Q1. Draw and explain the simple circuit of the starting system used in the automobile.

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Q2. Explain the earthed and insulated return system. Give the advantages and disadvantages
of positive and negative earthing.

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Q3. What is a open loop and close loop system? Explain them with the help of practical examples.

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Q4. Explain with the help of construction and working the difference between a Solenoid and
Relay? Where are they used in automobiles?

Q5.What is cranking motor and explain its role in automobile.

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Q6. Explain with examples the different types of resistive sensors.

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1. Potentiometer
2. Thermistor
3. Peizo-Resitive
Poteniometer: A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms an
adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable
resistor or rheostat.
A potentiometer measuring instrument is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric
potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio
equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in
a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since
the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant amounts of power (more than a watt or so).
Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (for example volume controls on audio
equipment), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light dimmer uses a
potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly to control the brightness of lamps.
Preset potentiometers are widely used throughout electronics wherever adjustments must be made during
manufacturing or servicing.

Applications:
Audio Control
Television
Computer Actuation
Thermistor: A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature,
more so than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are
widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and selfregulating heating elements.

Applications:
PTC thermistors were used as heater in automotive industry to provide additional heat inside cabin with
diesel engine or to heat diesel in cold climatic conditions before engine injection.
NTC thermistors are used as resistance thermometers in low-temperature measurements of the order of
10 K.

 NTC thermistors can be used as inrush-current limiting devices in power supply circuits. They present a
higher resistance initially which prevents large currents from flowing at turn-on, and then heat up and
become much lower resistance to allow higher current flow during normal operation. These thermistors
are usually much larger than measuring type thermistors, and are purposely designed for this application.
NTC thermistors are regularly used in automotive applications. For example, they monitor things like
coolant temperature and/or oil temperature inside the engine and provide data to the ECU and, indirectly,
to the dashboard.
NTC thermistors can be also used to monitor the temperature of an incubator.
Thermistors are also commonly used in modern digital thermostats and to monitor the temperature of
battery packs while charging.
PEIZO-RESISTIVE: A piezoresistive sensor is a device which makes use of changes in the resistivity of
certain semiconductor materials when subjected to mechanical stress to effect an electronic action. This
piezoresistive phenomenon is based on these materials tendency to undergo changes in their latent
resistive characteristics when flexed by exposure to pressure or stress. This causes a corresponding
change in any electrical current passing through the device which translates into a measurement or
readout. Semiconductor materials commonly used in piezoresistive devices are generally the same basic
metallic and silicone families used in most electronic components. These components are available with a
wide range of sensitivity characteristics to suit the requirements of diverse industries.
When certain semiconductor materials are exposed to mechanical stress, their resistivity, or basic ability
to oppose electrical current flow, changes. This change in the materials resistive character obviously
changes its specific resistance value. This, results in a rise or fall in any current passed through the device
which is then used to indicate or measure the stress involved. The piezoresistive effect is harnessed to
create a range of deflection sensitive semiconductor devices used to record and measure stress inducing
forces such as acceleration and pressure.

Q7. Draw and explain the simple circuit diagram of the coil ignition system for one cylinder of the
petrol Engine.

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Q8. Explain the principle, Construction and working of DC shunt generator.

Q9. Draw and explain the general layout of lighting system in Automobile.

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Q10. (A). Discuss the principle and operation of a lead acid battery. Explain the parameters of a
battery like:
1. Battery Ratings
2. Battery Capacities ans
3. Battery Efficiency

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Battery Ratings

Battery Capacities and Battery Efficiency

(B) Write short notes on :

1. Pressure sensor and their application in fuel injection system of automobile;

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A pressure sensor measures pressure, typically of gases or liquids. Pressure is an expression of the force required
to stop a fluid from expanding, and is usually stated in terms of force per unit area. A pressure sensor usually acts
as a transducer; it generates a signal as a function of the pressure imposed. For the purposes of this article, such a
signal is electrical.
Pressure sensors are used for control and monitoring in thousands of everyday applications. Pressure sensors can
also be used to indirectly measure other variables such as fluid/gas flow, speed, water level, and altitude. Pressure
sensors can alternatively be called pressure transducers, pressure transmitters, pressure senders, pressure
indicators and piezometers, manometers, among other names.
Pressure sensors can vary drastically in technology, design, performance, application suitability and cost. A
conservative estimate would be that there may be over 50 technologies and at least 300 companies making
pressure sensors worldwide.
There is also a category of pressure sensors that are designed to measure in a dynamic mode for capturing very
high speed changes in pressure. Example applications for this type of sensor would be in the measuring of
combustion pressure in an engine cylinder or in a gas turbine. These sensors are commonly manufactured out
of piezoelectric materials such as quartz.

2. Stepper motor and its applications

Ans : A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a
number of equal steps. The motor's position can then be commanded to move and hold at one of these steps
without any feedback sensor (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application.
Switched reluctance motors are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closedloop commutated.

 Stepping or stepper motors are motors that convert digital information to mechanical motion.
Stepper motors are different to regular d.c. motors in that they dont turn continuously, but
move in a series of steps.
A stepper motor is a motor controlled by a series of electromagnetic coils.
Stepper motors rotate in distinct steps and their position can be controlled by means of logic signals.

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