Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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1.6
Research Methodology
I. Research Design:
Research design is the plan structure and strategy of investigation. The research
study followed is basically a case study of Butwal Power Company to evaluate
its works regarding to the production of power. The study will explore the
hydroelectric power production of AHEREP.
The main source of data for the purpose of this study is Annual Reports of
BPC. The study is thus mainly based on the secondary data, however in some
cases primary data were also obtained from the discussion with the officials of
HHGC & BPC. Data were also taken from other sources like Government
Reports, Bulletins, and other published statement as well as from the specific
Hydropower Project too. The data were also incurred from Magazines,
reference books, documentaries, unpublished official records and study results.
1.7
Theoretical Concept:
2.1
Concept.
be achieved without energy and its proper used can result in its people rising
from subsistence level to the higher standard of living.
Presently, hydro- electricity is the most versatile form of energy and provides a
crucial infrastructure for socio-economic development, due to its inherent
advantages over the other sources of energy. Detailed comparative studies
revealed that in spite of some drawbacks like high capital cost, long gestation
period and complicated civil engineering course, hydel generation is the most
economically of all other methods of generation when such factors are taken
into consideration like quick starting, easier operational conditions, cheaper
maintenance, longer life, cheaper cost of production of energy, supply water for
irrigation purposes, control of erosion, water sports, year round navigation, etc.
Furthermore, water resources are replenishes able every year and as such there
is no fear of its being exhausted. Hydro power has the lowest cost of energy
generation compared to any other recognized mode of generation. This factor is
vital importance from the point of view of rapid industrial development of
country. Water power is a self-replenishing perpetual source of energy and
many decisions to postpone the implementation of hydro-schemes and go ahead
with thermal schemes instead means avoidable depletion of valuable
coal/oil/nuclear resources. However, the main problem of the gestation period
for a hydropower project can be reduced by proper planning and execution.
2.2
Hydro electric power generation with its inherent advantages of quick starting
pick up of power capability, ability of serving a base load stations and absence
of recurring fuel cost and atmospheric pollution has a significant role to play in
future power system planning of the country. Furthermore, water resources are
replenishes able every year and as such there is no fear of their being
exhausted. Also stream water is one of the cheapest, bountiful replanishable,
environmental resources of this country as a whole. In case of flood-prone
streams, hydel projects help in flood modernization and rover training. Of
course, for hydel projects, the water flow discharged into power house turbines
has to be adequate in quantity and head of fall of drop. This is because of the
fact that the electricity generated is directly proportional to the amounts of the
quantity and head of the flow7. Through hydro electric power generation
schemes have some initially some drawbacks like high capital cost,
complicated civil engineering works and large gestation period. But detailed
comparative studies reveled that hydel-generation is the most economical of all
other methods of generation when such conditions are easier operational
conditions, cheaper maintenance, longer life, cheaper cost of production of
energy are considered. At a low plant factor, hydel generation has a great
advantage over other methods of generation and is very well suited for carrying
peak loads, and as such, exploitation of hydro-power resources. Wherever
suitable sites are available should be given priority basically for peaking
purpose. The future hydro power stations are being planed more and more as
peaking stations with low load factors. Northern region as a whole is located far
away form coal belt, the scarcity of power in this region can however be
conveniently overcome by exploiting its hydro resources to the maximum. This
would also involve much less expenditure on power generation as compared to
thermal or nuclear power generation. In addition, hydro power projects
commonly serve other purposes too which include irrigation, water supply,
control of fertile erosion and year round navigation.
10
TREND OF PRODUCTION
3.2
The power production through AHEREP was started form the Jestha of FY
2048/049. At this year only two month power can be obtained.
After this FY, Power obtained is presented as below:
11
Table No. 1
Energy Generation of AHEREP
Fiscal Year
2053/054
2054/055
2055/056
2056/057
2057/058
2058/059
2059/060
2060/061
2061/062
2062/063
2063/064
2064/065
2065/66
Energy
Bulk sale to
Produced
NEA
(in KWH)
25884300
31383500
32031400
34065700
33234300
31195100
27946100
23386100
36549900
37831300
34842300
39375100
39033900
Local sale
Self
consumption
total, %)
& Loss
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
30451701
28089226
23342946
17408602
28301477
28555514
25063264
28256326
26950428
1557321
1925218
3047895
4431538
5773608
7089820
7739628
9191423
10190218
1225298
1180656
1546259
1545960
2474815
2185966
2039406
1927351
1893254
21.24
2.06
6.35
(2.44)
(6.13)
(10.41)
(16.3)
56.28
3.5
(7.90)
13.01
(0.87)
27,937,100 KWH
23,342,946 KWH
3,047,895 KWH
1,546,259 KWH
10.41%, -Ve
RS. 49,303,995
23,386,100 KWH
17,408,140 KWH
12
4,431,538 KWH
1,545,960 KWH
16.33%, -Ve
RS. 44,281,843
36,549,900 KWH
28,301,477 KWH
5,773,608 KWH
2,474,815 KWH
56.28%, +Ve
RS. 72,639,327
37,831,300 KWH
28,555,514 KWH
7,089,820 KWH
2,185,966 KWH
3.5%, +Ve
RS. 82,147,173
34,842,300 KWH
25,063,264 KWH
7,739,628 KWH
2039406 KWH
7.90%, -Ve
RS. 78,908,000
39,375,100 KWH
28,256,326 KWH
9,191,423 KWH
1,927,351 KWH
13.01%, +Ve
RS. 92,233,000
39,033,900 KWH
26,950,428 KWH
10,190,218 KWH
1,893,254 KWH
0.87%, -Ve
RS. 100,092,000
Graph No. 1
14
2056/057
2057/058
2058/059
2059/060
2060/061
2061/062
2062/063
Bulk Sale
41317
33250
58301
63679
59148
67954
71416
Local Sale
7987
11031
14338
18485
19760
24279
28676
Total Sale
49304
44281
72639
82164
78908
92233
100092
15
In the above table it is represent that NEA is the main buyer of electricity
produced in AHEREP. At the time of FY 2057/058 and FY 2058/059 revenue
from the sales of electricity to NEA was in increasing trend. But after FY
2058/059, sales revenue is quite unsatisfactory. Again from the FY 2060/061,
sales revenue in FY 2055/056 is decreasing.
Remaining, all other consumer and electricity users (local) are increasing the
sales of metered consumers, unmet red consumer, user's organization and
industrial consumers. The local consumers are increasing quite rapidly due to
the grant provided by USAID.
The total revenue in the above table shows that in FY 2056/057 was decreasing,
after that FY that table shows that up to FY 2058/059, the total revenue was
increasing, at FY 2059/060 it decreasing and then after it rises quite rapidly
providing satisfactory revenue income.
Graph No. 2
16
17
Total No. of
Newly added
Growth Rate
2056/057
Consumers
3498
Consumers
1097
***
2057/058
5798
2300
56.75%
2058/059
9660
3862
66.61%
2059/060
12029
2369
24.52%
2060/061
13355
1326
11.02%
2061/062
17191
1688
10.89%
2062/063
17871
680
3.96%
3.4
FY 2057/058
FY
FY
FY
FY 2061/062
FY
Persomal
4705906
2058/059
9945568
2059/060
-
2060/061
-
4762293
2062/063
4897052
Cost
Power plant
4181236
2050366
2537219
3478139
1734196
1671626
operation
Office
1682492
2379158
721670
1255783
overhead
Vehicle
431917
544544
operation
Provision of
1395637
1962787
2354654
2111850
2581689
4736569
4322946
5840468
19051268
26187842
33528133
41206354
49078306
57298174
Royalty on
sales
T'L and D/L
operation
and
Maintenance
Total
Graph No. 4
19
The above table, table No. 4 represents the expenditure related to the power
production works of AHEREP. In the scenario presented as the table, personal
cost increases in every fiscal year. IN the period of FY 2056/057, it suddenly
raised by 660% from the FY 2055/056, which is too much. Likewise the FY
2062/063 it raised by 2.83% which is too much low trend of increasing.
The office costs are in controlled figure. It is seen that office expenses is
maintained in lower figures at FY 2060/061. Similarly other overheads are in
balance way.
Provision of royalty on sales of electricity is not an affecting factor, due to its
relationship of proportionate towards the revenue earned.
Although the energy production is fluctuating every year, total cost for the
production of power is continuously increasing. Total cost of production is in
20
Summary:
4.2
Conclusion:
From the above study result that AHEREP is a normal power generating
project. Above results indicates that power production in the FY 2055/056 is
quite low than previous years. But later on it takes full speed generating more
than 65% of energy than year 2056/057.
Similarly, revenue generation from AHEREP in the beginning years was
satisfactory. But later on the FY 2055/56 and FY 2056/057 were of pessimistic.
It again made its speed on power production after the maintenance of plant at
FY 2057/058.
The consumer status of AHEREP in the field of rural electrification is in
increasing trend. AHEREP had electrified 17871 households up to end of FY
2062/063 including additional 680 households in FY 2062/063. Electrification
covers 16 VDCs and one municipality of Syangja district and 6 VDCs of Plapa
district. In addition to this, AHEREP have planned to electrify 4 VDCs which
have increased electrification by additional 2489 households.
In the operational expenditure view of the power plant, personal const increases
in every fiscal year. In the period of FY 2055/056, it suddenly raised by 129%
making the cost amount Rs. 619242. Then after at FY 2056/057, it again raised
by 660%, which is too much. It is increasing trend of more than 100% then
after.
23
The office costs are in controlled figure. Although the energy production is
fluctuating every year, total cost for the production of production of power is
continuously increasing. Total Cost of production is in an average until the year
2055, but suddenly it rose to maximum.
Studying as above the power plant operation and maintenance work involves
only a nominal amount of cost as compared to the total cost of AHEREP.
No additional cost is used for power production work but only for inefficient
management works.
24
2.
3.
Highly Polluted water having high level of sand is the main cause of
plant damage. These factors can be removed with settlements process.
So, use of good quality water, proper settlement of sands provides high
scale of energy generation and long life of the plant.
4.
5.
6.
7.
25
Bibliography
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
26
Abbreviations
AHEREP
JHEREP
BPC
HHGC
NHE
HMGN
NEA
VDC
NIDC
UMN
NORAD
USAID
KW
Kilo Watt
MW
Mega Watt
GW
Giga Watt
FY
Fiscal Year
27
APPENDIX
Other income from AHEREP & JHEREP.
Particulars
FY
FY
FY
FY
FY
FY
FY
Sale of scrap
2056/57
5799
2057/58
1579
2058/59
1272
2059/60
-
2060/61
-
2061/62
-
2062/63
-
materials
Vehicle use
Housing services
Guest house
49694
86657
45394
41862
74659
57145
97500
83368
29800
47272
10850
income
Personnel services
Store services
Equipment in hire
Other general
45188
22583
5882
113785
9888
7990
5852
130982
23546
1553
12547
133693
4500
-
services
Fees and charges
Meter rent/sale
Service line charge
Tayari wiring
Other consumer
468892
266331
1674350
278331
19905
831628
1027896
1966609
137920
192994
1211840
2907385
2092413
74114
239586
services
Income from
954
2230
440
2922
4851
infrastructure
Income from other
1207410
196656
2456885
186412
23195
sources
Reimbursement or
1449104
royalty
Total
4291155
6134994
10426149
189334
90668
28