Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Ch. B. Lioutas
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Geometrical optics
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THE MICROSCOPE
Imaging & Diffraction
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(linear
(linear optics)
optics)
Projector
Diffraction
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Diffraction
general effect of wave phenomena occurring whenever a portion
of a wavefront (elastic, electromagnetic or matter wave) is
obstructed in some way
The wavefront is modified from one point to the next one
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Electron diffraction
A( ) =
2 mo e
h2
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(Fourier
(Fourier Transform)
Transform)
The integral gives the Fourier Transform of the function that describes the
potential of the material that induces the electrons diffraction
The intensity of every diffracted beam
in Fraunhofer diffraction conditions
is proportional to Fourier Transform
and is observed on the back focal plane of the
imaging lens
A lens visualizes
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Electrons
Electrons source
Condensor
specimen
Objective
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Objective aperture
1st intermediate image
Intermediate
2nd intermediate image
Projector
Screen
2 mo e
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(working
(working modes)
modes)
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A(K ) =
(Inverse
(Inverse Fourier
Fourier Transform)
Transform)
The integral gives the Fourier Transform of the function that describes the
potential of the material that induces the electrons diffraction
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Electron
Electron diffraction
diffraction
SAD
selective area
diffraction
condensor
aperture
Back focal plane
Selective
area
aperture
Final
diffraction
image
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Imaging modes
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diffraction image
(imaging
(imaging modes)
modes)
II
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first step
In every single case the interaction of the light beam (or incident wave) with the
object can be described by the diffraction of the lights wavelet.
A Fraunhofer diffraction image appears on the back focal plane of the objective lens.
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(imaging
(imaging modes)
modes)
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II
II
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second step
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(x,y)= F -1[Q(u,v)]
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Q(u,v)=F [q(x,y)]
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Imaging in TEM
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Bright
Bright Field
Field (BF)
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(imaging
(imaging modes)
modes)
Dark
Dark Field
Field (DF)
High
High Resolution
Resolution (HRTEM)
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s
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= 0.61/
wavelength,
an instruments parameter ~1
Optical microscope
~ 492nm
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300 nm
Electron microscope
=100keV
=0.0037nm
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2.3 10-3 nm
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lenses aberrations
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q(x)=exp[i(x)]
|q(x)|2=|exp[i(x)]|2=1
There is NO CONTRAST
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B
q(x)=exp[i(x)]
Q(u)=F [q(x)]
(x)=F 1[Q(u)]
(x)= exp[i(x)]
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0.1 nm
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PHASE
MICROSCOPY
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s
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u
(x) << 1
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|(x)|2=(1+i(x))(1-i(x))=1- (x)2 ~ 1
(x) << 1,
(x)2
~0
((WPO)
WPO)
q(x)=exp[i(x)]
~ 1+ i(x)
Q(u)=F [q(x)]
F [1+ i(x)]=
(x)+ iF [(x)]
(x)=F 1[Q(u)]
(x)~1+i(x)
There is NO CONTRAST
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s
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u
(x) << 1
Q1(u)=
(x)+ iF [(x)]ei/2=
(x) - F [(x)]
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(x)=F 1[Q1(u)]
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B
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The total phase shift in any point at the exit surface of the specimen is
calculated by integration over all the thickness of the specimen
(x,y)=
V(x,y,z)dz = (x,y)
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vacuum
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(2meE )1/ 2
= /
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s
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Electron
Electron Microscope
Microscope -- Optical
Optical System
System
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Imaging
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q(x,y)=exp[i (x,y)]
specimen
Apertures
Attenuation of the wave
Aberrations of the lens
The absorption term does not affect the result in the final image contrast in the first order approximation
2 1 V
dz = Vdz
2 E
dx(z )
1/ 2
2 (E +V)1/2 = 2 + V
1
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1
dz
E1/2
E
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dx(z) =
(x)~1 - (x)
0
2
1 1
2
dx( z ) = 2 dz = 1 dz
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(x)+ iF [(x)]
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q(x)=exp[i(x)]
~ 1+ i(x)
Q(u)=F [q(x)]
F [1+ i(x)]=
Describe the cut off all values of u greater than some selected value
A(u) imposed by objective diaphragm (radius of the aperture)
E(u) property of the lens itself (may be either more or less restricting than A(u))
B(u) is usually expressed as:
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s
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The
The Electron
Electron Microscope
Microscope as
as phase
phase contrast
contrast microscope
microscope
() = 2 Cs +
(x,y)=
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electrons wavelength
Accelerating voltage
q(x,y)=exp[i
(x,y)]
z
Defocus
Cs
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electron diffraction
diffracting object (crystal)
the instruments parameters
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Line resolution
the minimum distance between two parallel lines on the object
in order to be resolved in the image plane.
atomic planes
V=200 kV =0.14 0.2 nm
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(x)+ iF [(x)]
Q1(u)=
(x)+ iF [(x)]ei/2=
(x) - F [(x)]
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|(x,y)|2=[1-(x,y)]2 ~1-2(x,y)
B
.
Q(u)=F [q(x)]=
F [1+ i(x)]=
defocus value
selected during observation
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(x)=F 1[Q1(u)]
(x)~1 - (x)
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III
IMAGE SIMULATION
& PROCESSING
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q(x)=exp[i(x)]
~ 1+ i(x)
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V(x,y)dz= (x,y)
High
High Resolution
Resolution Electron
Electron Microscopy
Microscopy
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Structural Analysis
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The contrast on the HRTEM micrograph has lost the phase of the electrons
wavefunction that holds the projection of the 3D potential of the
specimen
How is possible to have interpretable structural details ?
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Cerius2
by Accerlys
Runs on UNIX
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EMS & jEMS
Kirkland
by Earl Kirkland. Well described in his book on the subject
MacTEMPAS
by Roar Kilaas
Runs on a Mac (so its very user-friendly)
WinHREM & MacHREM
by HREM Research Inc. (Kazuo Ishizuka)
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Thickness
Thickness -- Defocus
Defocus Matrix
Matrix
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Experimental requirements
Very thin specimen
Defocus close to that of Scherzer value
Appropriate projection
interpretation
interpretation of
of HRTEM
HRTEM micrographs
micrographs
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Computer
Image Processing
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REAL image
from the microscope
Digitized Image
Processed Image
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HRTEM examples
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IV
EXAMPLES
& CASE STYDIES
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HRTEM micrograph
dislocation in SiGe
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HRTEM examples
projection of the
crystal structure
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II
HRTEM
HRTEM image
image simultion
simultion
intense dots Si complex
less intense dots Fe-I
very weak dots Fe-II
HRTEM examples
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II
II
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HRTEM examples
V
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Grain boundaries
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Polycrystalline Si
in amorphous SiO2 matrix
Ch. B. Lioutas
HRTEM examples
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