ASSINGMENT ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Q1. Write a short note on the evolution of mobile networks radio

communication. List significant improvements done in 2nd, 3rd & 4th
generation standards.
Ans. A brief mobile history of the mobile communication thought the world is
useful in order to world is useful in order to appreciate, the enormous impact that
cellular radio and the personal communication services CPS will have on all of us
over the next several decades. It is also useful for a new corner to the cellular radio
field to understand the tremendous impact the government regulatory agencies
and the services competitions wield in the evolution of the new wireless system
services and technologies.
2nd GENERATION MOBILE NETWORKS: The first generation mobile networks consists of the FDD/TDMA TECHNOLOGIES
for mobile communication system. Then the better technologies are developed for
2nd generation mobile communication systems namely
GSM GLOBAL SYSTEM MOBILE COMMUNICATION
CDMA CODE DIVISION FOR MULTIPLE ACCESS
These two technologies referred to as 2G technologies later 2.5 G technologies
developed GPRS GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICES
EDGE ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM EVOLUTION
2G mainly allow to send data and voice. But 1st generation only allow to send only
voice. The frequency band for 2G technology is 900MHz-1800MHz.
Technology
GSM
CDMA
GPRS
EDGE

Speed
10KB/s
10KB/s
200KB/s
200KB/s

3RD GENERATION MOBILE NETWORKS: The 3rd generation introduce new technologies with new featuresTechnologies with full forms
WCDMA
Wideband code division for multiple
access (3G technology)
CDMA 2000
Launched a new version in year
2000 (3G technology)
HSDPA/HSUPA High speed downlink packet
access/High speed uplink packet
access (3.5G technology)
IX EVDO
IX Evolution data optimization (3.5G)

Speed
384 kb/s
384kb/s
5-30mb/s

5-30mb/s

The 3G technology allows to transmit data, voice & videos better than 2g
technologies. The frequency band for 3G technology is 2.3GHz-2.4GHz.
4th GENERATION MOBILE NETWORKS: 4G launched to technologies with the transmission of HD video, voice & data.
LTE- LONG TERM EVOLUTION- 200MB/s
WIMAX- WIDEBAND MICROWAVE INTEROPATINTLY ACCESS- 200mb/s
The frequency band for 4g is same as 3g.

Q2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wireless

communication systems?
Ans. Advantages: 1. Flexibility (wirelessness): the benefits of wireless networks over wired networks
and one of the benefits of this flexibility, as radio waves go through walls and
wireless computer you can be in any domain point.
2. Ease of use: wireless networks easy to setup and program assistant processing
laptop or network card, wireless computers are equipped with this card devices.
3. Planning: the wired and wireless networks must be carefully planned, but worst
in wired networks, it makes up the walls and the multiplicity of non-salary costs in
the process of maintenance components are wired networks (cables, switches,
trajectory, etc. ......) so You must carefully plan for wired networks. Wireless is
much easier.
4. Place devices: wireless network can be hidden can be placed behind the screens
of these networks are well suited for places or sites that can be difficult to connect
a wired network, such as the old museum buildings.
5. Durability: Wireless networks can be solid, but possible to suffer from radio
interference from other devices and can compare performance when users try to
use the same point.
6.Prices: The prices of wireless networks was the PCI wireless card costs 100 euros
in 2000, and at the end of 2004, costing only 30 euros and this means that prices
are not high and that the selection of wireless networks has become a lot of users
of the houses.

Disadvantages: 1. Compatibility issues: Organs made by different companies may not be able to
communicate with each other or you may need to extra effort to overcome these
problems.

2. Ethernet. The wireless networks are often slower than networks directly using
the techniques of Ethernet

3. Wireless networks the weakest in terms of privacy protection as any person

within the scope of coverage of a wireless network can attempt to penetrate this
network In order to solve this problem, there are several programs provide
protection for wireless networks such as Equivalent Privacy wired networks
(Wired Equivalent Private (WAP, which did not provide adequate protection for
wireless networks and the (Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA, which showed greater
success in preventing breaches of its predecessor.

Q3. Explain the free space propagation model & derive the expression
for receive signal power.
Ans. The free space propagation model is used for the prediction of the received
signal strength when the transmitter & receiver have the clear unobstructed line of
sight path between them.
The free space model predicts that the received power decays as the function of TR separation distance (transmitter-receiver) raised to the some power (i.e. a power
of low function.). The free space power received by a receiver antenna which is
separated from a radiating transmitter antenna by the distance d, is given by Friis
free space equation (d) =

P
(4)2 2

Where,
PT = transmitted power
PR (d) = received power at distance (d) or we can say function of T-R separation
GT = transmitted antenna gain
Gr = receiver antenna gain
L = system loss {L>1}
= wavelength of transmitter wave
The gain of the antenna is related to the effective aperture Ae-

4
2

= is related to carrier frequency

=

2
=

The Friis free space equation shows that the received power falls off as the square
of T-R separation distance. This implies that the received power decays with
distance at the rate of 20 dB/decade.
An isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna which radiates power with unit gain
uniformly in all the directions.
The effective isotropic radiator power (EIRP) is defined as
=
In practice antenna gains are given in the units of dB
{ }2
() = 10 log = 10 log

4 2 2

When,
Antenna gains are excluded, the antenna are assumed to have unity gain and the
path loss is given by
2
= 10 log 2
4
22
= 2

Where,
Above equation denotes df fauranhoffer region
D = largest physical linear dimension of the antenna
For d=0 Friis equation be defined as
0
() = (0 ){ }2

Power at the receiver at a distance (d) in decibels m

() = 10 log

(0 )
0
+ 20 log
0.001

Q4. How phone call is made? Explain with the help of block diagram.
Ans.

MSC receives the call

from PSTN & transmit
pages (MIN) for specific
user

BS, receives MIN & ESN

station class mark & passed
to MSC

At MSC mobile MIN &ESN

pair are verified

mobile unit

FCC

FCC

MSC MOBILE SWITCHING

CENTER

FCC

Request to BS to move mobile

to unused channel

RCC

MIN MOBILE IDENTIFICATION

NUMBER

ESN ELECTRONIC SERIAL

NUMBER
RCC REVERSE CONTROL
CHANNEL

Began voice
transmition
FCC

RVC

Transmit data message for

mobile to move specific voice
channel

FVC

FCC FORWARD CONTROL

CHANNEL

Acknowledge receipt of
MIN sends ESN & station
class mark

Receives data message &

move to specified voice
channel

SOME ABBREVATIONS USED

PSTN PUBLIC SWITCHED

TELEPHONE NETWORK

Mobile recognize its MIN

rescans the control channel
tunes to stronger access
channel, transmits its ESN
& MIN

RCC

Caller dials the telephone number

by using PSTN & forwarded digits
to the MSC

Switching site/cell site

RCC

Calling unit

BS BASE STATION
FVC FORWARD VOICE
CONTROL

RVC REVERSE VOICE CONTROL

Began voice reception

Connects the mobile with
calling party on the PSTN

FVC
FVC

Q5. Derive a relation impulse response model of a wireless

communication environment.
Ans.

FIG: showing line of sight and non-line of sight in wireless communication

environment.
The above figure shows the various paths of the wireless transmition with in
the direct line or indirect line. This will create the loss in power of the each signal
which is received by the receiver. Receiver will receives the multiple copies of the
same signal either constructive or destructive.
The impulse response of the environment in the transmition of signal can be
defined as the sum of all power drops due to environment in each copy of the
signal.
Let the system be considered

X (t)

H (t)
Where, X(t) is the transmitted signal
Y(t) is the received signal

Y (t)

H (t) is the impulse response of the system or sum of all attenuation created in
each signal.
Let attenuation of signal 0, 1, 2, 3... L-1 be a0, a1, a2, a3 al-1
Then,
H (t) = a0 (t-0) + a1 (t-1) + a2 (t-2) + a3 (t-3) ++ al-1 (t-l-1) -- {1}
() = { () 2 }
Where, Sb (t) = pass band signal
Fc = carrier frequency
Then,
() = () ()
0 () = { ( 0 )}0 2 (0)
1 () = { ( 1 )}1 2 (1)
2 () = { ( 2 )}2 2 (2)
|
|
|
1 () = { ( 1 )}1 2(1)
1

() = { ( )} 2( )
=0
2 2
() = 1
]
----- (2)
=0[ { ( )}

Here the carrier component 2 can be dispatched from the signal. Y (t) is the
received signal with multiple copies. Eq. 2 is the final received signal. 2 is
the impulse response of the signal.