IMPROVE YOUR ENGLISH

(Limited Edition)
(Not for Sale, For Educational Purposes Only)

By
Bitra Suyatno
2004

Preface
Most of materials in this module is quoted from those of English course conducted by Badan
Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Keuangan (BPPK) between 8 March and 21 May 2004.
This module is very easy to be understood and learned by people who have at least basic level in
English.
To understand it easier, you could use some recommended books, like especially Barrons TOEFL,
Cliff TOEFL Preparation Guide, Advanced Grammar in Use, English Grammar in Use, Developing
English Sentence, Essential Words for the TOEFL*, and Lets Write English.
Should you have any questions, critics, and inputs for improving the quality of this module, please
do not hesitate to discuss with me.

Thank you.

Jakarta, July 2004

Bitra Suyatno Sentence (kalimat)

Pola kalimat yang paling penting dalam bahasa Inggris (yang harus ada dalam suatu kalimat)
adalah:
S + Predicate (Simple Sentence)
Verbs:
a. finite verbs
kata kerja yang mengacu pada tenses:
terbagi menjadi:
1. action verbs:
I am eating now;
She eats everyday;
She will eat.
2. linking verbs:
- be: is, am, are, was, were, been
- taste
- become
- look
- sound
- seem
- appear
- etc
Subyek
She
She
She
She
She

Linking verbs
is
seems
sounds
appears
looks

Adj
Happy
Happy
Happy
Happy
Happy

Linking verbs.
Directions: Some of the italicized words in the following are used as linking verbs. Identify which
ones are linking verbs by underlining them. Also underline the adjective that follows the linking
verb.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Olga looked at the fruit. (no underline)

It looked fresh.
Dan noticed a scratch on the door of his car.
Morris tasted the candy.
It tasted good.
The crowd grew quiet as the official began her speech.
Felix grows tomatoes in his garden.
Sally grew up in Florida.
I can smell the chicken in the oven.
It smells delicious.
Barbara got a package in the mail.
Al got sleepy after dinner.
During the storm, the sea became rough.

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

Nicole became a doctor after many years of study.

Diana sounded her horn to warn the driver of the other car.
Helen sounded happy when I talked to her.
The weather turns hot in July.
When Bob entered the room, I turned around to look at him.
I turned a page in the book.
It appears certain that Mary Hanson will win the election.
Dicks story seems strange. Do you believe it?

Linking verbs: adjectives and adverbs.

Directions: Complete the sentence with the correct word (adjective or adverb)
1. clean, cleanly
2. slow, slowly
3. safe, safely
4. anxious, anxiously
5. complete, completely

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6. wild, wildly
7. honest, honestly

6.
7.

8. thoughtful, thoughtfully

8.

9. good, well
10. fair, fairly
11. terrible, terribly
12. good, well
13. light, lightly
14. confident, confidently
15. famous, famously
16. fine, finely

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

The floor looks clean.

The bear climbed slowly up the tree.
The plane landed safely on the runway.
When the wind started to blow, I grew anxiously.
The list of names appears completely. No more names
need to be added.
The crowd yelled wildly when we scored a goal.
The merchant looked honest, but she wasnt. I discovered
when I got home that she had cheated me.
Jane looked at her book thoughtfully before she answered
the teachers question.
Most of the students did well on their test.
The contract offer sounded fair to me, so I accepted the job.
Jim felt terrible about forgetting his sons birthday.
A rose smells good.
As dawn approached, the sky became light.
Beth spoke confidently when she delivered her speech.
The actor became famous throughout much of the world.
I dont think this milk is spoiled. It tastes fine to me.

b. Non-finite Verbs
Verb doesnt refer to tenses;
Function as an adjective dalam bentuk V-ing atau V3.
Ex:
- Amir looking handsome today is my friend.
Amir yang kelihatan tampan hari ini adalah teman saya (V-ing berfungsi sebagai adj.
active menjelaskan subject: Amir)
- Amir taken to hospital last night is my friend.
Amir yang dibawa ke rumah sakit tadi malam adalah teman saya (V-ing berfungsi
sebagai adj. passive menjelaskan subject: Amir)
- The dog it bites the kid. (it harus di hapus, karena redundancy terhadap subyek).
- The dog eating the bone it bites the kid. (it di hapus, karena redundancy terhadap
subyek, ingat fungsi eating the bone adalah sebagai adj. active penjelas the dog dan
bukan sebagai verb).

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

8.

9.
10.
11.

12.
13.
14.

15.

Through the centuries, many people have confused whales with fish.
Prep.
Noun.
Whales are mammals, not fish. They breathe air and give live birth to their young.
Noun
Noun
Verb Noun
Orca whales, which are black and white, are highly trainable.
Adv. Adj.
They are also called killer whales, but trainers tell us that these whales are intelligent and
Adj.
sensitive.
Adj.
One time, a newly captured male orca refused to eat for a long time.
Verb
Finally, he took a fish from the trainer.
Adv. Of Sequence
However, he didnt eat the fish immediately; he took it to another recently captured whale,
a
Adv.
Verb
female who had also refused to eat, and shared it with her.
Verb.
Some species of whales dive deeply beneath the surface of the ocean in order to feed and
can
Verb. Adv.
Prep.
Noun
stay under the water for more than an hour.
Prep.
Noun
All whales, however, must come to the surface for air.
Prep.
Whales make the longest migrations known among mammals.
Noun
Prep.
Gray whales swim from the Pacific coast of Mexico, where they give birth in winter, to the
icy
Verb. Prep.
Prep Noun
Arctic for the summer.
Whales do not have vocal chords, but they can communicate with each other.
Prep.
They have a wide range of clicks, whistles, and songs.
Noun. Noun
Noun.
When a whale is captured in a net, other whales gather around it and communicate
through
Verb. Prep.
Verb.
Prep.
the net.
They follow the captured whale for long distances.

Adjective mempunyai fungsi sebagai explain noun.

Ciri-ciri:
Usually - in front of noun: red book
after linking verbs: she is happy; she looks happy.
-

we go to school = induk kalimat (main clause)

when we go to school, .. = anak kalimat (sub clause)

noun clause: sebagai subyek, obyek atau object of preposition. Pattern: S + P;

adj clause: sebagai adj. Yang menerangkan noun tetapi berbentuk kalimat;
adv clause:.
Complement: at the office, in the morning
Sentences (Kalimat) :
- Simple: S + V + C
Ex: Adi and Ira are students
-

Compound: main clause + coordinate conjunction/connector + main caluse

Ex: Adi likes playing badminton; Ira doesnt like it. (dalam hal connector harus hati-hati
kadang2 yang ditampilkan bukan ; tetapi ,)
Untuk menghubungkan 2 kalimat setara harus dengan ; atau for, and, nor, but, or, yet
atau so. Tidak boleh dengan , (koma).

Complex: main clause + coordinate conjuction + sub clause

When
Subordinate
Conjunction
Menghubungkan
main clause dan
sub clause

Compound complex

Adi plays badminton

,
Ira watches him
Anak kalimat (sub clause), harus Main clause
selalu
dimulai
dengan ada
(selalu di mulai dengan
conjunction
koma S + P)

Problem with verb:

-

The pretiest girl in our class with long brown hair and brown eyes
kalimat ini salah karena tidak ada verb, untuk membetulannya bisa dengan:
The pretiest girl in our class has long brown hair and brown eyes atau
The pretiest girl in our class with long brown hair and brown eyes is my friend.
In my opinion, it is too soon to make education (correct);
Do you know whether the movie starts at seven? (correct) whether dapat diganti dengan
if
Do you know the movie that starts at seven? (IC)
The book that I lent you having a good bibliography (IC)
Having dalam kalimat tersebut berfungsi sebagai non finite verbs dan harus diganti dengan
finite verbs.

The girl who is sitting on the corner is my friend.

S
V
The table that / which is having four legs is brown.
The girl whom I talked to last night is Ita.
S
The girl who talked to Ita is my friend.
The girl whose name is Ira is my friend.
The date when
I was born is October 6.
Connector S
V
The girl whose coffee I spilled is my friend. (Spill: menumpahkan)
Correct/Incorrect to infinitive/gerund:
To infinitive:
He wanted (speak/to speak) with Mr. Brown.
We demand (knowing/to know) our status.
I intend (the inform/to inform) you that we cant go with you.
They didnt plan (buying/to buy) a car.
The weather tends (improving/to improve) in May.
Tend to = apt to = prone to
Gerund:
She is considering (going/to go).
We enjoyed (talk/talking) with your friend.
Henk completed (writing/to write) his thesis this summer.
I miss (to watch/watching) the news when I am traveling.
She mentions (stopping/to stop) at El Paso in her letter.
Phrase:
She is likely to know (likely to adalah preposition phrase sehingga harus diikuti oleh V-ing)
She is likely to knowing.
Lets go to the movie when you get through .
We cant help to wonder why she left. (salah)
We cant help wondering why she left. (benar)
-

I have been looking forward to meet you. (salah)

I have been looking forward to meeting you. (benar) (looking forward to adalah prep. Phrase)

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.

admit
advise
anticipate
appreciate
avoid
complete
consider
delay
deny
discuss
dislike
enjoy
finish
forget
cant help
keep
mention
mind
miss
postpone
practice
quit
recall
recollect
recommend
regret
remember
resent
resist
risk
stop
suggest
tolerate
understand

He admitted stealing the money.

She advised waiting until tomorrow.
I anticipated having a good time on vacation.
I appreciated hearing from them.
He avoided answering my question.
I finally completed writing my term paper.
I will consider going with you.
He delayed leaving for school.
She denied committing the crime.
They discussed opening a new business.
I dislike driving long distances.
We enjoyed visiting them.
She finished studying about ten.
Ill never forget visiting Napoleons tomb.
I cant help worrying about it.
I keep hoping he will come.
She mentioned going to a movie.
Would you mind helping me with this?
I miss being with my family.
Lets postpone leaving until tomorrow.
The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
He quit trying to solve the problem.
I dont recall meeting him before.
I dont recollect meeting him before.
She recommended seeing the show.
I regret telling him my secret.
I can remember meeting him when I was a child.
I resent her interfering in my business.
I couldnt resist eating the desert.
She risks losing all of her money.
She stopped going to classes when she got sick.
She suggested going to a movie.
She wont tolerate cheating during an examination.
I dont understand his leaving school.

REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFINITIVE
1.
afford
I cant afford to buy it.
2.
agree
They agreed to help us.
3.
appear
She appears to be tired.
4.
arrange
Ill arrange to meet you at the airport.
5.
ask
He asked to come with us.
6.
beg
He begged to come with us.
7.
care
I dont care to see that show.
8.
claim
She claims to know a famous movie star.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.

consent
decide
demand
deserve
expect
fail
forget
hesitate
hope
learn
manage
mean
need
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
promise
refuse
regret
remember
seem
struggle
swear
threaten
volunteer
wait
want
wish

She finally consented to marry him.

I have decided to leave on Monday.
I demand to know who is responsible.
She deserves to win the prize.
I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.
She failed to return the book to the library on time.
I forgot to mail the letter.
Dont hesitate to ask for my help.
Jack hopes to arrive next week.
He learned to play the piano.
She managed to finish her work early.
I didnt mean to hurt your feelings.
I need to have your opinion.
They offered to help us.
I am planning to have a party.
We prepared to welcome them.
He pretends not to understand.
I promise not to be late.
I refuse to believe his story.
I regret to tell you that you failed.
I remembered to lock the door.
That cat seems to be friendly.
I struggled to stay awake.
She swore to tell the truth.
She threatened to tell my parents.
He volunteered to help us.
I will wait to hear from you.
I want to tell you something.
She wishes to come with us.

B. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A (PRO) NOUN + AN INFINITIVE

38. advise
She advised me to wait until tomorrow.
39. allow
She allowed me to use her car.
40. ask
I asked John to help us.
41. beg
They begged us to come.
42. cause
Her laziness caused her to fail.
43. challenge
She challenged me to race her to the corner.
44. convince
I couldnt convince him to accept our help.
45. dare
He dared me to do better than he had done.
46. encourage
He encouraged me to try again.
47. expect
I expect you to be on time.
48. forbid
I forbid you to tell him.
49. force
They forced him to tell the truth.
50. hire
She hired a boy to mow the lawn.
51. instruct
He instructed them to be careful.
52. invite
Harry invited the Johnsons to come to his party.
53. need
We needed Chris to help us figure out the solution.

54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.

order
permit
persuade
remind
require
teach
tell
urge
want
warn

The judge ordered me to pay a fine.

He permitted the children to stay up late.
I persuaded him to come for a visit.
She reminded me to lock the door.
Our teacher requires us to be on time.
My brother taught me to swim.
The doctor told me to take these pills.
I urged her to apply for the job.
I want you to be happy.
I warned you not to drive too fast.

Modals:
I would, if there is time, liking to make a phone call (IC)
yang benar
I would, if there is time, like to make a phone.
Modal

V1

Logical Conclusion:
Kejadian di waktu lampau (modals yang digunakan adalah must, may, might)
The streets are wet; it must have rained last night.
This pen wont write; it can have run out of ink. (IC) can tidak bisa, harus must, may, might
atau could. Ira was sad; it could have been ..
The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else must buy it (IC) yang benar someone
must have bought it.
I dont see Martha everywhere; she must be left early (IC). Yang benar she must have
left early.
Modals:
Must
May
Might
+

Should
Can
Will
Could

have

V3

I got a bad score on the test. I should have studied hard.

Saya dapat nilai yang jelek pada test tersebut. Saya seharusnya belajar dengan keras.
(pengandaian di waktu lampau)
Logical Conclusion (kejadian yang sedang berlangsung)
Modal

be

V-ing

The line is busy; someone must be using the telephone now. Tidak bisa someone should be using
the telephone now, walaupun secara pattern sudah benar.
he

active
eats
ate
is eating
will eat
must eat
has eaten
should have eaten

the cake

the cake

passive
is eaten

Can be omitted
(by him)

Active and Passive Voice.

Active
1. He writes many letters.
2. He wrote many letters.
3. He has written many letters.
4. He had written many letters.
5. He would write many letters.
6. He would have written many letters.
7. He is writing many letters.
8. He was writing many letters.
9. He will write many letters.
10. He will have written many letters.
11. He is going to write many letters.
12. He should write many letters.

Passive
Many letters is written by him.
Many letters was written by him.
Many letters has been written by him.
Many letters had been written by him.
Many letters would be written by him.
Many letters would have been written by him.
Many letters is being written by him.
Many letters was being written by him.
Many letters will be written by him.
Many letters will have been written by him.
Many letters is going to be written by him.
Many letters should be written by him.

Passive Verb Form:

Change the verb to active voice and rewrite the sentence. Be sure to keep the same tense. In
some cases, it will be necessary to supply a subject. (see the second example).
1. The books were taken by John.
John took the books.
2. The boxes were mailed today.
He mailed the boxes today.
3. The two packages were opened by my secretary.
My secretary opened the two packages.
4. Our homework is corrected by our teacher.
Our teacher corrected our homework.
5. Two buildings have been constructed by that company.
That company have constructed two buildings.
6. That room wasnt cleaned carefully yesterday.
The cleaning woman didnt clean that room carefully yesterday.
7. The truck is being loaded by the men now.
The men is loading the truck now.
8. Was that machine checked by the inspector?
Did the inspector check that machine?
9. Will that report be written by the same committee?
Will the same committee write that report?
10. Has the news been announced by the president yet?
Has the president announced the news yet?
11. The mail is delivered to this office twice a week.
The mailman delivers the mail to this office twice a week.
12. All of us were surprised by his frank attitude.
His frank attitude surprised all of us.
13. Was the repair work done by that mechanic?
Did that mechanic do the repair work ?
14. He wasnt very much respected by the employees.
The employees didnt respect him very much.
15. Are many courses in English given during the summer?
Does somebody give many courses in English during this summer?

Using Passive Verbs

Change the verb to the passive voice and rewrite the sentence. Be sure to keep the same tense.
1. He signed the letter.
The letter was signed by him.
2. The secretary opens the mail every morning.
The mail is opened every morning.
3. The committee is considering that proposal right now.
That proposal is being considered by the committee right now.
4. The army will complete that project next year.
That project will be completed by the army next year.
5. His boss has transferred him to another department.
He has been transferred by his boss to another department.
6. Will the company distribute the announcements?
Will the announcements be distributed by the company?
7. An artist wrote that interesting article about Paris.
That interesting article about Paris was written by an artist.
8. Today a large number of people speak English.
Today English is speak by a large number of people.
9. Didnt they return those books to the library?
Were those books returned to the library by them?
10. The government has not changed that regulation yet.
That regulation has not been changed by the government yet.
11. Someone stole all her valuable jewelry last night.
All her valuable jewelry were stolen by someone last night.
12. Miss Peters wrote all of the reports for Mr. Johnson.
All of the reports for Mr. Johnson were written by Miss Peters.
13. Bad weather has delayed Flight 202 from Miami.
Flight 202 from Miami has been delayed by bad weather.
14. Did the court divide the money among the children?
Was the money divided among the children by the court?
15. Many scholars have translated that famous Greek epic.
That famous Greek epic has been translated by many scholars.
Active Vs Passive
Use the correct voice (active or passive) and the correct tense of the verb in each sentence.
1. Everyone (shock) by the terrible news yesterday.
Everyone was shocked by the terrible news yesterday.
2. Almost everyone (enjoy) the lecture last night.
Almost everyone enjoyed the lecture last night.
3. English (teach) in the schools of almost every nation.
English is taught in the schools of almost every nation.
4. That proposal (consider) by the members right now.
That proposal is considered by the members right now.
5. The accident (happen) right here at 6.30 last night.
The accident happens right here at 6.30 last night.
6. Smith (teach) at the University of Washington since 1948.
Smith has taught at the University of Washington since 1948.

7. Mr. Harris (divide) the class into two section tomorrow.

Mr. Harris will divide the class into two section tomorrow.
8. Wilson (borrow) the money from Brown two weeks ago.
Wilson borrowed the money from Brown two weeks ago.
9. Not much (say) about the matter since that time.
Not much is said about the matter since that time.
10. My friend (write) to me about it several times now.
My friend writes to me about it several times now.
11. Davis (promote) to the rank of sergeant last week.
Davis was promoted to the rank of sergeant last week.
12. That event (occur) shortly after the meeting last week.
That event had occurred shortly after the meeting last week.
13. All the students (bring) guests to the party tomorrow night.
All the students will bring guests to the party tomorrow night.
14. Less than half of the cans of paint (use) up to now.
Less than half of the cans of paint are used up to now.
15. More classes in English (list) in the catalog next fall.
More classes in English will be listed in the catalog next fall.
16. Everything (go) well so far. There (be) no trouble yet.
Everything is going well so far. There are no trouble yet.
17. That movie about Napoleons life (disappoint) me greatly.
That movie about Napoleons life disappoint me greatly.
18. The mail (deliver, always) to his office before 10 a.m.
The mail is always delivered to his office before 10 a.m.
19. Who (furnish) the food for the picnic next weekend?
Who will furnish the food for the picnic next weekend?
20. At this time, much attention (devote) to that problem.
At this time, much attention has been devoted to that problem.
21. Think carefully. Im sure you (remember) his name.
Think carefully. Im sure you remember his name.
22. We (treat) very kindly by our hosts last Saturday.
We were treated very kindly by our hosts last Saturday.
23. Mr. Wilson (make) some interesting statements yesterday.
Mr. Wilson made some interesting statements yesterday.
24. A new textbook (publish) by that company next year.
A new textbook will be published by that company next year.
25. The noise from the trains (annoy) me terribly last night.
The noise from the trains annoyed me terribly last night.
26. That old red house (build) in the year 1822.
That old red house was built in the year 1822.
27. The report (examine, not) by committee of experts yet.
The report has not examined by committee of experts yet.
28. Cocktails (serve) to the guests about 10 minutes from now.
Cocktails has been served to the guests about 10 minutes from now.
29. His sharp remarks (embarrass) everyone last night.
His sharp remarks embarrassed everyone last night.
30. Fred (introduce) to the fellow by Mr. Brown yesterday.
Fred introduced to the fellow by Mr. Brown yesterday.
31. Listen to this! I think this news (surprise) you!
Listen to this! I think this news surprising you!

32. The Ajax Shoe Company (employ) 25 new men next month.
The Ajax Shoe Company will employ 25 new men next month.
33. Only 25 new students (admit) into the department in 1955.
Only 25 new students were admit into the department in 1955.
34. A second coat of paint (spread) over that surface tomorrow.
A second coat of paint will be spread over that surface tomorrow.

Listening:
Dibagi:
1. statements;
2. dialogue;
3. paragraph/story.
Second = agree = time
Letter = surat = huruf
-

Homonyms:
Ex: flour, flower
Bare, bear
Word with multiple meaning:
Ex: interest, second, letter, short, address etc.
Literal meaning of an expression
Ex: burn up, brush up, etc.
Figurative meaning (konotatif) of expression:
Brush up on, hot water, run into (bertemu by accident), hit it off, pick up, piece of cake, look for,
at a derop of a hot, the short for, a for shy from first hand, under the weather, look after, take
after, short at, go without saying, look forward, count on, watch out for, for good, give me a
hand, look up to, hang up on, a stone throw, a whole new ball game (something new), think
much of, get into your blood (kebiasaan), stand out (mencolok), get over that (sudah lewat),
take over (ambil alih), outstanding (mencolok yang bagus).

Look forward to diikuti oleh V-ing, karena to disini adalah bukan to infinitive tapi preposition
sehingga diikuti oleh V-ing.
Past Custom:
- Used to (kebiasaan pada waktu lampau, pada saat ini sudah bukan kebiasaan lagi).
Ex:
I used to sleep
Present Custom:
- Be used to (kebiasaan yang berlaku sampai dengan saat ini)
Ex:
I am used to sleeping late at night.
I was used to sleeping late at night.
I have been used to sleeping late at night
I will be used to cooking.
I get used to watching TV late at night.
I got used to watching TV late at night.
Advisability:
Had better termasuk kelompok modals seperti should sehingga patternnya adalah:
Had better + V1 (+)
Had better + not + V1 (-)

Preference
Would rather (preference buat diri sendiri)
Would rather + V1 (+)
Would rather + not + V1 (-)
Would rather that (prefference untuk orang lain)
Would rather + that + S + V2
I would rather that you did that.
I would rather that you didnt do that (setelah that tidak bisa diikuti modals tapi harus V2)
Negative imperative (perintah)
Dont stand up
Dont open the window.
Would you please not smoke, bukan would you please dont smoke (asalnya dari I would not
smoke).
Would you mind not smoking ?
Causative: sebab, orang lain yang mengerjakan (berubah-ubah sesuai tenses tapi yang penting
fokus pada kata kerja yang mengikutinya.
1. make;
2. let;
3. get;
4. help;
5. have.
Made
let

Person
things

V1

His mother made him study.

His mother let him help her.
I cant make the machine work.
Active:
Get/gets/go
t
Have/has/h
ad
Pasive:
Get/gets/go
t
Have/has/h
ad

To V1
+

Person yang
disuruh

Obyek yang
dikenai

She gets a nanny to watch over him.

She gets him watched over (by a nanny).

V1 without s

V3

I get a painter to paint my house.(active)

I get my house painted (by a painter).(pasive)
I get my house being painted (by a painter).(sedang dicat)
She has a nanny watch over him.
She has him watched over (by a nanny).
Causative: sebab
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

make;
let;
get;
help;
have.

Menyuruh atau orang lain yang melakukan pekerjaan (walaupun tenses di main clause-nya bisa
berubah-ubah tetapi verb yang mengikuti causative mempunyai pola tetap).
Pattern: make, let
Make
let

Persons
things

V1

His mother made him study.

His mother let him help her.
I have made him fix the machine.
I cant make the machine work.
Pattern: have, get
Have:
have

Persons yang disuruh

V1

active

Things yang dikenai (obyek)

V3

passive

Persons yang disuruh

To V1

active

Things yang dikenai (obyek)

V3

passive

Get:
get

She gets a nanny to watch over him.

S
V
O
She gets him watched over (by a nanny)
I get a painter to paint my house (active).
I get my house painted (by a printer) (passive).
I get my house being painted (sedang di cat).

She has a nanny watch over him.

She has him watched over (by a nanny)

Complex sentences:
1. I cant lend him some money because I dont have any (money). (money dapat dicantumkan
atau di-omit)
(Sub Clause)
2. Because I dont have any money, I cant lend him some money.
Harus ada koma jika sub clause-nya di depan

3. I cant help you, and I am sorry about it. (compound sentences: 2 main clause yang
dihubungkan dengan fan boys (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) atau tanda ;.
4. I cant help you, so I will ask my friend.
5. I dont help you; I will ask my friend.
Problems with pronoun (kata ganti)
Subject: I, she, he, it, they, we, you
Object: me, her, him, it, them, us, you
Subject pronoun in complement position:
Ex:
It is he whom the committee has named

Verb of urgency Subjunctive Verbs (lihat pola problem 27, 28, 29 buku Barrons TOEFL):
Kata-kata berikut merupakan kata-kata yang bersifat anjuran:
Ask, demand, desire, insist, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest urge
We suggest that she should be disciplined to exercise regularly. (salah) yang benar adalah:
We suggest that she be disciplined to exercise regularly. Atau we suggest her to be disciplined.
Asalnya dari kata: She is overweight. She should be disciplined to exercise regularly.
Contoh lain:
Asal Kata

She is overweight. She ought to eat more fruits.

She is overweight. She should not eat fried rice.
She is overweight. She should have a diet.

Subjunctive verbs
(pattern: hanya hilangkan ought to atau should
tanpa merubah kata kerja sesudah modal
tersebut)
I suggest that she eat more fruits.
I suggest that she eats more fruits. (salah)
I suggest that she not eat fried rice.
I suggest that she doesnt eat fried rice. (salah)
I suggest that she have a diet.

I suggest that she has a diet (salah)

I suggest that she not eat too much.
I suggest that she does not eat too much.
(salah)
She is overweight. She should be disciplined to I suggest that she be disciplined to exercise
exercise regularly.
regularly.
I suggest that she is disciplined to exercise
regularly. (salah)
She is overweight. She should not eat too much.

We suggest that she not eat durian. Asalnya dari kata. She should not eat durian.
Adj of urgency:
It is preferable that she be disciplined to exercise regularly.
It is suggested that she be disciplined to exercise regularly.
It is urgent that she be disciplined to exercise regularly.
Noun of urgency:
The recommendation that we be evaluated was approved.

that we be evaluated berfungsi sebagai adj clause

menerangkan the recommendation (noun)

Complaint (noun)
Complain (verb)
It is important to help her.
It is important that she be helped.
It is important that you help her. (subjunctive) asalnya adalah you should help her.

a.
b.

a. pasive word order problem 31

b. pasive agent problems 32
c. pasive infinitives
The project is to be completed by 2005 (future information)
The project was to be completed by 1995 (masa lalu dan tidak terpenuhi) problem
33
d. necessity for repair or improvement need problems 34
e. problems 35 sesuatu yang dipercaya.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

the man is loading the truck now.

did the inspector check that machine?
will the committee write that report?
has the President announce the news yet?
the mail main deliver the mail to this office twice a day
his Frank attitude surprised all of us.

Parallel Structure:
1.
she is smart

she

adj
smartness
noun
is smartness
noun
smart
adj

an
d

an
d

beauty
noun
beautiful
adj
beauty
noun
beatiful
adj

2. She is definitely and absolute smart.

Adv
adj
adj
Yang benar:

Tidak
parallel
structure
Parallel
structure
absolute smart = salah
karena adj tidak bisa
menjelaskan adj
Yang benar: absolutely
smart (adv menjelaskan
adj)

absolutely (adv)

3. You want to do the work because you want to do it or you have to do it.
sub clause
main clause
Kalimat di atas salah karena membandingkan sub clause dengan main clause (tidak
parallel).
Yang benar:
You want to do the work because you want to do it or because you have to do it.
Kalimat di atas benar karena membandingkan sub clause dengan sub clause (parallel
structure).
4. They want either to play tennis or play golf.
Kalimat di atas salah karena membandingkan to infinitive dengan verb (tidak parallel).
Yang benar:
They want either to play tennis or to play golf.
Kalimat di atas benar karena membandingkan to infinitive dengan to infinitive (parallel).
They want to play either tennis or golf.
Kalimat di atas benar karena membandingkan noun dengan noun (parallel).
Children usually turn to their parents rather than to other figures of authority for protection
from threats in the environment.
Anthropologists study societes within their environment and evaluate the adaptions they have
made.

However = but, harus diikuti oleh main clause.

Not
Despite
Instead

Sub clause sebagai adj clause modifier Malanin

sehingga setelah connector which tidak perlu
pakai subyek lagi

Malanin, which can be fatal if left untreated, is transmitted by female, not by the male
mosquito.
The table that Ive bought is expensive.
Sub clause sebagai adj clause modifier the table
sehingga setelah connector that perlu subyek I.

That Ive bought, the table is expensive.

Sub clause sebagai noun clause sebagai modifier
subyek.
Ciri noun clause adalah didepan noun (the table).

Untuk melihat ciri-ciri parallel structure, antara lain:

For, but, or, and
Either.or.
Rather than
For thousands of years, people have used vast amounts of wood for building and heating their
home.
Ciri kalimat:
Compound sentences = ;
Complex sentences = ,
Modifier:
V3 (pasive), to, atau V-ing (active)
Relied on extensively by persons who cannot speak or hear, American sign language ranks as the
fourth most widely used language in the U.S. today.

Inversion:
Modal, bentuknya tetap.
I hardly could do it.
Hardly could I do it.
I fell in love with her only after I saw her for the first time.
Inversionnya:
Only after I saw her for the first time did I fall in love with her.
You have to do it because you want to do or because you have to do.
George, the smart boy, is my friend.
Additional information
Noun phrase = kelompok kata yang artinya beda
Noun clause = kelompok kalimat yang artinya beda.
Ika, happy and kind, is my friend.
Salah satu ciri compound sentences = ada ; atau for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so diantara 2 main
clauses.
Salah satu ciri complex sentences = ada, diantara kalimat yang panjang.
During selalu diikuti waktu (lamanya tertentu)
Similar to
To be V-ing + while (bukan when).
In all human communities, power yields captain advantages and privileges, such as honor,
N
material benefits, and prestigious (prestige).
N
adj
N

Noun:
Countable nouns:
Plural form: a table - tables
person people
an orange two oranges the orange
two kilos of oranges
fish fish/fishes
Singular form: man men
food foods
Uncountable nouns (always singular):
Sand tidak bisa sands
Gerund: some sand
Any sand
The sand
Abstract noun
Concrete noun: kalau diberi satuan unit
An ear of corn
Two ears of corn
A bar of soup
Two kilos of sugar
A pack of ciggarete
Two kilos of oranges
Penggunaan some (+) / any (- atau ?)
Menawarkan sesuatu (offering) and requesting:
Could I have some sugar?
Can I give you some water?
Can I have some water?
Menanyakan informasi:
Is there any sugar?
Many/few countable noun; a large number of, a few number of, a number of, a few, few
Much/little uncountable; a large amount of, an amount of, a little, little
A lot of bisa untuk benda-benda countable maupun uncountable.
Finite and Infinite Verb:
a. To read is
b. Reading .. requires, misal: Reading and writing require
1
2
V1
Note: To reading . (salah).
Look for to; before it to diikuiti reading (benda/gerund) karena to disini bukan to infinitife tapi
berfungsi sebagai preposisi sehingga harus diikuti oleh noun/gerund.
c. The reading of material
d. Noun Clause sebagai subject
Ex: That the vitamin C prevents cold is well-known.

setelah to be Subject
It is I bukan it is me
It is she bukan it is her

Object
Setelah prep/verb
without me bukan without I
except me bukan except I
with me bukan with I
The girl who speaks with you is my friend
Setelah who tidak perlu subyek lagi
karena who sudah merupakan penjelas
the girl dan berfungsi sebagai subyek
pronoun sehingga tidak perlu ditulis
ulang

Place:
On - sea side, sea shore, pool side, elm street No. 3, east cost, east mountain, yellow river, trailer,
national things, street
At Number 3, Elm Street.
In national park
On Dec 7, 1999, Dec. 7
Except atau but tidak bisa diikuti prep, misal: except to atau except for
Accept to = boleh
Instead of (daripada) + noun/adj harus ada pembanding
Misal: I will go to Bandung instead of Jakarta.
Instead tidak perlu pembanding
Misal: I will go to Bandung instead.
Instead I go to Bogor.
I go to Bogor instead.
Firm = tegas
Such as (for example), tidak bisa as such, such.
Despite
In spite of
Even though
Although
Though
because + S + V

Noun

S+V

 because of
due to
on the count of

Noun

from (preposition)
dari, penyebab (by)
for (purpose) + noun/V-ing
to + V1
by (cara) + noun/V-ing
such singular, plural
such a hot day
such small quantities
so singular only
so hot a day
so small quantities (salah).

+ Noun
+ V-ing (gerund)

Conjunction:
(Barrons TOEFL Page 223)
Checks are not only cash but travelers checks as well.
Checks are not only cash but also travelers checks.
Both Dr. John and Mr. Smith spoke (baik Dr. John maupun Mr. Smith berbicara).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

He enjoys playing both badminton and football as well as tennis.

The bicycle is not blue but red.
He is studying hard so that he can pass the exam. (so that = purpose)
He is studying hard to pass the exam. (to infinitive = purpose)
He is studying so hard that he can pass the exam. ( so .. that = result= sebab-akibat,
sehingga)
6. This day is such a hot day that I really want to swim. (Hari sangat panas sehingga saya
sangat ingin berenang)
7. This day is so hot a day that I really want to swim. (Hari sangat panas sehingga saya sangat
ingin berenang)
Such as = example
The temperature drops when the sun sets. (drops = menunjukkan fakta, general)
The temperature will drop when the sun sets. (will drop = menunjukkan akibat)
Perlu diperhatikan when sebagai adverbial clause tidak bisa diikuti will, walaupun menunjukkan
kejadian yang akan terjadi).
Contoh: The temperature drops when the sun will set. (salah)
If it rains, I will play outside (bukan If it will rain, I play outside).
Wh-questions:
Whats your name? (kalimat tanya langsung)
I want to know what your name is (kalimat tanya tidak langsung)
How many sisters do you have?
I want to know how many sisters you have.
I want to know how many books you had.
Yes/no answer:
Are you single? (kalimat tanya langsung)
I want to know whether/if you are single.
I want to know whether you have been in love.

I agree with

whatever
whenever
whomever
whoever

S+V
(noun clause sebagai obyek)
you decide.

I like playing badminton; Ira doesnt like it.

Connector:
Fanboys (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so dan ;)
Superior to
Inferior to
The same sex as
noun
He is stronger than I (am).
He is far stronger than I (am).
Main Clause = S + V
Sub Clause = subordinate conjunction + S + V
Adjective Clause = explain noun letak selalu dibelakang noun dengan pola subordinate
conjunction + S + V, kecuali jika adj. clause tersebut menjelaskan benda yang sudah disebutkan
sebelumnya misal: The girl who is wearing blue hat is my friend. Setelah who tidak diperlukan
subyek karena fungsi who is wearing blue hat jelas berfungsi menjelaskan the girl.
Noun Clause = sebagai subyek atau obyek atau sebagai noun.
I know who is knocking of the door.
Noun Clause sebagai obyek dan connector.
Ciri noun cl. Karena tidak ada benda

I know that girl who is knocking of the door.

Adj Clause sebagai penjelas that girl.
Ciri adj cl. karena menjelaskan noun

The girl whom the teacher punished yesterday is my friend.

The girl berfungsi sebagai obyek bukan subyek dan whom the teacher punished yesterday adalah adj. clause yang berfungsi menjelaskan the girl

(Barrons TOEFL Problem 48-50)

The secretary who/that walks there is my friend. (mengingat secretary belum jelas yang mana
maka tidak pakai koma)
Ina, who walks there, is my friend. (mengingat Ina sudah jelas yang mana orangnya maka pakai
koma)
Whose + noun
Adverb:
Berfungsi untuk modifier verb, adj, adverb atau the whole sentence.
1. time = when, before, after
2. place = where, wherever
3. purpose = so that, in order that + S + V
lihat perbedaan berikut ini:
It is so cold that we have to wear the jacket. (so that = bukan purpose tapi result)
I come here so that I can study English (so that = purpose)
4. condition = if clause
5. contrast = although, though, while, whereas, even though
6. result = so . that, such . that
7. of manner (cara) = quickly, fast, late, as if, as though
8. reason = because, since, as
9. prepositional phrase = at noon, bisa didepan atau dibelakang
penting: biasanya pola adv. of manner diikuti adv. of
contoh:

Chris who speaks English fluently is very smart.

Karena who speaks sebagai adjective clause dari Chris (sudah jelas) maka setelah who tidak
perlu ada Subyek lagi.
I dont know it. (it sebagai object/noun selalu dalam bentuk singular)
I dont know why he hates me. (it dapat diperluas menjadi why he hates me sebagai obyek dan
selalu dalam bentuk singular)
Why he loves me remainds many questions. (why he loves me adalah sebagai subyek dan
selalu dalam bentuk singular)
I believe that I can both pass the exam because I had studied hard, and I had prayed to the God.
I believe that I can both pass the exam because I had studied hard, and because I had prayed to
the God.
(Barrons TOEFL Problem Page 247 256)
Of + Noun = to subtitute adj/partciples
Ex:
A test of high difficulty was given to the students.
A test of high difficulty = a very difficult test

This matter is of great impatient to us.

This is a very impatient matter to us.
Kotler said that consumers satisfaction is of top priority.
Kotler said that consumers satisfaction is a top priority.
The donation will be of great help.
The students whose names were called raised their hands.
Jack knows a man whose name is William Duckhill Jr.
The problems Tony has seem unsolvable.
The man to whom I introduced you last night may be the next president of the university.
atau
The man whom I introduced to you last night may be the next president of the university.
The book is interesting. I bought it yesterday. (it = the book)
The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.
Atau tanpa connector: The book I bought yesterday is interesting
The picture that I am looking at is interesting. (harus ada at setelah looking karena at berfungsi
sebagai preposisi)
The picture which I am looking at is interesting.
The picture I am looking at is interesting.
The girl is very nice.

I talked to her last night. (her = the girl)

The girl whom I talked last night to is very nice.
The girl who I talked to last night is very nice.
The girl that I talked to last night is very nice.
The girl I talked to last night is very nice.
The girl to whom I talked last night is very nice.
The girl whom I saw last night is my nice.
The girl that I saw last night is my nice.
The girl I saw last night is my nice.
Because
Since
As
Inasmuch as
So long as
As long as
Due to the fact that

S+V
Jika posisi connector didepan pakai , (koma)
Because I was very tired, I did not go to your party.
I did not go to your party because I was very tired.

For tidak bisa diawal kalimat karena hanya coordinate conjunction (fanboys dan ;).
I went to bed, for I was tired. (tidak bisa For I was tired, I went to bed)
I was tired, so I went to bed.
2 kalimat
He cant here. He cant see.
He cant here, or he cant see.
He cant here, nor can he see. (inversion)
He cant here, and see. (jadi 1 main clause)
Non-restrictive (sudah jelas) connector yang digunakan whom, which, when, whose, who (that
tidak bisa dipakai )
I met John whom you want to talk to.
Problems with verbal modifier:
1. V-ing (aktif) dan V3 (pasif) menjelaskan Subject.
Returning tower room, she found that several jeweleries were missing.
(She sebagai subyek melakukan sesuatu (aktif) kembali)
After graduating high school, Teguh continued his study at UCLA.
Having done the home work, the children would play Play Stations.
2. Having been kicked by his friend, Tono get angry.
(setelah ditendang oleh temannya, Tono marah) Subyek dikenai (pasif)
After kicked by his friend, Tono get angry.
Kicked by his friend, Tono get angry.

To = Purpose
To protect yourself from dangerous exposures, ..
To be better in math, he takes an exam math.
Hati-hati dengan dangling modifier (ketidaksesuaian antara keterangan dengan Subyek).
Having done the home work, Play Station would be played by the Children. (salah) tidak ada
kesesuaian antara telah mengerjakan PR dengan Play Station.
Offspring = anak-anak (countable noun)
Offsprings (plural)
So many books.
Penting: Kata kerja yang harus diikuti oleh preposition (harus diingat dan dihafal)
The painting that I am crazy about is beautiful.
That tidak bisa preposisi didepan atau ada , (koma)

Sehingga:
The painting about which I am crazy is beautiful.
The picture that I am looking at is expensive.
atau
The picture at which I am looking is expensive. (tidak bisa pakai that)
The house which I live in is old.
atau
The house in which I live is old.
The girl whom I talk about is Ina.
atau
The girl about whom I talk is Ina.

Problems with pronoun (kata ganti)

Subject: I, she, he, it, they, we, you
Object: me, her, him, it, them, us, you
Subject pronoun in complement position:
Ex:
It is he whom the committee has named (asalnya dari kata) it is the committee who has named
him. Bukan it is him whom the committee has named. (salah)
It is she speaking.
It is they at the door again.
It was I who wanted to go. It was me who wanted to go. (salah)
Setelah to be complement bukan object tapi subject.
Let: let us, let her, let me etc
Object pronoun after preposition
Ex:
I will go with him
Ill give it to her.
This gift is from them.
Possessive pronoun before V-ing form (kata ganti kepemilikan):
Ex:
we count on her waiting us (titik berat pada kata kerja waiting). beda dengan we count on her
wait (titik berat pada benda her, mengandalkan dia)
We respect her helping us.
I dont mind their liking me.
Problem 48 50 (Barrons TOEFL)
The secretary who walks there is my friend.
The secretary that walks there is my friend.
(The secretary belum jelas sehingga connector adjective clause bisa dengan who atau that
dan tidak perlu koma)
Ina, who walks there, is my friend.
(Ina sudah jelas sehingga connector adjective clause harus who tidak bisa dengan that dan
perlu koma)
Whose + noun

Personal pronouns.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Please take these papers and give (it/them) to Mike.

Tom asked Ann and (I/me) about the new theater. (Object pronoun)
Janice and (I/me) live in an apartment.
Just between you and (I/me), I think Tom is going to lose (him/his)
job.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

When a player committed a foul, the referee blew (him/his) whistle

and pointed at (she/her).
A boa constrictor, which is a very large snake, kills (its/its) victims by
strangling (it/them).
People can easily send a letter to another city. (It/They) simply have
to drop (it/them) into a collection box.
The teacher said to the students, Throughout the semester, please
write (your/yours) compositions on every other line, and be sure to write (it/them) in ink.
Both Ron and (I/me) are expecting some mail. Are those letters for
(he/him) or (I/me)?
(My/Mine) roommate and (I/me) have to share a bookshelf. (She/Her)
keeps (her/hers) books on the top two shelves, and I keep (my/mine) on the bottom two
shelves.
(Our/Ours) house is almost the same as (our/ours) neighbors house.
The only difference in appearance is that (our/ours) is gray and (their/theirs) is white.
When I was in Florida. I observed an interesting fish-eating bird called
an anhinga. (It/they) dives into the water and spears (its/its) prey on (its/its) long, pointed
bill. Upon emerging from the water, (it/they) will toss a fish into the air and catch ( it/them) in
mid-air, swallowing (it/them) headfirst. (Its/its) interesting to watch anhingas in action. I
enjoy watching (it/them).

Personal pronouns, error analysis.

Directions: Find and correct the errors in pronoun usage in following.
1. Some North American food is very good, but I dont like most of them.
Some North American food is very good, but I dont like most of it.
(Food is uncountable noun, so the correct answer is it)
2. When we were schoolgirls, my sister and me used to play badminton after school every day.
When we were schoolgirls, my sister and I used to play badminton after school every day.
(my sister and I is subject pronoun)
3. If you want to pass your exams, you had better study very hard for it.
If you want to pass your exams, you had better study very hard for them.
(exams is plural)
4. The work had to be finished by my boss and I after the store had closed for the night.
The work had to be finished by my boss and me after the store had closed for the night.
(by my boss and me is object pronoun)
5. A hippopotamus spends most of its time in the water of rivers and lakes.
A hippopotamus spends most of its time in the water of rivers and lakes.
(its = it is, sedangkan its = possessive pronoun)
6. I studied English when I was in high school. But I havent studied it since I graduated from
high school ten years ago, so Ive forgotten a lot of them.
I studied English when I was in high school. But I havent studied it since I graduated from
high school ten years ago, so Ive forgotten a lot of it.

7.
8.

9.

10.

11.

(English is uncountable noun, so it always has singular form)

I looked everywhere in my room for my keys, but I couldnt find it.
I looked everywhere in my room for my keys, but I couldnt find them.
(my keys is plural)
After work, Mr. Gray asked to speak to Tim and I about the companys new policies. He
explained it to us and asked for ours opinions.
After work, Mr. Gray asked to speak to Tim and me about the companys new policies. He
explained them to us and asked for our opinions.
(speak to Tim and me is object pronoun; our opinions not ours opinions; new policies = them)
The first person I saw when I got off the plane was my sister. My father and her had come to
the airport to greet me. My father was waiting for we in his car outside the airport.
The first person I saw when I got off the plane was my sister. My father and she had come to
the airport to greet me. My father was waiting for us in his car outside the airport.
A child should learn to respect other people. They need to learn how to treat other people
nicely, including their playmates.
A child should learn to respect other people. He/she need to learn how to treat other people
nicely, including his/her playmates.
My friends asked to borrow my car because theirs was in the garage for repairs.
My friends asked to borrow my car because theirs was in the garage for repairs.
(theirs=possessive pronoun)

Contractions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

He is (Hes) in my class.
He was () in my class.
He has (Hes) been here since July.
He has () a dog.*
She had (Shed) been there for a long time before we arrived.
She had () a bad cold.
She would (Shed) like to go to the zoo.
I did () well on the test.
We will (Well) be there early.
They are (Theyre) in their seats over there.**
It is (Its) going to be hot tomorrow.
It has (Its) been a long time since Ive seen him.
A bear is a large animal. It has () four legs and brown hair.
We were (Were) on time.
We are (Were) always on time.
She has () a good job.
She has (Shes) been working there for a long time.
She had (Shed) opened the window before class began.
She would (Shed) have helped us if we had (wed) asked her.
He could (Hed) have helped us if he had (hed) been there.

* NOTE: has, have, had are NOT contracted when they are used as main verbs. They are
contracted only when they are used as helping verbs.
** Theyre, their, and there all have the same pronunciation.

Paraphrase = Restatement
Hal-hal kecil yang perlu mendapat perhatian:
A great number of
Great number of
Its = milik (possessive)
Its = It is
A building in Legian Bali there for.
There is a building in Legian Bali there for.
Responsible adalah adjective sehingga to be responsible
Prep + noun in a steel vessel
10 percent bukan 10 percents
a few minerals
The forces that unleash earthquakes are the same ones that build mountains. (same . that)
Sub Clause Sub coordinate Conjunction
before
even though
superior to
inferior to
prior to

S+V
Noun

Pattern:
Subject,
Subject
Subject
Subject
Subject

modifier,
Verb
V-ing Verb
V-3 Verb
while, when, after, that (coordinate conjunction) S + V
Adj. Cl.

Adj. Clause:
That S + V
Which S + V
Atau
V-ing = active
V-3 = passive
The Great Salt Lake is the remant a vast in land sea. (bukan seas) Check lagi !!!!!
The number of electrons singular
A number of electrons - plural
Early television sets such as the RCA Victor model had small screens but contained a mass of
additional components.

Simple: S + V + C
Ex: Adi and Ira are students
The Compound Sentence:
The compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences put together. The parts are
joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (such as and, yet, so, but, or, for, nor), or with
a semicolon. Conjunctive adverbs (then, moreover, hence, consequently, etc) are also used to join
the parts of a compound sentence. The conjunctive adverb is preceded by a semicolon. In the
compound sentence, each verb has a different subject. In a simple sentence, every verb has the
same subject.
The compound sentence has at least two main clauses with coordinating conjunction such as
FANBOYS or ;.
We wanted to ride to town, but my bike had a flat fire.
Mrs. Miller likes to play tennis, and her niece is her favorite partner.
Steve entered the room cautiously; he had heard footsteps inside.
Our trip took five days; consequently, we are exhausted.
The Complex Sentence:
The complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The
subordinate clause usually modifies a word in the main clause.
After Dan studies, he watches TV. (subordinate clause modifies watches)
This is the week when the Todds leave for their vacation in the Rockies. (subordinate clause
modifies week).
If Ann takes the pictures, Ill develop them. (subordinate clause modifies develop)

Identifying Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences. Read the following sentences.
Indicate whether each sentence is simple, compound, or complex.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Caroline rang the doorbell, but no one answered it.

I wrote Anita a letter while she was away at camp.
Have you seen Mr. Shumans garden at the back of his house.
When Marty bakes bread, he uses whole grain flour.
My sister enjoys chemistry, but she likes physics better.
After a stroke paralyzed his right arm, Leonardo Da Vinci learned to
paint with his left hand.
When Im tired, Im not good company for anyone.
Walking slowly along the path, I saw several kinds of wildflowers.
Bananas are picked green and later turn yellow.
When the rain began, we were playing soccer.
When Uncle Jack comes to town, we all have a have a good time.
Mickey worked all morning, and then he relaxed in the afternoon.
Beth likes all seasons of the year, but she likes fall best.
Pearl Buck won a Nobel Prize for her novel The Good Earth.
Although his health was failing, Roosevelt ran for a third term.
Whistling loudly, Ken walked past the cemetery.
How many states can you see from Lookout Mountain?
If you want your car really clean, let George wash it.
I must stay home until someone comes to repair the washing
machine.
Last year, we saw a bluegrass festival in Connecticut, and this year
we will attend.

compound
complex (adv. clause of time)
simple
complex (adv. clause of time)
compound
complex (adv. clause of time)
complex
simple
simple
complex
complex
compound
compound
simple
complex
simple
simple
complex
complex
complex

The Adjective Clause: (after benda yang diterangkan)

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a noun or pronoun in the main clause. It
may be introduced by the pronouns who, whose, whom, which, or that. These pronouns are called
relative pronouns because they relate to a noun or pronoun in the sentence. Some adjective
clauses begin with an introductory word such as when or where; occasionally, no introductory word
is used.
Is she the girl whom you met at the party? (whom relate to girl)
This is the book that Bev read last month. (that relates to book)
This is a house where Washington slept. (where is an introductory word)
This is the kind of dessert I like. (no introductory word)
The book that he wrote has just been published. (that he wrote merupakan adj. clause yang
modifier book)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Mike, whose ancestors come from Ireland, marched in the St. Patricks Day parade.
The woman who lives next door is a registered nurse.
Williamsburg, Virginia, is a place that Id like to visit.
The femurs, which are thigh bones, are the largest bones in the body.
There is the painting that Jason did with a palette knife.
Larrys letter, which he mailed Tuesday, reached me on Thursday.
English, which contains over six hundred thousand words, is a versatile language.
Phil is reading The Call of the Wild, which is Jack Londons most famous book.
We live just twenty miles from Ohare, which is the worlds busiest airport.
Newton, Iowa, is the town where Barbara was born.
Jenny Lind, who was a famous soprano, was known as the Swedish Nightingale.
The President who established Camp David was Dwight Eisenhower.
This is the jacket that I would like to buy.
There is a chance that Norm will win the election.
Is this the calculator that you were using in math class yesterday?
Over there is the elementary school that I attended.
Mr. Hartmann is a history teacher who also coaches track.
Is that the antique show you visited on your vacation?
The Harveys have a dog that is fourteen years old.
The Appomattox Court House is the place where Lee surrendered to Grant.

Conector Adj. Clause (setelah noun yang diterangkan)

relative pronoun

Who
Whom
where
which
that
why
when
whose

S+V

Penurunan Klausa Adjectiva menjadi frasa Adjectiva:

Terms: Clause: A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.
Phrase: A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:
An adjective phrase is a reduction of an
The girl who is sitting next to me is Mary.
adjective clause.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE:
It modifies a noun. It does not contain a
The girl sitting next to me is Mary.
subject and a verb. The adjective clause
in (a) can be reduced to the adjective
phrase in (b). (a) and (b) have the same
meaning.
Clause: the boy who is playing the piano is Ben.
Only adjective clauses that have a
Phrase: the boy playing the piano is Ben.
subject pronoun who, which, or that
Clause: the boy (whom) I saw was Tom
are reduced to modifying adjective
Phrase: (none)
phrases. The adjective clause in (e)
cannot be reduced to an adjective
phrase.
Mengubah Klausa Adjectiva menjadi frasa Adjectiva:
There are two ways in which an adjective clause is changed to an adjective phrase.
(1) The subject pronoun is omitted AND the be form of the verb is omitted.
(a) Clause: The man who is talking to John is from Korea.
Phrase: The man talking to John is from Korea.
(b) Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
(c) Clause: Ann is the woman who is responsible for preparing the budget.
Phrase: Ann is the woman responsible for preparing the budget.
(d) Clause: The books that are on that shelf are mine.
Phrase: The books on that shelf are mine.
(2) If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the
subject pronoun and change the verb to its ing form.
(e) Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
(f) Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

(g) George Washington, who was the first If the adjective clause requires comas,
president of the United States, was a wealthy as in (g), the adjective phrase also
colonist and a general in the army.
requires commas, as in (h).
(h) George Washington, the first president of the
United States, was a wealthy colonist and a
general in the army.
Practice Selfstudy: Basic patterns of adjective clauses.
who(m)
that

1.

Mr. Green is the man

2.

She is the woman

3.

The hat

4.

Hunger and poverty are worldwide problems to

5.

I enjoyed talking with the man

6.

People

7.

That is the man

8.

The people about

9.

A barrel is a large container

that
which

who
that

who
that

I was talking about.

sits next to met in class.

Tom is wearing is unusual.

whom

which

solutions must be found.

I sat next to on the plane.

fear flying avoid traveling by plane.

whos
e

daughter won the spelling bee.

whom the novelist wrote were factory workers and their families.
that is made of wood or metal.

Practice Selfstudy: Basic patterns of adjective clauses.

Part I: Using Subject Pronouns in Adjective Clause.
1.

The bat is the only mammal

2.

People

3.

The cold weather

what

whic
h
that

can fly.

dont get enough sleep may become short-tempered and irritable.

whic
h

swept in from the north damaged the fruit crop.

4.

Alex bought a bicycle

that is specially designed for long-distance racing.

5. I read about a man who

keeps chickens in his apartment.
Part II: Using Object Pronouns in Adjective Clause.
which
that my sister drew for us.

6.

We used the map

7.

The teacher

8.

Louise, tell us about the movie that You saw last night.

9.

The subject about

10
.

The subjects

whom I like the most is Mrs. Grange.

11. The person to

that

tha
t

Dr. Gold spoke was interesting.

we talk about in class are interesting.

whom

Ann spoke could not answer her question.

12
.

I enjoyed the people

whom I talked to at the party.

13
.

I enjoyed the people

whom I ate the food at the party.

Adjective Clause patterns

Directions: Combine the sentence, using all possible forms. Use (b) as an adjective clause.
1.

(a) Louis knows the woman. (b) The woman is meeting us at the airport.
Louis knows the woman

2.

who
that

is meeting us at the airport.

(a) The chair is an antique. (b) Sally inherited it from her grandmother.
Dalam bentuk Clause, it dapat dihilangkan.
The chair

which Sally inherited from her grandmother is antique.

that

bukan:
The chair
3.

which Sally inherited it from her grandmother is antique.

that
(a) The bench was wet. (b) I sat on it.

The bench

that

I sat on was wet.

The bench

4.

on which

I sat was wet.

(a) The man finished the job in four days. (b) I hired him to paint my house.
The man

whom

I hired to paint my house finished the job in four days.

whom

I hired him to paint my house finished the job in four days.

Bukan:
The man
5.

(a) I miss seeing the old woman. (b) She used to sell flowers on that street
corner.
I miss seeing the old woman

who

used to sell flowers on that street corner.

who

she used to sell flowers on that street corner.

Bukan:
I miss seeing the old woman
6.

(a) The architect is brilliant. (b) Mario works with him.

The architect

whom Mario works with is brilliant.

Bukan:
The architect
7.

whom Mario works with him is brilliant.

(a) Mary tutors students. (b) They need extra help in geometry.

Mary tutors students

wh
o

need extra help in geometry.

wh
o

they need extra help in geometry.

Bukan:
Mary tutors students

8.

(a) I took a picture of the rainbow. (b) It appeared in the sky after the
shower.
I took a picture of the rainbow

Bukan:

that
which

appeared in the sky after the shower.

I took a picture of the rainbow

that
which

it appeared in the sky after the shower.

Adjective Clause patterns: using whose.

Directions: Combine the sentence, using whose in an adjective clause.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

The mans wife had been admitted to the hospital. I spoke to him.
I spoke to the man whose wife had been admitted to the hospital.
I read about the child. Her life was saved by her pet dog.
I read about the child whose life was saved by her pet dog.
The students raised their hands. Their names were called.
The students whose names were called raised their hands.
Jack knows a man. The mans name is William Blueheart
Duckbill, Jr.
Jack knows a man whose name is William Blueheart Duckbill, Jr.
The womans purse was stolen outside the supermarket. The
police came to question her.
The police came to question the woman whose purse was stolen outside the supermarket.
We live in a small town. Its inhabitants are almost invariably
friendly and helpful.
We live in a small town whose inhabitants are almost invariably friendly and helpful.
The day care center was established to take care of children.
These childrens parents work during the day.
The day care center was established to take care of children whose parents work during the
day.
We couldnt find the person. His car was blocking our driveway.
We couldnt find the person whose was blocking our driveway.
Tobacco is a plant. Its large leaves are used for smoking or
chewing.
Tobacco is a plant whose large leaves are used for smoking or chewing.
Three students reports were turned in late. The professor told
them he would accept the late papers this time but never again.
The professor told three students whose report reports were turned in late that he would
accept the late papers this time but never again.

Adjective clauses
Directions: Choose the correct answer or answers.
1.

2.

Yoko told me about students

The secretary

who
m
that

who
whic
h

have taken the entrance exam 13 times.

I talked to didnt know where the meeting was.

3.

You need to talk to a person

who
m
you can trust. You will feel better if you do.
that
which

4.

Bob is the kind of person to

who

one can talk about anything.

m
that

wh
o friends trust him.
that

5.

He is a person

6.

Im looking for an electric can opener

7.

8.

9.

10.

People

that

also can sharpen knives.

who
that
live in glass houses shouldnt throw stones*.
which

what
that

The problems

The man

whom
that

Tony has seem insurmountable.

I introduced you to last night may be the next president of the university.
whom
that

Cathy is trustworthy. Shes a person upon

11.

Your career should focus on a field in

12.

People

that

which
what
that

you can always depend.

you are genuinely interested.

outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.

Adjective clauses: subject-verb agreement

1.

There are three students in my class

2.

There is one student in my class

3.

The patients

4.

The courses this school

who

who
who

speak French.

speaks Greek.

are treated at City Hospital

offers

are

dont

need to have private physicians.

listed in the catalog.

5.

A pedometer is an instrument

that

measures the distance a person walk.

6.

People who suffer extreme shyness can sometimes overcome their problem by taking a
public speaking class.

7.

The boy drew pictures of people at an airport

who

were waiting for their planes.

who

was waiting for their planes.

salah:
7.

The boy drew pictures of people at an airport

were menjelaskan people dan bukan boy. (hati-hati)

at an airport berfungsi sebagai prepositional phrase.
8.

In the months

that

have passed since the accident, Robert has regained the use of his legs.

9.

Malnutrition and alliteracy are among the problems in the world

who

that

have no simple solutions.

10.

It is estimated by those
the world everyday.

work in the hunger program that 3,500 people die from starvation in

11.

Most advertisements are directed toward adults or teenagers, but you can see commercials on selection
are aimed at prompting children to persuade their parents to buy certain products.

12.

The requirements of the school as written in the catalog state

attend must take an entrance exam.

that

all students

who

wish to

The requirements of the school as written in the catalog states

attend must take an entrance exam.

that

all students

who

wishes to

that

salah:
12.

Directions: all of the following sentences contain errors in adjective clause structure.
Correct the errors.
1. In our village, there were many people didnt have much money. (salah).
In our village, there were many people who/that didnt have much money.
Or:
In our village, many people didnt have much money.
2. I enjoyed the book that you told me to read it.
3. I still remember the man who he taught me to play the violin when I was a boy.
4. I showed my father a picture of the car I am going to buy it as soon as I save enough money.

5. The woman about who I was talking about suddenly walked into the room. I hope she didnt
hear me.
6. Almost all of the people appear on television wear makeup.
7. My grandfather was a community leader whom everyone in our town admired him very much.
8. I dont like to spend time with people which loses their tempers easily.
9. I sit next to a person who his name is Ahmed.
10. In one corner of the marketplace, an old man who was playing a violin.

Adjective clause: using where and when.

Directions: Combine the sentences by using either where or when to introduce an adjective
clause.
1. That is the place. The accident occurred there.
That is the place where the accident occurred.
2. There was a time. Movies cost a dime then.
There was a time when movies cost a dime.
3. A caf is a small restaurant. People can get a light meal there.
A caf where people can get a light meal is a small restaurant.
4. Every neighborhood in Brussels has small cafes. Customers drink coffee and eat pastries
there.
Every neighborhood in Brussels has small cafes where customers drink coffee and eat
pastries.
5. There was a time. Dinosaurs dominated the earth then.
There was a time when Dinosaurs dominated the earth.
6. The house was destroyed in an earthquake ten years ago. I was born and grew up there.
The house was destroyed in an earthquake ten years ago where I was born and grew up.
7. Summer is the time of year. The weather is the hottest then.
Summer is the time of year when the weather is the hottest.

The Adverb Clause:

Adverbial Clause:
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main
clause. Every adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction. An adverb clause tells
when, where, why, how, to what extent, or how much about the word it modifies.
Adverb clauses modifying verbs:
We left the bicycle where we had found it. (where)
When the rain began, we were six miles from home. (when)
I could hardly hold my head up because I was so sleepy. (why)
Adverb clauses modifying adjectives:
Bob is taller than any other boy I know. (to what extent)
The public library is bigger than it used to be. (how much)
Adverb clauses modifying an adverb:
Ferguson ran faster than other track stars did. (how much)
As we approached the intersection, we saw the Nelsons car. (As we approached the
intersection, modifier/menerangkan saw).
Type of Clauses
time

place

cause

Subordinate Conjunction
Beginning the Clauses
when
while
since
before
after
until
as soon as
as long as
by the time (that)
now that
once
where
wherever
because
since
as
now that
whereas (legal)
inasmuch as (formal)
as long as
on account of the fact that
owing to the fact that
in view of the fact that
because of the fact that
due to the fact that (informal)

Sentences
I can see you when I finish my work.
She was reading a book while the dinner was cooking.
I have not seen him since he returned to the country.
They will leave before you get here.
Abridgments of time clauses:
When (or while) young, I looked at things differently.
When a boy, I looked at things differently.
She always sings when doing her work.
Experience, when dearly bought, is seldom thrown away.
We live where the road crosses the river.
Abridgments of place clauses:
Wherever possible, the illustrations are taken from literature.
He could not come because (or since, as) he was ill.
Now that he has passed the examination, he can get his degree.
Whereas they have disobeyed the law, they will be punished.
Inasmuch as no one was hurt because of his negligence, the
judge gave him a light sentence.
On account of (or owing to) the fact that the country was at war,
all the young men were drafted.
Abridgments of cause clauses:
It is an unpardonable insult, since international.

condition

contrast: concessive

purpose

result

comparison

if
unless
on condition that
provided that
providing that
in case that
in the event that
whether .. not
although
though
even though
even if
in spite of the fact that
despite the fact that
notwithstanding (the fact)
that

If it rains, we wont have the picnic.

We wont have the picnic unless the weather is good.
Well have the picnic providing that it doesnt rain.
In the event (or in case) (that) it rains, the picnic will be
postponed.

that
in order that
so (informal)
so that
for the purpose that
so + adj. or adv. + that
such (a) + noun + that
so that

They climbed higher that (or so that, in order that) they might get
a better view.
He is saving his money so that he can go to college.

As + adj. or adv. + as
(not) so + adj. or adv. + as
-er + adj. or adv. + than
more + adj. or adv. + than

manner

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

as if
as though
(especially after look, seem,
act)

Although (or Though) I felt very tired, I tried to finish the work.
In spite of the fact that prices went down recently, the company
made a huge profit.
Notwithstanding the fact that the government was weak at the
time, law and order were maintained.
Abridgments of concession clauses:
Although in a hurry, he stopped to help the boy.
Although only a boy, he does a mans work.
Although fond of his work, he wants to find a job that will be more
challenging.

She is so pretty (adj.) that she attracts a lot of attention.

She sang so beautifully (adv.) that everyone applauded her
performance.
She has such pretty hair (noun) that we all enjoy looking at it.
Its such a hot day (sing. count. noun) that I must go to the beach.
They climbed higher, so that they got a better view.
She works just as hard as her sister works.
She doesnt work so (or as) hard as her sister works.
She works harder than her sister works.
Abridgments of comparison clauses (very common):
She works just as hard as her sister (does)
She works harder than her sister (does)
He looks as if he needs (or needed) more sleep.
He hasnt behaved as a gentleman should behave.
Abridgment of manner clauses:
He hasnt behaved as a gentleman should.
He left the room as though angry.
The clouds disappeared as if by magic.
He raised his hand as if to command silence.

When I delivered the newspaper, I saw Mrs. Simpson at the window.

Because that clerk was so helpful, I praised her to the store manager.
The fox lay in his lair until the hunters were gone.
Vince becomes nervous when he speaks in public.
Please visit us whenever you are in the Wilmington area.
According to legend, Nero fiddled while Rome burned.
You may have trumpet lessons if you will practice an hour a day.
If the jacket is too big for you, I can alter it.
Children should use car safety seats until they are four years old.
Phone us when you arrive in town.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Marina works harder than any other member of the yearbook staff does.
The movie was just beginning as George bought our tickets.
When he was in his eighties, Dr. Soiler played in a string quartet.
Since he joined a health club, Will has gotten more exercise.
Whenever you make a promise, you must keep it.
Marlene can swim better than many professional swimmers can.
Although Id never been in the Jacows house before, I felt at home there.
Before the snow began, we stacked two cords of firewood.
When you listen to music on the radio, do you hum along with it?
You may have the job if you will work hard at it.

Reduksi klausa Adverbia menjadi frasa pemodifikasi:

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases, and the ways in which the
changes are made are the same:
(1) Omit the subject of the dependent clause and the be form of the verb.
(a) Adverb Clause: While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
(b) Modifying Phrase: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
(2) Or, if there is no be form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb to ing.
(c) Adverb Clause: Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
(d) Modifying Phrase: Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
An adverb clause can be changed to a modifying phrase ONLY WHEN THE SUBJECT OF
THE ADVERB CLAUSE AND THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE ARE THE SAME. A
modifying phrase that is the reduction of an adverb clause modifies the subject of the main
clause. No change is possible if the subjects of the adverb clause and the main clause are
different.
(e) Change possible: While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep.
While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
(f) Change possible: While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep.
While sitting in class, she fell asleep.
(g) No Change Possible: While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.*
(h) No Change Possible: While we were walking home, a frog
hopped across the road in front of us.
*While lecturing to the class, I fell asleep. Means While I was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.

Mengubah klausa waktu menjadi frasa pemodifikasi:

(a) Clause: Since Mary come to this country,
she has made many friends.
(b) Phrase: Since coming to this country, she
has made many friends.
(c) Clause: After he (had) finished his
homework, he went to bed.
(d) Phrase: After finishing his homework, he
went to bed.
(e) Phrase: After having finished his
homework, he went to bed.
(f) Phrase: He went to bed after finishing his

Adverb clauses beginning with after,

before, while, and since can be changed
in modifying phrases.
In (c): There is no difference in meaning
between After he finished and After he
had finished.
In (d) and (e): There is no difference in
meaning between After finishing and
After having finished.
A modifying phrase may follow the main

homework.
Menggabungkan klausa bebas dengan konjungsi.
(a)

It was raining hard. There was a

strong wind.
(b)
INCORRECT PUNCTUATION:
It was raining hard, there was a strong
wind.
(c)

It was raining hard, and there

was a strong wind.
(d)
It was raining hard and there was
a strong wind.
(e)
It was raining hard. And there
was a strong wind.

(f)
(g)

He was tired, so he went to bed.

The child hid behind his mothers
skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.
(h)
He did not study, yet he passed
the exam.

clause, as in (f).

Example (a) contains two independent

clauses (i.e., two complete sentences). Notice
the punctuation. A period, * NOT A COMMA,
is used to separate two independent clauses.
The punctuation in (b) is not correct; the error
in (b) is called a run-on sentence.
A conjunction may be used to connect two
independent clauses.
Punctuation:
In (C): Usually a comma immediately
precedes the conjunction.
In (d): Sometimes in short sentences the
comma is omitted.
In (e): Sometimes in informal writing a
conjunction may begin a sentence.
In addition to and, but, or, and nor, other
conjunction are used to connect two
independent clauses:
so (meaning therefore, as a result)
for (meaning because)
yet (meaning but, nevertheless)
A comma almost always precedes so, far, and
yet when they are used as conjunctions.**

* In British English, a period is called a full stop.

** So, for, and yet have other meanings in other structure; e.g. ,
He is not so tall as his brother. ( so.as)
We waited for the bus. (for a preposition)
She hasnt arrived yet. (yet .. an adverb meaning up to this time)
Menggunakan klausa Adverbia untuk menunjukkan hubungan waktu.
after

(b)

After she graduates, she will get A present tense, not a future
tense is used in an adverb
After she (had) graduated, she clause of time. Notice
got a job.
example (b) and (d).
I will leave before he comes.
I (had) left before he came.
When I arrived, he was talking on When = at that time
the phone.
(Notice the different time
When I got there, he had already relationships expressed by
left.
tenses).
When it began to rain, I stood Adv. Clauses have pattern:
under a tree.
a) When + past tense
When I was in Chicago, I visited b) When I + V1
the museums.
bukan
When I see him tomorrow, I will When I will (bentuk future)
ask him.
a job.

(c)
before
when

(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)

while
as
by the time

(k)

While I was walking home, it

began to rain.
(l)
As I was walking home, it began
to rain.
(m)
By the time he arrived, we had
already left.
(n)
By the time he comes, we will
already have left.

by the time = one event is

completed before another
event.
(Notice the use of the past
perfect and future perfect in
main clause)
since = from that time to the
present
(Notice the Present perfect
tense is used in the main
clause)
until, till = to that time and
then no longer (Till is used
primarily in speaking rather
than writing)

since

(o)

until
till

(p)

as soon as
once

(r)

As soon as it stops raining, we

will leave.
(s)
Once it stops raining, we will
leave.
(t)
I will never speak to him again as
long as I live.
(u)
I will never speak to him again so
long as I live.

as soon as, once = when one

event happens, another
event
happens
soon
afterwards.
as long as, so long as =
during all that time, from
beginning to end.

(v)
(w)
(x)

whenever = every time

as long as
so long as

whenever
every time
the first time
the last time
the next time

I havent seen him since he left

this morning.

While, as = during that time.

While + Past Continuous
As + Past Continuous

We stayed there until we

finished our work.
(q)
We stayed there till we finished
our work.

Whenever I see her, I say hello.

Every time I see her, I say hello.
The first time I went to New
York, I went to an opera.
(y)
I saw two plays the last time I
went to New York.
(z)
The next time I go to New York,
Im going to see a ballet.

Adverb clauses can be

introduced by the following:
the first time
the second time
the third time
the last time
the next time

Lengkapi kalimat di bawah ini. Beri perhatian khusus pada verb tense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Last night I went to bed after I had finished my homework.

Tonight I will go to bed after I finish my homework.
Ever since I was child, I have been afraid of dog.
Janes contact lens popped out while/as she was playing/she played basketball.
V-ing mengindikasikan pekerjaan berlangsung continue
Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you hand it in to the teacher
tomorrow.
By the time I left my apartment this morning, the mail carrier had already sent/delivered
the mail.
I have known Jim Bates since he was ten years old.
A black cat ran across the road as I was driving my car to work this morning.
By the time I leave this city, I have been here for four months.
Whenever Mark is/gets angry, his nose gets red.
I went/used to go to the beach whenever the weather was nice, but now I dont have time
to do that because I have to study.
We will have a big party when we meet tomorrow night.
The next time I go to Hawaii, Im going to visit Mauna Los, the worlds largest volcano.
I had fried chicken the last time I ate at that restaurant.

Adv. Clause:
When + past tense
While + past tense
As + past tense
Adv. Clause of time tidak ada bentuk future. When I will (salah); when I = V1
Until he died two years ago, he always visited my parents.

Adverb Clauses:
Change the position of adverb clause in the sentence. Underline the adverb clause in the given
sentence, and underline the adverb clause in the new sentence. Punctuate carefully.
1. As soon as a hurricane strikes land, its force begins to diminish.
A hurricanes force begins to diminish as soon as it strikes land
2. I didnt feel any older when I reached my 21st birthday.
When I reached my 21st birthday, I didnt feel any older.
3. I had a cup of tea before I left for work.
Before I left for work, I had a cup of tea.
4. After I get home from work, I like to read the evening newspaper.
I like to read the evening newspaper after I get home from work.
5. Since my watch broke, I have been late to work three times.
I have been late to work three times since my watch broke.
6. My cat hides under the house whenever it rains.
Whenever it rains, my cat hides under the house.
7. Im going to get a job once I finish school.
Once I finish school, Im going to get a job.
8. While I was waiting for my bus, I heard a gunshot.
I heard a gunshot while I was waiting for my bus.
9. The village will have no electric power until a new generator is installed.
Until a new generator is installed, the village will have no electric power.
10. The last time I was in Taipei, I saw Mr. Wu.
I saw Mr. Wu (when) the last time I was in Taipei.
11. Because I already had my boarding pass, I didnt have to stand in line at the airline counter.
I didnt have to stand in line at the airline counter because I already had my boarding pass.
12. Productivity in a factor increases if the workplace is made pleasant.
If the workplace is made pleasant productivity in a factor increases.

Verb tenses in adverb clauses of time.

1

After Jessica

A. will finish
2

C her degree, she intends to work in her fathers company.

B. will have finished

C. finishes

By the time I go to bed tonight, I

A. will finish

D. is finishing

C my work for the day.

B. have finished

C. will have finished

D. finish

Penggunaan will have +V3, karena waktunya telah pasti seperti direncanakan.
3

When my parents

A. will arrive

D for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time.

B. arrived

C. will have arrived

D. arrive

Walapun for visit tomorrow mengindikasikan future time, tetapi adverb clause yang
menggunakan when selalu diikuti present tense atau past tense tergantung kesesuaian tenses
dengan main clauses. Bentuk when tidak bisa diikuti bentuk future. Bentuk when sama dengan
as soon as. Jadi jika menggunakan as soon as menjadi:
As soon as my parents arrive for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time.
4

Fatemah looked down to discover a snake at her feet. When see saw it, she

A. was screaming
5

B. was attending

10

B. had buckled

B. had buckled

It seems that whenever I travel abroad I

B. am forgetting

When I see the doctor this afternoon, I

A. will ask

B. asked

D. had been attending.

D. wont improve.

B to the library.

C. had gone

D. have gone

B their seat belts.

C. buckle

After I started the car, all of the passengers

A. forgot

C seven different schools because

C. dont improve

Before I started the car, all of the passengers

A. will buckle
9

B. arent improving

B. went

A. will buckle

D. screams

D your ability to speak English.

I borrowed four books on gardening the last time I

A. go
8

C. had attended

Until you learn to relax more, you

A. havent improved
7

C. screamed

By the time Alfonso finally graduated from high school, he

his parents moved frequently.

A. attended
6

B. had screamed

D. have buckled

B their seat belts.

C. buckle

D. have buckled

C to take something I need.

C. forget

D. had forgotten

A/D him to look at my throat.

C. will have asked

D. ask

A dan D bisa digunakan karena mengindikasikan future result (lihat page 229 buku Baron).

11

After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they

A. received
12

B. had received

After the race

C. were receiving

D. have received

C. will be won

D. has been won

A, the celebration began.

A. had been won

13

A a simple crown of olive leaves.

B. is won

Ill return Bobs pen to him the next time I

A. see

B. will see

A him.
C. will have seen

D. have seen

the next time = when.

Jadi pattern-nya sama dengan when + present tense atau past tense.
Contoh:
When I arrive at home, I will watch TV. atau
I will watch TV when I arrive at home.

14

C all of the questions correctly since I began this grammar exercise on verb tense.

A. am answering

B. answer

C. have answered

D. answered

I have answered all of the questions correctly for I began this grammar exercise on verb tense.

15

A small stone struck the windshield while we

A. drive

B. were driving

B down the gravel road.

C. had driven

Strike (V1) Struck (V2).

Using adverb clauses to show time relationships.

D. had been driving

Directions: Combine each pair of sentences into one new sentence using the word(s) in
parentheses. Omit unnecessary words, make any necessary changes, and punctuate carefully.
Pay special attention to verb tenses. Underline the adverb clause in the new sentence.
1. The other passengers will get on the bus soon. Then well leave. (as soon as)
As soon as the other passengers get on the bus, well leave.
2. I turned off the lights. After that, I left the room. (before)
I turned off the lights before I left the room.
3. Susan sometimes feels nervous. Then she chews her nails. (whenever)
Whenever Susan feels nervous, she chews her nails.
4. I saw the great pyramids of Egypt in the moonlight. I was speechless then. (while)
I was speechless while I saw the great pyramids of Egypt in the moonlight.
5. The frying pan caught on fire. I was making dinner at the time. (while)
While the frying pan caught on fire, I was making dinner.
6. Ill finish working on the car soon. Then well all take a walk in the park. (as soon as)
Well all take a walk in the park as soon as Ill finish working on the car.
7. Ceylon had been independent for 24 years. Then its name was changed to Sri Lanka. (after*)
After Ceylon had been independent for 24 years, its name was changed to Sri Lanka.
8. Shakespeare died in 1616. He had written more than 37 plays before then. (by the time)
By the time Shakespeare died in 1616, he had written more than 37 plays.
9. Douglas fell off his bicycle last week. He has had to use crutches to walk. (since)
Douglas has had to use crutches to walk since he fell off is bicycle last week.
10. Ms. Johnson will return your call soon. Shell have some free time soon. (as soon as)
As soon as Ms. Johnson returns your call, shell have some free time.
11. John will learn how to use a computer. Then hell be able to work more efficiently. (once)
John will learn how to use a computer once he is able to work more efficiently.
12. I wont return my book to the library. Ill finish my research project first. (until)
Until I finish my research project, I wont return my book to the library.
13. Sue dropped a cartoon of eggs. She was leaving the store. (as)
Sue dropped a cartoon of eggs as she was leaving the store.
14. Sam will go to the movies again. Hell remember to take his glass then. (the next time)
The next time Sam remembers to take his glass, he will go to the movies again.
15. The flooding river raced down the valley. It destroyed everything in its path. (when)
When the flooding river raced down the valley, it destroyed everything in its path.
16. Mohammad had ever heard about Halloween. Then he came to the United States. (before)
Mohammad had ever heard about Halloween before he came to the United States.

Cause and Effect

Directions: Choose ALL of the correct completions for each sentence. There may be more
than one correct answer.
1

B, D the post office was closed, I couldnt mail my package.

A. Therefore
2

B. for

B I didnt have the right tools.

C. because of

B. Because

D. therefore
A, D, unemployment is high.

C. So that

D. Therefore (karena itu)

B. Since

C. Due to

D. Therefore

The fire raged out of control. It got C bad that more firefighters had to be called in.

A. such
7

D. For

A, B I had nothing for lunch meal or apple, I ate dinner early.

A. For
6

D. Since

C. Consequently

Two of the factories in out of small town have closed.

A. Consequently
5

B. Because

I couldnt repair my bicycle,

A. so
4

C. For

A, B we got lost driving into the city, we were late for the meeting.

A. Since
3

B. Because

B. therefore

C. so

D. as

A, B, C the fired has receded, people can move back into their homes.

A. Now that

B. Since

C. Because

D. Inasmuch as

Now that = because

For + S + V = reason (karena)
For + noun = purpose (tujuan)
8

Mr. Watson retired from his job early B, C his ill health.

A. because
9

C. because of

Bills favourite show was on. He reached to turn on the TV

A. because of
10

B. due to

B. therefore

She bought the book

A. because

C. so that

D. for
C he could watch it.
D. for

A,D she had heard it was good.

B. so

C. because of

D. due to the fact that

Due to the fact that + S + V

Because + S + V
11

The Eskimo way of life changed dramatically during the 1800s B the introduction of firearms and
the influx of large numbers of European whalers and for traders.

A. because

B. due to

C. so

D. for

1. Independent (or main clause)

2. adjective clause
3. adverb clause
4. noun clause

5.dependent clauses

Example: The robbers were dividing the money when the police arrived. (3 adverb clause)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

The settlers moved father west where land was plentiful.

We are looking for a person who is not afraid of responsibility.
That he was embarrassed was evident to everyone in the auditorium.
The girl who made the top grade in the history quiz is my roommate.
Whether I would be able to go to collage depended on whether I could find
employment.
After he had written a paper for his English class, he watched television.
While I waited for a bus, I chatted with friends.
The college Counseling Center offers help to anyone who needs it.
There is much excitement whenever election results are announced.
You may use my pen, but please dont forget to return it to me afterwards.
My advisor suggested that I enroll in a special science course.
My first impression was that someone had been in my room quite recently.
The students who appeared in the play are all members of a drama class.
He dropped a letter in the mailbox; then he went into the library.
His reason for moving into the dormitory is that he wishes to find new friends.
Why dont you sit here, until the rest of the class arrives?
Mr. Quinn, who is seldom at a loss for words, was speechless.
Although he is fifty-two years old, he is very youthful in appearance.
I vividly recall the day when I won the high school speech tournament.
He lived on a ranch when he was in Montana.
Why dont you wait until you have all the facts?
She is a person whom everyone respects and admires.
He though carefully in order that he might avoid further errors.
I said nothing except that I had been unavoidably detained.
The hotel where the Senior Ball will be held has not yet been selected.
The trophy will be awarded to whoever wins the contest.
The detective walked up the stairs; he opened the door of the guest room.
Is this the book that you asked us to order for you?
Stumbling along, the old man knew that he must rest soon.
Will you be sure to tell me what your plans are for the summer months?

Noun Clause: sebelum verb atau sesudah verb, berfungsi sebagai subject atau object.
Adjective Clause: posisi setelah noun, berfungsi menjelaskan noun.
Adverbial Clause: setelah main clause (tidak pakai koma , )
Sebelum main clause (pakai koma ,)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

2
2
4
2
4

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

3
1
2
4
5
3
4
2
1
4
1
2
3
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
4
1
2
4
4

Noun Clauses:
Pattern:
1.

Connector Noun Clause:

Wh-questions
Whether/If
That

2.

S+V

Noun Clause has function as noun (Subject or Object)

Question and noun clauses that begin with a question word.

Direction: Look at the underlined part of each sentence. If the underlined part is a question, bold Q.
It it is a noun clause, bold N.CL. Then add the necessary final punctuation: a period (,) or a
question mark (?).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q

N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.
N. Cl.

I couldnt hear him. What did he say?

I couldnt hear what he said.
I need some information. Where does Rom live? I have to send him a letter.
I need to know where Tom lives. I have to send him a letter.
Theres something I dont understand. Why did Barb cancel her vacation plans?
I dont understand why Barb canceled her vacation plans.
I cant tell you what you did. Youll have to ask Jim.
What did they do? Please tell me.
Do you know that woman? Who is she? She looks familiar
Do you know that woman over there? Do you know who she is. She looks familiar
Where did Asok go? Do you know?

1. Tom will be here (next week).

QUESTION: When will Tom be here?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me when Tom will be here.
2. He is coming (because he wants to visit his friend).
QUESTION: Why is he coming?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me why he is coming.
3. Hell be on flight (645, not flight 742).
QUESTION: Which flight will he be on?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me which flight he will be on.
atau:
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me on which flight he will be.
4. (Jim Hunter) is going to meet him at the airport.
QUESTION: Who is going to meet him at the airport.?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me who is going to meet him at the airport. (who berfungsi
sebagai subyek sehingga tidak perlu dicantumkan subyek lagi).
5. Jim Hunter is (his roommate).
QUESTION: Who is Jim Hunter?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me who is Jim Hunter.

6. Toms address is (4149 Riverside Road)

QUESTION: Where is Toms address?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me where Toms address is.
7. He lives (on Riverside Road in Columbus, Ohio, USA)
QUESTION: Where does he live?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me where he lives.
8. He was (in Chicago) last week.
QUESTION: Where was he last week?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me where he was last week.
9. He has been working for IBM (since 1988).
QUESTION: When has he been working for IBM?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me when he has been working for IBM.
10. He has (an IBM) computer at home.
QUESTION: What kind of computer does he have at home?
NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me what kind of computer he has at home.
Practice Test A: Noun Clause.
Directions: In each of the following, select the one correct answer.
He asked me where B
A. did I live
B. I lived

C. do you live

D. that I lived.

1. I talked to Bob two weeks ago. I though that he wanted to know about my cat, but I
misunderstood him. He asked me where B
A. is my hat
B. my hat was
C. my hat is
D. was my hat.
2. The people in the apartment upstairs must have a lot of children.
I dont know how many
C , but it sounds like they have a dozen.
A. children do they B. do they have C. children they D. they have children.
have
children
have
3. Do you know
B? I myself have no idea.
A. how many years B.
how old the C. how long is the D. how much time
the earth is.
earth is
earth is
has been the earth.
4. Theres too much noise in this room. I cant understand what
D.
Neither can I.
A. is the professor B.
is saying the C. that the professor D. the professor is
saying
professor
is saying
saying.
5. When I was little, my father gave me some advice. He said
A. I shouldnt
B. that shouldnt
C. dont

A talk to strangers.
D. that I dont

Untuk pola ini, that bisa dihilangkan

atau:
When I was little, my father gave me some advice. He said that I shouldnt talk to strangers.
6. I didnt expect Anns husband to be here at the opera with her.
Im surprised, too. Ann must have insisted that
A with her.
A. he come
B. he comes
C. he came

D. he had come

Ingat pola subjunctive. Ada insist that asalnya dari he should come, should-nya dihilangkan jadi he
come, bukan he comes.
7. Ms. Wright, can you give me a little extra help typing some letters today?
Sorry, I cant. The boss has an urgent report for me to write. She demanded that it
her desk by 5 P.M. today.
A. was
B. will be
C. is
D. be

D on

Ingat pola subjunctive. Ada demand that asalnya dari it should be, should-nya dihilangkan jadi it
be, bukan it is.
8. Did you tell Carol where
D us this evening?
Yes, I did. I cant understand why she is late
A. should she meet
B. she to meet
C. she meets

D. to meet

Hati2 dengan pola ini karena to meet = she met

9. A fortune-teller predicted
A. that I would
B. that I

A inherit a lot of money before the end of this year.

C. what I will
D. what I

10. Bill Frazer seems like a good person for the job, but we dont know why he left his last
job.
I know why. He told me
B a serious policy disagreement with his boss last January
A. if hed had
B. hed had
C. what hed had
D. that what he had
11. Is it true that you feel asleep in class yesterday and began to snore?
Unfortunately, yes.
B is unbelievable! Im very embarrassed.
A. That I could do B. That I could do C. I could do such a D. I could do such a
such a thing it
such a thing
thing it
thing
12. Officer, can you tell me how get to Springfield?
Sure. What part of Springfield
A to go to?
A. do you want
B. you want
C. that you want

D. where you want

13. Is it true
D the law says there is no smoking in restaurants in this city?
Yes. That law was passed last year.
A. that what
B. what
C. if
D. that
14.
D prompt is important to our boss.
A. A person is
B. is a person
C. If a person is

D. Whether or not a
person is

15. A scientific observer of wildlife must note every detail of how

D in their environment:
their eating and sleeping habits, their social relationship, and their metods of selfprotection.
A. do animals live
B. live animals
C. do live animals
D. animals live

16. The mystery movie was clever and suspenseful. The audience couldnt guess
committed the murder until the surprise ending.
A. who he
B. who had
C. that who
D. that

17. How do you like your new school? Tell me

C.
A. who in your class B. who your class is C. who is in your D. your class who is
is
in
class
in it
How do you like your new school? Tell me who is in your class. (ini bukan question tapi noun
clause).
18. What do you recommend
C about this tax problem?
I strongly suggest that we consult an expert as soon as possible.
A. do we do
B. we will do
C. we do

D. should we do

19. The college does not grant degrees simply to

A pays the cost of tuition; the student
must satisfy the academic requirements.
A. whoever
B. who
C. whomever
D. whoever that
20. What are you going to buy in this store?
Nothing.
B want is much too expensive.
A. That I
B. What I
C. That what I

D. What do I

Practice Test B: Noun Clause.

Directions: In each of the following, select the one correct answer.
He asked me where B
A. did I live
B. I lived

C. do you live

D. that I lived.

1. Does anybody know

A on the ground?
Your guess is as good as mine.
A. how long this B. how long will be C. how long will this D. that how long this
plane will be
this plane
plane be
plane will be
2. This restaurant is very expensive!
It is, but order C want. Your birthday is a very special occasion.
A. what is it you
B. what do you
C. whatever you

D. whatever you do

3. Why did Beth ask you D a bicycle?

A. that if you had
B. do you have

D. if you had

C. that you had

4. What did your grammar teacher want to talk to you about?

I did badly on the last test. She
D study for it.
A. said why didnt
B. asked why didnt I C. said why I didnt

D. asked why I didnt

5. Why are you staring out the window? What

C about?
Nothing.
A. you are thinking
B. you think
C. are you thinking

D. do you are thinking

6. I cant decide what color I want for my bedroom. What do you think?

You should choose

A. whichever that

B color you want. Youre the one who will have to live with it.
B. whatever
C. however
D. that what

7. Did you remember to tell Marge A she should bring to the meeting tomorrow?
Oh, my gosh! I completely forgot! Im sorry.
A. that
B. what
C. if
D. that what
8. My aunt has been feeling bad since Uncle George died. Is it because shes depressed?
I think so. C can cause debilitating physical symptom is a medical fact.
A. Depression
B. That depression it
C. That depression
D. It is that depression
9. There was an earthquake on the coast yesterday. Fortunately, there was no loss of life.
However, because of the danger of collapsing sea walls, it was essential that area
C evacuated quickly.
A. to be
B. will be
C. be
D. is
Ingat pola subjunctive. Ada essential that asalnya dari area should be, should-nya dihilangkan jadi
area be, bukan area is.
10.
A saying was so important that I asked everyone to stop talking and listen.
A. What the B. The woman was
C. That the woman D. What was
woman was
was
woman
11. This cake is terrible. What happened?
Its my grandmothers recipe, but she forgot to tell me how long
A. did I bake
B. should I bake
C. do I bake
12. Lets go to Riverton this weekend.
Sounds like fun.
D from here?
A. How far is
B. How far it is

C. It how far is

13. Somebody forgot this hat. I wonder

C.
A. whose is this hat
B. whose hat this is
C. whose hat is

the

D it.
D. to bake

D. How far is it
D. is this whose hat

14. Edwards interview was very intense. The interviewer wanted to know many facts about his
personal life, and even asked him
D had ever used any illegal drugs of any kind.
A. that if he
B. that he
C. if or not he
D. whether or nor he
15. It is hoped that all present-day communicable diseases will be conquered. However
A
about certain diseases is still not sufficient to prevent them from spreading easily among
the population.
A. what we know B. what do we know
C. what we know that D. that we know that
16. Why didnt Henry attend the meeting this morning?
Hes been very sick. His doctor insisted that he
D in bed this week.
A. will stay
B. stayed
C. stays
D. stay
Ingat pola subjunctive. Ada insisted that asalnya dari he should stay, should-nya dihilangkan jadi
he stay, bukan he stays.
17. Nobody yet knew what

C to cause the dam burst, but the residents of the area

organized quickly to protect life and property against the rising floods.
A. happens
B. had happened
C. happen
D. did it happen
18. Did the teacher explain how
C this problem?
A. do we solve
B. can we solve
C. to solve

D. solve

19.

A the National Weather Bureau predicted severe storms did not deter the fishing
boats from going out into the open seas.
A. The fact that
B. That fact is that
C. Is fact that
D. The fact is that
20. Tom walked into the huge hall to register for classes. At first, he simply looked around and
wondered what
C supposed to do.
A. was he
B. am I
C. he was
D. I am

SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS

The following are typical of nouns that are commonly used as non count nouns. Many other nouns
can be used as non count nouns. This list serves only as a sample.
(a) WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF SIMILAR ITEMS: baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit,
furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage, machinery, mail, makeup, money/cash/change,
postage, scenery, traffic.
(b) FLUIDS: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc.
(c) SOLID: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool, etc.
(d) GASES: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution, etc.
(e) PARTICLES: rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand, sugar, wheat, etc.
(f) ABSTRACTIONS:
- beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty,
hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge, laughter, luck, music, patience, peace,
pride, progress, recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc.
- advice, information, news, evidence, proof.
- time, space, energy.
- homework, work.
- grammar, slang, vocabulary.
(g)
LANGUAGES: Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish, etc.
(h) FIELDS OF STUDY: Chemistry, engineering, history, literature,
mathematics, psychology, statistics, etc. (jika statistics yang dimaksud
adalah data bisa bentuk plural)
(i)
RECREATION: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker etc.
(j)
GENERAL ACTIVITIES: driving, studying, swimming, traveling, walking (and other gerunds)
(k) NATURAL PHENOMENA: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, sleet, snow,
thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire, gravity.
IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS
The nouns in (a) have irregular plural forms:
(a) man men
woman women
child children
ox oxen
mouse mice
louse lice
foot feet
goose geese
tooth teeth
Some nouns that end in add es to form the plural:
(b) echoes
heroes
potatoes
tomatoes
Some nouns that end in add only s to form the plural:
(c) autos
kilos

memos
photos
pianos
radios
solos
sopranos
studios
tattoos
videos
zoos
Some nouns that end in add either es or s to the form the plural:
(d) mosquitoes/mosquitos
tornadoes/tornados
volcanoes/volcanos
zeroes/zeros
Some nouns that end in f or fe are changed to ves in the plural:
(e) calf calves
half halves
knife knives
leaf leaves
life lives (hidup) bukan live (tinggal/kk)
loaf loaves
self selves
shelf shelves
thief thieves
wolf wolves
scarf scarves/scarfs
Some nouns that end in f simply add s to form the plural:
(f) belief beliefs
chief chiefs
cliff cliffs
roof roofs
Some nouns have the same singular and plural form (e.g. One deer is . Two deer are .)
(g) deer
fish
means (cara/alat)
series
sheep
species
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals:
(h) criterion criteria
phenomenon phenomena
(i) cactus cacti/cactuses
stimulus stimuli
syllabus syllabi/syllabuses
(j) formula formulae/formulas
vertebra - vertebrae
(k) analysis analyses
basis bases
crisis crises

hypothesis hypotheses
oasis oases
parenthesis parentheses
thesis theses
(l) appendix appendices/appendixes
index indices/indexes
(m) bacterium bacteria
curriculum curricula
datum data
medium media
memorandum - memoranda
IRREGULAR PLURAL
DIRECTIONS: Study the irregular plurals in the charts.
Then, indicate whether each of the following is correct: (C) or incorrect (I).
Exercise 1
I
1.
C
2.
C
3.
I
4.
I
5.
C
6.
I
7.
C
8.

one men
lots of data
a surprising hypothesis
one fast-growing fungi
various criterion
a few mice
each syllabi for the class
a young deer

C
I
C
I
C
I
C
C

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

several naughty children

an in-depth analyses
one hundred alumni
lots of bright tooth
various exotic cacti
two required thesis
the earths axis
lots of woolly sheep

Exercise 2
C
1.
I
2.
C
3.
I
4.
C
5.
C
6.
C
7.
C
8.

both types of fungus

a new curricula
two large foot
a new bacteria
one terrible crisis
a big fat salmon
many kinds of stimuli
one tiny mouse

I
C
C
I
C
C
C
I

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

a pair of strong ox
the x and y axes
two different theses
each beautiful women
a recent alumnus
two delicious fish
the only radius
a scientific syntheses

Exercise 3
I
1.
C
2.
C
3.
C
4.
I
5.
I
6.
I
7.
C
8.

both lengthy syllabus

some strict criteria
a fat goose
some new hypotheses
both young child
a green-colored bacilli
many natural phenomenon
Each fish in the aquarium

I
I
I
C
C
I
I
C

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

an unexpected diagnoses
an aching teeth
each nuclei of the atom
several fresh trout
a thorny cactus
each filthy feet
surrounded by parenthesis
Some fast-moving deer

Singular
man
datum
hypothesis
fungus
criteria
mouse
deer
child
analysis
tooth
cactus
axis
curriculum
foot
bacterium
crisis
salmon
ox
thesis
woman
alumnus
fish
radius
synthesis
syllabi
goose
bacillus
phenomena
diagnosis
nucleus
trout
parenthesis

Plural
men
data
hypotheses
fungi
criterion
mice
deer
children
analyses
teeth
cacti
axes
curricula
feet
bacteria
crises
salmon
oxen
theses
women
alumni
fish/fishes
radii
syntheses
syllabus
geese
bacilli
phenomenon
diagnoses
nuclei
trout
parentheses

Uncountable nouns (gold, music, advice, etc)

Nouns can be countable or uncountable.
a) Uncountable nouns are, for example:
Gold, music, blood, excitement
Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count. They have no plural. You cannot say musics,
bloods, or excitements.
b) Before uncountable nouns you can say: the/some/any/much/this/his etc:
The music, some gold, much excitement, his blood
But you cannot use a/an before an uncountable noun. So you cannot say a music, an
excitement or a blood.
You can also use uncountable nouns alone, with no article.

Ex:
This ring is made of gold.
Blood is red.
c) Many nouns can be used as countable or as uncountable nouns. Usually there is a difference
in meaning. For example:
Paper:
I bought a paper (= a newspaper countable)
I bought some paper (= material for writing on uncountable)
Hair:
Theres a hair in my soup! (= one single hair countable)
She has beautiful hair. (= hair on her head uncountable)
Experience:
We had many interesting experiences during our holiday. (= things that
happened to us countable)
You need experience for this job. (=knowledge of something because you
have done it before uncountable)
d) Some nouns are usually uncountable in English but often countable in other languages. Here
are the most important of these:
accommodatio
n
advice
baggage

behavior

furniture

news

scenery

trouble

bread
chaos

information
luggage

permission
progress

traffic
travel

weather
work

These are uncountable, so (i) you cannot use a/an before them; and (ii) they cannot be plural:
- Im looking for accommodation. (not an accommodation)
- Im going to buy some bread. (or a loaf of bread, but not a bread)
- Tom gave me some good advice. (not some good advices)
- Where are you going to put all your furniture? (not furniture)
Remember that news is not plural:
- The news is very depressing today. (not The news are ..)
Do not use travel to mean journey/trip:
- We had a good journey. (not a good travel)
Note these pairs of countable (C) and uncountable (UNC) nouns:
- Im looking for a job. (C) but Im looking for work. (UNC)
- What a lovely view! (C) but What lovely scenery! (UNC)

Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is right?

Example: Sue was very helpful. She gave me some good (advice/advices). Advice is uncountable
noun, so it has no plural form.
1. Margaret has got very long black (hair/hairs).
2. We had (a very good weather/very good weather) when we were on holiday.
3. Sorry Im late. I had (trouble/troubles) with the car this morning.
4. I want something to read. Im going to buy (a paper/some paper).
5. I want to write some letters. I need (a writing paper/some writing paper).
6. Its a very difficult to find (a work/a job) at the moment.
7. Bad news (dont/doesnt) make people happy.
8. Our (travel/journey) from London to Istanbul by train was very interesting.
9. The flat is empty. We havent got any (furnitures/furniture) yet.
10. When the fire alarm rang, there was (a complete chaos/complete chaos).
11. I had to buy (a bread/some bread) because I wanted to make some sandwiches.
12. After spending most of his life traveling round the world, he is now writing a book about his
(experience/experiences).
NOMINA POSESIF
(a) SINGULAR NOUN
the girl
Tom
my wife
a lady
Thomas
(b) PLURAL NOUN
the girls
their wives
the ladies
the men
my children
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

POSSESIVE
FORM
the girls
Toms
my wifes
a ladys
Thomass/Thomas
POSSESIVE
FORM
the girls
their wives
the ladies
the men
my children

To show possession, add an apostrophe ( )

and s to a singular noun: The girls book is
on the table.
If a singular noun ends in s, there are two
possible forms:
(1) Add an apostrophe and s: Thomass
book.
(2) Add only an apostrophe: Thomas
book.
Add only an apostrophe to a plural noun that
end in s: The girls books are on the table.
Add only an apostrophe to plural nouns that
do not end in s: The mens books are on
the table.

Mrs. Smiths husband often gives her flowers.

The boys hat is red.
The boys hats are red.
The childrens toys are all over the floor.
I fixed the childs bicycle.
The babys toys are in her crib.
The babies toys are in their cribs.
Tom and Bob are married. Their wives names are Cindy and Jane, respectively.
That is my wife coat.
Sallys last name is White.
Phylliss last name is Young.
Thats my boss office.
Those are my bosses offices.
That is a womans purse.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

That store sells women clothes.

Do you know my sisters husband?
Do you know my sisters husband?
Did you read yesterday newspaper?
There are many problems in today world.
It would cost me a month salary to buy that refrigerator.

MENGGUNAKAN NOMINA SEBAGAI MODIFIKATOR

(a) The soup has vegetables in it.
It is vegetable soup.
(b) The building has offices in it.
It is an office building.

Notice: when a noun is used as a modifier, it is in its

singular form.

(c) The test lasted two hours.

It was a two-hour test.
(d) Her son is five years old.
She has a five-year-old son.

When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a

number expression, the noun is singular and a
hyphen (-) is used.

Give the appropriate noun adjunct or compound adjective.

1. My garden has flowers in it. It is a flower garden.
2. The building has offices in it. It is an office building.
3. The soup has vegetables in it. It is a vegetable soup.
4. Their baby is ten months old. They have a ten-month old baby.
5. The test lasted two hours. It is a two-hour test.
6. Her son is five years old. She has a five-year-old son.
7. My garden has flowers in it. It is a flower garden.
8. That handbook is for students. It is a student-hand book.
9. Their baby is ten months old. They have a ten-month-old baby.
10. Our trip lasted for three days. We took a three-day trip.
11. She is a psychologist for children. She is a psychologist - children.
12. I wrote a check for fifty dollars. I wrote a fifty-dollar check.
13. I will get three credits for that course. It is a three-credit course.
14. Their house has nine rooms. It is a nine room house.
15. That food is for dogs. It is dogs food (food = uncountable noun)
16. That room is for guests. It is a guest room.
17. The professor asked us to write a paper of five pages. She asked us to write a five-page
paper.
18. He is a 100-centimeter tall boy.

NOMINA YANG DAPAT DIHITUNG DAN TAK TERHITUNG

(a) I bought a chair. Sam bought three chairs.

Chairs is a count noun; chairs are items that can be

counted.
Furniture is a noncount noun. In grammar, furniture
cannot be counted.

(b) We bought some furniture.

INCORRECT: We bought a furniture.
INCORRECT: We bought some furnitures.
SINGULAR PLURAL
COUNT NOUN
a chair
chairs
A count noun:
one chair
two chairs
(1) may be preceded by a/an in
some chairs
the singular;
a lot of chairs
(2) takes a final s/-es in the
many chairs
plural.
NONCOUNT
furniture
A noncount noun:
NOUN
some furniture
(1) is not immediately preceded by a/an;
a lot of furniture
(2) has no plural form; does not take a final s/-es.
much furniture
1.

Latihan 10: C= countable noun; NC = Non countable noun

I bought some chairs, tables, and desks. In other words, I bought some furniture.
C
C
C
NC
2. I have some pomes, nickels, and dimes in my pocket. In other words, I have some money in my
NC
NC
NC
NC
pocket.
3.
Ann likes to wear jewelry. Today she is wearing four rings, six bracelets, and a necklace.
NC
C
C
C
4.
We saw beautiful mountains, fields, and lakes on our trip. In other words, we saw beautiful
C
C
C
scenery.
NC
5.
Would you like some food? How about a sandwich and an apple?
NC
C
C
6.
We had meat, rice, bread, butter, cheese, fruit, vegetables, and tea for dinner.
NC NC NC
NC
NC NC
C
NC
7.
Gold and iron are metals.
NC
NC
8.
I used an iron to press my shirt because it was wrinkled.
C
9.
I wish you happiness, health, and luck in your life.
NC
NC
NC
10.
Would you like some food? How about a sandwich and an apple?
NC
C
C
11.
In the United States, baseball is called the national pastime. To play it, you need
NC
a baseball and a bat.
C
12.
My hometown has rain, thunder, fog, sleet, and snow in the winter months.
NC
NC NC NC
NC
In other words, it has bad weather.
NC

13.

Ed has black hair and brown eyes.

NC
NC

NOMINA YANG TAK TERHITUNG

Notice in the following: Most noncount nouns refer to a whole that is made up of different
parts.
(a) In bought some chairs, tables, and desks. In (a): furniture represents a whole group of
In other words, I bought some furniture.
things that is made up of similar but separate
items.
(b) I put some sugar in my coffee.
In (b): sugar and coffee represents whole
masses made up of individual particles or
elements*
(c) I wish you luck.
In (c): luck is an abstract concept, an abstract
whole. It has no physical form; you cant
touch it. You cant count it.
(d) Sunshine is warm and cheerful.
In (d): Phenomena of nature, such as
sunshine, are frequently used as nouncount
nouns.
(e) NOUNCOUNT : Ann has brown hair.
Many nouns can be used as either nouncount
COUNT
: Tom has a hair on his or count nouns, but the meaning is different:
jacket.
e.g., hair in (e) and light in (f).
(f) NOUNCOUNT : I opened the curtains to (Dictionaries written especially for learners of
let in some light.
English as a second language are a good
COUNT
: Dont forget to turn off the source of information on count/nouncount
lights before you go to bed.
usages of nouns).
* To express a particular quantity, some nouncount nouns may be preceded by unit expressions:
e.g., a spoonful of sugar, a glass of water, a cup of coffee, a quart of milk, a loaf of bread, a grain of
rice, a bowl of soup, a bag of flour, a pound of meat, a piece of furniture, a piece of paper, a piece
of jewelry.

BEBERAPA NOMINA YANG BIASANYA TAK TERHITUNG

The following are typical of nouns that are commonly used as non count nouns. Many other
nouns can be used as non count nouns. This list serves only as a sample.
(a) WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF SIMILAR ITEMS: baggage, clothing, equipment, food,
fruit, garbage, hardware, jewellery, junk, luggage, machinery, mail, makeup,
money/cash/change, postage, scenery, traffic.
(b) FLUIDS: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc.
(c) SOLIDS: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton,
wool, etc.
(d) GASES: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution, etc.
(e) PARTICLES: rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand, sugar, wheat,
etc.
(f) ABSTRACTIONS:
- beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty,
hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge, laughter, luck, music, patience,
peace, pride, progress, recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc.
- advice, information, news, evidence, proof
- time, space, energy
- homework, work
- grammar, slang, vocabulary
(g) LANGUAGES: Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish, etc.
(h) FIELDS OF STUDY: chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics, psychology,
economics, etc.
(i) RECREATION: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker, etc.
(j) GENERAL ACTIVITIES: driving, studying, swimming, travelling, walking, (and other
gerunds)
(k) NATURAL PHENOMENA: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, sleet,
snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire, gravity.
Lengkapi kalimat di bawah ini dengan nomina yang diberikan. Tambahkan akhiran s/-es jika perlu.
Gunakan tiap nomina hanya satu kali.
advice
change
city
garbage
hardware
homework
1.
2.
3.

information
junk
luggage/baggage
music
progress
river

screwdriver
stuff
thunder
traffic
traveling
trip

I have some coins in my pocket. In other words, I have some change in my pocket.
The Mississippi, the Amazon, and the Nile are well-known rivers in the world.
I like to listen to operas, symphonies, and folk songs. I enjoy music.
4. Since I came to the United States, I have visited Chicago, New York, and Miami. I want to visit
other cities before I return to my country.
5. The street is full of cars, trucks, and buses. This street always has heavy traffic, especially
during rush hour.
6. In the last couple of years, Ive gone to France, India, and the Soviet Union. I like to take some
trips. In the other words, traveling is one of my favorite activities.

7. I put some banana peels, rotten food, and broken bottles in the waste can. The can is full of
garbage.
8. They have a rusty car without an engine, broken chairs, and an old refrigerator in their front
yard. Their yard is full of junk.
9. Paul has books, pens, papers, notebooks, scissors, tape recorder, and some other things on
his desk. He has a lot of stuff on his desk.*
10. The children got scared when they heard thunder during the storm.
11. tools that are used to fasten screws into wood are called screwdriver.
12. I went to the store to get some nails, hammers, and screws. In other words, I bought some
hardware.
13. Tonight I have to read 20 pages in my history book, do 80 problems in algebra, and write a
composition for my English teacher. In other words, I have a lot of homework to do tonight.
14. Ann took three suitcase, a shoulder bag, and cosmetics case. In other words, she took a lot
luggage/baggage on her trip.
15. Toronto is 356 ft./109 m above sea level. The average annual precipitation in Toronto is 32
in./81 cm. The population of the metropolitan area is over 3,000,000. I found this information
in the encyclopedia.
16. I didnt feel good. Ann said, You should see a doctor. Tom said, You should go home and go
to bed. Martha said, You should drink fruit juice and rest. I got advice from three people.
17. My English is slowly getting better. My vocabulary is increasing. Its getting easier for me to
write and I make fewer mistakes. I can often understand people even when they talk fast. Im
satisfied with the progress I have made in learning English.
* as a noncount, stuff usually means a group of various things. It is an inexact term used
primarily in very informal spoken English. (Junk sometimes has the same meaning .)
Examples: I keep a lot of stuff in my desk drawers.
Look at all the stuff in this room.
Identify countable and uncountable nouns from these sentences below.
1.
2.

I had chicken and rice for dinner last night.

Mary always has fresh eggs available because she raises chickens in her yard.
3.
Outside my window, I can see a lot of trees, bushes, grass, dirt, and flowers.
(Remember: grass and dirt are uncountable noun)
4.
Tom gave me some good advice. Milly also gave me some good suggestions.
5.
Yoko learned several new words today. She increased her vocabulary today.
6.
I drank two glasses of water.
7.
Windows are made of glasses. (glasses means that the material made from glass)
8.
Jack wears glasses because he has poor eyesight. (eyesight is uncountable noun).
9.
I took me a lot of time to finish my homework. I had a lot of assignments. (homework is
uncountable noun; assignment is countable noun)
10.
I have been in Mexico three times. Ive spent a lot of time there.
11.
There are typewriters, copies, telephones, and staplers in a typical business office. A
business office needs a lot of equipment. (equipment is group of many things, so it is
uncountable noun)
12.
The air is full of smoke, dust, carbon monoxide, and many other harmful substances.
We must seek to reduce air pollution.
13.
I like to read good literature. I especially like to read novel, poetry, and essays. My
favorite poets are Longfellow and Wordsworth. I have always liked their poems. (poet=orang,
poem=sajak)

14.

You can find a lot of time saving machines in a modern factory. Modern factories need
modern machinery.
15.
There are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on all the beaches on
earth. (grains = satuan ukuran)
KETERANGAN KUANTITAS
An expression of quantity (e.g., one, several, many, much) may precede a noun. Notice below:
some expression of quantity are used only with count nouns; some only with noncount nouns;
some with either count or noncount nouns.
EXPRESSIONS OF
USED WITH COUNT
USED WITH NONCOUNT
QUANTITY
NOUNS
NOUNS
one
one apple
*
each
each apple

every
every apple

two
two apples

both
both apples

a couple of
a couple of apples

three, etc.
three apples

a few
a few apples

several
several apples

many
many apples

a number of
a number of apples
a little

a little rice
much

much rice
a great deal of

a great deal of rice

not any/no
not any/no apples
not any/no rice
some
some apples
some rice
a lot of
a lot of apples
a lot of rice
lots of
lots of apples
lots of rice
plenty of
plenty of apples
plenty of rice
most
most apples
most rice
all
all apples
all rice
every
every girl bukan every girls
* = not used. For example, you can say I ate one apple but NOT I ate one rice.
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

I bought
furniture. (furniture = uncountable noun)
some (can be used both in countable and uncountable noun)
a couple of (can be only used in countable noun)
several (can be only used in countable noun)
too much (can be only used in uncountable noun)
too many (can be only used in countable noun)
I received
letters. (Letter = countable noun)
Two
a couple of (can be only used in countable noun)
both (can be only used in countable noun)
several (can be only used in countable noun)
some
a lot of

g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

plenty of
too many (can be only used in countable noun)
too much
a few (can be only used in countable noun)
a little
a number of (can be only used in countable noun)
a great deal of
hardly any
no
I received
mail. (mail = uncountable noun)
two
a couple of
both
several
some
a lot of
plenty of
too many
too much
a few
a little
a number of
a great deal of
hardly any
no
Isabel has
assignments. (assignment = countable noun)
three
several
some
a lot of
too much
too many
a few
a little
too much
a number of
a great deal of
hardly any
no
Jake has
homework, too. (homework = uncountable noun)
three
several
some
a lot of
too much
too many
a few
a little
a number of
a great deal of

k.
l.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

hardly any
no
Ann is wearing
rings. (ring = countable noun)
four
several
some
lots of
too many
too much
a few
a little
hardly any
no

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

Sue is wearing
jewelry. (jewelry = uncountable noun)
four
several
some
lots of
too many
too much
a few
a little
hardly any
no

6.

7.

Gunakan many atau much* dengan kata-kata di bawah ini dengan mengubah kata-kata tersebut
menjadi jamak jika perlu (-s/-es).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

many sentences
much water
many thieves ( a thief)
much furniture
many desks
many branches
much equipment
many machineries
many machines
many women
many pieces
many mice ( a mouse)
much advice
many sheep ( a sheep)
much homework
much prize
many geese ( a goose)
much music
many progresses ( a progress)
many races ( a race)
much knowledge

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.

much marriage
much information
much luck
many hypotheses ( a hypothesis)
much mail
many offices
much slang
many tools ( a tool)
many phenomena (a phenomenon)
much human being
many shell (a shell)
many teeth ( a tooth)

* You may want to practice using some of these words in sentences. Much is usually not used in
affirmative sentences; instead, a lot of or a great deal of is frequently used. Much is used primarily
in negative sentences and questions.

NOUNCOUNT NOUNS

PLURAL COUNT NOUNS

SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS

GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE

USING A OR (NO ARTICLE)
(a) A dog makes a good pet. (any dog as a
general)
(b) A banana is yellow.
(c) A pencil contains lead.

(d) Dogs make good pets.

(e) Bananas are yellow.
(f) Pencils contain lead.

A speaker uses a with a singular count noun when s/he is

making a generalization.
In (a): The speaker is talking about any dog, all dogs, dogs
in general.

A speaker uses no article () with a plural count noun

when s/he is making a generalization.*
In (d): The speaker is talking about any dog, all dogs, dogs
in general.
Note (a) and (d) have the same meaning.

(g) Fruit is good for you.

(h) Coffee contains caffeine.
(i) I like music.

A speaker uses no article () with a noncount noun when

s/he is making a generalization.*
In (g): The speaker is talking about any fruit, all fruit, fruit in
general.

* Sometimes a speaker uses an expression of quantity (e.g., almost all, most, some) when s/he
makes a generalization. Almost all dogs make good pets. Most dogs are friendly, some dogs have
short hair.

SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS

PLURAL COUNT NOUNS
NOUNCOUNT NOUNS

USING A OR SOME
(j) I saw a dog in my yard.
(k)
Mary ate a banana.
(l)
I need a pencil.

A speaker uses a with a singular count noun when s/he is

talking about one thing (or person) that is not specific.
In (j): The speaker is saying, I saw one dog (not two dogs,
some dogs, many dogs). It wasnt a specific (e.g. your dog,
the neighbors dog, that dog). It was only one dog out of the
whole group of animals called dogs

(m) I saw some dogs in my yard.

(n) Mary bought some bananas.
(o) Bob has some pencils in his pocket.

A speaker often uses some** with a plural count noun when

s/he is talking about one things (or people) that are not
specific.
In (m): The speaker is saying, I saw more than one dog.
They werent specific dogs (e.g. your dogs, the neighbors
dogs, those dogs). The exact number of dogs isnt important
(two dogs, five dogs). Im simply saying that I saw an
indefinite number of dogs.

(p) I bought some fruit.

(q) Bob drank some coffee.
(r) Would you like to listen to some music?

A speaker often uses some** with a non count noun when

s/he is talking about something that is not specific.
In (p): The speaker is saying, I bought an indefinite amount
of fruit. The exact amount of fruit isnt important (e.g., two
pounds of fruit, four bananas and two apples). And Im not
talking about specific fruit (e.g., that fruit, the fruit in that
bowl.)

** In addition to some, a speaker might use several, a few, a lot of, etc. with a plural count noun, or
a little, a lot of, etc. with a non count noun.

SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS

PLURAL COUNT NOUNS
NOUNCOUNT NOUNS

USING THE
(s) Did you feed the dog?
(t) I had a banana and an apple.
I gave the banana to Marry.
(u) The pencil on that desk is Jims.
(v) The sun is shining.
(w) Please close the door.
(x) Mary is in the kitchen.

(y) Did you feed the dogs?

(z) I had some bananas and some apples.
I gave the bananas to Marry.
(aa) The pencils on that desk are Jims.
(ab) Please turn off the lights.

The is used in front of:

singular count nouns: the dog
plural count nouns: the dogs
non count nouns: the fruit
A speaker uses the (not a, , or some) when the speaker
and the listener are thinking about the same specific thing(s)
or person (s).
In (s): The speaker and the listener are thinking about the
same specific dog. The listener knows which dog the speaker
is talking about: the dog that they own, the dog that they feed
every day. There is only one dog that the speaker could
possibly be talking about.
In (t) A speaker uses the when s/he mentions a noun the
second time.
First mention: I had a banana
Second mention: I gave the banana
In the second mention, the listener now knows which banana
the speaker is talking about: the banana the speaker had
(not the banana John had, not the banana in the bowl).

(ac) The fruit in this bowl is ripe.

(ad) I drank some coffee and some milk.
The coffee was hot.
(ae) I cant hear you. The music is too loud.
(af) The air is cold today.

Benda-benda yang di dunia dianggap cuma satu The Sun, The Sky.
The di depan uncountable noun bias tapi thing tersebut harus spesifik.
The pencil on that desk is Jims. (on that desk dapat menunjukkan suatu spesifik yaitu pensil
tertentu yang ada di atas meja, bukan a pencil).
Fruit is good for you. ( Fruit menunjukkan any fruit bukan specific fruit)
The fruit in this bowl is ripe. (in this bowl dapat menunjukkan suatu spesifik yaitu fruit tertentu
yang ada di dalam mangkok, bukan any fruit).
The United States of America
The Republic of Indonesia
The Niagara fall
The poor are
The police are
A police is
A pair of glasses is
Two pairs of glasses are
Glasses is
Deer are
A dear is
Flock
Plural (are)

School
Herd
Cattle
Half of students in the classroom are
Almost of students in the classroom are
Half an hour = setengahnya
A half of = setengah dari Satu
Clothing = uncountable noun, blouse, pants bagian dari clothing adalah countable noun.
Furniture = uncountable noun, chair, table bagian dari furniture adalah countable noun.
Fruit = uncountable noun, banana, mango bagian dari fruit adalah countable noun.
Exeption adalah vegetables = countable noun
Terms of conditions
Term of conditions
Main of transportation --- singular (uncountable noun)
Main of communication ----- singular (uncountable noun)
Half of the students in the classroom are
Almost of the students in the classroom are
Half an hour =
A half of =

Exercise:
A fish (live lives) in water.
Fish (live lives) in water.
The family (is are) fighting among themselves quietly.
(This These) data (is are) required to help the manager make the important decision.
Singular = datum, plural = data
5. The number of days of vacation provided to university employees (remain remains)
constantly from year to year.
The number of (singular); a number of (plural)
6. The information on the various types of wasp and bees in the area (was were) useful to
environmentalists who (was were) fighting the use of pesticides.
information = uncountable noun (bentuk selalu singular)
7. Despite the development of a vaccine, measles (is are) still a serious danger to adult
victims.
measles = cacar air = penyakit = uncountable noun.
8. Statistics as well as a course in research methodology (is are) required of all doctoral
candidates.
statistics, economics, mathematics, physics = uncountable noun
9. Neither all of the cookies nor all of the fruit (have has) been eaten yet.
fruit = uncountable noun
Selalu perhatikan bentuk plural/singular dari noun terakhir:
Neither nouns nor noun is
Neither noun nor nouns are
Neither nouns nor nouns are
Neither noun nor noun is
10. To a do-it-yourself handyman, a pair of pliers (is are) very useful.
pliers (tang/catut) = countable noun jadi ada bentuk singular dan plural.
11. Both mathematics and physics (is are) interesting.
walaupun secara terpisah mathematics dan physics adalah uncountable noun, tapi karena di
gabung (both . and .) menjadi plural.
12. A number of reporters (was were) at the conference yesterday.
13. There (have has) been too many interruptions in this class.
14. Every dog and cat (is are) vaccinated against rabies.
Every, each = singular
15. According to the champion, one hundred pounds (is are) easy to lift.
one hundred pounds is
two hundreds pounds are
16. Either of the stories (is are) intriguing.
17. English (is are) heard all over the world.
18. The flock of birds (is are) circling overhead.
19. The jeans (was were) in the washing machine this morning.
20. The ministers together with the president himself (hold holds) a dialogue with students.
21. The levels of intoxication (vary varies) from subject to subject.
22. John, along with twenty friends, (is are) planning a party.
23. Neither Bill nor Mary (is are) going out tonight.
24. Some of the equipment in the office (belong belongs) to me.
equipment = uncountable noun.
25. Twenty dollars (is are) too much to pay him.
money = uncountable noun

26. Some deer (is are) running in the park.

deer are
a deer is
27. Cryogenics (is are) the study of the behaviour of matter at extremely cold temperatures.
28. Inside her locker (is are) a sandwich and some old gym shoes.
29. Somebody in the apartment upstairs (play plays) the piano at six oclock each morning.
30. (Wasnt Werent) they at the rodeo on Sunday?
31. Part of the steak (was were) undercooked.
32. Chicanos: A History of Mexican Americans (was were) written by Matt S. Meler and Feliciano
Rivera.
33. (Is Are) Jeanette in the chemistry lab now?
34. Half of the flowers in the garden (is are) azaleas.
35. Here (is are) a ticket to the jazz concert.
36. Many of the builders (read reads) that magazine.
37. Marbles (was were) the game they played most often.
Marbles dalam kalimat tersebut adalah jenis permainan (the game) sehingga selalu dalam
bentuk singular.
Marbles sebagai kelereng-kelereng plural.
38. Everyone (is are) at the window.
39. Two cups of cream (seem seems) to be all we need. (Consider the subject (cream) to be a
single unit/uncountable noun)
40. Lights of New York (was were) the first full-length, all-talking film ever made.
Judul buku, judul film = singular
41. There (is are) the Oriental rug Mr. Jacoby bought.
Rug = permadani
42. Most of the facts (support supports) our conclusion.
43. Seven hundred dollars (is are) too much money for that camping gear. (Consider the subject
to be a single unit/uncountable noun)
44. Across the fields (is are) an abandoned shack.
shack = pondok
abandon = menyerahkan, meninggalkan
an abandoned shack = pondok yang ditinggalkan
45. (Is Are) any of your friends at the stables?
46. Two months (isnt arent) enough time to explore the ruins in South America. Consider the
subject to be a single unit/uncountable noun)
47. six hundred feet
48. at night (bukan at a night)
49. for either = 1
50. for both = 2
51. Because of non corrosive (adjective) (salah) setelah because of harus noun.
52. as adj. as
53. known that S + V
54. innately a gentle
adv
adj.
innately = bawaan lahir
55. innately talented
56. desire for
57. fit in

Give the appropriate noun adjunct or compound adjective.

1.
The soup has vegetables in it. It is a vegetable soup.
19. The building has offices in it. It is an office building.
20. The test lasted two hours. It is a two-hour test.
21. Her son is five years old. She has a five-year-old son.
22. My garden has flowers in it. It is a flower garden.
23. That handbook is for students. It is a student-hand book.
24. Their baby is ten months old. They have a ten-month-old baby.
25. Our trip lasted for three days. We took a three-day trip.
26. She is a psychologist for children. She is a psychologist - children.
27. I wrote a check for fifty dollars. I wrote a fifty-dollar check.
28. I will get three credits for that course. It is a three-credit course.
29. Their house has nine rooms. It is a nine room house.
30. That food is for dogs. It is dogs food (food = uncountable noun)
31. That room is for guests. It is a guest room.
32. The professor asked us to write a paper of five pages. She asked us to write a five-page
paper.
33. He is a 100-centimeter tall boy.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of other.

1. I got three letters. One was from my father. Another one was from my sister. The other letter
was from my girlfriend.
2. Look at your hand. There is a total of five fingers. One is your thumb. Another is your index
finger. Another one is your middle finger. Another finger is your ring finger. And the other is
your little finger.
Another adalah noun; another one adalah adjective.
3. Look at your hands. One is your right hand, and the other is your left hand.
4. I invited five people to my party. Out of those five people, only John and Mary can come. The
others/others/the other people cant come.
5. I invited five people to my party. Out of those five people, only John and Mary can come. The
other people cant come.
6. I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any others/any other books/any
other ones that you could lend me?
7. I would like to read more about this subject. Do you have any other books that you could lend
me?
8. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one means of transportation. The
train is another/another one.
9. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one. Others/other ones are the train,
the automobile, and the horse.
10. Alice reads The New York Times every day. She doesnt read other newspaper.
11. Some people prefer classical music, but others/some others/other people prefer rock music.
12. Mr. and Mrs. Jay are a happily married couple. They love each other. They support each
other. They like each other.
Hati-hati tidak ada bentuk each others.
Each other = one another
13. He will graduate in another two years.
14. Im almost finished. I just need another five minutes.
15. One of the countries I would like to visit is Sweden. Another is Mexico. Of course, besides
these are many other places I would like to see.
every other = seling-seling satu.
I suggested that you be more diligent. (more = adjective)

Complete the sentence below with a few, (very) few, a little, or (very) little.
A few, a little = sejumlah (beberapa)
Few, little = sedikit
1. Do you have a few minutes? Id like to ask you a few questions. I need a little more
information.
2. Anns previous employer gave her a good recommendation because she makes few mistakes
in her work.
3. After Rodney tasted the soup, he added a little salt to it.
4. I dont like a lot of salt on my food. I add little salt to my food.
5. The professor lectured very clearly. As a result, few students had questions at the end of the
class period.
6. I like music. I like to listen to a little music after dinner before I begin studying.
7. Jim is having a lot of trouble adjusting to eight grades. He seems to be unpopular.
Unfortunately, he has few friends.
8. I have to go to the post office because I have a few letters to mail.
9. Every day Max goes to his mailbox, but it is usually empty. He gets little mail. (uncountable)
10. Were looking forward to our vacation. Were planning to spend a few days with my folks and
then a few days with my husbands folks. After that, were going to go to a fishing resort in
Canada.
11. Driving downtown to the stadium for the baseball game was easy. We got there quickly
because there was little traffic. (uncountable)
12. My friend arrived in the United States a few months ago.
13. I think you could use some help. Let me give you a little advice.
14. Because the family is very poor, the children have few clothes.
15. Are you finished?/Not yet. I need a few more minutes.
16. Are you finished?/Not yet. I need a little more time.
17. A few days ago I met a very interesting person.
18. Into each life, a little rain must fall.
19. I was hungry, so I ate a few nuts.
20. Margareth likes sweet tea. She usually adds a little honey to her tea.
Sometimes she adds a little milk, too.
21. Has anyone ever called you on the phone and tried to sell you something you didnt want? I
have little patience with people who interrupt my dinner to try to sell me a magazine.
22. Hes a lucky little boy. Because his parents have taken good care of him, he has had few
problems in his young life.

A few (countable noun), a little (uncountable noun) mempunyai arti positif yaitu menindikasikan
beberapa.
I have a little happiness. (saya mempunyai kegembiraan)
few (countable noun), little (uncountable noun) mempunyai arti negatif yaitu mengindikasikan
sedikit.
I have little happiness. (saya sedikit mempunyai kegembiraan)
1. I will arrive here another 10 minutes.
2. Its only another 10 kilometres.
3. I need another 10 kilos of rice.
Another digunakan untuk jumlah, jarak, waktu.
ADJECTIVE
PRONOUN
Singular
another book (is)
another (is)
Plural
other books (are)
others (are)
Singular
the other book (is)
the other (is)
Plural
the other books (are) the others (are)
(a) The students in the class come from many countries.
One of the students is from Mexico. Another student
is from Iraq. Another is from Japan. Other students
are from Brazil. Others are from Algeria.

Forms of other are used as either

adjectives or pronouns.
Notice: A final s is used only for a
plural pronoun (others)

(d) We write each other every week.

(e) We write one another every week.

Each other and one another indicate a

reciprocal relationship. In (d) and (e): I
write to him every week, and he writes
to me every week.
Every other can give the idea of
alternate. In (f):
Write on the first line.
Do not write on the second line.
Write on the third line.
Do not write on the fourth line.
(etc.)

The meaning of another: one more in

addition to the one(s) already
mentioned.
The meaning of other/others (without
the): several more addition to the
one(s) already mentioned.
(b) I have three books. Two are mine. The other book is The meaning of the other(s): all that
yours. (The other is yours).
remains from a given number; the rest
(c) I have three books. One is mine. The other books are of a specific group.
yours. (The others are yours).

(f) Please write on every other line.

(g) I see her every other week.

(h) I will be here for another three years.

(i) I need another five dollars.
(j) We drove another ten miles.
Harus diingat:
Two metres = two adjective
Two others

Another is used with expression of time,

money, and distance, even if these
expression contain plural nouns.

Singular
Plural

Adjective (setelah adjective tersebut diikuti dengan noun)

Another (noun)
Other (noun)

Singular
Plural

Pronoun: kata ganti (tidak diikuti dengan noun)

Another
Others

One = Satu
Ones = banyak
Another one is blue.
Another is blue.

Possesive adj.

My
her
his
their
our

+ noun

Only a few students go to the cinema.

Ciri adjective:
Sebelum noun
Sesudah linking verb (He is pretty)
One of the students
One of the money (salah) harusnya some of the money.
Non of the threes
No + Noun
Not + Verb

Problems with Adjective:

1.
Determiners A and An
2.
Uncountable Nouns with Qualifying Phrase The
3.
Meaning All
4.
No Meaning Not Any
5.
One of the and Some of the
6.
Few and Little
7.
Much and Many
8.
A little and Little; A few and Few
9.
Only a few and Only a little
10.
Almost all of the and Most of the
11.
A large (small) number of and A large (small) amount of
12.
Sufficiency Enough with Nouns
13.
Sufficiency Enough with Adjectives
14.
Consecutive order One, another, the other
15.
Consecutive order Some, other, the other, some, others, the others (the rest)
16.
Numerical Order
17.
Nouns that function as adjectives
18.
Hyphenated adjectives (compound adjectives)
19.
Adjectives ending in ed (passive yang berarti di- atau ter-) and ing (active)
20.
Cause-and-result So
21.
Cause-and-result Such
22.
Excess Too
23.
Emphasis Very
24.
Adjectives with verbs of the senses
The painting is amazing
Thats why I am amazed.
I get amazed.
Problems with Comparatives:
1. Exact similarity the same as and the same
2. General similarity similar to and similar
3. General similarity like and alike
4. Specific similarity quality nouns
5. Specific similarity quality adjectives
6. General difference different from and different
7. General difference to differ from
8. Comparative Estimates multiple numbers
9. Comparative Estimates more than and less than
10. Comparative Estimates as many as
11. Degree of comparison comparative adjectives
12. Degree of comparison superlative adjectives
13. Degree of comparison irregular adjectives
14. Degree of comparison comparative adverbs
15. Double comparatives
16. Illogical comparatives general similarity and difference
17. Illogical comparatives degrees

Problems with Prepositions

1. Place between and among
2. Place in, on, at
3. Time in, on, at
4. Addition besides
5. Exception but and except
6. Replacement instead of and instead
7. Example such as
8. Condition and expected result despite and in spite of
9. Cause because of and because
10. Cause from
11. Purpose for
12. Means by
13. Time limit from, to

NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NOUNCOUNT

Quite a few nouns can be used as either non count or count nouns. Examples of both non
count and count usages for some common nouns follow:
NOUN USED AS NOUNCOUNT NOUN
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
glass
(a) Windows are made of glass.
(b) I drank a glass of water.
(c) Janet wears glasses when she reads.
hair
(d) Rita has brown hair.
(e) Theres a hair on my jacket.
iron
(f) Iron is a metal.
(g) I pressed my shirt with an iron.
light
(h) I opened the curtain to let in some (i) Please turn off the lights (lamps)
light.
paper
(j) I need some paper to write a letter. (k) I wrote a paper for Prof. Lee.
(l) I bough a paper (a newspaper).
time
(m) How much time do you need to (n) How many times have you been in
finish your work?
Mexico?
work
(o) I have some work to do tonight.
(p) That painting is a work of art.
coffee
(q) I had some coffee after dinner.
(r) Two coffees, please.
chicken
(s) I had some chicken/some
(t) She drew a picture of a chicken/a fish/a
fish
fish/some lamb for dinner.
lamb.
lamb

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
14.
15.
16.
17.

A little chicken: little disini mengambarkan bentuk badan ayam yang kecil.
A big chicken: big disini mengambarkan bentuk badan ayam yang besar.
A little chicken: little disini bisa juga menggambarkan jumlah daging ayam yang disedikit (satu)
(daging ayam uncountable noun)
A lot of chicken: a lot of disini bisa juga menggambarkan jumlah daging ayam yang banyak.
(daging ayam uncountable noun)
A few chickens: a few disini menggambarkan jumlah ayam hidup sedikit.
A lot of chickens: a lot of disini menggambarkan jumlah ayam hidup banyak.

Joe, would you like a little/some lamb for dinner tonight?

A lamb/Lambs is/are born in the springtime.
It took a lot of time to write my composition.
I really like that movie. I saw it three times.
Students in Prof. Youngs literature class have to write a lot of papers.
Students who take thorough lecture notes use a lot of paper.
The New York Times is a famous paper (a famous newspaper).
Rodins statue of The Thinker is one of my favourite works of art.
I have a lot of work to do tomorrow.
If light accidentally gets in a darkroom, it can ruin photographic negatives.
There are a lot of fluorescent lights on the ceilings of the school building.
Erin has straight hair, and Sara has curly hair.
13.
Brian has a white cat. When I stood up from Brians sofa, my black slacks were covered
with short, white hairs.
Wed like two cheese sandwiches and two coffees, please.
I dont drink a lot of coffee. I prefer tea.
I wear glasses because Im nearsighted.
In some countries, people use glass for their tea; in other countries, they use cups.

Grammar:
Parts of Speech
In the following sentences, identify the words in italic boldface by writing the appropriate number in
the answer space.
1. Noun
2. pronoun (kata ganti)
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.

3. adjective
4. adverb

5. verb
6. preposition

Wendy is a welder.
Her brother is a reporter.
Replace the plastic shield.
He invented a better mousetrap.
The lot sells new and used cars.
The neighbours seem friendly. (seem = linking verb)
Jack was late for class again.
Iris arrived at the park early.
The role was long and hard.
Are you going to the library?
This book is mine.
This is the car to buy.
She lives across the street.
He wrote concerning (about) a job.
Is this your book?
I found it on the desk.
He wants an education.
She looks like her mother.
He agreed to proceed slowly.
She is talking to her friends.
I found an unusual stone.
She is unusually talented.
Everyone joined in the protest.
We faced many problems.
The synagogue is a landmark.
Students from all parts of the state had come to the rally.
The workers took a strike vote.
Please come if you can.
He is the one whom I suspect.
He whistles while he works.
What is your plan?
Nancy is a Libra.
No one came after ten oclock.
She arrived after the others. (after menjelaskan arrived)
Put the book there.
I saw him once.
The assassination shocked the entire world.
He owns a drugstore.

7. conjunction

noun
noun
verb
pronoun of subject
adjective
adjective
adjective
adverbial
conjunction
preposition
adjective
pronoun
preposition
preposition
possessive adjective
pronoun
noun
preposition
adverbial
verb
adjective
adjective
pronoun
noun
noun
verb
adjective
subordinate conjunction
pronoun
conjunction
noun
verb
preposition
adverb
preposition of place
adverb
noun
noun

39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.

Werent you surprised?

They waited for us.
She is a justice of the peace.
Gold is valuable.
Did you pay your dues?
Everyone applauded his speech.
Neither boy is eligible. (Neither + Noun)
Neither of the men applied. (Neither of..)
The child slept quietly.
She became an executive.
Well, what shall we do now?
He worked during the summer.
Tomorrow is her birthday.
Will he come tomorrow?
Gloria and I are going.
If I go, will you come?
Sit between Joan and me.
He should never have been advanced in rank.
He drives fast. (fast menjelaskan drive)

After + S + V = conjunction
He agreed to slowly proceed.
This is a book = pronoun

pronoun
preposition
verb
adjective
noun
pronoun
adjective
pronoun
adverb
verb
acclamation
preposition of time
noun
adverb
conjunction
conjunction
preposition
verb
adjective

Error analysis: modifying phrases (Dangling modifiers)

Directions: Write I if the sentence is INCORRECT. Write C if the sentence is CORRECT.
Reminder: A modifying phrase must modify the subject of the sentence.
1.

While taking a trip across Europe this summer, Janes camera suddenly quit
working.

Penjelasan: karena subject kalimat tersebut di atas adalah Jane yang melakukan perjalanan di
Negara-negara eropa. Jadi pada kalimat main clause sebagai subject adalah Janes camera
(tidak ada kesesuaian S di main clause maupun di sub clause).
2.

When using a microwave oven for the first time, read the instruction carefully about
the kind of dish you can use.

3.

Having been given their instruction, the teacher told her students to begin working
on the test.

Penjelasan: karena modifiernya Having been given their instruction mengacu pada subject
students, maka bentuk yang benar:
Having been given their instruction, students are odered to begin working on the test by her
teacher.
4.

After receiving the Nobel Peace Price in 1979, Mother Teresa returned to Calcutta,
India, to work and live among the poor, the sick, and the dying.

5.

Having studied Greek for several years, Sarahs pronunciation was easy to
understand.

Penjelasan: karena modifiernya Having studied Greek for several years mengacu pada yang
telah belajar Greek adalah Sarah bukan pronounciation-nya Sarah, maka bentuk yang benar:
Having studied Greek for several years, Sarah improves her pronounciation easy to
understand.
6.

Since returning to her country after graduation, Marias parents have enjoyed
having all their children home again.

Penjelasan: karena modifiernya Since returning to her country after graduation mengacu pada
subject Maria yang telah kembali dari study di luar negeri dan bukan orang tuanya Maria,
maka bentuk yang benar:
Since returning to her country after graduation, Maria has been welcomed by her parents who
have enjoyed having all their children home again.
7.

While bicycling across the United States, the wheels on my bike had to be replaced
several times.

Penjelasan: karena modifiernya While bicycling across the United States mengacu pada
subject saya yang melakukan perjalanan bersepeda di USA dan bukan pada ban sepedamya,
maka bentuk yang benar:
While bicycling across the United States, I had to replaced the wheels on my bike several
times.
8.

Not wanting to interrupt the conversation, I stood quietly and listened until I could
have a chance to talk.

9.

Being too young to understand death, my mother gave me a simple explanation of

where my grandmother had gone.

Penjelasan: karena modifiernya Being too young to understand death mengacu pada
subject saya yang masih terlalu muda untuk memahami kematian dan bukan pada my
mother, maka bentuk yang benar:
Being too young to understand death, I have been given a simple explanation of where my
grandmother had gone by my mother.
10
.

11. I

When asked to explain his mistake, the new employee cleared his throat nervously.
While working in my office late last night, someone suddenly knocked loudly at my
door and nearly scared me to death.

Penjelasan: karena modifiernya While working in my office late last night, mengacu pada
subject saya yang sedang bekerja lembur di kantor dan bukan pada someone, maka bentuk
yang benar:
While working in my office late last night, I heard that someone suddenly knocked loudly at my
door and nearly scared me to death.
12
.

After hurrying to get everything ready for the picnic, it began to rain just as we were
leaving.

13
.

When told he would have to have surgery, the doctor reassured Bob that he
wouldnt have to miss more than a week of work.

14
.

While walking across the street at a busy intersection, a truck nearly ran over my
foot.

15
.

Before driving across a desert, be sure that your car has good tires as well as
enough oil, water, and gas to last the trip.

Penjelasan untuk kalimat incorrect yang lain sama yaitu yang harus diperhatikan adalah
kesesuaian antara modifier dengan Subject main clause-nya.

DERIVATIVES
VERBS
1.

ADJECTIVES

The verb MUST always 1.

exist in English sentences.
A non-verbal predicate 2.
should therefore take a
linking verb (be, become,
feel, appear, look, etc)
e.g.
The land is fertile.
S
LV P (adj)
They bought the land.
S
P(V)
2.

3.

VERBS:
Predicating verb
Linking
Verb
Modal Aux Verb
Finite Verbs

4.

Active
VS
Passive
(me, ber)
(di, ter)
BE + V3
ex:
The riot (occur) five years ago.
Many stores (loot) and many
people (flee) the city.

5.

S-V Agreement

Ex:
Everybody (is-are) surprised.
The study of languages (is-are)
interesting.
washing the dishes (make-makes)
me tired.

VERB SUFFIXES:
-ize: categorize, formularize
-ate: dedicate
-fy : beautify, clarify, modify
-en : long length lengthen
N
A
V
Strengthen widen

Function: to modify/describe a
noun.
Two typical position of Adjectives:
1.

2.

NOUNS
1.

Attributive:
Adj Noun
A naughty boy.
Predicative:
S LV ADJ/P
The boy is naughty.

General Function:
a. Subject
b. Object of Verb
c. Object of
Preposition
Prep + Noun

2.

Equivalent meaning
ke-an
pe-an
an
nya

ADJECTIVAL SUFFIXES
NOUN SUFFIXES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

ant/-ent : vacant, patient

ed/-ing : talented, boring, tired
ful/-less : beautiful, colorless
ish : boyish, childish, greenish
ous : jealous, nervous
ive : active, attentive
al : loyal, legal, vital
ary : ordinary, necessary
y (Noun baseword) : hilly, stormy,
rocky, dusty (berduka)
able/-ible
:
acceptable,
responsible, audible, visible (dapat
di-)

11. ment : development,

entertainment
12. ness: kindness
13. ence/-ance : patience,
importance
14. th : depth, length,
strength
15. ion/-tion : organization,
information
16. ty : unity, legality
17. ess : excess, process
18. ure : closure, departure
19. al (Verb baseword) :
arrival, refusal, approval

1.

die (V)
dead (adj)
death (noun)
deadly (adj/adv) sangat
(extremely) mematikan

11. please (V)

pleasant (adj)
enjoyable

menyenangkan
pleased (adj)
I am pleased
pleasure (N) feeling
of happiness

22. produce (V)

productive (adj)
production (N)
product (N)
productivity (N)
produce (N) hasil
pertanian

2.

differ from (Vberbeda)

differ (N) perbedaan
differentiate (V)
different (N)
difference (adj)

12. explode (V)

explosive (adj)
explosion (N)

23. poor (adj)

poverty (N)

3.

depend (V)
(in) dependent (adj)
dependable (adj)
dependence (N)
dependent (n-tanggungan)
dependent (adj)

13. long (adj)

length (N)
lengthy (adj)
lengthen (V)

24. poison (N/V)

Poisonous (adj)

4.

economize (V)
economic
(adj)
yang
berhubungan
dengan
economy
economical (adj) hemat, irit
economy (N)
economics (N)
economist (N) person

14. educate (V)

education (N)
educational (adj)
educator (N)

25. accuse (V) menuduh

accusation (N)

5.

believe (V)
(un) believable (adj)
belief (N)

15. fertile (adj) subur

fertilize (V)
fertility
(N)
kesuburan
fertilizer (N) pupuk

26. decide (V)

decision (N)
(in) decisive (adj) ambil
keputusan

6.

heal (V)
healer (N) person
health (N) kesehatan
healthy (adj) sehat
healthily

16. penal (adj)

penalty (N)
penalize (V)

27. profit (N/V)

profitable (adj)

7.

exceed (V)
excess (N)
excessive (adj)

17. refuse (V)

refusal (N)

28. satisfy (V)

satisfactory (adj)
memuaskan

exceedingly (adv) sangat

excessively (adv)

satisfied (adj) puas

satisfying (adj)
satisfaction (N)

8.

suspect (V)
suspicion (N)
suspicious (adj)
suspect (N) tersangka

18. live (V)

live music (adj)
alive (adj)
I am alive
life (N)
lively (adv) scr lsg

29. prove (V)

proof (N)

9.

obey (V)
obedient (adj)
obedience (N) kepatuhan

19. lose (V)

lost (adj)
loss (N)
such a loss

30. beautiful (adj)

beauty (N)
beautician (N) person
beautify (V)

20. employ (V)

(un) employed (adj)
(un) employment
(N)
employer (N)
employee (N)

31. honest (adj)

honesty (N)

21. approve (V)

approval (N)

32. dispose of (V)

disposable (adj)
disposal (N)
get rid off (memang)

10.

deep (adj)
deepen (V)
depth (N)

33. contain (V)

container (N) wadah
content (N) isi
content(ed) (adj) puas
contentment
(N)
kepuasan
34. solve (V)
solution (N)

Dengan cara: adv + ly = healthy + ly = healthily

Exercise on Derivatives:
1. The police found a (die) body near river but did not know the cause of his (dead).
The police found a dead body near river but did not know the cause of his death.
2. Everyone supposed him to be (die), but he returned out to be (life).
Everyone supposed him to be dead, but he returned out to be alive.
3. Those who (not obedient) the rules will (penalty).
Those who dont obey the rules will be penalized.
4. According to ancient (believe), a disease is the Lords curse.
According to ancient belief, a disease is the Lords curse.
5. Every (live) thing needs water and food to remain (live).
Every living thing needs water and food to remain alive.
6. The mans (refuse) of the offer will result in the (lose) of his opportunity to (promotion) to
manager.
The mans refusal of the offer will result in the loss of his opportunity to be promoted to
manager.
7. The (suspect) was (accusation) of murder.
The suspect was accused of murder.
8. Please use water with (economically).
Please use water with economy. Ingat after preposition (with) diikuti noun (economy)
9. The woman is extravagant. Her expenditure (excess) her income.
The woman is extravagant. Her expenditure exceeds her income.
10. A manager should be a (decision) person.
A manager should be a decisive person.
11. We do appreciate your (honest).
We do appreciate your honesty. (possessive adjective + noun)
12. The passenger had to pay extra for his (exceed) baggage.
The passenger had to pay extra for his excessive baggage.
13. The government has made an earnest attempt to eradicate (poor) in the country.
The government has made an earnest attempt to eradicate poverty in the country.
14. Work comes before (please).
Work comes before pleasure.
15. The curtain is too short. It needs (length).
The curtain is too short. It needs to be lengthened/lengthening.
16. The man has five (depend), i.e. a wife and four children.
The man has five dependants, i.e. a wife and four children.
17. He tries to (please) his parents by (obedient) his parents advice.
He tries to please his parents by obey his parents advice.
18. The car is very (economy) on gasoline.
The car is very economical on gasoline.
19. Many people fear (die), but (die) and (live) are inevitable.
Many people fear dying, but dying and living are inevitable.
20. The land is (fertility); I think we dont need any (fertile) to help the plants grow well.
The land is fertile; I think we dont need any fertilizer to help the plants grow well.
21. Tom is (obey) to his parents. To him, (obey) means showing great respect to older people.
Tom is obeying his parents. To him, obedient/obedience means showing great respect to
older people. (Ingat obeying his parents bukan obeying to his parents)
22. The size of audience was (prove) of his popularity.
The size of audience was the proof of his popularity.
23. Many foreign tourists admire the (beautiful) of nature in that part of country.

24.
25.

26.
27.
28.

29.
30.
31.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.

39.
40.
41.
42.
43.

Many foreign tourists admire the beauty of nature in that part of country.
I (accusation) of committing corruption, but they failed to (proof) their (accused).
I was accused of committing corruption, but they failed to prove their accusation.
The government should stimulate the (grow) of industries that may provide job opportunities to
(unemployment) people.
The government should stimulate the growth of industries that may provide job opportunities to
unemployed people.
You had better ask for their (approve) before (decide) to go with me.
You had better ask for their approval before deciding to go with me.
The management (decide) against the plan.
The management decides against the plan.
According to Mr. Kottler, consumers (satisfied) is of top priority. When a consumer feels
(satisfy), he will tell others that his or her purchases are (satisfaction), and thus he will soon
become a potential marketer.
According to Mr. Kottler, consumers satisfaction is of top priority. When a consumer feels
satisfied, he will tell others that his or her purchases are satisfactory, and thus he will soon
become a potential marketer.
We had a (please) trip to Hawaii last year.
We had a pleasant trip to Hawaii last year.
Most supermarkets sell farm (production), such as vegetables, chickens eggs, cows milk, etc.
Most supermarkets sell farm produce such as vegetables, chickens eggs, cows milk, etc.
While some people are (pleasure) with the result of the general election, others are
(disappointment).
While some people are pleased with the result of the general election, others are
disappointmented.
She (beautiful) the room with balloons and flowers.
She beautifulies the room with balloons and flowers.
The box (content) a pair of worn-out shoes.
The box contents a pair of worn-out shoes.
As there were not enough lifeboats for everybody, 1500 (live) were lost.
As there were not enough lifeboats for everybody, 1500 lives were lost.
The worker is not (content) with his salary.
The worker is not contended with his salary.
They used (dispose) cups and plates for the party.
They used disposable cups and plates for the party.
Dont touch the (life) wire!
Dont touch the life wire!
During the (economy) crisis, people are determined to (economy) on fuel. Besides, when they
travel on a plane or train, they prefer to fly (economic) class.
During the economic crisis, people are determined to economize on fuel. Besides, when they
travel on a plane or train, they prefer to fly economy class.
He consumed (exceed) alcohol, which possibly harms his (healthy).
He consumed exceesive alcohol, which possibly harms his health.
They look at each other with (suspect).
They look at each other with suspecion.
No one is (awareness) of the cause of the (exploded).
No one is aware of the cause of the explosion.
He (dismissal) from the job for being lazy.
He dismiss from the job for being lazy.
Its easy to tell the (different) between butter and margarine.

44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.

58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.

Its easy to tell the different between butter and margarine.

We have (differ) opinions on that matter.
We have different opinions on that matter.
The (educate) system in America (different) from that in Indonesia.
The education system in America is different from that in Indonesia.
Can you (difference) between the two varieties?
Can you differentiate between the two varieties?
I was (disappoint) with the result of the exam.
I was disappointed with the result of the exam.
He heard about the (disappoint) news from a friend and was left in (disappointing).
He heard about the disappointed news from a friend and was left in disappointing.
I hope you are always in good (healthy).
I hope you are always in good health.
The drunk motorist drove the car at a (dead) speed.
The drunk motorist drove the car at a deadly speed.
Its a (pleasant) experience to meet the president.
Its a pleasant experience to meet the president.
Its a (pleasant) to meet the president.
Its a pleasure to meet the president.
(Unemployed) is still a major problem in this country.
Unemployment is still a major problem in this country.
A sophisticated manager often makes (decided) by hunch.
A sophisticated manager often makes decision by hunch.
When the bomb (explosion), nobody was in the building.
When the bomb explosives, nobody was in the building.
The (simple) of a dress can enhance its (elegant).
The simple of a dress can enhance its (elegant).
Mother birds (jealous) (protection) their young by (attack) animals within close proximity to the
nest.
Mother birds are jealous to protect their young by attacking animals within close proximity
to the nest.
The children (decoration) the tree with stings of popcorn.
The children decorate the tree with stings of popcorn.
Aristotle, an ancient (philosophy), was a student of Plato.
Aristotle, an ancient philosopher, was a student of Plato.
Weather in the tropics is generally (rain), (humidity), and hot.
Weather in the tropics is generally rainy, humid, and hot.
He has achieved great (succeed) in his career.
He has achieved great succeess in his career.
She tried three times to pass her driving test, at last (succeed).
She tried three times to pass her driving test, at last succeess.
Were you (succeed) in (persuasion) him to go with you?
Were you succeess in persuasive him to go with you?
He won three (successiveness) matches.
He won three successiveness matches.
The thunder makes me (scary).
The thunder makes me scary.
Grace Kellys (enter) into the world of acting began with a cigarette (commercial).
Grace Kellys enters into the world of acting began with a cigarette commercially.

Derivatives:
Complete these sentences with a word which has the same root as the word in italics.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

When we stepped up on that step, we saw the race very well.

I had a nice dream last night. I dreamed of you.
I have a bath every day.. I have a daily bath too.
I have a store of old newspaper in my houseYes, Ive stored mine up for several months
too.
I heard a shout a moment ago..Yes, it was Ben. He was shouting at me.
I hope your uncle is better .Thank you. The doctor says there is every hope that he will be
back at the work next week.
I like travel, so I have travelled a lot during the last twenty years.
I love kicking a football round the garden. I gave such a good kick yesterday that it went
through our neighbours window.
I got some soap and soaped my hands.
I smoked a lot when I was young, but now I cant stand the smell of smoking.
I never know whether what George says is true or not . Yes, he doesnt always tell the truth.
Is John sleeping?......Sh! Yes, he has just fallen asleep now.
Is the food warm?......Yes, I warmed up a few minutes ago.
Is the fruit cool?........Yes, I cooled it before I put it on the table.
Is there a cure for that kind of illness yet? .. Yes, they cured my mother when she had it.
Its a real pity that Sallys ill again .. Yes, I pitied her last week when she had so much to do.
I want to nail this picture up, but I dont have any nails.
I painted my door blue, but my wife didnt like the colour of the paint much.
Dons a TV announcer now. He announces the evening programmes.
I worked in a furniture factory when I was young, and I found my work very interesting.
John jumped right across the stream yesterday..Yes, that was a great jump!
Mike doesnt care how he does his work .. Youre right. Hes a careless boy.
Alex gave a nasty laugh. He often laughs like that.
Fred had a fight with Peter yesterday. The two boys often fight.
Actions speak louder than words. We must stop talking and acting now.

DERIVATIONS
Directions: Use the correct form for each of the underlined words and pay attention to the correct
verb form.
Selamat Datang! You are heartily welcome to Indonesia! The whole country, consisting of more
then three thousand islands, is open for you (1) exploring. You will find some of its (2) beautiful
and romance wherever you go, but some of it you will have (3) looks for in out-of-the-way places,
like the fragrant melati flower which does not expose itself boldly to the public, but (4) glad displays
its beauty to those who find their way into the forest rain will find it well worth while to become
acquainted with Indonesia and its (5) friendship people. Welcome!
Correct paragraph.
Selamat Datang! You are heartily welcome to Indonesia! The whole country, consisting of more
then three thousand islands, is open for you to explore. You will find some of its beauty and
romance wherever you go, but some of it you will have looked for in out-of-the-way places, like the
fragrant melati flower which does not expose itself boldly to the public, but gladly displays its
beauty to those who find their way into the forest rain will find it well worth while to become
acquainted with Indonesia and its friendly people. Welcome!
Posisi Adv bisa di depan atau di belakang Verb.
Contoh:
The snake is nicely killed.
The snake is killed nicely.

Conditional Sentences:
Type I:
If + S + V1, S + will
Type II:
If + S + V2, S + would
Type III:
If + S + had + V3, S + would/should + have + V3
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

If you (find) a skeleton in the cellar dont mention it to anyone. (find)

If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration. (will have)
What (happen) if I press this button? (will happen/can happen/happen)
I should have voted for her if I (have) a vote then. (had had)
If you go to Paris where you (stay)? (will stay)
If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)? (would choose)
The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) thick. (gets)
If the milkman (come) tell him to leave two pints. (comes)
Someone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there. (will sit)
You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much. (did not talk)
What I (do) if I hear the burglar alarm? (should I do)
If you (read) the instructions carefully you wouldnt have answered the wrong question. (had
read)
13. I could repair the roof myself if I (have) a long ladder. (had)
14. Unless they turn that radio off I (go) mad. (will go)
If they dont turn that radio off I (go) mad. (will go)
15. If you were made redundant what you (do)? (would do)
16. Well have a long way to walk if we (run) out of petrol here. (run)
run out of = kehabisan
17.
18.
19.
20.

If you shake that bottle of port it (not be) fit to drink. (will not be)
Ill probably get lost unless he (come) with me. (comes)
You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly. (wouldnt have)
If you (wear) a false beard nobody would have recognized you. (had worn)
wear-wore-worn

Traps and Pitfalls

In pairs, examine the following sentences; then correct any error you spot and discuss with
your partner and give the correct answers.
1. It is so nice a weather that I really feel like going for a swim.
It is so nice a climate that I really feel like going for a swim.
weather adalah uncountable noun
2. The scientists have devised method of solving the problem effectively.
Scientists have devised a method of solving the problem effectively.
3. Large amount of time and money have been devoted to solving the problem.
A Large amount of time and money have been devoted to solving the problem.
4. H e is coming to Jakarta, and then to Bali by a plane.
H e is coming to Jakarta, and then to Bali by plane. (by bus, by train, by plane)
5. The oil crises has occurred because the gulf states insist on rising the oil price.
The oil crisis has occurred because the gulf states insist on rising the oil price.
6. The company has organized few language courses with a view to promoting the workers
language proficiency.
The company has organized a few language courses with a view to promote the workers
language proficiency.
7. Large amount of information is needed.
A large amount of information is needed.
8. It has passed a careful quality control procedures.
It has passed a careful quality control procedure.
Adj.

noun phrase

9. Dr. Montero, a 45 years old widower with 3 daughter, is frequently asked to host a 30
minutes program on the radio.
Dr. Montero, a 45 year old widower with 3 daughters, is frequently asked to host a 30 minute
program on the radio.
a 45 year old dan a 30 minute adalah adjective sehingga tidak ada bentuk jamak
10. We are orphan.
We are orphans.

Review: Agreement of Subject and Verb

Choosing the Correct Verb Form. Underline the correct form of the verb in each sentence
below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

The boys books (is, are) in his locker.

One of the greatest all-around athletes (was, were) Jim Thorpe.
East of the Sun and West of the Moon (is, are) an ancient folk tale.
The flock of geese (was, were) flying directly over our house.
Four of the teachers at our school (is, are) retiring this year.
The pencils in the box (was, were) sharpened for the test.
The last of the passenger pigeons (was, were) Martha, who died in 1914.
The pictures Gabe drew in nursery school (is, are) on the refrigerator door.
Each of the lifeguards on the beach (is, are) a good swimmer.
Annas morning chores in the stable (take, takes) her hours to finish.
The papers from the trash can (was, were) blowing in the breeze.
Two of Brendans teeth (need, needs) filling.
All of the shades in the house (has, have) been drawn.
Every one of the sprinters (run, runs) faster than I do.
Neither Emily nor Ricardo (is, are) coming to the dance.
The doorbell and the telephone always (ring, rings) at the same time.
Parsley or green peppers (is, are) a good source of vitamin A.
(Heres, Here are) the lines you have to memorize for the skit.
Inside the palace of Versailles (is, are) the famous Hall of Mirrors.
Why (is, are) the newspapers stacked up on the porch?
Most paintings in this exhibit (dont, doesnt) belong to the museum.
It (doesnt, dont) make sense to take the bus all the way to Toledo.
(Dont, Doesnt) anyone in Jennys class live near her?
A lawyers ethics (is, are) central to the practice of his profession.
Hall of the yogurt we made (is, are) gone. (yogurt is uncountable noun)
Howard is the neighbour who (like, likes) to play football with us.
The platypus and the echidna, both of which live in Australia, (is, are) the only mammals that
lay eggs.
28. Either Kevin or his parents (has, have) the plane tickets.
29. Some of the questions on the economics study sheet (requires, require) long answers.

Parallel Construction
1. Coordinate Conjunction
2. Correlatives:
Either

or ..

Neither

nor

Not
..

only but also .

Both
and ...
.
3. Elements in a list
4. Comparison
Model Questions
1. During the American civil war, Harriet Tubman served the North as a hospital nurse, as a scout
for raiding parties, and ..
a. a spy in the south
b. the south as a spy (benar)
c. as a spy in the south
d. the south where she was as spy
analysis:
This sentence is compound sentence.
During the American civil war, = complement
Harriet Tubman served the North as a hospital nurse, as a scout for raiding parties, (main clause)
and (connector)
Harriet Tubman served the South as a spy (main clause)
(Both of sentences are combined)

a.
b.
c.
d.

2. The council never wanted the new supermarket to be built, .

the local residents did not either. (benar)
neither did the local residents. (benar)
and also the local residents.
nor did the local residents.
analisa:
The council never wanted the new supermarket to be built, the local residents did not either.

The council never wanted the new supermarket to be built, neither did the local residents.

Parallel Structure:
1. These apples are fresh and sweet.
2. These apples and pears are fresh.
3. I washed and dried the apples.
4. I am washing and drying the apples.
5. We ate the fruit happily and quickly.
6. I enjoy biting into afresh apple and tasting the juicy
sweetness.
7. I like to bite into a fresh apple and taste the juicy sweetness.
8. Those imported apples are delicious but expensive.
9. Apples, pears, and bananas are kinds of fruit.
10. Those apples are red, ripe, and juicy.

fresh
(adjective)
apples
(noun)
washed
(verb)
washing
(verb)
happily
(adverb)
biting

and
+
and
+
and
+
and

(gerund)
to bite
(infinitive)
delicious
(adjective)
apples
(noun)
red
(adjective)

+
and
+
and
+

and
+
and

+
+

sweet
(adjective)
pears
(noun)
dried
(verb)
drying
(verb)
quickly
(adverb)
tasting
(gerund)
(to) taste
(infinitive)
expensive
(adjective)
pears
(noun)
ripe
(adjective)

1.

Neither the students nor the teacher knows the answer.

2.

Neither the teacher nor the students know the answer.

3.

Not only the students but also the teacher knows the answer.

4.

Not only the teacher but also the students know the answer.

5.

Both the teacher and student know the answer.

6.

Neither Alan nor Carol wants to go skiing this weekend.

7.

Both John and Ted like to go cross-country skiing.

8.

Either Jack or Alice has the information you need.

9.

Neither my parents nor my brother agrees with my decision.

10.

Both intelligence and skill are essential to good teaching.

11.

and
+
and
+

bananas
(noun)
juicy
(adjective)

Neither my classmates nor my teacher realizes that I have no ideas what is going
on in class.

12.

Not only Lauras husband but also her children think she should return to school
and finish her graduate degree.

Error Analysis
3. Soapberry trees and shrubs thrive in tropical regions and being ornamental plants especially in
California and Florida. (incorrect)
Soapberry trees and shrubs thrive in tropical regions and are ornamental plants especially in
California and Florida. (correct)
4. I couldnt perceive what you said and you wrote, and so I was dumbfounded. (incorrect)
I couldnt perceive what you said and what you wrote, and I was dumbfounded. (correct)
I couldnt perceive what you said and wrote, and I was dumbfounded. (correct)
I couldnt perceive what you said and what you wrote, so I was dumbfounded. (correct)
I couldnt perceive what you said and wrote, so I was dumbfounded. (correct)
5. The leaders of the movement believed that persuasion was a more effective means than to
use force.(incorrect)
The leaders of the movement believed that persuasion was more effective means than use force.
N
N
6. He not only gave everyone gifts but he invited them to a dinner party as well. (incorrect)
He not only gave everyone gifts but invited him/her to a dinner party as well.
7. Some went to the left, others to the right. (?) (correct)
(Setelah koma hanya sebagai additional information jadi tidak perlu S + V)
8. Some went to the left, and others to the right. (?) (incorrect)
Some went to the left, and others went to the right. (?) (compound sentences)
9. His skill in tennis is far better than other athletes his age.
His skill in tennis is far better than those of other athletes his age.
10. More skyscrapers are located in New York City than in any city in the US.
More skyscrapers are located in New York City than in any other cities in the US.
11. The area in Colorado is larger than in New York. (Incorrect)
(yang dibandingkan bukan Colorado dgn New York, tetapi area di Colorado dengan area di
New York) jadi kalimat yang benar:
The area in Colorado is larger than that of in New York.
The areas in Colorado are larger than those of in New York.
Study these Compounds:
A man who has money but does not share it, is not worthy of respect. (correct / incorrect)
Parallel
Parallel
A man who has money but who does not share it, is not worthy of respect. (correct / incorrect)
Adj. Cl.
Adj. Cl.
(2 bentuk sentence di atas adalah sama)

She was late because she had overslept and because she had missed the train.
Sub Clause
Sub Clause
(Can because be omitted?)
Vocabulary:
Thrive = struggle
far better = much better

Translate into Good English!

1. Toni lebih suka makan durian daripada apel.
Toni would rather eat a durian than an apple.
Toni prefers durian to apple.
Toni prefers eating durian to apple.
2. Kami harus pergi ke dokter gigi kemarin, jadi saya tidak bisa pergi dengan kalian.
We had to go to the dentist yesterday, so I couldnt go with you.
3. Apakah anda lebih suka makan kentang daripada nasi? (would rather)
Would you rather eat potatoes than rice?
4. Apakah putra Anda biasa pergi sekolah naik bus.
Is your son used to going to school by bus?
5. Kita jarang pergi ke Dufan, kan?
We seldom go to Dufan, dont we?
6. Kita jarang pergi ke Dufan. (inversion)
Rarely do we go to Dufan.
7. Dia menolak membantu saya menyapu lantai.
He rejects to help me swap the floor.
8. Ayah saya perokok berat. Padahal dulu dia tidak merokok.
My father is a heavy smoker. Though he didnt used to smoke.
9. Kapan kamu terakhir kali mencukur rambut?
When did the last time you cut your hair?
10. Betapa mahal baju kamu! (2 clothes)
What expensive two clothes they are! (sama dengan what beautiful girls they are)
11. Saya tidak pernah memiliki sepeda motor, dan demikian pula kakak saya.
I never have a motorbike, and neither does my brother.
I never have a motobike, and my brother doesnt either.
12. Baik Taman Anggrek Mall dan Citraland Mall terletak di Jakarta Barat, bukan? (either)
Either Taman Anggrek Mall or Citraland Mall is located on West Jakarta, isnt it?
13. Apakah anda lebih suka belajar bahasa Spanyol daripada bahasa Inggris. (would rather)
Would you rather study Spanish than English?
14. Saya melihat mereka memaki satu sama lain ketika saya lewat rumahnya.
I saw them shout it each other when I passed.
I saw them shout it one another when I passed.
15. Mengapa kamu tidak membiarkan saya pergi dengannya? Apakah kamu cemburu padanya?
Why dont you let me go with her? Are you jealous of her?
16. Seandainya saya tahu jawabannya saat ini, saya (tentu) akan memberi tahu kamu. (omit if) &
(if).
If I knew the answer, I would tell you.
Did I know the answer, I would tell you.

17. Kemarin malam hujan. Kamu pasti tidak pergi kemana-mana.

It rained last night. You must not have gone anywhere.
It rained last night. You must stay at home.
18. Mereka tentu tidak akan marah kemarin bila kamu menelepon.
They certainly would not have got angry if you have called them.
19. Saya ketiduran tadi pagi dan terlambat ke kantor. Seharusnya saya tidak bergadang hingga
larut malam semalam.
I over slept this morning and was late. I should not have stayed up late.
I over slept this morning and arrived late. I should not have stayed up late.
I over slept this morning and came late. I should not have stayed up late.
20. Saya tidak biasa tidur di kamar ber-AC. AC membuat saya menggigil terutama pada tengah
malam.
I am not used to sleeping in an AC room. AC makes me shiver especially at midnight.
21. Im certain that he was surprised to see me.
22. Im certain that he must have been surprised to see me.
23. His parents will not like his plan to move out.
24. His parents will not approve his plan to move out.
25. In spite of his failure in exam, he was determined to try again.
26. The Smiths were too poor to send their children to the University.
27. The Smiths were poor enough to send their children to the University.
28. The Smiths were such a poor family that they couldnt send their children to the University.
29. Would you mond opening the door me, please?
30. They are bored with the lecturer.
31. I am used to speaking English often.
32. I am not accustomed to speaking English often.
33. They promote me; otherwise I resign.
34. Due to recent bombing in Legian Bali, the number of tourists going to Bali has declined.
35. Because there was a bombing in Legian Bali recently, the number of tourists going to Bali has
declined.
36. There for bombing in Legian Bali, the number of tourists going to Bali has declined.
37. The number of tourists going to Bali has declined result from bombing in Legian Bali.
38. The recent a bombing in Bali results in declining in the number of tourits going to Bali.
39. The recent bombing in Legian Bali has resulted in declining the number of tourits in Bali.
40. The passangers got on the train.
41. The lady had someone mowe the grass.
42. The lady had the grassed mowed (by someone).
43. The boy is so naughty that no body likes him.
44. He is such a naughty boy that no body likes him.
45. He is such naughty a boy that no body likes him.
46. They were surprised hearing the news.

Hampir semua adverb bisa diletakkan baik di depan atau dibelakang kata kerja.
The sales increase sharply.
I usually go to school every day.
Combining Independent Clauses: periods and commas
Directions: punctuate the following sentence by adding periods (.) or comma (,) as necessary. Do
not add any words. Capitalize letters where necessary. Some sentences may require no changes.
1.

I like French cooking my wife prefers Italian cooking.

I like French cooking. My wife prefers Italian cooking.

2.

I like French cooking but my wife prefers Italian cooking.

I like French cooking, but my wife prefers Italian cooking.

3.

Ive read that book its very good.

Ive read that book. Its very good.

4.

Ive read that book but I didnt like it.

Ive read that book, but I didnt like it.

5.

I opened the door and asked my friend to come in.

I opened the door and asked my friend to come in.

6.

I opened the door my sister answered the phone.

I opened the door. My sister answered the phone.

7.

I opened the door and my sister answered the phone.

I opened the door, and my sister answered the phone.

8.

Minerals are common materials they are found in rocks and soil.
Minerals are common materials. They are found in rocks and soil.

9.

The most common solid materials on earth are minerals they are found in rocks soil and
water.
The most common solid materials on earth are minerals. They are found in rocks soil and
water.

10.

You can travel to England by plane or you can go by ship if you prefer.
You can travel to England by plane, or you can go by ship if you prefer.

11.

You can travel to England by plane or by ship.

You can travel to England by plane or by ship.

12.

Jason was going to study all night so he declined our invitation to dinner.
Jason was going to study all night, so he declined our invitation to dinner.

13.

Jason declined our invitation to dinner he needed to stay home and study.
Jason declined our invitation to dinner. He needed to stay home and study.

14.

The wind was howling outside yet it was warm and comfortable indoors.

The wind was howling outside, yet it was warm and comfortable indoors.
15.

I hurried to answer the phone for I didnt want the children to wake up.
I hurried to answer the phone, for I didnt want the children to wake up.

16.

Last weekend we went camping it rained the entire time.

Last weekend we went camping. It rained the entire time.

17.

The highway was under construction so we had to take a different route to work.
The highway was under construction, so we had to take a different route to work.

18.

No one thought we would win the championship yet our team won by a large margin.
No one thought we would win the championship, yet our team won by a large margin.

19.

We arrived at the theatre late but play had not yet begun we were quite surprised.
We arrived at the theatre late but play had not yet begun. We were quite surprised.

20.

A central heating system provides heat for an entire building from one central place most
central heating systems service only one building but some systems heat a group of buildings,
such as those at a military base a campus or an apartment complex.
A central heating system provides heat for an entire building from one central place. Most
central heating systems service only one building, but some systems heat a group of buildings,
such as those at a military base a campus or an apartment complex.

21.
A

Contoh Kombinasi Preposisi dengan Adjectiva dan Verba:

be

be
be

absent from
accuse of
accustomed to
acquainted with
addicted to
afraid of
agree with
angry at, with
annoyed with
apologize for
apply to, for
approve of
argue with, about
arrive in, at
associated with
aware of

be
be

believe in
blame for
blessed with
bored with

be
be
be
be
be
be

be
be
be

be
be
be
be
be
be

capable of
care about, for
cluttered with
committed to
compare to, with
complain about
composed of
concerned about
connected to
consist of
content with
contribute to
convinced of
coordinated with
count (up) on
cover with

be
D
be
be
be
be
be
be
be

be
be
be

be
be
F

be
be

be
be
be

be
be

be
be

crowded with
decide (up) on
dedicated to
depend (up) on
devoted to
disappointed in, with
discriminated against
distinguish from
discovered from
done with
dream of, about
dressed in
desire for
engaged to
envious of
equipped with
escape from
excel in
excited about
excuse for
exposed to
faithful to
familiar with
feel like
fight for
filled with
finished with
fond of
forget about
forgive for
friendly to, with
furnished with
fit in
grateful to, for
guilty of
hide from

hope for
I

be
be
be

innocent of
insist (up) on
interested in
involved in

be

jealous of

be

known for

be

limited to
look forward to

be
be

made of, from

married to

be

object to
opposed to

P
be
be
be

be
be

R
be
be
be

be

participate in
patient with
polite to
pray for
prepared for
prevent from
prohibit from
protect from
provided with
proud of
provide with
recover from
related to
relevant to
rely (up) on
remembered for
rescue from
respond to
responsible for
result in (akibat)
result from (sebab)

be
be

be

take advantage of
take care of
terrified of
thank for
tired of, from

be
be

upset with
used to

be

V
W

satisfied with
scared of
stare at
stop from
subscribe to
substitute for
succeed in

vote for
be

worried about

Preposisi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Max is known for his honesty.

Ms. And Mrs. Jones have always been faithful to each other.
Do you promise to come? Im counting on you to be there.
Trucks are prohibited from using residential streets.
The little girl is afraid of an imaginary bear that lives in her closet.
Do you take good care for/about your health?
Im worried about this problem.
I dont agree with you.
We decided on eight oclock as the time we should meet.
Who did you vote for in the last election?
How many students were absent from class yesterday?
It is important to be polite to other people.
The farmers are hoping for rain.
Jason was late because he wasnt aware of the time.
We will fight for our rights.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

PREFIX (That has negative meanings)
PREFIX

EXAMPLES

DIS (not)

disagree

disorder

discharge

dishonour

IL - (not)

illegal

illogical

illiterate

illiberal

IN (not)

inhuman

inability

invalid

independent

IM (not) m & p

immature

immovable

impossible

improper

MAL (bad)

malnutrition

malformation

malpractice

maltreat

MIS (wrong)

misfortune

misadventure

mislead

misuse

UN (not)

unbalanced

unbelievable

unthinkable

uncontrolled

SUFFIXES
+ Derived Verbs
SUFFIXES
- ate

-ate, -ize, -fy, -en

NOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVES

VERB

saliva
substance

salivate
substantiate

- ize
(l & y)

memory
symbol

memorize
symbolize

ideal
special

idealize
specialize

- fy

beauty
horror

beautify
horrify

identical
terrific

identify
terrify

bright
weak

brighten
weaken

- en

+ Derived Nouns
Verb + -age; -ance; -er; -ment; -tion; -ing
Adjective + -ce; -cy; -ity; -ness
Noun + -cy; -dom; -er; -ess; -hood; -ian; -ism; -ist; -ship; -ster; -let, -ling, -ette (little or small)
SUFF

VERB

NOUN

-age

marry
cleave

marriage
cleavage

-ence

delivery
inherit

deliverance
inheritance

-ment

manage
develop

management
development

-tion

execute
instruct

execution
instruction

-er/-or/-ar

lead
act
lie

leader
actor
liar

-ing

mean
read

meaning
reading

SUFF

ADJECTIVE

-ce

arrogant
ignorant

arrogance
ignorance

-ity

rapid
tense

rapidity
tensity

-cy

private
efficient

privacy
efficiency

-ness

good
polite
lazy

goodness
politeness
laziness

SUFF

NOUN

-cy

advocate
president

advocacy
presidency

-er

line
paint

liner
painter

-hood

child
man

childhood
manhood

NOUN

NOUN

-ism

capital
hero

capitalism
heroism

-ship

friend
member

friendship
membership

-let

book
eye

booklet
eyelet

-ette

cigar
launder

cigarette
launderette

-dom

bore
king

boredom
kingdom

-ess

host
steward

hostess
stewardess

-ian

comedy
music

comedian
musician

-ist

art
science

artist
scientist

-ster

gang

gangster

-ling

earth
duck

earthling
duckling

+ Derived Adjective
Noun + -y; -ai; -ful; -less; -ar; -ary; -ic; -asn; -en; -ed; -ly.
Verb + -able; -ous; -ent; -ive; -ed; -ing
SUFF

NOUN

ADJECTIVE

-y

breeze
hair

breezy
hairy

-ful

fate
fruit

fateful
fruitful

-ar

molecule
consul

molecular
consular

-ic

allergy
aroma

allergic
aromatic

-en

gold
wool

golden
woollen

-ly

body
father

bodily
fatherly

-al

coast
colony

coastal
colonial

-less

care
speech

careless
speechless

-ary

complement
legend

complementary
legendary

-ish

boy
fool

boyish
foolish

-ed

alarm
land

alarmed
landed

SUFF

VERB

-able

accept
change

acceptable
changeable

-ent

cohere
insist

coherent
insistent

-ed

collect
learn

collected
learned

-ous

continue
infect

continuous
infectious

-ive

decorate
impress

decorative
impressive

-ing

assume
weep

assuming
weeping

ADJECTIVE

Adjectives:
Word Order (a nice new house)
After verbs (Do you feel tired?)
1. Sentence we use two or more adjectives together:
Tom lives in a nice new house.
In the kitchen there was a beautiful large round wooden table.
Adjectives like new large/round/wooden are fact adjectives.
They give us objective information about something (age, size, color, etc). Adjective like nice,
beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what someone thinks of something.
Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives:
Opinion

Fact

nice

sunny

day

delicious

hot

soup

an

intelligent

young

man

beautiful

large round wooden

table

2. Sometimes there are two or more fact adjectives. Very often (but not always) we put fact
adjectives in this order.
1

How
big?

How
old?

What
color?

Where
from?

What is it
made of?

NOUN

A tall young man (1----2)

Big blue eyes (1----3)
A small black plastic bag (1----3----5)
A large wooden table (1----5)
An old Russian song (2----4)
An old white cotton shirt (2----3----5)
Adjectives of size and length (big/small/tall/short/long, etc) usually go before adjectives of shape
and width (round/fat/thin/slim/wide, etc):
A large round table
A tall thin woman
A long narrow street

3. We also use adjectives after some verbs, especially be/get/become:

Are you tired?
be careful!
Im getting hungry.
We also use adjectives after feel, smell, taste, sound, seem, look:

Do you feel tired?

Dinner smells good.

This coffee tastes strong.

Tom sounded angry when I spoke to him on the phone.

Your friend seems very nice.

But after other verbs you must use an adverb:

Drive carefully! (not drive careful)

Susan plays the piano very well (not plays . very good)

Tom shouted at me angrily ( not shouted .. angry)

Look: We use an adjective after look when it means seem:
Tom looked sad when I saw him.
But after look at we use an adverb:
Tom looked at me sadly. (not looked at me sad)
Exercise:
Put the adjectives in parentheses ( ) in the correct position.
Example: a beautiful table (wooden round) A beautiful round wooden table.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

an unusual ring (gold):

an old lady (nice):
a good-looking man (young):
a modern house (attractive):
black gloves (leather):
an American movie (old):
a large nose:
a sunny day (lovely):
a hot bath (nice):
an ugly dress (orange):
a red car (old/little):
a metal box (black/small):
a long face (thin):
a wide avenue (long):
a big cat (fat/black):
a little village (old/lovely):
long hair (blonde/beautiful):

an unusual gold ring

an nice old lady
a good-looking young man
an attractive modern house
black leather gloves
an old American movie
a large red nose
a lovely sunny day
a nice hot bath (opinion before fact)
an ugly orange dress
a little old red car
a small black metal box
a long thin face
a long wide avenue
a big fat black cat
a lovely little old village (opinion before fact)
beautiful long blonde hair

18. an old painting (interesting/French): an interesting old French painting

Complete each sentence with a verb and an adjective from the box.
feel

look

seemed

awful

fine

interesting

smell

sounded

tastes

nice

upset

wet

1. Ann seemed upset this morning. Do you know what was wrong?
2. I cant eat this Ive just tried it and it tastes awful.
3. Jim told me about his new job last night. It sounded very interesting much better than his old
job.
4. I wasnt very well yesterday, but I feel fine today.
5. What beautiful flowers! They smell nice too.
6. You look wet. Have you been out in the rain?
Choose the right word: adjective or adverb.
Examples: The dinner smells good/well. (well adverb, kata kerja smell diikuti oleh adjective: good)
Drive careful/carefully. (careful adjective; carefully adverb menjelaskan kata kerja
drive)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Please shut the door quiet/quietly.

Can you be quiet/quietly, please?
This soup tastes nice/nicely.
Tom cooks very good/well.
Dont go up that ladder. It doesnt look safe/safely.
We were relieved that he arrived safe/safely after his long rip.
Do you feel nervous/nervously before exams?
Hurry up! Youre always so slow/slowly.
She looked at me angry/angrily when I interrupted her.

Noun + Noun

Vs

Of + Noun

Vs

Noun (s)
(s) berfungsi
modifier

sebagai

POSSESIVE CASE (s)

1. Use (s) for: people, countries, animals
e.g.

Phillips car
the eagles nest
mens work
the companies difficulties
Indonesias beauty

2. Use (s) for vehicles, such as ships, boats, trains, cars, planes, etc., though here the of
construction is safer.
e.g.

the ships bell = the bell of the ship

the trains heating system = the heating system of the train

3. Use (s) in time expressions:

e.g.

a weeks holiday (asalnya dari a holiday)

two hours delay
todays paper
in two years time

Note:
We had two weeks holiday in Spain.
We had a two-week holiday in Spain.
4. Use (s) with expression for + noun + sake:
e.g.

for heavens sake

for goodness sake
for Gods sake

5. Sometimes the noun after the possessive noun (nouns) is left out, especially when it
represents places, houses, businesses.
e.g.

at the florists (bisa juga at the florist)

at the travel agents (office) (bisa juga at the travel agent)
We met at Bills (Bills house) (bisa juga we met at Bill)

6. I such expression as A friend of Toms

e.g.

An uncle of Marks (or An uncle of Mark)

preffered
A picture of mine a picture of me. (hati-hati dengan pattern ini)
She is a friend of my mothers friends = She is a friend of my mothers friend (s bisa
dihapus)

Dia adalah temannya teman ibu saya.

7. Use (s) especially when the first noun is the user (a person or animal) or users of the item in
the second. (pengguna)
e.g.

a babys bedroom
a lions den
a womens clinic (ini bukan compound adjective)
exception:
Baby food/babys food
Birds cage/bird cage
8. Use (s) when the item in the second noun is produced by the thing (often animal) in the first.
e.g.

goats cheese
ducks eggs (or ducks eggs untuk plural ducks)
cows milk
sheeps wool

But:

(jika mengindikasikan bahwa binatang tersebut sudah mati, tidak menggunakan s)

Lamb chops
Chicken drumsticks
Chicken soup

9. Use (s) when we talk about parts of people or animals, but we usually use noun + noun to
talk about parts of things.
e.g.

a womans face (parts of people use s)

a computer keyboard (parts of things, we can omit s)
a whales tail (parts of animals use s)
the book cover (parts of things, we can omit s)
a sharks fin (parts of animals use s). fin = sirip

Noun + Of + Noun
We use the of + noun form
1. With inanimate possessors (the parts of things) inanimate = tidak hidup/benda mati
e.g.

The cover of the book (or the book cover)

The keys of the car (or the car keys)
2. when we are talking about a process, or a change over time. (untuk benda dengan pola pean/ke-)
e.g.

the establishment of the committee (rather than the committees establishment).

(Ingat establishment menunjukkan adanya suatu proses.)
the destruction of the forest (rather than the forests destruction).
(Ingat destruction menunjukkan adanya suatu proses.)

3. When the noun is a long noun phrase:

e.g.

She is the sister of someone I used to go to school with.

4. When we talk about some kind of container together with its contents.
e.g.

a cup of tea - - - - a tea cup

a box of matches - - - - a matchbox

Noun + Noun
1. To talk about parts of a thing. (bagian dari benda)
e.g.

the telephone receiver

the book page
a picture frame
college library

2. When the first noun indicates the place of the second (where?)
e.g.

street market
city streets
a kitchen cupboard
a family-room cupboard

3. When the first noun indicates the time of the second (when?)
e.g.

summer holiday
a night flight
This evenings flight
November rain (stressing at rain)
This Novembers rain (stressing at time/November)
A morning call

4. When the first noun states the material of which the second is made.
e.g.

steel door (the door is made of steel)

gold ring bandingkan dengan golden ring (golden adalah adjective yang berarti
keemasan)
rope ladder (tangga yang terbuat dari tali)

5. When the first word indicates the purpose of the second.

e.g.

a car park
a notice board

6. The first noun can show what the second noun is about or concerned with.
e.g.

a telephone bill
car insurance
train tickets
peace talks
horror film
office building

Indonesian exports

Adj.
Indonesias exports
(Negara yang punya export)
Indonesia export
(di tempat)
LIAs anniversary.
All the above rules overlap to some extent. They are not meant to be mutually
exclusive, but aimed at giving the students some general idea of the uses of the right
combinations

Pre-test
WHICH?
Susu sapi: cow milk, cows milk, milk of the cow
Telur bebek: a ducks egg, a duck egg
Sepatu dari kulit buaya: crocodile skin shoes, crocodiles skin shoes, crocodiles skins shoes
Kereta barang: a goods train, a good train (kereta yang bagus = good adalah adjective), a goods
train, a train of goods
Parkiran mobil: car park, cars park, park of the cars
Seminar 3 hari: a three days seminar, a three-day seminar, a three days seminar, three days
seminar (time expression)
Toko sepatu: a shoe shop, a shoes shop, a shoes shop, a shop of shoes
Tas baju: a clothes bag, a cloth bag, a clothes bag
Cloth fabric, kain
Clothe verb
Clothes pakaian (baju)
Seragam perawat: a nurse uniform, a uniform of a nurse, a nurses uniform
Teman ibu saya: A friend of my mothers, a friend of my mother, my mothers friend
A friend of mine, a friend of his
Pembuatan jalan: The road completion, the completion of the road, the roads completion
Pergi ke tempat jual daging: go to the butcher, go to the butchers, go to the butchers shop
Pengumuman kemarin: The announcement of yesterday, yesterdays announcement, yesterday
announcement
Panggilan/ call pada pagi hari: A morning call, a mornings call (tidak boleh pakai a)
Sup sirip ikan hiu: a shark fin soup, sharks fin soup, sharks fins soup, a sharks fin soup, a
soup of shark fin

Homofon
mine
man

tambang
orang

tone
tune

nada
lagu

robbery
rubbery

perampokan
elastis

sheep
ship

domba
kapal

want
went

ingin
pergi (v2)

hole
hall

lubang
aula

line
lane

garis
jalan setapak

plane
plan

pesawat
rencana

test
taste

tes
rasa

sled
slide

kereta luncur
luncuran

rags
rugs

kain lap
permadani

impassible
impossible

tdk mkn

typed
taped

yang diketik
plester

shed
shade

yg ditumpakan
keteduhan

shirts
shorts

kemeja
pendek

grease
grass

lumas/lemak
rumput

feelings
failings

perasaan
kekurangan

hid
had

sembunyikan
mempunyai (v2)

lace
less

renda
kurang

boots
boats

sepatu bot
perahu

beak
back

paruh
punggung

cut
caught

memotong
tangkap

sell
seal

menjual
segel

oil
aisle

minyak
lorong

white
wheat

putih
gandum

pain
pen

sakit
pena

bus
base

bis
dasar

puppies
poppies

anak anjing
bunga candu

shout
shot

sorak
tembak

last
least

bertahan/akhir
paling sedikit

dean
den

dekan/ketua
kandang/sarang

lack
like

kekurangan
spt/suka

bill
bell

ruu/rekening
bel

pile
file

gundukan
file

pack
back

kemasan
punggung

dyed
tied

yg dicelup
ikat

clouds
crowds

awan
kerumunan

lighter
writer

tongkang/geretan
penulis

peach
beach

persik
pantai

selling
shelling

penjualan
kulit kerang

tense
dense

tegang
tebal/padat

vest
west

rompi
barat

cab
cap

taxi
topi

zip
sip

kode/semangat
isapan

decks
desks

geladak
meja tulis

team
theme

tim
tema

bounced
pounced

yang dipantulkan
disambar

whittle
whistle

meraut
siulan

share
chair

bagian/saham
kursi

girls
curls

gadis2
mengeriting

jealous
zealous

cemburu
tekun

pig
big

babi
besar

jeered
cheered

dicemooh
sorak

price
prize

harga
hadiah

three
free

tiga
bebas

clock
crock

jam
rongsokan

ship
chip

kapal

sick
thick

sakit
tebal

map
nap

peta
tidur sebentar

sink
sing

karam
nyanyi

yale
jail

yale
penjara

bank
bang

bank
membanting pintu

bridges
britches

jembatan

presence
presents

kehadiran
banyak hadiah

overdue
overdo

terlambat
melebih-lebihkan

rays
raise

sinar
mengangkat

where
wear

dimana
pakaian

write
right

menulis
benar/hak

blew
blue

mukul/bertiup
biru

scene
seen

peristiwa/pemandangan
yang dilihat

brakes
breaks

rem
retakan

sail
sale

berlayar
penjualan

too
two

juga
dua

rose
rows

bunga mawar
baris

fined
find

denda
menemukan

Words with multiple definitions:

Cold: minor illness; chilly weather
Kind: type; thoughtful
Light: not heavy; not dark
Fine: free; excellent
Tables: charts; furniture
Coat: layer; warm clothing
Fired: dismissed; burned
Period: punctuation; class time
Party: celebration; group
Blown up: exploded; enlarge

Showing Relationship Between Ideas

Emotions:
Anger (kemarahan)
Cheerfulness (keceriaan)
Sadness (kesedihan)
Weariness (kekuatiran)
Embarrassment (memalukan)
Enthusiasm (antusias)
Fear (takut)
Amusement (hiburan)
Envy (iri)
Impatience (tidak sabar)
Surprise (terkejut)
Delight (kesenangan)
Disgust (menjijikkan)
Belligerence
Disappointment (mengecewakan)
Nervousness (nervous)
Bewilderment (kebingungan)
Boredom (kebosanan)

1.

I got angry and upset, I try to take ten deep breaths.

A. Until
2.

B. Whenever

B. As soon as

My mouth is burning! This is

A. such

4.

6.

7.

Both my books

C. very

D. too

B from my room last night.

B. and my were
stolen

C. and my wallet was D. were and my

stolen
wallet was stolen

B. use

Bats are fascinating

D have many interesting and amazing qualities

A. animals.
Therefore, they

B. animals, they

C. to use

C. animals. They

D. using

D. animals. Because
they

While
D to help Tim with his math, I got impatient because he wouldnt pay attention to
what I was saying.

A
trip.

B. having tried

C. try

D. trying

extremely bad weather in the mountains, were no longer considering our skiing
B. Because

Emily is motivated to study

A. therefore

10
.

C spicy for me that I dont think I can finish it.

A. having used

A. Due to
9.

D. Until

When D a dictionary, you need to be able to understand the symbols and abbreviations it
contains.

A. I am trying
8.

C. None that

B. so

A. were stolen and

my wallet
5.

D. For

Paul brings the money for our breakfast, well go right down to the cafeteria.

A. Since
3.

C. Therefore

D. Due to the fact that

C she knows that a good education can improve her life.

B. because of

Sonia broke her leg in two places.

months.
A. Inasmuch as

C. Since

C. because

D. so

C, she had to wear a cast and use crutches for three

B. Consequently

C. For that

D. Because

11. Hundreds of species of Hawaiian flowers have become extinct or rare B land development
and the grazing of wild goats.
A. now that

B. due to

C. because

D. for

12
.

Our village had

A money available for education that the schools had to close.

A. so little
13
.

B. such little

B. the first time

Joe seemed to be in a good mood,

us.
A. yet

15
.

D. such much

Tom Booth is one of the best players in the country. We have won all of our
gamesA. he joined our team.
A. when

14
.

C. so much

B. so

C. since

D. due to

A he snapped at me angrily when I asked him to join

C. for

D. and

A Jan arrives, we will have finished this group project.

A. By the time

B. Until

C. Now that

D. Since

16. For the most part, young children spend their time playing, eating, and
A. they sleep

B. sleeping

17. Joan worked in a vineyard last summer

A. because to earn
18
.

B. Having

Ever since

20
.

B. told

C. for she earned

D. so that she could earn

C. Because

D. Upon

C. I told

D. having told

C my daughter reaches the age of sixteen, she will be able to drive.

A. Having

B. since

C. Once

Matt will enjoy skiing more the next time he goes to Mt. Baker
lessons.
A. so that

22
.

D money for school expenses.

C Ted the bad news, hes been avoiding me.

A. telling

21
.

D. they are sleeping

A unprepared for the exam, I felt sure I would get a low score.
A. Being

19
.

B. so she earns

C. sleep

B a lot.

B. before

D. Because
A he has had skiing

C. now that

D. and

A its warm and sunny today, why dont we go to the park?

A. Therefore

B. Due to

C. As long as

D. For

23
.

The first time I went swimming in deep water, I sank to the bottom like a rock. D Ive learned
to stay afloat, I feel better about the water, but I still cant swim well.
A. As soon as

24
.

Its obvious that neither the workers

A. nor the manager
intend

25
.

After

B his inability to concentrate on any one thing for longer

C. because

D. therefore

B. listen

C. listening

D. having listen

A I am in that situation, Im going to leave the theater immediately.

B. Now that

C. After

D. Until

Why arent you ready to go? Im ready. How can that be? Its freezing outside,
D youre wearing shorts and a T-shirt!.
B. so

Erin likes to swim, jog, and

A. plays

30
.

D. intend nor the

manager intends

Why did I stay until the end? I am never going to stay and watch a bad movie again!

A. for
29
.

C. nor the manger

intends

C to 45 minutes of an extremely boring speech, I found myself nodding off.

A. The next time

28
.

D. Now that

C to fight the new rules.

B. due to

A. was listening
27
.

C. When

B. intend nor the

manager

Timmy doesnt do well in school

than a minute or two.
A. as

26
.

B. The first time

A. plays

D. yet

C. to play

D. playing

C. to play

D. playing

B tennis.

B. play

Erin likes to swim, to jog, and

C. because

C tennis.

B. play

Bandingkan pola no. 29 dan 30.

31
.

Since

D to a warmer and less humid climate, Ive had no trouble with my asthma.

A. upon moving
(Since = because) + S + V

B. I moving

C. moving

D. I move

32
.

Tony spent
D money buying movie tickets that he didnt have enough left to buy a
soft drink of candy bar.
A. such

33
.

B. a lot of

D. so much

A I get back from my next business trip, Im taking a few days off. Im worn out!.
A. Once

34
.

C. too much

B. Since

C. Now that

D. Every time

Citrus growers become anxious about losing their fragile crop of oranges
temperature gets near freezing in Florida.
A. and

B. consequently

C. until

D the

D. whenever

35. Before
D a promotion and transfer to another city, I will discuss it at length with my
whole family to be sure that everyone will be able to adjust to the change.
A. accept
36
.

B. accepted

You should learn how to chase a fire on your car

A. so that

37
.

39
.

B. Therefore

D. therefore
C, mechanics need more training

C. So that

D. For

C to school after I missed my bus.

A. so I ran

C. I ran

D. therefore, I ran

C. so that

D. too hard that

It was raining

B. because I ran
B I couldnt go outside.
B. so hard that

The Northern Hemisphere has monthly waverly winds

toward the east.
A. due to

B. because

41. Great white sharks are dangerous to

A. humans, they
42.

C. for that

Not wanting to be late my first day of class,

A. because
40
.

B. when

D. accepting

A you can handle an emergency.

Cars have become much more complicated.

than in the past.
A. Because

38
.

C. having been accepted

B. humans

B the rotation of the earth

C. therefore

D. so

C will attack without warning.

C. humans. Because they

D. humans. They

C the need to finish this project soon, I want you to work on this overtime for the next

few days.
A. Because

B. So that

C. Because of

D. Inasmuch as

Verb tenses in adverb clause of time:

1.

As soon as Martina saw the fire, she

A. was telephoning

2.

B. telephoned

Before Jennifer won the lottery, she

A. hasnt entered

3.

6.

10
.

B. was discovering
B. had been working

C. is discovering

D. discovered

A on the companys annual report.

C. has worked

D. works

Tony A to have children until his little daughter was born. After she won his heart, he
decided he wanted a big family.
B. hadnt wanted

C. wasnt wanting

D. hasnt wanted

After the horse threw her to the ground for the third time, Jennifer picked herself up and said
I
C on another horse as long as I live.
B. have never ridden

Ever since Maurice arrived

C. will never ride

B. has been sitting

Peter,

A since you got home from football practice?

B. will you eat

A. will leave
The last time I

D. do not ride

A quietly in the corner. Is something wrong?

A. sat

11. By the time young birds

C. sets

C. are you eating

D. is sitting

D. do you eat

D the nest for good, they will have learned how to fly.
B. will have left

C. are leaving

D. leave

B in Athena, the weather was hot and humid.

A. had been
13
.

D. have returned

D a small dent in the rear fender.

Yesterday while I was jogging in the park, Matthew

A. have you eaten

12
.

C. are returning

While he was washing his new car, Mr. De Rosa

A. never ride
9.

D. is feeling

D to visit friend and family several times.

B. will have returned

A. didnt want
8.

D. hadnt entered

C homesick.

C. feels

Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I

A. was working
7.

C. wasnt enter

B. felt

A. has discovered

D. telephones

D any kind of contest.

Every time Prakash sees a movie made in India, he

A. return
5.

C. had telephoned

B. didnt enter

A. will have felt

4.

B the fire department.

B. was

C. am

The farmer acted too late. He locked the bare door after his house
A. had been stolen

B. will be stolen

C. is stolen

D. will be
A.
D. has been stolen

Directions: Complete the sentences with even though or because.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

I put on my sunglasses even though it was a dark, cloudy day.

I put on my sunglasses because the sun was bright.
Even though she has a job, she doesnt make enough money to support her four children.
Because she has a job, she is able to pay her rent and provide food for her family.
Im going to horseback riding with Judy this afternoon even though Im afraid of horses.
Im going to horseback riding with Judy this afternoon because I enjoy it.
Even though youve made it clear that you dont want any help. I have to at least offer to
help you.
I knew that I should get some sleep, but I just couldnt put my book down because I was
really enjoying it.
Im glad that my mother made me take piano lessons when I was child even though I
hated it at that time. Now, I play the piano everyday.
Even though Tom didnt know how to dance, he wanted to go to the school dance
because he felt lonely sitting and staring blankly at the TV while all of his friends were having
fun together.
Joe jumped into the river to rescue the little girl who was drowning even though he wasnt
a good swimmer.
My hair stylist subscribes to three different fashion magazines even though shes not
interested in clothes. She subscribes to them because her customers like them.
Even though the earthquake damaged the bridge across Skunk River, the Smiths were
able to cross the river because they had a boat.

1.

2.

I admire him for his intelligence, cheerful disposition, and he is honest.

I admire him for his intelligence, cheerful disposition, and honesty.

Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer and a politician.

Noun

3.

Noun

When Ann moved, she had to rent an apartment, make new friends, and
Verb

Verb

find a job.
Verb
4.

Barb studies each problem carefully and works out a solution.

Verb

Verb

Ingat pola no. 4 ini adalah kalimat simple bisaa (S + V + V) sehingga tidak ada koma sebelum and.
Bandingkan dengan compound sentence di bawah ini.
5.

Barb studies each problem carefully, and Ira works out a solution.

Pola no. 5 adalah terdiri 2 (dua) main clause yaitu Barb studies each problem carefully dan Ira
works out a solution.
6.

Aluminium is plentiful and relatively inexpensive.

Adj.

7.

8.

9.

Adj.

Many visitors to LA enjoy visiting Disneyland and to tour movie studio.

Many visitors to LA enjoy visiting Disneyland and touring movie studio.

Children are usually interested in but a little frightened by snakes.

Children are usually interested in but a little frighten of snakes.

Either fainting can result from a lack of oxygen or a loss of blood.

10. I
C

11. I
C
12. C

So far this term, the students in the writing class have learned how to write thesis
statements, organize their material, and summarizing their conclusions.
So far this term, the students in the writing class have learned how to write thesis
statements, organize their material, and summarize their conclusions.
The boat sailed across the lake smoothly and quiet.
The boat sailed across the lake smoothly and quietly.
When I looked more closely, I saw that it was not coffee but chocolate on my
noun

noun

necktie.
13. C

Not only universities support medical research but also government agencies pay it.

14. C

All plants need light, a suitable climate, and an ample supply of water and
Noun

Noun

Noun

minerals from the soil.

15. C

Physics explains why water freezes and how the sun produces heat.
Noun. Cl.

16. C

Noun. Cl.

With their keen sight, fine hearing, and refined sense of smell, wolves hunt
Noun

Noun

Noun

day or night in quest of elk, deer, moose, or caribou.

Adverb Adverb.

N N

Gunakan kalimat kedua sebagai klausa adjectiva.

1. Max isnt home yet. That worries me.
Max isnt home yet, which worries me.
2. Jack was fired from his job. That surprised all of his co-workers.
Jack was fired from his job, which surprised all of his co-workers.
3. My roommate never picks up after herself. This irritates me.
My roommate never picks up after herself, which irritates me.
4. Mrs. Anderson responded to my letter right away. I appreciated that very much.
Mrs. Anderson responded to my letter right away, which I appreciated that very much.
5. There was an accident on Highway 5. That means Ill be late to work this morning.
There was an accident on Highway 5, which means Ill be late to work this morning.
6. I shut the car door on my necktie. That was really stupid of me.
I shut the car door on my necktie, which that was really stupid of me.

Buatlah kalimat untuk mendahului kalimat yang diberikan. Lalu kombinasikan kedua kalimat
dengan menggunakan kalimat kedua sebagai klausa adjectiva.
1. The student next to me kept cracking his knuckles. That bothered me a lot.
The student next to me kept cracking his knuckles, which bothered me a lot.

Beberapa kalimat penghubung (sub ordinator) yang sering dipakai dalam adverbial clause:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

now that
therefore
inasmuch as
as (meaning because)
consequently
so (meaning because)
since (meaning because)
as long as (meaning because)
in order to
so that
so..that
such ...that
because
because of
due to
due to the fact that

Sentence Kalimat
Kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris disebut sentence atau clause. Kalimat dapat dibedakan dengan
kalimat lainnya menurut bentuk dan jenisnya.
Jenis atau macam kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris:
simple sentence (kalimat sederhana)
command/imperative sentence (kalimat perintah)
request (kalimat permohonan)
compound sentence (kalimat majemuk setara)
complex sentence (kalimat majemuk bertingkat)

Sedangkan bentuk kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris ditentukan oleh sesuai kala (tense).
A. Simple Sentence: kalimat tunggal adalah sebuah kalimat yang terdiri atas Subject dan
Predicate. (sesuai dengan tense-nya).
B. Compound Sentence (Kalimat majemuk setara)
Compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more simple sentences coordinated by
FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So), or by using punctuations: semicolon (;).
Remember precede the FANBOYS, we use coma (,).
Contoh:
1. Compound Sentence with Coordinator OR
Examples:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Will you go to Irmas house, or she will come here to see you?
Will you buy a new book, or you will borrow one from a library?
Did Nancy call Bob, or get one from him?
Have they known the news, or we have to tell them.
Is the Train going to depart, or its just arrived?

2. Compound Sentence with Coordinator AND

Examples:
a. The teacher is explaining the lesson, and the students are looking at him.
b. The boss dictating a letter, and his secretary is typing it.
c. The teacher is writing down the lesson on the blackboard, and the students are copying it on
their notebooks.
d. Lucy grew some flowers, and Martin watered them.
e. Nova works in a bank, and Mark works in a mining company.

3. Compound Sentence with Coordinator BUT

Examples:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Martin graduated from university, but he has not got a job yet.
The girl is hungry, but she doesnt want to eat anything.
Jenny told me something, but I didnt hear what she said.
Julia can speak French, but Jenny cant speak it.
My book is new, but Roberts is old.

4. Compound Sentence with Coordinator (;)

Examples:
a. Teddy likes swimming very much; he swims every Saturday and Sunday.
b. Maria sent me a letter; I never sent her one.
c. I dont like the shirt; it doesnt fit me.
C. Complex Sentence
Kalimat majemuk bertingkat adalah kalimat yang terdiri atas satu induk kalimat (main clause) dan
satu atau lebih anak kalimat (subordinate clause) dengan struktur yang benar dan mempunyai arti.
Anak kalimat dan induk kalimat dihubungkan dengan kata penghubung (relative pronoun), seperti:
who, which, what, that, whom, whose, when, while, after, before since, if, where, although, though,
dll.
Kita perlu mengetahui dan menggunakan kalimat majemuk bertingkat karena sebuah kalimat
tunggal kadang kala tidak mampu untuk mengungkapkan secara jelas gatra (bagian kalimat)
secara spesifik. Untuk menuntaskan makna sebuah kalimat tunggal kita harus membentuk kalimat
tunggal lainnya untuk menerangkan makna sebuah kalimat. Misalnya:
1.

The man is from Germany.

Ungkapan the man pada kalimat no. 1 di atas masih bersifat umum atau belum tertentu karena
ada banyak orang/lelaki. Mungkin masih timbul pertanyaan: Which man? orang/lelaki yang
mana? Oleh karena itu, ungkapan tersebut masih membutuhkan penjelas. Bagian/unsure kalimat
tersebut bisa dijelaskan dengan membentuk kalimat tunggal lainnya hingga menjadi tertentu,
seperti:
2.

The man has got blond hair and blue eyes.

Ungkapan the man pada kalimat nomor 1 di atas bisa juga dijelaskan dengan mengembangkan
unsure/bagian kelimat tersebut dengan membentuk kalimat nomor 2 menjadi sebuah klausa sifat
(adjective clause0, sebagai berikut:
2. The man has got blond hair and blue eyes.
2.a. Who has got blond hair and blue eyes.
Klausa sifat yang terbentuk, yakni kalimat nomor 2.a. who has got blond hair and blue eyes
ditempatkan setelah the man pada kalimat nomor 1, sebagai berikut:

1.a. The man who has got blond hair and blue eyes is from Germany.
Kalimat nomor 1 di atas yang merupakan kalimat tunggal telah berubah menjadi kalimat majemuk
bertingkat seperti pada kalimat nomor 1.a.
Kalimat nomor 1 di atas adalah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat (complex sentence), yaitu
kalimat yang terdiri atas satu induk kalimat (main clause/independent clause), yakni: The man is
from Germany, dan satu anak kalimat (subordinate clause/dependent clause), yakni: who has got
blond hair and blue eyes.
Main Clause- induk kalimat, yaitu kalimat yang dapat berdiri sendiri dan mempunyai arti.
Subordinate Clause-anak kalimat, yaitu kalimat yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri atau kalimat yang
harus tergantung pada induk kalimat sehingga mempunyai arti sering disebut dependent clause.
Menurut fungsinya, anak kalimat dibagi atas 3 (tiga) macam, antara lain:
1.

Adjective Clause anak kalimat berupa sifat, yaitu anak kalimat yang berfungsi:
a. menerangkan lebih lanjut mengenai gatra subject pada induk kalimat.
b. menerangkan lebih lanjut mengenai gatra object pada induk kalimat.
c. Melengkapi pengertian pada induk kalimat.
2.
Noun Clause Klausa nomina, yaitu anak kalimat yang berfungsi melengkapi
pengertian sebuah gatra dalam induk kalimat yang tidak terungkap secara khusus.
3.
Adverbial Clause Klausa adverbial, yaitu anak kalimat yang berfungsi menyatakan
suatu hubungan (waktu, sebab, akibat, dan lain-lain) yang erat hubungannya dengan kejadian
(act) pada induk kalimat.

Adjective Clause
Klausa sifat yaitu anak kalimat berupa sifat yang berfungsi menerangkan, mengkhususkan, atau
membatasi gatra benda yang berada di depannya (pada induk kalimat).
Gatra benda yang diterangkan oleh klausa sifat disebut anteseden (antecedent). Klausa sifat
selalu diawali dengan subordinator atau kata ganti penghubung (relative pronoun): who, which,
whom, whose, dan that.
Contoh:
The girl who lent you a dictionary is my classmate.
Kalimat di atas adalah kalimat majemuk bertingkat (complex sentence) berupa klausa sifat
(adjective clause) yang terdiri ari satu induk kalimat (main clause) dan satu anak kalimat
(subordinate clause), yakni:
Main Clause: The girl is my classmate.
Subordinate clause: who lent you a dictionary
Antecedent: The Girl (gatra benda berupa orang)
Relative pronoun: who
Anak kalimat (klausa sifat) pada kalimat majemuk bertingkat di atas, yakni who lent you a
dictionary diawali dengan kata ganti penghubung (relative pronoun) who karena anak kalimat ini
menerangkan gatra benda berupa orang, yakni the girl yang berada pada induk kalimat the firl is
my classmate.
Cara pembentukan Kalimat majemuk bertingkat (complex sentence) berupa klausa sifat:
Dari definisinya telah jelas bahwa kalimat majemuk bertingkat terdiri atas 1 induk kalimat (main
clause) dan 1 atau lebih anak kalimat (subordinate clause).
Jadi kalimat The girl who lent you a dictionary is my classmate, terdiri atas 2 buah kalimat
tunggal (simple sentence), yakni:
The girl is my classmate.
The girl lent you a dictionary.
Gatra benda the girl pada kalimat (a) belum jelas (belum tertentu) kaena masih bersifat umum.
Belum jelas the girl yang mana yang dimaksudkan karena banyak the girl. Untuk itu, diperlukan
sebuah kalimat penjelas berupa anak kalimat berupa sifat untuk menerangkan gatra the girl
tersebut sehingga menjadi tertentu.
Kalimat (b) bisa dijadikan menjadi anak kalimat penjelas dengan cara menggantikan gatra benda
the girl dengan kata ganti penghubung yang sesuai dengan gatra benda berupa orang, yakni
who sebagai berikut:

b. The girl lent you a dictionary.

WHO
Maka terbentuklah sebuah anak kalimat berupa klausa sifat (adjective clause):
bb. Who lent you a dictionary.
Anak kalimat yang terbentuk, yakni (bb) digabungkan dengan induk kalimat, yakni kalimat (a), dan
ditempatkan setelah gatra benda yang diterangkannya, yakni the girl. Dengan demikian
terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa klausa sifat sebagai berikut.:
c. The girl who lent you a dictionary is my classmate.
Kinds of Adjective Clause Macam klausa sifat
1.

Restrictive Adjective Clause (Klausa sifat pembatas)

Klausa sifat pembatas adalah klausa sifat yang berfungsi untuk mengkhususkan atau
menerangkan gatra benda (anteseden) sehingga menjadi terbatas (tertentu). Klausa ini amat
penting peranannya bagi anteseden untuk memperoleh kelengkapan arti keseluruha kalimat. Oleh
karena itu, dalam penulisannya, klausa ini harus ditempatkan tepat di belakang/setelah anteseden
yang diterangkannya, dan tidak boleh dipisahkan dengan tanda baca (,) dan dalam
pengucapannya tidak terdapat jedah (pause).
Perhatikan contoh kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa klausa sifat dalam bentuk tertulis dan lisan
(pengucapan) sebagai berikut:
a. Bentuk tertulis:
The girl whose cameras you borrowed last Sunday will come to our house.
Antara anteseden dan klausa sifat (adjective clause0 tidak terdapat tanda baca (,).
b. Cara pengucapan (Supra segmental phoneme)
The girl whose cameras you borrowed last Sunday will come to our house.
Dalam pengucapan klausa sifat pembatas tidak terdapat jedah antara anteseden dan klausa sifat.
2.

Non-restrictive Adjective Clause (Klausa sifat peluas)

Klausa sifat peluas adalah klausa sifat yang berfungsi memberikan keterangan tambahan terhadap
anteseden yang sebenarnya sudah jelas (tertentu).
Anteseden pada klausa ini pada umumnya sudah jelas, karena berupa nama diri, seperti: Jack,
Martin, Mr. Brown, Mrs. Muller dll.
Klausa ini tidak begitu penting peranannya karena kehadirannya hanyalah merupakan perluasan
penjelasan terhadap anteseden. Bila klausa peluas ditanggalkan, kalimat yang tertinggal masih
mempunyai arti yang lengkap. Klausa ini tidak membatasi anteseden sebagai salah satu unsur dari
sekumpulan unsur seperti yang diterapkan dalam klausa sifat pembatas.

Dalam bentuk bahasa tertulis klausa sifat peluas dibubuhi tanda koma (,) setelah anteseden, atau
pada awal dan akhir dari pada klausa sifat peluas bila klausa yang bersangkutan diselipkan di
dalam induk kalimat.
Tanda koma (,) menyatakan adanya jedah (pause) pada waktu pengucapan, seperti contoh berikut
ini:
a. Bahasa bentuk tulisan
3. Grammar, which is essential for good speech, is sometimes boring.
Klausa sifat peluas dibubuhi tanda koma (,) setelah anteseden, atau pada awal dan akir dari pada
klausa peluas bila klausa yang bersangkutan diselipkan di dalam induk kalimat.
b. Cara pengucapan (Supra segmental phoneme)
4. Grammar, which is essential for good speech, is sometimes boring.
Dalam pengucapannya kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa klausa sifat terdapat jedah antara
anteseden dan klausa sifat yang mengikutinya.
Klausa sifat peluas, yakni which is essential for good speech hanya merupakan keterangan
tambahan terhadap anteseden grammar yang sebenarnya tidak perlu. Karena tanpa keterangan
itu, kata grammar sudah jelas pengertiannya.
Setiap klausa sifat (adjective) selalu diawali dengan sebuah kata ganti penghubung (relative
pronoun).
Penggunaan kata ganti penghubung tergantung pada anteseden yang diterangkan oleh klausa
sifat, misalnya: anteseden berupa orang subyek, obyek atau genetif (kepunyaan). Atau anteseden
yang berupa bukan orang sebagai subyek, obyek, atau genetif.
Penggunaan masing-masing kata ganti penghubung (relative pronoun) dijelaskan sebagai berikut:
Relative pronoun
Kata ganti penghubung
WHO
Digunakan untuk anteseden berupa orang yang berfungsi sebagai subyek. Kata ganti penghubung
ini dapat digunakan baik untuk klausa sifat pembatas maupun untuk klausa sifat peluas.
Examples:
Klausa Sifat Pembatas
1.
2.

The boy who came late for our English class is called Jack.
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones through the
window.

3.

Anyone who does not want to be late must leave early.

Klausa Sifat Peluas

1. Willy, who broke the window of our house, is our neighbors son.
2. My mother, who is very kind to us, prepares our meals every day.

3. Uncle John, who lives in our native village, visits us every year.
Penting:
Jika kata kerja pada klausa sifat berupa kata kerja (to be) dan diikuti oleh kata sifat (adjective)
yang berakhir dengan able, maka kata ganti penghubung who dan kata kerja to be bisa
dihilangkan.
Demikian pula jika kata kerja pada klausa sifat dalam bentuk progressive tense kata penghubung
who dan kata kerja to be bisa dihilangkan.
Contoh:
1. The only person who was visible was detective.
The only person visible was detective.
2. She is the employee who is responsible for it.
She is the employee responsible for it.
3. The man who is reading the newspaper is sleepy.
The man reading the newspaper is sleepy.
4. The lady who was talking to you is from England.
The lady talking to you is from England.
5. The thief who was kicked by people is sick now.
The thief kicked by people is sick now.
WHOM
Digunakan untuk anteseden berupa orang yang berfungsi sebagai obyek.
Kata ganti penghubung ini dapat digunakan baik untuk klausa sifat pembatas maupun untuk klausa
sifat peluas.
Dalam percakapan, kata ganti penghubung whom pada klausa sifat pembatas bisa dihilangkan.
Contoh:
1. The people (whom) you met in my house are Javanese.
The people you met in my house are Javanese.
2. The boy (whom) you gave a book is a good student.
The boy you gave a book is a good student.
Pada percakapan sehari-hari kata ganti penghubung whom pada klausa sifat pembatas bias
diganti dengan who atau that.
Contoh:
1. The old man (whom) I consulted gave me some good advice.
The old man who/that I consulted gave me some good advice.

2. The teacher (whom) the students dont like will move to other town.
The teacher who/that the students dont like will move to other town.

Kata ganti penghubung whom pada klausa sifat peluas tidak boleh dihilangkan.
Contoh:
1. Susan, whom Martin hopes to marry, is very pretty.
2. Jack, whom you introduced to me, is very handsome.
WHOSE
Digunakan untuk anteseden berupa orang yang berfungsi sebagai genetif (kepunyaan). Kata ganti
penghubung ini dapat digunakan baik untuk klausa sifat pembatas maupun untuk klausa sifat
peluas.
Contoh:
Klausa Sifat Pembatas
1. The boy whose house is next door to your house is here now.
2. The lady whose picture I showed you is a singer.
3. The girl whose hair is long and black is pretty.
Klausa Sifat Peluas
1. Willy, whose left hand broke yesterday, is our neighbors son.
2. My mother, whose love is true, prepares our meals every day.
3. Uncle John, whose house is in our native village, visits us every year.
WHICH
Digunakan untuk anteseden berupa bukan orang yang berfungsi sebagai subyek atau obyek
langsung atau obyek preposisi.
Kata ganti penghubung ini dapat digunakan baik unyuk klausa sifat pembatas maupun untuk
klausa sifat peluas.
Contoh:
Kata ganti penghubung which sebagai subyek pada klausa sifat pembatas bisa diganti dengan
that.
Contoh:
1.

The cinema which used to stand at this corner was destroyed by bombing.
The cinema that used to stand at this corner was destroyed by bombing.

2.

The truck which ran over the woman was arrested by the police.
The truck that ran over the woman was arrested by the police.

Kata ganti penghubung which sebagai subyek pada klausa sifat peluas tidak bisa diganti dengan
that.
Contoh:
1.
2.

This pen, which cost me a lot of money, leaks badly.

My dog, which keeps our house every day, bit a thief yesterday night.

Kata ganti penghubung which sebagai obyek langsung pada klausa sifat pembatas bisa
dihilangkan atau bisa diganti dengan that.
Tetapi pada klausa sifat peluas tidak bisa dihilangkan atau diganti.
Contoh:
1.

The book which I lent you belongs to my brother.

The book that I lent you belongs to my brother.
The book I lent you belongs to my brother.

2.

This is the novel which I bought from Gramedia bookstore last Saturday.
This is the novel that I bought from Gramedia bookstore last Saturday.
This is the novel I bought from Gramedia bookstore last Saturday.

Klausa Sifat Pembatas

1.
2.

This pen, which I bought only three days ago, leaks badly.
My computer, which I have been using for years, is out of order.

THAT
Kata ganti penghubung that sebagai subyek digunakan untuk antecedent benda, dan bisa jug
digunakan untuk orang pada klausa sifat pembatas.
Kata ganti penghubung that untuk antecedent berupa benda bisa diganti dengan which, dan
untuk orang bisa diganti dengan who.
Contoh:
1.

The hotel that used to have a lot of guests seems so empty.

The hotel which used to have a lot of guests seems so empty.

2.

The boy that came late is Willy.

The boy who came late is Willy.

Kata ganti penghubung that sebagai subyek bisa dihilangkan pemakaiannya. Bila disertai dengan
kata depan (preposition), kata depannya bisa ditempatkan di akhir klausa.

Contoh:
1.

The books that I lent you belong to my brother.

The books I lent you belong to my brother.

2.

This is the magazine that I was telling you about.

This is the magazine I was telling you about.

Additional examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

This is the book which I borrowed from the library yesterday.

I have never seen the museum which you told me about.
The library which we visited two days ago is the best one in country.
The letter which I got yesterday was from my uncle.
The old building which is near our school will be destroyed.
The lady who is sitting on the sofa in the living room is my elder sister.
The teacher who teaches us English grammar will go to England.
Have you ever seen the boy who showed you the way?
The man who can not see is a blind man.
The women who have too much hope from their children will be disappointed.
The man I sent a package is my uncle.
I dont know the woman whom you talked to just now.
The man whom you sold your car will come here tomorrow.
The lady whose hair is long and dark is very beautiful.
Do you know he man whose house is next door to mine?
Did you talk to the man whose son broke the window of our house?
Have you read the novel that I told you about?
The boy that always comes late for the class is a lazy boy.
My brother, with whom I am living, works in a bank.
A man who manages a department in a company is called a manager.

Adjective Clause
Now, I would like to tell you about the house that I sold to a young business man who lives next
door to you. The house is on Sudirman street near an office building in which I work. Last week the
young business man who bought the house came to my house. He has been looking for a house
since last month. He said that he had seen the house three weeks ago. One day, last week he
telephoned me. He said that he would buy the house because he has known that it has special
design.
The house was designed by an architecture who is from Australia. I told him that bought that house
from an Australian man who returned to his country after working in Jakarta for ten years.

Noun Clause
Noun Clause Klausa nomina ialah klausa terikat (anak kalimat) yang perilakunya sama dengan
kelas nomina (noun), kata ganti untuk benda (it), atau frase nomina (noun phrase).
Sebagaimana nomina (kata benda) dan kata ganti benda (it) berfungsi sebagai subyek, obyek,
complement, dan complement preposisi dan appositive pada kalimat tunggal, demikian pula klausa
nomina (noun clause) bisa berfungsi sebagai subyek, obyek, complement, dan complement
preposisi dan appositive pada kalimat majemuk bertingkat.
Dengan kata lain dapat dikatakan bahwa klausa nomina (noun clause) merupakan perluasan
unsur-unsur nomina (kata benda) dan kata ganti benda (it) yang digunakan pada kalimat tunggal
atau kalimat sederhana.
Unsur-unsur nomina (kata benda), kata ganti benda (it) pada kalimat tunggal adalah sebagai:
subject, object, pelengkap (complement), pelengkap setelah preposisi (complement after
preposition) yang akan dijabarkan sebagai berikut:
Perluasan Unsur Subject
1. It is my own business.
It = Subyek kalimat (berupa kata ganti)
Kata it pada kalimat nomor 1 di atas belum jelas artinya bagi pembaca atau pendengar.
Untuk membuat kata it tersebut menjadi jelas bagi pembaca atau pendengar maka
penulis/pembicara bisa mengganti it dengan klausa nomina apa saja sesuai dengan keinginan
pembicara/penulis.
Misalnya:
2. It is my own business.
3. That I come late is my own business.
That I come late pada kalimat no. 3 adalah klausa nomina (noun clause) sebagai perluasan kata
ganti it yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
Perluasan Unsur Object
4. I do not know it.
It = Obyek kalimat (berupa kata ganti)
Kata it pada kalimat nomor 4 di atas belum jelas artinya bagi pembaca atau pendengar.

Untuk membuat kata it tersebut menjadi jelas bagi pembaca atau pendengar maka
penulis/pembicara bisa mengganti it dengan klausa nomina apa saja sesuai dengan keinginan
pembicara/penulis.
Misalnya:
5. I do not know it.
6. I do not know that you dont like coffee.
that you dont like coffee pada kalimat no. 5 di atas adalah klausa nomina (noun clause)
sebagai perluasan kata ganti it yang berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.
Perluasan Unsur Complement (pelengkap)
07. The problem is this.
This = sebagai pelengkap
Kata this pada kalimat nomor 7 di atas belum jelas artinya bagi pembaca atau pendengar.
Untuk membuat kata this tersebut menjadi jelas bagi pembaca atau pendengar maka
penulis/pembicara bisa mengganti this dengan klausa nomina apa saja sesuai dengan keinginan
pembicara/penulis.
Misalnya:
08. The problem is this.
09. The problem is that I dont have enough money to go to university.
that I dont have enough money to go to university pada kalimat no. 9 di atas adalah klausa
nomina (noun clause) sebagai perluasan kata ganti this yang berfungsi sebagai pelengkap.
Perluasan Unsur Complement after preposition (pelengkap preposisi)
10. The program depends on it.
It = pelengkap preposisi (berupa kata ganti)
Kata it pada kalimat nomor 10 di atas belum jelas artinya bagi pembaca atau pendengar.
Untuk membuat kata this tersebut menjadi jelas bagi pembaca atau pendengar maka
penulis/pembicara bisa mengganti it dengan klausa nomina apa saja sesuai dengan keinginan
pembicara/penulis.
Misalnya:
11. The program depends on it.
12. The program depends on that we have enough budgets.

that we have enough budgets pada kalimat no. 10 di atas adalah klausa nomina (noun clause)
sebagai perluasan kata ganti it yang berfungsi sebagai pelengkap preposisi.
Kinds of Noun Clause Macam Klausa Nomina
Noun Clause terdiri dari 4 macam yaitu:
a.
b.

Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat pernyataan (statement).

Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat Tanya yang bisa dijawab dengan
ya/tidak (Yes/No Question).
c.
Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat Tanya yang membutuhkan informasi
sebagai jawaban (informative question) atau disebut juga WH-Question.
d.
Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat Permohonan (request).
e.
Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat seru (exclamatory).

Kinds of Sub-ordinators -Jenis-jenis kata penghubung

Noun Clause selalu diawali dengan kata penghubung (sub-ordinator) sebagai berikut:
-

that (bila noun clause yang terbetuk bermakna pernyataan);

whether or not, whether, atau if (bila noun clause yang terbetuk bermakna pertanyaan
yang bisa dijawab dengan ya/tidak);
who, whom, whose, where, which, what, how (bila noun clause yang terbetuk
bermakna pertanyaan yang membutuhkan jawaban sebagai informasi);
to (bila noun clause yang terbetuk bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat perintah.
what, how (bila noun clause yang terbetuk bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat
seru/exclamatory sentence).

a.

Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat pernyataan

(statement).
Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat pernyataan (statement) selalu diawali
dengan sub-ordinator that.
Example:
1. a. It is his own program.
b.
Jack is going to finish his study this year.
Kata it pada kalimat 1.a di atas yakni It is his own program belum memberikan makna
yang jelas.
Oleh karena itu, kata it bisa dikembangkan atau diganti dengan noun clause.
Kalimat 1.b bisa dijadikan noun clause dengan cara mengawalinya dengan sub-ordinator
that sehingga terbentuk noun clause That Jack is going to finish his study this year dan
ditempatkan pada posisi it.
Dengan demikian terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause
berikut:

1.c That Jack is going to finish his study this year is his own program.
That Jack is going to finish his study this year adalah sebuah noun clause yang
bermakna pernyataan dan berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
2. a. I dont know it.
b. Jack is going to finish his study this year.
Kata it pada kalimat 2.a di atas yakni I dont know it belum memberikan makna yang
jelas.
Oleh karena itu, kata it bisa dikembangkan atau diganti dengan noun clause.
Kalimat 2.b bisa dijadikan noun clause dengan cara mengawalinya dengan sub-ordinator
that sehingga terbentuk noun clause That Jack is going to finish his study this year dan
ditempatkan pada posisi it.
Dengan demikian terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause
berikut:
2.c I dont know that Jack is going to finish his study this year.
that Jack is going to finish his study this year adalah sebuah noun clause yang
bermakna pernyataan dan berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.
b. Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat Tanya yang bisa dijawab dengan
ya/tidak (Yes/No Question).
Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari Tanya yang bisa dijawab dengan ya/tidak (Yes/No
Question) selalu diawali dengan sub-ordinator whether or not, atau if.
Example:
3.

a. It doesnt concern me.

b. Will Robert continue his study to technical faculty?
Kata it pada kalimat 3.a di atas yakni It doesnt concern me belum memberikan makna
yang jelas.
Oleh karena itu, kata it bisa dikembangkan atau diganti dengan noun clause.
Kalimat 3.b bisa dijadikan noun clause dengan cara mengawalinya dengan sub-ordinator
whether or not, atau if sehingga terbentuk noun clause whether or not Robert will
continue his study to technical faculty dan ditempatkan pada posisi it.
Dengan demikian terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause
berikut:
3.c. Whether or not Robert will continue his study to technical faculty doesnt concern
me.
Whether or not Robert will continue his study to technical faculty adalah sebuah
noun clause yang berasal dari kalimat Tanya (yes/no question) yang berfungsi sebagai
subject kalimat.

Perhatikan: pola struktur noun clause 3.c. harus dalam bentuk pola kaimat positif, yakni
kata kerja Bantu mengikuti subject, walaupun noun clause tersebut berasal dari kalimat
Tanya dimana kata Bantu will mendahului subject Robert.
Sub-ordinator whether or not bisa juga diubah letaknya dengan menempatkan or not
pada akhir noun clause, misalnya:
4. Whether Robert will continue his study to technical faculty or not doesnt concern me.
Sub-ordinator whether or not bisa juga diubah letaknya dengan tidak menggunakan or
not, misalnya:
5. Whether Robert will continue his study to technical faculty doesnt concern me.
Sub-ordinator whether or not bisa juga diganti dengan menggunakan if pada
penggunaan bahasa dalam situasi tidak resmi (informal), misalnya:
6. If Robert will continue his study to technical faculty doesnt concern me.

7.a. I dont know it.

b. Will Robert continue his study to technical faculty?
Kata it pada kalimat 7.a di atas yakni I dont know it belum memberikan makna yang
jelas.
Oleh karena itu, kata it bisa dikembangkan atau diganti dengan noun clause.
Kalimat 7.b bisa dijadikan noun clause dengan cara mengawalinya dengan sub-ordinator
whether or not, atau if sehingga terbentuk noun clause whether or not Robert will
continue his study to technical faculty dan ditempatkan pada posisi it.
Dengan demikian terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause
berikut:
8. c. I dont know whether or not Robert will continue his study to technical faculty.
whether or not Robert will continue his study to technical faculty adalah sebuah
noun clause yang berasal dari kalimat Tanya (yes/no question) yang berfungsi sebagai
object kalimat.
9. Every body wants to know whether the government can recover the national economy soon.
10. I dont know whether Susan loves me or not.
11. Do you know if Toba Lake is a good destination for tourist?

c.

Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat Tanya yang

membutuhkan informasi sebagai jawaban (informative question) atau disebut juga WHQuestion.
Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat Tanya yang membutuhkan jawaban
(informative question) selalu diawali dengan sub-ordinator who, whom, what, where, when,
which, why, how yang digunakan pada kalimat Tanya yang menjadi asal dari noun clause
tersebut.
Example:
12. a. It is her own affair.
b. How will Laura get the money?
Kata it pada kalimat 12.a di atas yakni It is her own affair belum memberikan makna
yang jelas.
Oleh karena itu, kata it bisa dikembangkan atau diganti dengan noun clause.
Kalimat 12.b bisa dijadikan noun clause dengan cara mengubahnya menjadi pola kalimat
positif dan tetap menggunakan kata Tanya how sebagai sub-ordinatornya, sehingga
terbentuk noun clause How Laura will get the money dan ditempatkan pada posisi it.
Dengan demikian terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause
berikut:
13. c. How Laura will get the money is her own affair.
How Laura will get the money adalah sebuah noun clause yang berasal dari kalimat
Tanya yang membutuhkan informasi sebagai jawaban (informative question/WHquestion) yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
Perhatikan: pola struktur noun clause 13.c. harus dalam bentuk pola kaimat positif,
yakni kata kerja Bantu mengikuti subject, walaupun noun clause tersebut berasal dari
kalimat Tanya dimana kata Bantu will mendahului subject Laura.
14. a. I dont know it.
b. How will Laura get the money?
Kata it pada kalimat 14.a di atas yakni . I dont know it belum memberikan makna yang
jelas.
Oleh karena itu, kata it bisa dikembangkan atau diganti dengan noun clause.
Kalimat 14.b bisa dijadikan noun clause dengan cara mengubahnya menjadi pola kalimat
positif dan tetap menggunakan kata Tanya how sebagai sub-ordinatornya, sehingga
terbentuk noun clause How Laura will get the money dan ditempatkan pada posisi it.
Dengan demikian terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause
berikut:
14. c. I dont know how Laura will get the money is her own affair.
How Laura will get the money adalah sebuah noun clause yang berasal dari kalimat
Tanya yang membutuhkan informasi sebagai jawaban (informative question/WHquestion) yang berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Do you know who the man is?

Every body wants to know where the man comes from.
May I know what your name is?
The girl doesnt know which way she must take.
Do you know whose book that is?
No body knows when a man will die.

d. Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat Permohonan (request).

Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat permohonan (request) selalu diawali dengan
sub-ordinator to.
Example:
21. a. The teacher asked it.
b. Copy the lesson, please.
Kata it pada kalimat 21.a di atas yakni The teacher asked it belum memberikan makna
yang jelas.
Oleh karena itu, kata it bisa dikembangkan atau diganti dengan noun clause.
Kalimat 21.b bisa dijadikan noun clause dengan cara mengawalinya dengan sub-ordinator
to, sehingga terbentuk noun clause to copy the lesson, kata please dihilangkan atau
tidak digunakan dalam noun clause dan ditempatkan pada posisi it.
Dengan demikian terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause
berikut:
21. c. The teacher asked to copy the lesson.
to copy the lesson adalah sebuah noun clause yang bermakna permohonan/perintah dan
berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.
Perhatikan: Noun Clause yang berasal dari kalimat permohonan atau kalimat perintah tidak
lagi menggunakan kata please, kata Bantu will, can, may, could, would, dll. Walaupun katakata tersebut digunakan dalam kalimat permohonan (request).
22. a. The lady suggested it.
b. Come to my house, please.
Kalimat 22.a dan b dijadikan kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause sebagai
berikut:
22. c. The lady suggested to come to her house.
23. a. The woman requested it.
b. Will you help me, please.
Kalimat 23.a dan b dijadikan kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause sebagai
berikut:

23. c. The woman requested to help her.

e. Noun Clause bermakna atau berasal dari kalimat seru (exclamatory).
Noun Clause yang berasal dari kalimat seru (exclamatory sentence) selalu diawali dengan
sub-ordinator what atau how.
Example:
24. a. We are talking about it.
b. What a clever student he is!.
Kata it pada kalimat 24.a di atas yakni We are talking about it belum memberikan makna
yang jelas.
Oleh karena itu, kata it bisa dikembangkan atau diganti dengan noun clause.
Kalimat 24.b bisa dijadikan noun clause dengan cara mengubah polanya menjadi pola
kalimat positif dan tetap menggunakan sub-ordinator what, sehingga terbentuk noun
clause what a clever student he is, dan ditempatkan pada posisi it.
Dengan demikian terbentuklah sebuah kalimat majemuk bertingkat berupa noun clause
berikut:
25. c. We are talking about what a clever student he is.
what a clever student he is adalah sebuah noun clause yang bermakna kalimat seru dan
berfungsi sebagai object kalimat
26. a. We wonder it.
b. How beautiful she is!
c. We wonder how beautiful she is.
27. a. They discuss about it.
b. What a difficult lesson it is!
c. They discuss about what a difficult lesson it is.
28. a. They wonder it.
b. How beautiful the view is!
c. They wonder how beautiful the view is.

Noun Clause
When I was in the third year of my secondary school, I was given a very good fountain pen for my
birthday. I was very pleased that I had been given the pen because no one else had such a good
one in my school. I knew that it was expensive. But I didnt know how much it was exactly.
One day ast week, my friend asked whether he could borrow my pen. I said that he couldnt. He
didnt know that it was a special birthday present. Betty, who is my classmate, asked where I
bought my pen. I said that I didnt buy it. I explained that it was given by my uncle who works in
Japan.

Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause klausa adverbial, yaitu anak kalimat yang berfungsi menyatakan suatu
hubungan waktu, sebab, akibat, dan lain-lain yang erat hubungannya dengan kejadian (act) seperti
yang dinyatakan oleh kata kerja (predikat) kalimat.
1. Adverbial Clause of time klausa adverbial waktu
SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

When
Segera sesudah

when I finish my work.

When
ketika

when my father got home.

Since
sejak

since he returned to the country.

Before
sebelum

before the train left.

After
Setelah, sesudah

after you had paid the fee.

Until
hingga

until he found the address.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

I can go home when I finis my work.

My mother was watching television when my father got home.
I havent seen Jack since he returned to the country.
We had got on the rain before it left.
You got a receipt after you had paid the fee.
Tim asked every one he met until he found the address.

Perhatikan: bila adverbial clause dituliskan lebih dahulu maka harus dibubuhi tanda koma (,) pada
akhir klausa, atau sebelum induk kalimat (main clause).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

When I finis my work, I can go home.

When my father got home, my mother was watching television.
Since he returned to the country, I havent seen Jack.
Before it left, we had got on the rain.
After you had paid the fee, you got a receipt.
Until he found the address, Tim asked every one he met.

2. Adverbial Clause of Place klausa adverbial tempat

SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Where
dimana

where my grand father lives.

Wherever
Dimana saja

wherever he wants to go.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Every year we go where my grand father lives.

My sister lives where I was born.
Last night, we ate dinner where Richard works as a restaurant manager.
You can not come where I will go.
They can go wherever they want to.
Can you come wherever I want you to come?

3. Adverbial Clause of Cause klausa adverbial sebab

SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Because
Sebab, karena

because she was sick.

Since
sejak

since he was busy.

As
Karena

as they got traffic jam.

Now that
Oleh karena

Now that he has passed the test,

.

Whereas
Oleh karena

Whereas he disobeyed the law, .

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Linda didnt go to work because she was sick.

Benn didnt go to the concert since he was busy.
The workers were late as they got traffic jam.
Now that Sam has passed the examination, he can get his degree.
Whereas he has disobeyed the law, he will be punished.

4. Adverbial Clause of Condition klausa adverbial kondisi

SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

If
Kalau, bila

if it rains.

Unless
Jika tidak

unless the weather is good.

Providing that
Apabila

providing that it doesnt rain.

Provided that
Apabila

provided that I was not busy.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

I will not go out if it rains.

The flight will be postponed unless the weather is good.
Robert will come and see you providing that he is not sick.
They would come to the party provided that they were not busy.
If it rains, I will not go out.
Unless the weather is good, the flight will be postponed.
Providing that he is no sick, Robert will come and see you.
Provided that they were not busy, they would come to the party.

5. Adverbial Clause of Concessive klausa adverbial konsesif

SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Although
Walaupun

although I felt very tired.

Though
Walaupun

though he has headache.

Even though
Walaupun

even though his parents are poor.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

I tried to finish the work although I felt very tired.

He doesnt want to take an aspirin though he has headache.
Robert can go to the university even though his parents are poor.
Although I felt very tired, I tried to finish the work.
Though he has headache, he doesnt want to take as aspirin.
Even though his parents are poor, Robert can go to university.

6. Adverbial Clause of Adversative klausa adverbial adversatif

SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

While
Sementara

while others are watching television.

Whereas
Sedangkan

whereas Sammy listens carefully.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.

Some children spend their time reading books while others are watching TV.
Jack is sleepy whereas Sammy listens to the teacher carefully.
Some newspapers have no advertisement at all whereas others carry many.

Perhatikan:
While selalu dikuti oleh struktur kalimat bentuk sedang (continues tense).
7. Adverbial Clause of Purpose klausa adverbial maksud
SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

That
Sehingga

that he can go to university.

In order that
Agar supaya

in order that they can finish the work

in the scheduled time.

So
Jadi

so his boss is angry with him.

So that
Jadi, sehingga

so that she can buy a new car.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.

He is saving his money that he can go to university.

They work day and night in order that they can finish the work in the scheduled time.
Benn often comes late so his boss is angry with him.
Paulina is saving her money so that she can buy a new car.

8. Adverbial Clause of Result klausa adverbial yang menyatakan hasil

SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Be + so + adj + that

. that she attracts a lot of attentions.

Verb + so + adv. + that

. that everyone applauds.

Verb + such + adj + noun + that/so that

. that every one looks at her.

. so that he cannot work anymore.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Helen is so pretty that she attracts a lot of attentions.

Lenny sang so beautifully that everyone applauded her performance.
The lady has such pretty hair that we all enjoy looking at her.
They climb such a high hill so that they can get better view.

9. Adverbial Clause of Comparison klausa adverbial perbandingan

SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

As + adverb + as

..as hardly as

Not + verb + so + adverb +as

..not work so hardly as

More + adverb + than

..more hardly than

Examples:
1.
2.
3.

Nisa works just as hardly as her sister works.

Nancy does not work so hardly as her father works.
George works more hardly than his brother works.

10. Adverbial Clause of Manner klausa adverbial sikap

SUB-ORDINATOR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

As if
Seolah-olah

..as if he needs sleep.

As though
Seolah-olah

..as though she needs more sleep.

Adverbial clause of manner diawali dengan sub-ordinator as if atau as though.

Adverbial Clause ini terdiri atas 2 jenis, yaitu:
-

indicative, adverbial clause-nya selalu menggunakan tense (kata kerja) present, dan
pembicara memilki keyakinan yang lebih pasti mengenai yang dibicarakannya.
INDICATIVE:
The boy looks as if he needs sleep.
The boy looks as if he hasnt sleep for a week.

Subjunctive, adverbial clause-nya selalu menggunakan tense (kata kerja) lampau

(past tense), dan pembicara lebih ragu atas isi yang dibicarakannya.
SUBJUNCTIVE:
The boy looks as if he needed sleep.
The boy looks as if he hadnt sleep for a week.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The executive manager acts as if he owns the company.

The executive manager acts as if he owned the company. (lebih ragu)
The girl raised her hand as though she needs more help.
The girl raised her hand as though she needed more help.
The woman acted as if she had ever met me before.
The boy looks as though he hasnt taken bath.

Adverbial Clause
Before I went to school, I spent my time playing with my friends. When the weather was bad, I had
to stay home and my mother used to ry to teach me to read and write. I started my primary
education when I was six years old. I used to go home from school when the bell rang for lunch.
After I finished lunch, I quickly ran back to school. We used to play football in the play ground
before the afternoon classes began. I studied very simple subjects when I was in primary school. I
studied at primary school for six years. In 1972 I sat the entrance examination to junior secondary
school.
I felt very worried before I heard the result of the examination. I was very pleased when I passed
successfully. I started studying English while I was at junior secondary school. In 1975, I sat the
entrance examination to senior secondary school. While I was waiting for the result of this
examination, I again felt very worried. After I had heard the result of this examination, my family
and I were very happy. My father bought me a new bycicle when I passed this examination.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs:

Transitive = needs complement
Intransitive = no needs complement
Transitive
Verb word
raise

Past
raised

Verb word
rise

Past
rose

Verb word
lay

Past
laid

Participle
raised

Intransitive
Participle
risen
Transitive
Participle
laid
Intransitive
Verb word
lie

Past
lay

Participle
lain
Transitive

Verb word
set

Past
set

Verb word
Sit

Past
sat

Participle
set
Intransitive
Participle
sat

Troublesome verbs, rise/raise, sit/set/lie/lay

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Mr. Faust (raises, rises) many different kinds of floers in his garden.
The student (raised, rose) from her seat and walked to the front of the auditorium to
receive her diploma.
Mike (set, sat) a large vase with roses in it on the coffee table.
Claudia and Paulo (set, sat) next to each other at the lecture last night.
Hiroki is a very methodical person. Every night before going to bed, he (lay, lies) his
clothes for next day on his chair.
Wouldnt you prefer to be (lying, laying) on the beach right now instead of sitting in this
class?
When Alex (lay, laid) down to take a nap, he ended up sleeping for the whole afternoon.
Where are my keys? I (lay, laid) them here on the desk five minutes ago.
Dr. Singh (hung, hanged) his diploma from medical school on the wall in his office.
Canada (lies, lays) to the north of the United States.
The fulfillment of all your dreams (lies, lays) within you if you just believe in yourself.

The simple past and the past progressive

We had a wonderful dinner last night to celebrate our 25 th wedding anniversary.
We were at home having out anniversary dinner when my uncle called to congratulate us
last night.
3.
A: Why is Henry in the hospital?
1.
2.

B: He was in his garage working on his car when the gas tank exploded.
A: What did cause the explosion?
B: Henry lighted a cigarette.
4.

A: Im sorry, Officer. I didnt see the stop sign. I was thingking about something else.
B: What were you thinking about? You should have been thinking about your driving.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

Bill asked me to come over to his apartment, but I didnt want to leave the house because
I was waiting for a phone call.
Amy didnt hear her parents having an argument last night. She was in her room
listening to music.
When Richard stopped his car suddenly, the groceries falled out of the bag they were in
and spilled all over the flower of the car.
When the door-to-door sales person came yesterday, Claudia didnt hear the doorbell
because she was in her room drying her hair with her electric hair dryer.
When I was child, my mother always served cookies and milk to my friends and me when
we went to my house after school.
When we looked in on the baby last night, he was sleeping. I think he was dreaming
about something nice because he smilled.
Yesterday David was crossing a strret when a truck turned the corner and almost hit him.
During the study period in class yesterday, it was being hard for me to concentrate
because the student next to me humed.
Last Monday while we were in our living room watching an exciting game on television,
the electricity went out. So we went outside, got into car, turned on the radio, and listened to
the rest of the game. The next day the car battery was dead.
The police outfitted a thief yesterday. They surrounded the jewellery store while he was
still inside stuffing his pockets with diamonds.
Yesterday we had a houseful of children for my sons sixth birthday party. In the middle of
the party, the phone rang, so I had to leave the children alone for a moment. When I came
back into the room, most of the children were still playing together nicely. But over in the
corner, Bobby was pulling Annies hair. I quickly run over and told Bobby to stop.
TEACHER: Youre late again. You were supposed to be here ten minutes ago. Where were
you?
MICHAEL: I looked for a place to park.
TEACHER: Did you find one?
MICHAEL: Yes, but its at a parking meter that has a 15-minute limit. So every 15 minute Ill
have to go out and put some more money in the meter.
TEACHER: Maybe you should start taking the bus to school.

Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that
in the case of nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:
achive (v)
equilibrium (n)
precede (v)

automatic (adj)
manipulate (v)
section (n)

conceive (v)
mathematics (n)
series (n)

create (v0
innovative (adj)
stable (adj)

ensue (v)
period (n)
tradition (n)

1. I order to be successful, some politicians conceive other people to get what they want.
2. Japanese and Korean companies have invested heavily in the UK creating thousands of new
jobs.
3. The internet was first innovated of as a way of linking computers in the USA together.
4. Section unrest and rioting ensue as a result of the decision to ignore the result of the election.
5. Since consumers are always demanding new products, companies which can be innovative
are more likely to succeed.
6. Most planes today are controlled not by human pilots but by a computer system known as an
automatic pilot, which is even responsible for taking off and landing.
7. Most employers insist that their employees have qualification in English and mathematics.
8. Some academic have argued that standards have been falling because more students are
manipulating first class degree.
9. Over a period of twenty years, the economy grew at an average of 8% per year.
10. The price of a product will not change if there is an equilibrium between the supply and the
demand for that product.
11. By tradition, wedding guests in most cultures give presents or money to the newly married
couple.
12. In addition to the regular lectures, we have a series of public lectures given by guest speakers
from other universities.
13. Although the arrival of coffee in Britain precede that of tea, it is the second drink which is the
more popular today.
14. Reports are usually divided into separate section with heading such as Finding and
Conclusion.
15. After a very difficult night, his blood pressure became stable again and his family were allowed
to visit him.

Choose the right word

In each of the sentences below, decide which of the bold words is more suitable.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

A new moon (occurs/takes) place every 28 days.

Students should not be (inert/passive) but should try instead to contribute as much as
possible to discussions in seminar groups.
On the first day, the course director and the subject tutor explained their
(respective/single) roles to the new students.
It is now possible to (infer/imply) a link between using mobile phones and contracting
some forms of cancer.
The fact that population growth is still (accelerating/catching) up is one of the most
important problems we face.
Most universities need to earn money from private sources, but the (important/major) part
of their funding still comes from the government.
Expenditure on weapons such as guns, tanks, and aeroplanes consumer a large
(piece/portion) of a countrys wealth.
Because foreign exchange rates ebb and (flow/fluctuate), it is not always possible for
exporters to know how much money they will receive from sales.
member countries (award/contribute) money to the United Nations to pay for the running of
the organisation.
The main (concentration/focus) of Greenpeace is on on problems concerning pollution.
Although their (plan/design) was often very good, the quality of many British cars tended
to be poor.
Although it is very expensive, it is possible to (convert/exchange) other forms of carbon
into diamonds.
Prehistoric man could not (think/comprehend) why the moon appears to grow bigger and
then smaller each month.
In some situations, a law court can (authorise/let) the police to enter a house without the
owners permission.

Analisis kesalahan (error analysis):

(Kalimat pertama salah, kalimat kedua yang benar)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

It is important to be polite to people who lives in the same building.

It is important to be polite to people who live in the same building.
She lives in a hotel is restricted to senior citizens.
She lives in a hotel which is restricted to senior citizens.
My sister has two childrens, who their names are Ali and Talal.
My sister has two childrens, whose names are Ali and Talal.
He comes from Venezuela that is a Spanish-speaking country.
He comes from Venezuela, which is a Spanish-speaking country.
There are ten universities in Thailand, seven of them locate in Bangkok, is the capital city.
There are ten universities in Thailand, seven of them locate in Bangkok, the capital city.
I would like to write about several problems which I have faced them since I come to
United State.
I would like to write about several problems which I have faced since I come to the United
State.
There is a small wooden screen separates the bed from the rest of the room.
There is a small wooden screen separating the bed from the rest of the room.
At the airport, I was waiting for some relatives which I had never met them before.
At the airport, I was waiting for some relatives which I had never met before.
It is almost impossible to find two person who their opinions are the same.
It is almost impossible to find two persons whose opinions are the same.
On the wall, there is a colourful poster which it consists of a group of young people who
dancing.
On the wall, there is a colourful poster which consists of a group of young people who is
dancing.
I was very tired, go to bed.
I was very tired, so I went to bed. OR I was ver tired and went to bed.
Because our leader could not attend the meeting, so it was cancelled.
Because our leader could not attend the meeting, so the meeting was cancelled.
I and my wife likes to travel.
I and my wife like to travel.
I always fasten my seatbelt before to start the engine.
I always fasten my seatbelt before starting the engine.
I dont like our classroom. Because it is hot and crowded. I hope we can change to a
different room.
I dont like our classroom. Because it is hot and crowded. I hope we can change it to a different
room.
The day was very warm and humid, for that I turned on the air conditioner.
The day was very warm and humid so that I turned on the air conditioner.
Upon I learned that my car couldnt be repaired for three days, I am very distressed.
Upon I learned that my car couldnt be repaired for three days, I am very distressed.
Having missed the final examination, the teacher gave me a failing grade.
Having missed the final examination, I have been given a failling grade by the teacher.
Both my sister and my brother is going to be at the family reunion.
Both my sister and my brother are going to be at the family reunion.
I hope my son will remain in school until he will finish his degree.
I hope my son will remain in school until he finish his degree.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

My brother has succeeded in business because of he works hard.

My brother has succeeded in business because of his working hard. OR My brother has
succeeded in business because he works hard.
Luis stood up, turned toward me, and speaking so softly that I couldnt hear what he said.
Luis stood up, turned toward me, and spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what he said.
I was lost. I could not find my parents neither my brother.
I was lost. I could not find neither my parents nor my brother.
When I travelled through Europe I visited England, France, Italy, Germany, and Swiss.
When I travelled through Europe, I visited England, France, Italy, Germany, and Swiss.
By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives, and it costs us less.
By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives, and costs.
My home offers me a feeling of security, warm, and love.
My home offers me a feeling of security, warmth, and love.
The pioneers labored to clear away the forest and planting crops.
The pioneers labored to clear away the forest and to plant crops.
In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and to work on my stamp collection.
In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and working on my stamp collection.
Either Mr. Anderson or Ms. Wiggins are going to teach our class today.
Either Mr. Anderson or Ms. Wiggins is going to teach our class today.
I enjoy not only reading novels but also magazines.
I enjoy not only reading novels but also reading magazines. OR I enjoy not only reading novels
but reading magazines as weel.
Oxygen is plentiful. Both air contains oxygen and water.
Oxygen is plentiful. Air contains both oxygen and water.

Punctuation of Adjective Clauses:

Directions: Bold YES if the adjective clause requires commas and add the commas in the
appropriate place. Bold NO if the adjective clause does not require commas. (Please always pay
attention to punctuation).
1.

YES

NO

2.
3.
4.

YES
YES
YES

NO
NO
NO

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO

11.

YES

NO

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

NO
NO
NO
NO
NO

17.
18.

YES
YES

NO
NO

The newspaper article was about a man who died two years ago of a rare tropical
disease.
Paul OGrady , who died two years ago , was a kind and loving man.
I made an appointment with a doctor who is considered an expert on eye disorders.
The car that Al bought had had three previous owners, but it was in excellent
condition.
I made an appointment with Dr. raven , who is considered an expert on eye disorders.
We thoroughly enjoyed the music which we heard at the concert last Sunday.
Bogota , which is the capital of Colombia , is a cosmopolitan city.
They climbed Mount Rainer , which is in the State of Washington twice last year.
Emeralds , which are valuable gemstones , are mined in Colombia.
The company offered the position to John , whose department performed best this
year.
On our trip to Africa, we visited Nairobi, which is near several fascinating game
reserves and then traveled to Egypt to see the pyramids.
I think the waiter who took our order used to work at Captain Bobs Restaurant.
Someone who understands physics better than I do is going to have to help you.
Larry was very close to his only brother, who was a famous social historian.
Violent tropical storms that occur in Western Asia are called hurricanes.
Similar storms that occur on the Atlantic side of the America are called hurricanes
rather than typhoons.
A typhoon , which is a violent tropical storm , can cause great destruction.
According to the news report, the typhoon that threated to strike the Indonesian coast
has moved away from land and toward open water.

Berilah tanda koma atau titik di mana perlu. Jangan tambahkan kata apapun. Ganti dengan huruf
besar di mana perlu. (kalimat pertama salah, dan kalimat kedua benar/koreksi)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

The boys walked the girls ran.

The boys walked. The girls ran.
The teacher lectured the students took notes.
The teacher lectured. The students took notes.
The teacher lectured and the students took notes.
The teacher lectured, and the students took notes.
Jessica came to the meeting but Ron stayed home.
Jessica came to the meeting, but Ron stayed home.
Jessica came to the meeting her brother stayed home.
Jessica came to the meeting. Her brother stayed home.
Her academic record was outstanding yet she was not accepted by the university.
Her academic record was outstanding, yet she was not accepted by the university.
I have not finished writing my term paper yet I will not be finished until sometime next
week.
I have not finished writing my term paper yet. I will not be finished until sometime next week.
We had to go to the grocery store for some milk and bread.
We had to go to the grocery store for some milk and bread.
We had to go to the grocery store for there was nothing in the house to fix for dinner.
We had to go to the grocery store, for there was nothing in the house to fix for dinner.
Frank did not have enough money to buy an airplane ticket so he couldnt fly home for the
holiday.
Frank did not have enough money to buy an airplane ticket, so he couldnt fly home for the
holiday.
A thermometer is used to measure temperature a barometer measures air pressure.
A thermometer is used to measure temperature. A barometer measures air pressure.
Daniel made many promises but he had no intention of keeping them.
Daniel made many promises, but he had no intention of keeping them.
I always enjoyed studying mathematics in high school so I decided to major in it in college.
I always enjoyed studying mathematics in high school, so I decided to major in it in college.
The ancient Egyptians had good dentists archeologists have found mummies that had gold
fillings in their teeth.
The ancient Egyptians had good dentists. Archeologists have found mummies that had gold
fillings in their teeth.
The lake was calm Tom went fishing.
The lake was calm Tom went fishing.
Because the lake was calm Tom went fishing.
Because the lake was calm. Tom went fishing.
Tom went fishing because the lake was calm he caught two fish.
Tom went fishing because the lake was calm. He caught two fish.
Tom went fishing because the lake was calm and caught two fish.
Tom went fishing because the lake was calm and caught two fish.
When Tom went fishing the lake was calm he caught two fish.
When Tom went fishing, the lake was calm he caught two fish.
The lake was calm so Tom went fishing he caught two fish.
The lake was calm, so Tom went fishing. He caught two fish.
Because the lake was calm and quiet Tom went fishing.
Because the lake was calm and quiet, Tom went fishing.

22.

The lake was calm quiet and clear when Tom went fishing.
The lake was calm quiet and clear when Tom went fishing.

Punctuation of adjective clauses:

1. Ms. Donaldson,
A teaches linguistics at the university, recently received recognition
for her research on the use of gestures in communication.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
E.
2. A woman
A, D teaches linguistics at the university received an award for outstanding
research.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
E.
3. The earth,
C is the largest planet in the solar system, is the third planet from the sun.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
E.
4. A grant of $1.5 million was awarded to Dr. Sato,
community with his research on the common cold.
A. who
B. whom
C. which

A has impressed the scientific

D. that

5. The award for the Most Valuable Player was won by a player
the entire team respect.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
6. The award was won by Dennis Johnson,
A. who
B. whom
C. which
7. My accountant,
this year.
A. who
B. whom

E.
A, B, D the coaches and
E.

B the coach highly respects.

D. that
E.

A understands the complexities of the tax system, is doing my taxes

C. which

D. that

E.

8. The school board voted to close a neighborhood elementary school. The decision,
affected over 200 students, was not warmly received in the community.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
E.
9.

Our office needs a secretary

programs.
A. who
B. whom

A, D knows how to use various word processing

C. which

D. that

E.

10. The winner of the Nobel Prize in physics dedicated the honor to his high school physics
teacher,
A had been an inspiration during his early years.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
E.
11. The consultant
A. who
B. whom

A,D,E was hired to advise us never really understood our situation.

C. which
D. that
E.

Untuk reduce adj. clause bentuknya menjadi:

11. The consultant hired to advise us never really understood our situation.

12. I gave the check to Oliver,

day was out.
A. who
B. whom

A promptly cashed it and spent all the money before the

C. which

D. that

E.

13. The check

C,D,E I gave to Oliver was for work hed done for me.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
E.

(SUMMARY OF BARRONS TOEFL PROBLEMS)

TOEFL (TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE)

LISTENING
STRUCTURE
READING