P [L]
Hydraulic Mean Depth, m [L]

Flow cross sectional area, A is NOT equal to
the cross sectional area of channel

Only covers the area where fluid flow takes
place.
55
9/9/2014
RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
For rectangular channel in Figure 3.4, the flow
cross sectional area, A is,
56
9/9/2014
WETTED PERIMETER FOR

RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
Wetted perimeter
Total length of the sides of the channel cross
section which is in contact with the flowing fluid
Wetted perimeter, P for a rectangular channel
57
9/9/2014
HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH FOR

RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
Hydraulic mean depth
Flow cross sectional area A, divided by the
wetted perimeter, P
Hydraulic Mean Depth, m
58
EXAMPLE 3.1
(TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL)
9/9/2014
Determine the hydraulic mean depth, m for the
trapezoidal channel shown in Figure 3.5
59
9/9/2014
60
9/9/2014
61
9/9/2014
EXERCISE 1
Answer: m=0.516m
62
9/9/2014
LECTURE 3.4
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
ROUGHNESS EQUATIONS

63
9/9/2014
HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION FOR

OPEN CHANNELS
Friction in open channels can be treated in a
similar manner to that given in pipe flows
For a steady uniform flow, the head loss due
to friction can be expressed as follows:
64
9/9/2014
Hydraulic mean depth, m is used

to represent the characteristics
length of the channel.

In case of a pipe, diameter was
used. Rearranging previous

equation:
65
9/9/2014
CHEZY EQUATION
Where;
66
9/9/2014
CHEZY EQUATION
For steady uniform flow,
The Total Energy = The Gradient of Channel
Line, i
Bed, s
h
D1
B1
v12/2g
v2/2g
D1
z1
Total Energy Line

v22/2g
D2
z2
Datum
D2
B2
67
9/9/2014
CHEZY EQUATION
Prevoiusly,
Since i = s
Hence the equation can be also written as
68
ROUGHNESS EQUATIONS
9/9/2014
Several expressions have been proposed for the

evaluation of Chezy coefficient, C.
The three commonly used expressions are given
below,
Ganguillet
& Kutter Equation
Mannings Equation
Bazin
Equation
69
9/9/2014
1. GANGUILLET AND KUTTERS EQN.

Ganguillet and Kutter proposed that the
coefficient C depend on:
Roughness
Slope
Geometrical shape of channel
The following expression is used to evaluate C
70
9/9/2014
Table 3.2 Values of roughness coefficient N
71
2. MANNINGS EQUATION
9/9/2014
Mannings work lead to the expression for

velocity of flow in the channel, in terms of ;
Roughness coefficient
Geometrical shape of the channel
Energy loss in the flow
Equation proposed by Mannings is given as
follows
72
9/9/2014
2. MANNINGS EQUATION
Essentially Manning used Chezy equation with
the coefficient of C = m 1/6 /N.

When this value of C is substituted into Chezy
Equation, the Mannings Equation is obtained.
73
9/9/2014
GANGUILLET AND KUTTERS EQN.

VS
MANNINNGS EQUATION
Mannings equation is widely used by hydraulic
engineers compared to Ganguillet and Kutters
Equation
This is due that the results obtained by
Mannings Equation are very close that given by
Ganguillet and Kutters Equation
74
9/9/2014
3. BAZINS EQUATION
Bazin proposed an equation to evaluate C
The roughness effect of the channel is taken into

account by the factor, k
Value of k are tabulated in Table 3.3
75
9/9/2014
76
EXAMPLE 3.2
9/9/2014
Use Ganguillet and Kutterss Eqn. and compare

with Mannings Equation
77
9/9/2014
SOLUTION FOR EXAMPLE 3.2
78
9/9/2014
79
9/9/2014
80
9/9/2014
81
9/9/2014
EXERCISE 2
Answer:
C= 28.97m0.5 /s, v=0.77m/s
82
9/9/2014
EXAMPLE 3.3
83
9/9/2014
84
9/9/2014
85
9/9/2014
EXERCISE 3
Answer: v=3.174m/s, Q= 82.53m3 /s
86
EXERCISE 4
9/9/2014
Determine the velocity and discharge for the

symmetrical channel in figure below, if the bed
slope is 1/750 and the channel has a Mannings
roughness coefficient of 0.012.
0.5m
0.25m
1.2m
Answer: Q= 9.53m3/s
87
9/9/2014
LECTURE 3.5
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
OPTIMUM CROSS SECTIONS
FOR OPEN CHANNEL

88
OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION

FOR OPEN CHANNEL
9/9/2014
Geometrical shape of a channel will influence

the value of ;
- Flow cross sectional area, A
- Wetted perimeter, P
- Hydraulic mean depth, m
Example 3.2 and 3.3 have shown that the
velocity, v and flow rate, Q in open channels
depend directly on the value of hydraulic
mean depth, m

89
9/9/2014
Flow rate, Q also depend on the geometrical

shape of the channel
OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION Geometrical shape
which produces the maximum flow rate Qmax for a
given channel roughness [N], slope [s] and flow
cross sectional area [A].
In the case of maximum flow rate, Qmax occurs, the
flow cross sectional area will be at its maximum
while wetted perimeter will be at its minimum
90
9/9/2014
For Qmax,
Qmax =Av = A C(mi)0.5
m=A/P
A will be in max, while P will be in min.
91
9/9/2014
EXAMPLE 3.4
(OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION)
92
9/9/2014

93
9/9/2014
Length of the trapezoidal

channel side slope
94
9/9/2014
95
9/9/2014
*Refer eqn. 1
2
*Simplified above eqn. by dividing both term with D
96
9/9/2014
97
9/9/2014
n)
98
9/9/2014
99
9/9/2014
EXAMPLE 3.5
100
9/9/2014

101
9/9/2014
102
9/9/2014
103
9/9/2014
104
9/9/2014
105
9/9/2014
EXERCISE 5
Prove that for a rectangular channel, the
maximum discharge will occur when B=2D

where B is the width and D is the depth.
106
9/9/2014
EXERCISE 6
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a rate of
20m3/s. If the velocity of flow is 2.0m/s, and
Chezy Coefficient is 60,
i) Determine the depth and width of the channel
given that flow is maximum
ii) Calculate the bed slope of the channel
(Answer: D= 50.5 m, B=2(5)0.5 m, i= 1/1006)
107
9/9/2014
LECTURE 3.6
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
OPTIMUM DEPTH FOR NON-FULL FLOW
IN CLOSED CONDUIT

108
9/9/2014
CHAPTER 3.6
OPTIMUM DEPTH NON FULL FLOW
FOR CLOSED CONDUIT
109
9/9/2014
cos
110
9/9/2014
111
9/9/2014
112
9/9/2014
113
9/9/2014
114
9/9/2014
115
9/9/2014
116
9/9/2014
117
9/9/2014
EXAMPLE 3.6
Determine the maximum discharge from a
circular stoneware sewer, 2.0m diameter, having
a fall of 1 in 1500. What is the discharge if the
sewer is running full? Take C=65.
Answer: 3.916m3/s, 3.728m3/s
118
9/9/2014
EXERCISE 1
A =0.098m2
P = 0.785m
i = 0.007786 = 1/128
119
9/9/2014
EXCERCISE 2
A sewer pipe, for which Mannings
roughness is 0.014, is laid on a slope
of 1:5500 and is to carry a discharge
of 2.76m3/s when the pipe flows at
80% of full depth. Determine the
required diameter of pipe.
D = 2.317m
120
9/9/2014
EXERCISE 3
Q=13.81m3/s, Q=2.08m3/s, Q= 7.558m3/s, Q=15.15m3/s
121
9/9/2014

Flow in Open Channel: Prepared By: Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Flow in Open Channel: Prepared By: Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

1

GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF OPEN CHANNELS

OPTIMUM CROSS SECTIONS FOR OPEN

OPTIMUM DEPTH FOR NON FULL FLOW IN CLOSED

EC 110- DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (SEMESTER JANUARY2010- APRIL2010)

EC 110- DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (SEMESTER JANUARY2010- APRIL2010)

compared to flow in closed conduits

types of flow be understood and appreciated

Comparison between full flow in closed

Comparison between full flow in closed

EC 110- DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (SEMESTER JANUARY2010- APRIL2010)

particles in well defined paths LAMINAR

Laminar flow tends to move in layers

close to the boundaries of the channel

LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

Generally, open channel , classification can be

UNIFORM & NON UNIFORM FLOW

of flow parameters such as velocity and

These flow parameters may remain constant or

pressure) remain constant with respect to

E.g : Flow with a fixed discharge in a channel of

NON UNIFORM FLOW

not remains constant with respect space

which changes either in geometrical shape or

STEADY & UNSTEADY FLOW

parameters with respect to space, flow can also

(velocity, pressure, etc) with respect to time.

UNIFORM FLOW & STEADY FLOW

1. STEADY UNIFORM FLOW

2. STEADY NON UNIFORM FLOW

However, at any given point in the flow,

E.g.: Constant flow rate in a channel with

3. UNSTEADY UNIFORM FLOW

4. UNSTEADY NON UNIFORM FLOW

section and slope during a heavy storm is an

UNIFORM FLOW & STEADY FLOW

constant flow velocity w.r.t time and space

with constant cross sectional area and constant

UNIFORM FLOW & STEADY FLOW

Q in the channel will attain what is called the

The depth of flow under steady uniform

UNIFORM FLOW & STEADY FLOW

Figure 3.1 shows the total energy line for flow in

Total Energy Line

Figure 3.1: Flow in an open channel

From the figure it is clear that if the water depth

NON UNIFORM FLOW

When velocity and depth of flow in an open channel change, then

non uniform flow will result

NON UNIFORM FLOW

ANALYSIS OF FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL

equation established in the study of fluid

- ENERGY EQUATION (BERNOULLI)

To illustrate how these equations can be applied

to flow in an open channel refer to Figure 3.1

Total Energy Line

Figure 3.1: Flow in an open channel

at two sections must be equal

For rectangular channel,

For rectangular channel, commonly to use flow

Hence for a rectangular channel of constant

But net force, F comprises of three components