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Conclusions
Based upon our observations concerning the impact of the evolving electricity
market on the U.S. transmission grid, the simulation results, and the engineering
analyses described in this report, we draw the following conclusions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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development of periodic cooling stations and sufficient manufacturing
capacity for HTS wire.
6.
7.
Flywheel energy storage systems using HTS magnetic bearings are in the
demonstration stage and have the potential to achieve performance
characteristics that will make flywheels competitive with batteries in a wide
range of electricity storage applications.
8.
HTS transformers can provide increased power capacity with the same
footprint as conventional transformers and could be sited inside buildings
because they eliminate fire hazards associated with oil. If estimated HTS wire
cost reductions from a new manufacturing facility are achieved and the wire
meets performance requirements, HTS transformers are projected to be cost
competitive with conventional transformers for a range of parameters
consistent with existing data and engineering estimates.
9.
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1The National Action Plan on Superconductivity Research and Development Annual Report for 1990,
Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, February 1991, p. 12.
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The implementation of these recommendations was mixed. The DOE HighTemperature Superconductivity for Electric Systems Program has led a decadelong effort that has made substantial progress on wire development and is now
focusing on second-generation wire to reduce cost. Through the SPI, the DOE
and a number of industrial concerns are jointly funding several HTS power
technology demonstration projects. However, by emphasizing compact
refrigeration and giving the lead to the DoD and NASA, the 1990 OSTP
recommendation led to the development of small and expensive custom
cryocoolers that are not appropriate for electric power systems.2 Thus, the need
still exists for development of affordable cryocoolers with multikilowatt capacity
to provide cooling for HTS power system components, such as cables and
transformers.
Based upon the analysis described in previous chapters, a 2002 action plan for
HTS power technologies should include the following recommendations:
The HTS R&D program should increase the emphasis on and support for the
development of cryocoolers with multikilowatt capacity that can be mass
produced. These cryocoolers should have an efficiency rating greater than
_________________
2Nisenoff, M., Status of DoD and Commercial Cryogenic Refrigerators, in Cryogenics Vision
Workshop for High-Temperature Superconducting Electric Power Systems Proceedings, U.S. Department of
Energy Superconductivity Program for Electric Systems, July 1999.
3Proceedings Coated Conductor Development Roadmapping WorkshopCharting Our Course, U.S.
Department of Energy Superconductivity for Electric Systems Program, January, 2001.
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todays range of 1420 percent of Carnot at the HTS-power-component
operating temperature.
The HTS R&D program should increase the emphasis on and the support for
the development of standards for HTS-power-component installation and
operation and increase the emphasis on and the support for training of
industrial staff members who will operate and maintain these installations.