CHAPTER 1

Introduction to
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Basic Communication System

Baseband and Modulated Signal
Modulation
Analog and Digital Signal

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this chapter, the learner will be able to:

1. Explain the principles of a communication systems
2. Discuss the nature of information, different types of
signals involved and their characteristics
3. Make the distinction between analog and digital signal
4. Determine the need of modulation and differentiate
various type of modulation techniques

What is
COMMUNICATION
?

communication

Communication : To transfer
information from one place to another

communication

Communication : To transfer
information from one place to another

communication

Communication : To transfer
information from one place to another

misscommunication
Teri

What is
INFORMATION
?

Information is a sequence of
symbols that can be interpreted as
INFORMATION a message.
Information can be recorded as
signs, or transmitted as signals.

I love you
I am hungry
This is very easy

How do you want to send data/information to someone?

People communicated by
natural senses of hearing
(and sight).

10

How do you want to send data/information to someone?

People communicated by
natural senses of sight.

11

How do you want to send data/information to someone

who is far from you?

12

Now,
COMMUNICATION OVER LONG DISTANCES is very easy.

13

How do you want to send data/information to someone

who is far from you?

NOW.. Various communication technology

are available and ready to help us

14

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HISTORY

1837 Samuel Morse invented telegraph.

1858 First telegraph cable across Atlantic (Canada Ireland)
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
1988 Heinrich Hertz introduce electromagnetic field theory.
1897 Marconi invented wireless telegraph.
1906 Radio communication system was invented.
1923 Television was invented.
1938 Radar and microwave was invented for World War II.
1950 TDM was invented.
1956 First telephone cable was installed across Atlantic.
1960 Laser was invented
1962 Satellite communication
1969 Internet DARPA
1970 Corning Glass invented optical fiber.
1975 Digital telephone was introduced.
1985 Facsimile machine.
1988 Installation of fiber optic cable across Pacific and Atlantic.
1990 World Wide Web and Digital Communication.
1998 Digital Television.
15

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HISTORY

1837 Samuel Morse invented telegraph.

PR
1858 First telegraph cable across Atlantic (Canada Ireland)
Sesuai akhiran NIM
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
1988 Heinrich Hertz introduce electromagnetic field theory.
1897 Marconi invented wireless telegraph. 0 Telegraph
1 Telephone
1906 Radio communication system was invented.
2 Electromagnetic
1923 Television was invented.
3 World
RadioWar II.
1938 Radar and microwave was invented for
4 Television
1950 TDM was invented.
5 Radar
1956 First telephone cable was installed across
Atlantic.
6 Microwave
1960 Laser was invented
7 Laser
1962 Satellite communication
8 Satellite
1969 Internet DARPA
1970 Corning Glass invented optical fiber. 9 Facsimile
1975 Digital telephone was introduced.
1 lembar tulis tangan
1985 Facsimile machine.
masukkan
loker
1988 Installation of fiber optic cable acrossrapi,
Pacific
and Atlantic.
1990 World Wide Web and Digital Communication.
dpn elektro,
1998 Digital Television.
Deadline Selasa
27
16

Sep 2016 pkl 17:00

TELE..

(TELE)communication

The words "tele", "phon", and "graph" are derived from

Greek.
Tele means at a distance
Phon means sound or speech
Graph - means writing or drawing
Therefore, telecommunication means communication at a
distance.
This can be done through wires called transmission lines or
through atmosphere by a radio link (wireless). Other
examples include:
Telephone speaking at a distance
Telegraph writing at a distance
Television seeing at a distance

17

Basic Communication System

18

Input
Transducer

Transmitter

Transmission
Medium

Output
Transducer

Receiver

wired / wireless

Sending end

Receiving end

Components in Basic Communication System

Input Transducer convert input signal in electrical forms. eg:

microphone.

Transmitter involve modulation process and finally transmit the

signal.

Transmission medium connecting the transmitter and the receiver

that enable the modulated signal propagate through the medium.

Receiver receive the modulated signal and then convert the signal to
modulating signal through the process called demodulation.

Output Transducer convert the modulating signal to its original

forms (output signal) that is useful to the users. eg: loud speaker.

19

Input
Transducer

Transmitter

Transmission
Medium

Output
Transducer

Receiver

wired / wireless

Sending end

Receiving end

Components in Basic Communication System

Input Transducer convert input signal in electrical forms. eg:

microphone.

Transmitter involve modulation process and finally transmit the

signal.

Transmission medium connecting the transmitter and the receiver

that enable the modulated signal propagate through the medium.

Receiver receive the modulated signal and then convert the signal to
modulating signal through the process called demodulation.

Output Transducer convert the modulating signal to its original

forms (output signal) that is useful to the users. eg: loud speaker.

Why need
modulation in
transmitter?

20

Why need
modulation in
transmitter?

ILLUSTRATION

Highway is available for you to move

from City A to City B

How do you do to move ?

Highway is available for you to move

from City A to City B

BASEBAND

Just walk on the highway,

5km/h

Highway is available for you to move

from City A to City B

BASEBAND

Use your legs, 5km/h

Highway is available for you to move

from City A to City B

MODULATED

Use bicycle, 20 km/h

Highway is available for you to move

from City A to City B

Use car, 120 km/h

MODULATED

BASEBAND

The signal is in its original form, not changed by modulation.

Baseband is transmission of signal at its original frequencies.

BASEBAND

Data

Electrical

(nonelectrical)

Waveform

The signal is in its original form, not changed by modulation.

Baseband is transmission of signal at its original frequencies.

Baseband and modulated signal

WHAT IS CARRIER ?
Carrier
Transmitted
signal
Transmitter

Information to
be transmitted
(Bas eband signal)

Received
signal
Channel

Receiver

Recovery of
information

WHAT IS CARRIER ?
Transferring information at high frequency

illustration:
Motorcycle/Car/bus is CARRIER to bring the
person (information) travel via high speed toll

31

Carrier

Modulated signal
Transmitted
signal

Transmitter

Information to
be transmitted
(Bas eband signal)

Received
signal
Channel

Receiver

Recovery of
information

WHAT IS MODULATION ?

3 signals in modulation
Modulating signal

Modulated signal

Carrier signal

MODULATION
Process of changing some properties of the
information sources into suitable form for
transmission through the physical
medium/channel
It is performed in the transmitter by
a device called Modulator.

DEMODULATION
Reverse process of modulation by
converting the modulated information
sources back to its original information (it
removes the information from the carrier
signal).
It is performed in the receiver by
a device called Demodulator.

34

Modulation
Transferring information
at high frequency

modulation

35

Human voice frequencies in

the studio contain signals
between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz

modulation
Broadcast
frequency
AM Radio
: 531-1611 Hz
FM Radio
: 88-108 MHz
Cellular, GSM: 900/1800 MHz
Satellite
: 30 GHz
36

THE NEED OF MODULATION

1. Channel assignment (various

information sources are not always
suitable for direct transmission over
a given channel)

(human voice can be transmit using);

Channel for radio
Channel for television
Channel for telephone

37

THE NEED OF MODULATION

2. Permits frequency division

multiplexing

(human voice can be transmit using);

Channel for radio (RAMADA FM, UNISI FM, MBS FM, MQ FM,.)

38

THE NEED OF MODULATION

3. Higher frequency can give more

efficient transmission
4. Reduce noise & interference. Need
to manage the frequency usage
5. Overcome equipment limitation.
Select the proper
equipment/frequency

39

TYPE OF MODULATION

Example:
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)

40

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
HIGH frequency

LOW frequency

41

FREQUENCY
MODULATION
PM and
FM of sine-wave signal
HIGH frequency
Carrier

LOW frequency
Modulating
signal

FM

PM

42

43

TYPE OF MODULATION

44

PHASE SHIFT

difference or change in the

initial phase.

Detail of AM, FM, PM

CHAPTER 2: AM
2.1 Various Types of AM,
2.2 Voltage, Power, Modulation Index and Efficiency
2.3 Time, Frequency Domain Waveform and Bandwidth
2.4 Double Side Band, Single Side Band and Vestigial Side Band,
Suppressed Carrier AM
2.5 AM, DSB, SSB Modulator/Demodulator
2.6 SHF Receiver
2.7 Noise in AM System

Chapter 3: FM, PM

3.1 Angle Modulation: FM and PM

3.2 Advantage of FM Over AM
3.3 FM: Narrowband and Wide Band
3.4 Bessel Function, Bandwidth, Frequency
Deviation, Power, Index Modulation
3.5 FM Modulator/Demodulator
3.6 Pre-Emphasize/De-Emphasize
3.7 Noise Effect on FM

Analog form such as Human Voice or Music

Analog signal
Various in a smooth way over time

Digital signal
Maintains a constant level then changes to
another constant level

Digital form such as binary-coded number

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Analog signal

Digital signal
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 010101010101

PCM
Sampling
Quantization
Coding

Analog

ADC

RZ,
NRZ,
AMI
Line coding

ASK,
FSK,
PSK
Digital
transmission

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Sampling
Quantization
Coding

Analog

ADC

RZ,
NRZ,
AMI
Line coding

ASK,
FSK,
PSK
Digital
transmission

WILL BE DISCUSSED IN CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 4: DIGITAL MODULATION

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

Types of Digital Modulation

Pulse Modulation
Binary Modulation (Shift Keying Modulation)
Pulse Code Modulation
- Sampling; Nyquists Theorem
- Quantization; Uniform/Non-Uniform
- Coding
Delta Modulation, DPCM, ADPCM
Line Coding: Manchester, NRZ, ..
Multiplexing; FDM, TDM
Noise in Digital System (bit error rate)

Some applications of
Communication system

CHAPTER 5

51

CHAPTER 5: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

Telephone Network
Cellular System
Microwave radio systems
Optical Fiber Communication
Satellite Communication
Data communications and Networks

CLASS A

Quiz#0 Tuesday 6 Sept 2016

Answer Paper NOT FOUND

10022021

WISNU AGUNG KURNIAWAN

1500022006 TRISNO WIDHIANTO

1500022032 NANANG SAMUDRA
53

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HISTORY

1837 Samuel Morse invented telegraph.

PR#1
1858 First telegraph cable across Atlantic (Canada Ireland)
Sesuai akhiran NIM
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
1988 Heinrich Hertz introduce electromagnetic field theory.
1897 Marconi invented wireless telegraph. 0 Telegraph
1 Telephone
1906 Radio communication system was invented.
2 Electromagnetic
1923 Television was invented.
3 World
RadioWar II.
1938 Radar and microwave was invented for
4 Television
1950 TDM was invented.
5 Radar
1956 First telephone cable was installed across
Atlantic.
6 Microwave
1960 Laser was invented
7 Laser
1962 Satellite communication
8 Satellite
1969 Internet DARPA
1970 Corning Glass invented optical fiber. 9 Facsimile
1975 Digital telephone was introduced.
1 lembar tulis tangan
1985 Facsimile machine.
masukkan
loker
1988 Installation of fiber optic cable acrossrapi,
Pacific
and Atlantic.
1990 World Wide Web and Digital Communication.
dpn elektro,
1998 Digital Television.
Deadline Kamis
29
54

Sep 2016 pkl 17:00

CLASS A
PR#1 (Collect time) Tuesday 27 Sept 2016 18:00
Answer Paper NOT FOUND
10022021
WISNU AGUNG KURNIAWAN
12022032
AHMAD SYAFII
1500022001 FIRDA ANDRIYAN

1500022004 SUTRISNO AJI

1500022006
1500022012
1500022013
1500022032

TRISNO WIDHIANTO
YOGO PARANTO AJI
BONDAN WINURSITO
NANANG SAMUDRA

1500022036
IVAN TRIYATNO
1500022049 SYAHID AL IRFAN

55

CLASS B
PR#1 (Collect time) Thursday 29 Sept 2016 18:00
Answer Paper NOT FOUND

1500022087

SUDARSONO HADI SAPUTRO

TYPE OF MODULATION

Example:
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)

57

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
HIGH frequency

LOW frequency

58

FREQUENCY
MODULATION
PM and
FM of sine-wave signal
HIGH frequency
Carrier

LOW frequency
Modulating
signal

FM

PM

59

60

TYPE OF MODULATION

61

PHASE SHIFT

difference or change in the

initial phase.

Now
Refreshing

What is Wavelength ?
What is Frequency ?

62

Wavelength () = 1 cycle of signal 63

Unit; meter (m)

Unit is meter (m)

5m

10m

Wavelength () = 10m

15m

64

Unit is meter (m)

?
Wavelength () =

10ms ??

65

Unit is meter (m)

?
Wavelength () = 10ms

66

Frequency (f) =

67

Frequency (f) is rate of change of signal

or number of cycles per second.
Unit : Hertz (Hz)

68

Frequency (f) is rate of change of signal

or number of cycles per second.
Unit : Hertz (Hz)

69

Frequency (f) is rate of change of signal

or number of cycles per second.
Unit : Hertz (Hz)

70

Frequency (f) is rate of change of signal

or number of cycles per second.
Unit : Hertz (Hz)

71

RECALL.

1 cycle of signal (in meter) = Wavelength ()

72

FREQUENCY

WAVELENGTH

where c = speed of light.

73

Exercise
1

RAMADA FM work at 107,7 MHz.

Whats the wavelength.

LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCY =

LONGER AND SHORTER WAVELENGTH

75

Now..,,
we go to Chapter 1 part 2

76

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Basic Communication System

Baseband and Modulated Signal
Modulation
Analog and Digital Signal

part 2
1.5 Frequency Spectrum, Bandwidth
1.6 Propagation Techniques
1.7 Noise

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
It consists of all frequencies contained
in the waveform and their respective
amplitude in the frequency domain.
Philosophy;
Need to assign the specific frequency for
respective purpose to avoid overlap

78

Philosophy;
Need to assign the specific frequency for
respective purpose to avoid overlap

79

Philosophy;
Need to assign the specific frequency for
respective purpose to avoid overlap

80

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Very Low
Frequency
VLF

Medium
Frequency
MF

Telephone
Telegraph

VHF TV and FM

1kHz

100MHz

Extra High
Frequency
EHF

?
Satellite-satellite
Microwave relay
Earth-satellite
Radar

1015Hz

Wavelength

application

Frequency
81

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared

Extra High
Frequency
EHF
Super High
Frequency
SHF
Ultra High
Frequency
UHF
Very High
Frequency
VHF
High
Frequency
HF
Medium
Frequency
MF
Low
Frequency
LF
Very Low
Frequency
VLF

Laser beam

Propagation
modes
Skywave
radio
Groundwave
radio

Frequency
designations
Audio

Transmission
media
Line-of-sight
radio

Optical Fiber

Waveguide
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair
Cable

Wavelength
10-6m
1cm
10cm
1m
10m
100m
1km
10km

100km

10GHz

1G0Hz

1014Hz

1015Hz

Frequency

Telephone
Telegraph

Aeronautical
Submarine cable
Navigation
Transoceanic radio

AM broadcasting

CB radio
Amateur radio

Mobil radio

UHF TV
Mobil and Aeronautical
VHF TV and FM

82

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

1MHz

10MHz

100MHz

Broadband PCS
Wireless communication 1GHz
Cellular, Pager

Satellite-satellite
Microwave relay
Earth-satellite
Radar

Wideband data

Representative
applications

SPECTRUM

FM Broadcasting

88-108MHz
Very High
Frequency
VHF

Frequency
84

BANDWIDTH
It is the difference between the highest
frequencies and the lowest frequencies of
the input signal frequencies.

85

ACOUSTIC SPECTRUM (ANALOG)

Speech spectrum = 100Hz to 7kHz, bandwidth = 6900 Hz

Telephone spectrum =
300Hz to 3400Hz,
bandwidth = 3100 Hz

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared

Extra High
Frequency
EHF
Super High
Frequency
SHF
Ultra High
Frequency
UHF
Very High
Frequency
VHF
High
Frequency
HF
Medium
Frequency
MF
Low
Frequency
LF
Very Low
Frequency
VLF

Laser beam

Propagation
modes
Skywave
radio
Groundwave
radio

Frequency
designations
Audio

Transmission
media
Line-of-sight
radio

Optical Fiber

Waveguide
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair
Cable

Wavelength
10-6m
1cm
10cm
1m
10m
100m
1km
10km

100km

10GHz

1G0Hz

1014Hz

1015Hz

Frequency

Telephone
Telegraph

Aeronautical
Submarine cable
Navigation
Transoceanic radio

AM broadcasting

CB radio
Amateur radio

Mobil radio

UHF TV
Mobil and Aeronautical
VHF TV and FM

87

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

1MHz

10MHz

100MHz

Broadband PCS
Wireless communication 1GHz
Cellular, Pager

Satellite-satellite
Microwave relay
Earth-satellite
Radar

Wideband data

Representative
applications

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM (GUIDED)

Twisted pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Coaxial

Fiber Optic

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM (UNGUIDED

)
Infra red
microwave
Satellite
88

Ultraviolet
Visible

Infrared

Extra High
Frequency
EHF

Waveguide
Coaxial Cable

Super High
Frequency
SHF
Ultra High
Frequency
UHF
Very High
Frequency
VHF
High
Frequency
HF
Medium
Frequency
MF
Low
Frequency
LF
Very Low
Frequency
VLF
Audio

Line-of-sight
radio
Skywave
radio
Groundwave
radio

10m
100m
1km
10km

100km

applications

1014Hz

1G0Hz

10GHz

10MHz

100MHz

CB radio
Amateur radio

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

1MHz

Telephone
Telegraph

Aeronautical
Submarine cable
Navigation
Transoceanic radio

AM broadcasting

Mobil radio

UHF TV
Mobil and Aeronautical
VHF TV and FM

Broadband PCS
Wireless communication 1GHz
Cellular, Pager

Satellite-satellite
Microwave relay
Earth-satellite
Radar

1015Hz

1 page A4, tulis

tangan rapi,
Frequency
masukkan
locker,
Deadline Kamis 6 Oct
89
2016 pkl 15:00

Wideband data

Frequency
0 Ultraviolet
designations
1 Infrared
2 VLF
Transmission
3 Optical
LFFiber
media
4 MF
Propagation
5 Laser
HF
beam
modes
6 VHF
7 UHF
8 SHF
9 EHF
Representative
Twisted Pair
Cable

Wavelength

1m

10cm

1cm

PR#2
10-6m akhiran NIM
Sesuai

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

CLASS A

PR#2 (Collected) Tuesday 04 Oct 2016

Answer Paper NOT FOUND

No
Std ID
1 10022021
3 1300022024
9 1500022006
25 1500022032
29 1500022036

Name
Quiz1 PR1
WISNU AGUNG KURNIAWAN none none
5
5
HARIST FADHLI
none none
TRISNO WIDHIANTO
none none
NANANG SAMUDRA
5
none
IVAN TRIYATNO

PR2
none
none
none
none
none
90

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Basic Communication System

Baseband and Modulated Signal
Modulation
Analog and Digital Signal

part 2
1.5 Frequency Spectrum, Bandwidth
1.6 Propagation Techniques
1.7 Noise

PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES
A signal can be propagated in 3 ways:
1. Ground-Wave Propagation
Frequency < 2 MHz
2. Sky-Wave Propagation
Frequency between 2 MHz and 30 MHz
3. Line-of-Sight Propagation
Frequency > 30 MHz

92

GROUND-WAVE PROPAGATION

93

SKY-WAVE PROPAGATION

94

LINE-OF-SIGHT PROPAGATION

95

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION

Simplex
One way transmission
Half-Duplex
Two way transmission but only one user can
transmit the signal at one time.
Full-Duplex
Two way transmission, both users can transmit the
signal at the same time.

96

Simplex

Simplex: One direction only

HALF-DUPLEX

Both directions,
but only one direction at a time

FULL-DUPLEX

send and receive both directions at once

Sir, our children are very smart.

Why this subject is very simple, .

100

Meter-deci-centi-mili-micro
1 Meter = 10 decimeter
1 Meter = 100 centimeter

1 Bel = 10 decibel

101

What is decibel ?

102

1 Bel = 10 decibel
DECIBEL

decibel is a relative unit of measurement used frequently in

electronic communications to describe power gain or loss
This equation is commonly referred to as the power ratio form for
dB.

P1 = input power level

P2= output power level

103

R constant

DECIBEL

104

To calculate the ratio of 1 kW (one kilowatt, or

1000 watts) to 1 W in decibels, use the formula

To calculate the ratio of 1 mW (one milliwatt) to

10 W in decibels, use the formula

DECIBEL

decibel is a relative unit of measurement used frequently in

electronic communications to describe power gain or loss

What is GAIN ?
What is LOSS ?

106

GAIN
Amplifiers can be used to provide a gain in signal
strength (the decibel is a measure of the difference
in two power levels).
Gain;
GdB= 10 x log10 (Pout/Pin)

Pin = P1 = input power level

Pout= P2 = output power level

GAIN, LOSS
Loss
Gain is usually as a positive value,
if the result is negative it is considered as a negative
gain or (positive) loss.
Remember
Gain GdB= 10 x log10 (Pout/Pin)
Loss LdB= - 10 x log10 (Pout/Pin)

LdB= 10 x log10 (Pin/Pout)

Example;
A signal with a power level of 10 mW is inserted
onto a transmission line and the measured power
some distance away is 5 mW. Calculate the loss!
Answer;
LdB= ?

Example;
A signal with a power level of 10 mW is inserted
onto a transmission line and the measured power
some distance away is 5 mW. Calculate the loss!
Answer;
Loss LdB= 10 x log10 (Pin/Pout)

LdB= 10 x log10 (10/5)

LdB= 10 x (0.3) = 3 dB

Exercise
2

Pin = 10 mW, Pout = 5 mW LdB = 3 dB

Pin = 500 mW, Pout = 250 mW LdB = ?

Loss = 3dB Power DECREASE x

3 dB
To find the power ratio corresponding to a 3 dB
change in level, use the formula

Gain = 3dB Power INCREASE 2x

link

link
amp

Exercise
3

Example;
The overall gain for a point-to-point system can be
calculated by adding component dB values.
System Gain = link 1 + amplifier+ link 2
= -12 dB + 35 dB + -10 dB
= 13 dB
If input power level = 4 mW, calculate output power!

Answer;
Pout = ?

System Gain = 13 dB
If input power level = 4 mW, calculate output power!
GdB = 13dB
13 = 10 log10 (Pout/Pin)
13 =10 log10 (Pout/4mW)
1.3 = log10 (Pout/4mW)
101.3 = Pout/4mW
Pout = 79.8 mW

PIN

POUT

ABSOLUTE POWER LEVELS (1 W AS A

REFERENCE)
Example;

1 W is equivalent to

1000 W is equivalent to

1 mW is equivalent to

Quiz# 2
Do it Now
Question ----for std with end of ID 1,3,5,7,9
A signal with a power level of 10 mW is received
from 30 km transmission line with 5 dB/km of loss.
Calculate transmitted power level in the
transmitter.

Question ----for std with end of ID 0,2,4,6,8

A signal with a power level of 20 mW is received
from 40 km transmission line with 6 dB/km of loss.
Calculate transmitted power level in the
transmitter.

BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

mtx(t)
Input
Transducer

Transmitter

prx(t)

ptx(t)
Transmission
Medium

mrx(t)
Output
Transducer

Receiver

wired / wireless

s(t)

r(t)
Noise

s(t)
r(t)

n(t)

Input signal at sending end; audio, video, image, data etc.

Output signal at receiving end.

mtx(t) Modulating signal; input signal that has been converted to electrical
signal.
ptx(t) Modulated signal transmit by the transmitter.
prx(t) Modulated signal receive by the receiver.
mrx(t) Modulating signal at the receiver.
n(t)

Noise signal.

118

NOISE

What is noise ?

NOISE
Additional unwanted/undesired signals inserted
between transmission and reception.
Noise
1.
2.
3.
4.

categories;
Thermal noise
Intermodulation noise
Crosstalk
Impulse noise

THERMAL NOISE
Thermal noise is due to thermal agitation of
electrons.
Present in all electronic devices and transmission
media and a function of temperature.
Uniformly distributed across the bandwidths and
often referred as white noise.
Can not to be eliminated
Significant for satellite communication.

White noise draws its name from white

light in which the power spectral density
of the light is distributed over the visible
band in such a way that the eye's three
color receptors (cones) are approximately
equally stimulated.

THERMAL NOISE
No = kT

(W/Hz)

No = noise power density in watts per 1 Hz of bandwidth

k = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
T = temperature in kelvins (absolute temperature)

Thermal noise in B Hz bandwidth;

N = kTB
(dBW)
N = 10 log10k + 10 log10T + 10 log10 B
N = -228.6 dBW + 10 log10T + 10 log10 B

THERMAL NOISE
Example 1
Room temperature is usually specified as T = 170C or
290 K.
Thermal noise power density;
No = kT
No = (1.38 x 10-23) x 290
No = 4 x 10-21 W/Hz

THERMAL NOISE
Example 2
Given a receiver with an effective noise temperature
of 294 K and a 10 MHz bandwidth, the thermal noise
level at the receivers output is ..
N=?

THERMAL NOISE
Example 2
Given a receiver with an effective noise temperature
of 294 K and a 10 MHz bandwidth, the thermal noise
level at the receivers output is ..
N = kTB
N = 10 log10k + 10 log10T + 10 log10 B
N = -228.6 dBW + 10 log10T + 10 log10 B
N = -228.6 + 10 log10 294 + 10 log10 107
N = -133.9 dBW

THERMAL NOISE

Exercise
4

An analog signal transmitted using digital

transmission for 2km distance. The media
contributes 6dB/km of attenuation in the
temperature of 17 degree Celcius.
Calculate thermal noise level if the
bandwidth is 10MHz!

THERMAL NOISE
An analog signal transmitted using digital
transmission for 2km distance. The media
contributes 6dB/km of attenuation in the
temperature of 17 degree Celcius.
Calculate thermal noise level if the bandwidth is
10MHz!
N
N
N
N
N

=
=
=
=
=

kTB
10 log10k
-228.601
-228.601
-133.977

+ 10 log10T + 10 log10 B
dBW + 10 log10290 + 10 log10 10-7
+ 24.62398 + 70
dBW

INTERMODULATION NOISE

Different frequencies share the same

transmission medium will produce signals at a
frequency that is the sum or difference of
two/multiples original frequencies.
Intermodulation noise is produced by
nonlinearities in the transmitter, receiver, and/or
intervening transmission medium.

CROSSTALK

Crosstalk
A signal from one line is picked up by another
Using the telephone; hear another conversation

Occur by electrical coupling between nearby

twisted pair, coax cable, microwave carrying
multiple signals.

IMPULSE NOISE

Irregular pulses or spikes of short duration

and relatively high amplitude.
It is generated from a variety causes,
including external electromagnetic
disturbances, such as lightning, and faults
and flaws in the communication system

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

Basic Communication System

Baseband and Modulated Signal
Modulation
Analog and Digital Signal
Spectrum, Bandwidth
Propagation Techniques
Noise