Is There A Difference Unit Portfolio

Part 1: Unit Summary

Learning Statement
Tell the story of how you made sense of the different concepts throughout this unit. Be sure to hit all
of the following talking points, and include all activities/worksheets that are applicable. Y
ou must use
artifacts (worksheet, turn-in assignments, notes, class discussions) from this unit as evidence.
1. Discuss the concept of sample, population, hypothesis, null hypothesis and sample fluctuation
(Assignments: Try This Case, Who Gets Measles, Who Gets As, Quality of the Investigation,
Two Different Differences, Changing The Difference, Questions Without Answers, The
Dunking

Principle).
2. Discuss how to use standard deviation and normal distribution to determine whether a
difference is significant. (Assignments: Mean and Standard Deviation Problem Set, Bacterial
Culture, Decisions With Deviation)
3. Discuss how to calculate 2 and how it can be used to measure weirdness. ( Assignments:
How Does 2 Work?, Measuring Weirdness With 2 , A Probability Table, Late In the Day)
4. Discuss how to use proportional reasoning to determine expected values in a two population
case. (Assignments: What Would You expect?, Whos Absent?, Big and Strong, and
Delivering Results).
5. Discuss how to apply 2 to a two population and theoretical model problem. ( Assignments:
Paper or Plastic, Is it Really Worth It, Two Different Differences-Revisited)
Part 1: Unit Summary Answers Here
Beautiful examples (Your assignment work here!
Evidence)

Amazing Narratives ( Answers to each of the

Discussion Questions)
1. Discuss the concept of sample,
population, hypothesis, null hypothesis
and sample fluctuation

Sample population is when a group of units is

selected from total population and when you
study the sample population you expected to
draw valid conclusions about the total population
A hypothesis is an educated guess, to simplify
you make a hypothesis to guess what would
happen in the test based on the information that
you are given.

Null hypothesis: t he hypothesis that proves that

there is no significant difference between
specified populations, any observed difference
being due to sampling.
The idea that if you take a random sample from
a large populations the data gathered from the
sample will result in the same function/variation
that was collected. Not all functions/variations
will be the same

x-x

x-x

(x-x)^2

5-11

-6

36

8-11

-3

10

10-11

-1

14

14-11

18

18-11

49

Robertos
coins

Heads

Tails

Total

O-573
E-500

O-427
E-500

1000

Expected is 500 because half 1000

is 500.

2.Discuss how to use standard deviation and

normal distribution to determine whether a
difference is significant.
You can use standard deviation and normal
distribution to determine whether a difference is
important or not by finding the mean of your
data you can do this by taking the sum of the
standard deviation divided by the number o the
standard deviation. To get the sum of your data
you would add up all of your data then you will
divide that number by the amount of numbers
that are in your data. For example 5,8,10,14,18
when added is equal to 55 then you divide that
by 5 because as shown above the data given
consists of 5 numbers. When you divide 55 by 5
you get the number 11 and that number
becomes your standard deviation. You then use
the SD to find the difference between each data.

3. Discuss how to calculate 2 and how it can be

used to measure weirdness.
You can calculate the 2 value by using chi
squared value. Which is 2 =(observedexpected over expected ) 2 + (observed expected over expected) 2 For this part you just
plug in the numbers that you already have. To

get your expected value you divide the observed

number by the total. 2 = (573-500) 2 over 500+
(427-500) 2 over 500= 21.3 . To get the
percentage difference, you use an 2 probability
table. For example in the two different
differences problem where we had to calculate
weather roberto's brothers coin was biased in
the favor of heads. We used the chi squared
equation to get the value of 2 which is 21.3,
Using your 2 probability table you find the
number closest to your chi squared value but
given our knowledge that the probability of
getting 21.3 or higher is zero. We just measured
its weirdness. In this problem for the head
portion, the observed was larger than the
expected and this results in a strange answer
such as 21.3.

observed values:
Got Sick

Not Sick

Total

Vaccinated

10

90

100

Not
Vaccinated

50

250

300

Total

60

340

400

Expected:
100 ) 60 = 15
Vaccinated -Got Sick = ( 400
100 ) 340 = 85
Vaccinated -Not Sick = ( 400
300 ) 60 = 45
Not Vaccinated -Got Sick = ( 400
300 340 = 255
Not Vaccinated -Not Sick = ( 400
)
There for our expected values are:
Got Sick

Not Sick

Total

Vaccinated

15

85

100

Not
Vaccinated

45

255

300

Total

60

340

400

4. Discuss how to use proportional reasoning to

determine expected values in a two population
case. You can use proportional reasoning to
determine expected value by finding the total of
the first population and divide it by the
population overall and multiply it by the total of
one of the populations you are comparing
against. For example In the what would you
expect problem we gathered the observed
values which then using the procedure stated
above allows you to find/determine the expected
value for each of your observed values.

5. Discuss how to apply 2 to a two

population and theoretical model problem.

5. Discuss how to apply 2 to a two population

and theoretical model problem.

In applying chi-squared to a two population

problem we simply take the two separate
chi-squares and add them together. For
example:

You can use 2 in a two population and

theoretical model problem by extending the
original equation 2 = (observed-expected) 2
over expected + (observed-expected) 2 over
expected. The original equation has 2 steps but
depending on what type of problem you are
working on you can adjust the equation to work
with our academic needs for example in the To
Market, To market problem we are asked to
find the expected value for all of the numbers.
The process looks similar to the example shown
on the left. the next thing you would do is plug in
your equation which would be 2 = (54-52.2) 2
over 52.2 + (33-34.8) 2 over 34.8 +(36-37.8) 2
over 37.8+ (27-25.2) 2 over 25.2 which equals
0.369458 and you will look for that number on
the 2 probability table which is 0.527089 and
you round that number to get your percentage of
probability which is 54%

(observedexpected) 2
expected

+ (observedexpected)
expected

In a theoretical model problem, since we already

know the expected values, for example a coin
flip, we already know the expect is 50/50 since
there is only to outcomes, we would use that as
our expected and continue solving fro
chi-squared.

Part 2: Putting it all together

How do you determine whether there is difference, statistically, between two samples from two
populations? Put another way how do you know that the difference isnt just sample fluctuation?
- Anonymous Visitor

How would you respond?

THE END