Chapter number 1 Fundamentals

of

Chemistry
Test Yourself 1.1
Q.1 In which branch of chemistry behaviour of gases and
liquids is studied?
Ans. The behaviour of gases and liquids is studied in
physical chemistry
Q.2 Define biochemistry?
Ans. It is the branch of chemistry in which we study the
structure, composition, and chemical reactions of
substances found in living organisms.
Q.3 Which branch of chemistry deals with preparation of
paints and paper?
Ans .Industrial chemistry deals with preparation of paints
and paper.
Q.4 In which branch of chemistry the metabolic processes
of carbohydrates and proteins are studied?
Ans .The metabolic processes of carbohydrates and
proteins are studied in biochemistry
Q.5 Which branch of chemistry deals with atomic energy
and its uses in daily life?
Ans .Nuclear chemistry deals with atomic energy and its
uses in daily life.

Q.6 Which branch of chemistry deals with the structure

and properties of naturally occurring molecules?
Ans:Organic chemistry deals with the structure and
properties of naturally occurring molecules

Test Yourself .. 1.2

Q.1 Can you identify mixture, element or compound out
of the following: Coca cola, petroleum, sugar, table salt,
blood, gun powder, urine, aluminium, silicon, tin, lime and
ice cream?
Ans:

Element :
aluminium, silicon, tin
Mixture:
sugar, table salt, lime
Compound:
Coca cola, petroleum, blood, gun
powder, urine, ice cream.
Q.2 How can you justify that air is a homogenous
mixture. Identify substances present in it?
Ans. Air is a homogenous mixture because it has uniform
composition throughout. Air is a mixture of nitrogen,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, noble gases and water vapours.
Q.3 Name the elements represented by the following
symbols: Hg, Au, Fe, Ni, Co, W, Sn, Na, Ba, Br, Bi.?
Ans:

Hg
Au
Fe

Mercury
Gold
Iron

Nickel
Ni
Cobalt
Co
Tungsten
W
Tin
Sn
Sodium
Na
Barium
Ba
Bromine
Br
Bismuth
Bi
Q.4 Name a solid, a liquid and a gaseous element that
exists at the room temperature.
Ans:

Solid
(Ag).
Liquid
Gas
oxygen (O2).

iron (Fe), Gold (Au), Silver

Bromine (Br2).
Hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen (N2),

Q.5 Which elements do the following compounds contain?

Sugar, common salt, lime water and chalk.?
Ans:
Elements

Compounds

Sugar
Common Salt
Lime Water
Chalk

Carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen
Sodium, Chlorine
Calcium, hydrogen,
oxygen
Calcium, Carbon,
Oxygen

Test Yourself 1.3

Q.1 How many amu 1 g of a substance has?
Ans.

As we know that

1amu=1.66 x 10

-24

1
24
1.66 10

amu =1g

6.02 10 23amu=1g
Q.2 Is atomic mass unit a SI unit of an atomic mass?
Ans. No, atomic mass unit is not SI unit of an atomic
mass.
Q.3 What is the relationship between atomic number and
atomic mass?
Ans. The relationship between atomic number (Z) and
atomic mass (A) is given as:
A= Z + n
A= Mass number or atomic mass.
number .
n= Number of Nucleus.

Z= Atomic

Q.4 Define relative atomic mass?

Ans. The relative atomic mass of an element is the
average mass of the atoms of that element as compared

to 1/12th (one-twelfth) the mass of an atom of carbon- 12

isotope.
Q.5 Why atomic mass of an atom is defined as relative
atomic mass?
Ans. As we know that the mass of an atom is too small to
be determined practically. However, certain instruments
enable us to determine the ratio of the atomic masses of
various elements to that of carbon-12 atoms. This ratio is
known as the relative atomic mass of the element. Other
reason is that it is compared with the mass of an atom of
carbon-12 taken as 12.00 amu.

Test Yourself 1.4

Q.1 What is the relationship between empirical formula
and formula unit?
Ans. Empirical formula is the simplest whole number
ratio of atoms present in a covalent compound. For
example, the empirical formula of sand is SiO2 .
Formula unit is defined as the simplest whole number
ratio of ions, as present in the ionic compound. In other
words, ionic compounds have only empirical formulae.
Their molecular formula and formula unit is same. For
example, formula unit of common salt consists of one
Na+ and one CI ion and its empirical formula is NaCl.
Since both empirical formula and formula unit are the
simplest units of compounds. hence they are equal and
same for compound.

Q.2 How can you differentiate between molecular formula

and empirical formula?
Ans. Empirical formula is the simplest whole number
ratio of atoms present in a compound. For example the
empirical formula of sand is SiO2.
Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms
of each element present in a molecule of that compound.
For example the molecular formula of benzene is C6H6.
Q.3 Identify the following formulae as empirical or
molecular formula: H2O2 , CH4 ,C6H12O6 , C12 H22 O11 ,
BaCO3 , KBr?
Ans:
Empirical
CH4 , C12H22O11
BaCO3 , KBr
Formula
Molecular
H2O2 , CH4 ,
C6H12O6
Formula
C12H22O11
Same E and M
CH4
C12H22O11
Formula
Q.4 What is empirical formula of acetic acid (CH 3COOH)?
Also find molecular mass?
Ans. Empirical formula of acetic acid is CH2O.
Molecular mass of acetic acid CH3COOH=

2x12 amu + 4x1 amu +

2x16 amu
= 24 amu + 4 amu + 32 amu =

60 amu

Q.5 Calculate the formula masses of: Na2SO4 , ZnSO4 and

CuCO3?

Ans. To calculate formula mass of Na2 SO4 :

Atomic mass of sodium = 23 amu
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 amu
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 amu
Formula mass of Na2SO4= 2(atomic mass of sodium
atom) + (atomic mass of sulphur) + 4(atomic mass of
oxygen) = (223) + 32 + (416)
= 46 + 32 +64 = 142 amu
To calculate formula mass of ZnSO4:
Atomic mass of zinc = 65.38
amu
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 amu
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 amu
Formula mass of ZnSO4 = (atomic mass of zinc) +
(atomic mass of Sulphur) + 4(atomic mass of oxygen)
= 65.38 +32 + 4x16 = 65.38 +32 + 16
= 161.38 amu
To calculate formula mass of CuCO3:
Atomic mass of copper = 63.5 amu
Atomic mass of carbon = 12 amu
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 amu

Formula mass of CuCO3 = 63.5 + 12 + 3x16 = 123.5

amu

Test Yourself 1.5

Q.1 Identify the followings as diatomic, triatomic or
polyatomic molecules H2SO4 , H2 , CO2 , HCI, CO, C6 H6 ,
H2O .
Ans:
H2 , HCl , CO
Diatomic Molecules
CO2 , H2 O
Triatomic
Molecules
H2SO4 , C6 H 6
Polyatomic
Molecules
Q.2 Identify among the followings as cation, anion, free
radical, molecular ion or molecule: Na+, Br , N2+ , N2 , CI2 ,
CO2-3 , H-- , O2 , O2-- .

Ans:
Cation :

Na+

Anion :

CO32- ,H-- , O2-

Free radical:

Br .

Molecular ion:
Molecule:

N2+
N2 , CI2 , O2,

Test Yourself 1.6

Q.1 Which term is used to represent the mass of 1 mole

of molecules of a substance?
Ans. The term gram molecular mass is used to represent
the mass of 1 mole of molecules of a substance.
Q.2 How many atoms are present in one gram atomic
mass of a substance?
Ans. Avogadros number (6.02 1023) of atoms are
present in one gram atomic mass of a substance.
Q.3 Explain the relationship between mass and mole of a
substance?
Ans. we can calculate the number of moles of a
substance from the known mass of the substance with
the help of following equation:

Q.4 Find out the mass of 3 moles of oxygen atoms?

Ans: No of moles of oxygen = 3 moles
mass of O atoms = 16 g mol1

Molar

Mass of O atoms = ?
Mass of 3 moles of oxygen atoms = no. of moles x molar
mass of oxygen = 3 16
= 48 g mol1
Q.5 How many molecules of water are present in half
mole of water?

Ans. Solution:
Number of molecules present in 1 mole of water = 6.02
1023
Number of molecules present in half (1/2) mole of water
= 6.02 1023/2 = 3.01 1023 mol

Test Yourself 1.7

Q.1 How many atoms of sodium are present in 3 moles of
sodium and what is the mass of it?
Ans.
1023

1 mole of sodium contains atoms = 6.02

Number of atoms of sodium in 3 moles =

36.021023
=
18.06 1023 atoms/moles
Q.2 How many atoms are in 1 amu and 1 g of hydrogen
(H)?
Ans. Number of atoms in1 gram of hydrogen = 6.02
1023
The atomic mass of hydrogen = 1.008 g
Number of atoms in1 amu of hydrogen = 6.02 10 23
1.008
= 5.97 10 23
atoms/moles

Q.3 How many atoms are present in 16 g of O and 8g of

S?
Ans. Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 g
Number of atoms in 16 g of O = 6.02 1023
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g
32 g of S contains atoms = 6.02 1023
1 g of S contains atoms = 6.02 1023

32

8 g of S contains atoms = 8 6.02 1023/ 32 =

1.5051023 atoms/ moles.
Q.4. Is the mass of 1 mole of O and 1 mole of S same?
Ans. No, mass of 1 mole of sulphur is two times the mass
of 1 mole of oxygen.
Q.5. What do you mean by 1 atom of C and 1 gram atom
of C?
Ans. 1 atom of C means one single atom of carbon while
1 gram atom of C means 12 g of carbon which contains
6.02 x 1023 number of carbon atoms.
Q.6. If 16 g of oxygen contains 1 mole of oxygen atoms
calculate the mass of one atom of oxygen in grams?
Ans. Solution:
1 Mole (6.02 x 1023 atoms) of oxygen has mass = 16 g 1
atom has mass

= 16/6.02 1023
=2.66 10--23 g
Q.7 How many times is 1 mole of oxygen atom heavier
than 1 mole of hydrogen atom?
Ans. Solution
Mass of 1 mole of hydrogen = 1.008 g
Mass of 1 mole of oxygen = 16 g
So, we can say that mass of 1 mole of oxygen is 16 times
heavier than mass of 1 mole of hydrogen.

Q.8 Why does 10 g nitrogen gas contain the same

number of molecules as 10 g of carbon monoxide?
Ans. Molar mass of nitrogen gas and carbon monoxide is
same i.e. 28g. Thats why 10 g nitrogen gas contain the
same number of molecules as 10 g of carbon monoxide.