6:-Network Topology

A network topology describes the arrangement of systems on a computer

network . It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network are
arranged and connected to each other. Some common network topologies
include star, ring, line, bus, and tree configurations. These topologies are defined
below:
1.Star
- One central note is connected to each of the other nodes on a network. Similar
to a hub connected to the spokes in a wheel.
2.Ring - Each node is connected to exactly two other nodes, forming a ring. Can
be visualized as a circular configuration. Requires at least three nodes.
3.Line - Nodes are arranged in a line, where most nodes are connected to two
other nodes. However, the first and last node are not connected like they are in a
ring.
4.Bus- Each node is connected to a central bus that runs along the entire
network. All information transmitted across the bus can be received by any
system in the network.
5. Tree - One "root" node connects to other nodes, which in turn connect to other
nodes, forming a tree structure. Information from the root node may have to pass
through other nodes to reach the end nodes. It is helpful for a network
administrator to know the pros and cons of different network topologies when
putting together a network. By weighing the benefits of each type, the
administrator can choose the configuration that is most efficient for the
network's intended purpose.
7:- Why there is a trend toward cross-functional integrated enterprise systems in
business?

Cross-functional systems offer time benefits to organization by making things

and process to happen smoothly and in short period considering the value of
time which helps organization to be much time efficient and productive. Cross
functional system also allows an organization to become cost effective by
making things happen effectively and smoothly without errors in a very
systematic way. Quality savings in this system integration is very high in
compared to manually re-entering of data from one business function system
into another system in a non-integrated environment.
Cross-functional information systems are integrated combinations of business
information systems that share information resources across the functional units
of an organisation. Integrated systems allow the same data to be used for
multiple applications; information output from one function can easily become
data input to another function. Only one integrated database needs to be
maintained. Many organisations are using information technology to develop
integrated cross-functional enterprise systems that cross the boundaries of
traditional business functions in order to reengineer and improve

vital business processes all across the enterprise. These organisations view
cross-functional enterprise systems as a strategic way to use IT to share
information resources and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business
processes, thus helping an e-business attain its strategic objectives.