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1.1
Plasma is an electrically neutral medium of unbound positive and negative particles (i.e. the overall charge of a
plasma is roughly zero). It is important to note that although the particles are unbound, they are not free in the
sense of not experiencing forces. When a charged particle moves, it generates an electric current with magnetic
elds; in plasma, the movement of a charged particle affects and is aected by the general eld created by the
movement of other charges. This governs collective behavior with many degrees of variation.[3][7] Three factors
are listed in the denition of a plasma stream:[8][9]
plasma is quasineutral.
e-
/cm
ELECTRON DENSITY
1025
Centre of Sun
1020
1015
Lasers
Metals
Photosphere
1010
Fusion
Chromosphere
Flames
105
Solar corona
Magnetosphere
Ionosphere
Interplanetary
100
Solar wind
10-5
Interstellar
10
102
-2
10
103
-1
10
104
Galactic
0
10
105
10
106
107
TEMPERATURE
Range of plasmas. Density increases upwards, temperature increases towards the right. The free electrons in a metal may be
considered an electron plasma.[10]
1.3
Degree of ionization
1.6
1.5
Magnetization
Plasma potential
3
large distances, i.e., greater than the Debye length. However, the existence of charged particles causes the plasma
to generate, and be aected by, magnetic elds. This
can and does cause extremely complex behavior, such
as the generation of plasma double layers, an object that
separates charge over a few tens of Debye lengths. The
dynamics of plasmas interacting with external and selfgenerated magnetic elds are studied in the academic discipline of magnetohydrodynamics.
1.6 Magnetization
Since plasmas are very good electrical conductors, electric potentials play an important role. The potential as it
exists on average in the space between charged particles,
independent of the question of how it can be measured,
is called the plasma potential, or the space potential.
If an electrode is inserted into a plasma, its potential will
generally lie considerably below the plasma potential due
to what is termed a Debye sheath. The good electrical
conductivity of plasmas makes their electric elds very
small. This results in the important concept of quasineutrality, which says the density of negative charges is approximately equal to the density of positive charges over
large volumes of the plasma ( ne = Zni ), but on
the scale of the Debye length there can be charge imbalance. In the special case that double layers are formed, the
charge separation can extend some tens of Debye lengths.
2 Common plasmas
ne e
e/kB Te
In astrophysical plasmas, Debye screening prevents In 1937, Hannes Alfvn argued that if plasma pervaded
electric elds from directly aecting the plasma over the universe, it could then carry electric currents capable
3.1 Filamentation
3.5
3.2
3.3
The strength and range of the electric force and the good
conductivity of plasmas usually ensure that the densities
of positive and negative charges in any sizeable region
are equal (quasineutrality). A plasma with a signicant
excess of charge density, or, in the extreme case, is composed of a single species, is called a non-neutral plasma.
3.4 Cellular structure
In such a plasma, electric elds play a dominant role. ExNarrow sheets with sharp gradients may separate regions amples are charged particle beams, an electron cloud in a
[38]
with dierent properties such as magnetization, density Penning trap and positron plasmas.
and temperature, resulting in cell-like regions. Examples
include the magnetosphere, heliosphere, and heliospheric
current sheet. Hannes Alfvn wrote: From the cos- 3.8 Dusty plasma/grain plasma
mological point of view, the most important new space
research discovery is probably the cellular structure of A dusty plasma contains tiny charged particles of dust
space. As has been seen in every region of space ac- (typically found in space). The dust particles acquire high
cessible to in situ measurements, there are a number of charges and interact with each other. A plasma that con'cell walls, sheets of electric currents, which divide space tains larger particles is called grain plasma. Under labointo compartments with dierent magnetization, temper- ratory conditions, dusty plasmas are also called complex
plasmas.[39]
ature, density, etc.[36]
3.9
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS
Impermeable plasma
Mathematical descriptions
4.1
Kinetic model
Fluid model
5.1
Articial plasmas
5.1
ee-
e-
ee-
Just like the many uses of plasma, there are several means
for its generation, however, one principle is common to
all of them: there must be energy input to produce and
sustain it.[44] For this case, plasma is generated when an
electric current is applied across a dielectric gas or uid
(an electrically non-conducting material) as can be seen
in the image to the right, which shows a discharge tube as
a simple example (DC used for simplicity).
ee-
The potential dierence and subsequent electric eld pull Cascade process of ionization. Electrons are e, neutral atoms
the bound electrons (negative) toward the anode (positive o, and cations +.
5 ARTIFICIAL PLASMAS
Anode
Electric
field
DC Voltage
source
Catode
Avalanche eect between two electrodes. The original ionisation event liberates one electron, and each subsequent collision
liberates a further electron, so two electrons emerge from each
collision: the ionising electron and the liberated electron.
5.2
Examples of industrial/commercial
plasma
Low-pressure discharges
Glow discharge plasmas: non-thermal plasmas generated by the application of DC or low frequency
RF (<100 kHz) electric eld to the gap between
two metal electrodes. Probably the most common
plasma; this is the type of plasma generated within
uorescent light tubes.[51]
Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD): this is a nonthermal discharge generated by the application of
high voltages across small gaps wherein a nonconducting coating prevents the transition of the
plasma discharge into an arc. It is often mislabeled
'Corona' discharge in industry and has similar application to corona discharges. It is also widely used in
the web treatment of fabrics.[55] The application of
the discharge to synthetic fabrics and plastics functionalizes the surface and allows for paints, glues and
similar materials to adhere.[56]
Capacitive discharge: this is a nonthermal plasma
generated by the application of RF power (e.g.,
13.56 MHz) to one powered electrode, with a
grounded electrode held at a small separation distance on the order of 1 cm. Such discharges are
commonly stabilized using a noble gas such as helium or argon.[57]
"Piezoelectric direct discharge plasma:" is a
nonthermal plasma generated at the high-side of
a piezoelectric transformer (PT). This generation
9
variant is particularly suited for high ecient and
compact devices where a separate high voltage
power supply is not desired.
8 See also
Plasma torch
Ambipolar diusion
History
Plasma parameters
Plasma nitriding
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
Electric eld screening
List of plasma physicists
List of plasma (physics) articles
Important publications in plasma physics
Research
Plasma display
Aurora
9 Notes
[1] The material undergoes various regimes or stages (e.g.
saturation, breakdown, glow, transition and thermal arc)
as the voltage is increased under the voltage-current relationship. The voltage rises to its maximum value in the
saturation stage, and thereafter it undergoes uctuations
of the various stages; while the current progressively increases throughout.[46]
[2] Across literature, there appears to be no strict denition on where the boundary is between a gas and plasma.
Nevertheless, it is enough to say that at 2,000C the gas
molecules become atomized, and ionized at 3,000 C and
in this state, [the] gas has a liquid like viscosity at atmospheric pressure and the free electric charges confer
relatively high electrical conductivities that can approach
those of metals.[47]
[3] Note that non-thermal, or non-equilibrium plasmas are
not as ionized and have lower energy densities, and thus
the temperature is not dispersed evenly among the particles, where some heavy ones remain cold.
[4] A more complete and organized list can be found on web
sites on plasma science and technology.[62]
10
10
10
References
REFERENCES
11
[42] Yaghoubi, A.; Mlinon, P. (2013). Tunable synthesis and in situ growth of silicon-carbon mesostructures using impermeable plasma.
Scientic Reports.
3: 1083.
Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E1083Y.
doi:10.1038/srep01083.
PMC 3547321 .
PMID
23330064.
[43] See Evolution of the Solar System, 1976
[44] Hippler, R.; Kersten, H.; Schmidt, M.; Schoenbach,
K.M., eds. (2008). Plasma Sources. Low Temperature Plasmas: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Techniques (2nd ed.). Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-40673-9.
[56] Leroux, F. D. R.; Campagne, C.; Perwuelz, A.; Gengembre, L. O. (2008). Polypropylene lm chemical and
physical modications by dielectric barrier discharge
plasma treatment at atmospheric pressure. Journal
of Colloid and Interface Science. 328 (2): 412420.
doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.062. PMID 18930244.
[57] Park, J.; Henins, I.; Herrmann, H. W.; Selwyn, G.
S.; Hicks, R. F. (2001).
Discharge phenomena
of an atmospheric pressure radio-frequency capacitive
plasma source. Journal of Applied Physics. 89: 20.
Bibcode:2001JAP....89...20P. doi:10.1063/1.1323753.
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