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MECHANICS
Similitude,
Similit
de Dimensional Analysis
Anal sis
Modeling
MAIN TOPICS
Dimensional Analysis
Buckingham Pi Theorem
Determination of Pi Terms
Comments about Dimensional Analysis
Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics
Correlation of Experimental Data
Modeling and Similitude
Typical Model Studies
Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equation
2
p l = f ( D , , , V )
9 Pressure drop per unit length depends on FOUR variables:
sphere size (D); speed (V); fluid density (); fluid viscosity
(m)
4
Series of Tests
Dp l
V 2
VD
L( F / L3 )
( FL 4 T 2 )( FT 1 ) 2
=& F0 L0T 0
VD ( FL4 T 2 )( LT 1 )( L)
0 0 0
=&
=
F
LT
2
( FL T )
dimensionless product or
dimensionless groups
Pi terms
9
u 1 = f ( u 2 , u 3 ,....., u k )
DMathematically, we can express the functional relationship
in the equivalent form
g ( u 1 , u 2 , u 3 ,....., u k ) = 0
Where g is an unspecified function, different from f.
10
g ( u 1 , u 2 , u 3 ,....., u k ) = 0
The k variables may be grouped into k-r independent
dimensionless products, or terms, expressible in
functional form by
1 = ( 2 , 3 , , , , k r )
or
( 1 , 2 , 3 , , , , k r ) = 0
r ?? ??
11
21
5 =
2 3
or
6 =
3/ 4
32
p l = f ( D, , , V )
16
17
18
19
20
1 =
p l D
V
21
b c
2 = D V
2 =
DV
22
1 =
p l D
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
&
&
2 =
=F L T =M L T
DV
23
p l D
V 2
=
DV
p l D
V
VD
25
26
D = f ( w , h , , , V )
>Step 1:List all the dimensional variables involved.
D,w,h, ,,V k=6 dimensional parameters.
>Step 2:Select primary dimensions M,L, and T. Express
each of the variables in terms of basic dimensions
D =& MLT 2
=& ML1T 1
w =& L
=& ML3
h =& L
V =& LT 1
27
28
1 =
D
2
w V
2 = hw a V b c = L ( L ) a ( LT 1 ) b ( ML 3 ) c = M 0 L0 T 0
M :c = 0
L : 1 + a + b 3c = 0
T:b=0
>> a = 1, b = 0, c = 0
h
2 =
w
29
3 =
wV
30
1 = ( 2 , 3 ), or
h
2 2
w V
w wV
D
31
33
Continued
35
36
38
= f (D, h, d , , E )
=L
D=L
h=L
d=L
= FL3 , = ML 2 T 2
E = FL 2 , E = ML1T 2
39
a 2 b2
1 = D
2 = hD
3 = dD a 3 b3
4 = ED a 4 b4
h d E
h
d
E
1 = , 2 = , 3 = , 4 =
= , ,
D
D
D
D
D
D D D
40
41
h D
L
M
2 2
LT
Pi term=4-3=1
FLT SYSTEM
M
T
h D
L
F
L3
F
L
Pi term=4-2=2
42
L
T
1
0
1
0
2 0
2 2
Rank=2 Pi term=4-2=2
FLT SYSTEM
h D
F
L
0
1
0
1
1
1
3 1
0
h
1 =
D
h
2 = 2
= 2
D
D
D
43
p l = f ( D, , , V )
Selecting D,V, and as
repeating variables:
p l D
VD
p l D 2
= 2
V
V 2
VD
= 1
44
VD
= 1
VD
p l D 2
= 2
V
'
2
a b
23
'
1 = 1 2 , 3
'
= 2 2 , 2
46
VD
= 1
p l D
V 2
p
D
VD
l
VD
p l D 2
= 2
V
47
48
2
2 2
V
V
L
2
>> Fr =
=
gL
gL
gL3
*
s
*
dVs
dVs V
dV
= Vs
=
Vs*
dt
ds
l
ds
Vs
V =
V
*
s
V 2 * dVs*
FI =
Vs
m
*
ds
l
s
s =
l
*
FI
V 2 * dVs* V 2
V
Fr =
Vs
=
*
FG
gl
ds
gl
gl
50
52
Euler number
p
p
Eu =
2
V
V 2
In honor of Leonhard Euler (1707~1783), a famous Swiss
mathematician who pioneered work on the relationship between
pressure and flow.
Eulers number is the ratio of pressure force to inertia forces. It is
often called the pressure coefficient, Cp.
53
Cavitation Number
pr pv
Ca =
1
V 2
2
For problems in which cavitation is of concern, the dimensionless
group ( p r p v ) / 12 V 2 is commonly used, where pv is the vapor
pressure and pr is some reference pressure.
The cavitation number is used in the study of cavitation phenomena.
The smaller the cavitation number, the more likely cavitation is to
occur.
54
V
Ma =
=
c
=V
E
E
V 2
Ma =
= Ca
E
2
56
57
58
59
60
61
1 = C
where C is a constant. The value of the constant must still be
determined by experiment.
62
63
D = f (d, V , )
D =& F
=& ML3
d =& L
=& FL2T
V =& LT 1
D
D = CVd
1 =
=C
Vd
For a given particle and fluids, the drag varies
DV
directly with the velocity
64
An empirical relationship is
valid over the range of 2.
Dangerous to
extrapolate beyond
valid range
65
67
69
1 = ( 2 , 3 , , , n )
1m = ( 2 m , 3 m , , , , nm )
where the form of the function will be the same as long
as the same phenomenon is involved in both the
prototype and the model.
2 = 2m
3 = 3 m ..... n = nm
1 = 1m
For prototype 1 = ( 2 , 3 , , , n )
For model
1m = ( 2 m , 3 m , , , , nm )
74
2 = 2m
3 = 3 m ..... n = nm
1 = 1m
75
=
f
1
F = f ( D , V , , )
V 2 D 2
BThe prototype and the model must have the same phenomenon.
VD
F
m Vm D m
Fm
= f1
= f1
2
2
2
2
m
m Vm D m
V D
prototype
BDesign conditions.
BThen
VD
VD
=
mod el
=
2 2
V 2 D 2
mod el V D
F
prototype
prototype
76
D = f (w , h , , , V )
w 2V 2
w Vw
= ,
BThe prototype and the model must have the same phenomenon.
Dm
w m 2 m Vm 2
w m m Vm w m
=
,
m
h
m
BDesign conditions.
BThen
D
2
w V
D
w 2V 2
w Vw
= ,
prototype
wm
w V w
Vw
= , m m m =
hm
h
m
Dm
w m 2 m Vm 2
w
>> D =
wm
V
Vm
D m
77
79
V =& LT 1
D =& L
H =& L
=& FL 4 T 2
=& ML 2 T
80
b1 c 1
1 = D V
3 = D a 3 V b3 c3
D
=
V
VD
=
2 = HD
a2
b2
c2
H
=
D
81
H VD
D
= ,
V
D
Strouhal number
82
VD m V m D m
=
Then.
Hm =
H
D m = ... = 60 mm
D
Vm =
m D
V = ... = 13 .9 m / s
m Dm
V Dm
=
m = ... = 29 .0 Hz
Vm D
83
Model Scales
The ratio of a model variable to the corresponding
prototype variable is called the scale for that variable.
Length Scale
l1
l
l
l
= 1m l = 1m = 2 m
l 2 l 2m
l1
l2
Velocity Scale
Vm
V =
V
Density Scale
m
=
Viscosity Scale
84
Distorted Models
In many model studies, to achieve dynamic similarity
requires duplication of several dimensionless groups.
In some cases, complete dynamic similarity between
model and prototype may not be attainable. If one or more
of the similarity requirements are not met, for example,
if 2 2 m , then it follows that the prediction equation
1 = 1m is not true; that is, 1 1m
MODELS for which one or more of the similarity
requirements are not satisfied are called DISTORTED
MODELS.
86
Re m
Vm
( gl m )
1/ 2
= Fr p =
Vp
( g l p )1 / 2
Vp l p
Vm l m
=
= Re p =
m
p
Froude numbers
Reynolds numbers
Vm l m
=
Vp l p
1/ 2
87
m l m
=
p l p
l m l m
=
l p l p
89
Re m
Vm
(g m l m )
1/ 2
= Fr p =
Vp
( g p l p )1 / 2
p Vp l p
m Vm l m
=
= Re p =
m
p
Froude numbers
Reynolds numbers
Vm l m
=
Vp l p
1/ 2
l
90
m /p lp
lm
=
p / m l m
lp
Vm
=
Vp
3/2
m /p
p /m
m
p
92
93
m
l im l m m
=
=
=
= l
lm l
li
l
=
=
V
m l m
m
If the same fluid is used, then
m
l
=
=1
lm
Vm
l
=
Vm = V / l
V
lm
95
Vm > V
l < 1
96
p
V 2
p =
m
Vm
p m In general p p m
97
98
Vm D m VD
V
D
=
m =
V Dm
m
Q m Vm A m
Dm
=
= ... =
Q
VA
D
(3/12ft)
3
Qm =
( 30 ft / s ) = 3 .75 cfs
(2ft)
99
100
Dependent pi term= , ,
l l
101
CD =
1
V 2 l 2
2
m
l im l m m
=
=
=
= l
lm l
li
l
102
=
=
=
V
m l m
lm
m
1
V 2 l 2
2
Dm
1
m Vm 2 l m 2
2
D=
m
Vm
lm
D m
Vm
l
=
Vm = V / l
The same fluid is used, then
lm
V
103
104
105
106
107
m Vm l m Vl
=
Vm l m
108
pm m
=
= 10
p
D
Dm
=
2
2
2
2
1
1
2 V l
2 m Vm l m
D = ...
109
110
Dependent pi term= i , ,
,
,
l l
gl
V
gl
gm = g
Vm
=
V
lm
= l
l
114
=
=
V
m l m
lm
m
m
3/ 2
= ( l )
=
=
=
l
2
/
m
V l
117
119
120
121
wm
20m
=
= 1.33m
15
Vm
gml m
V
gl
gm = g
Vm
=
V
lm
= l
l
122
Q m Vm A m
=
=
Q
VA
Q m = ( l )
5/ 2
lm lm
l l
Q = ... = 0.143m / s
V
l tm
=
Vm l m t
tm
V lm
=
= l
t
Vm l
123
=
+ 2 +
u
+v
2
x
x
y
y
2v 2v
v
p
v
=
g + 2 +
+v
u
x
y
y
y 2
x
Has dimensions of
force/volume
124
x
l
y* =
y
l
u V u *
=
x
l x *
u* =
u
V
2u
x 2
v* =
v
V
=
x
p* =
p
p0
t* =
2 *
u
V
= 2
x l x *2
u
x
v
y
=0
125
Reynolds number
p 0 p 2 u 2 u
l u
u
u
= 2 +
+v
2 + 2
V + u
y
x
t
V x
Vl x
y
p 0 p gl 2 v 2 v
l v
v
v
= 2 2 +
+v
2 + 2
V + u
y
x
t
V Vl x
V y
y
Strouhal number
Euler number
127