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the evolutionary seed

life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though by that
time it had existed in the water for perhaps as much as 3 billion ( 3
thousand million ) years. when we think of the first life on land, we probably
think of strange animals crawling out of the oceans. in reality, however, no
animals could have survived if plants had not emerged first. plants had to
be well-established on land long before animals arrived. they provided the
habitat and food necessary for the survival of the first land animals. since
plants are the only form of life capable of capturing and storing energy.
the first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae,
which where followed by mosses and other plants which grew close to the
ground and needed water in which to propagate. once the move to land had
been made, however , evolution took place quickly. by the end of 100 million
years, plants had developed complex roots, and some had adopted tree-like
forms since height was a great advantage in gaining access to sunlight. in
the carboniferous period, about 300 milliom years ago, much of the world
was covered whith forests of huge fern, clubmoss and horsetail trees. I most
ways they were like modern trees. they had roots,leaves , wood in their
trunks and bark around the wood, but with a few exceptions they had not
developed seeds .
this failure proved fatal when the earth is climate changed. those trees
which still propagated themselves by means of spores ( single cells,
incapable of existing in isolation for prolonged periods ) were unable to
survive. some types of trees, however, had succeeded in producing seeds
(embryonic plants , with a self-contained supply of food ) with wings. two of
these species, the sago palm and the ginkgo, still exist today. because their
seeds could travel considerable distances with the help of the wind and
because they could survive for long periods, awaiting favorable
climatological conditions , these two species were very successful. In fact,
they were so successful that, with no competition from other species of tree,
they had covered the land areas of the world, from greenland to antarctica
by the time a few million years had passed.
even these two very successful trees, however, had one disadvantage: they
had not changed the spore system of fertilization, where the female and
male cells need a minute quantity of water to swim in, in order to come
together. the tree which eventually did this was the Araucaria. it did so by
producing vast quantities of hard male cells which the wind could blow
around in dust. now pollen-the means by which modern pine trees
propagate themselves-had appeared in the world. only one fundamental
improvement had not yet occurred. that was the development that brought
today is bright green and autumnal colors to the world and ultimately, bright
colors to our parks and gardens: the appearance of flowering plants and
their seeds. but that is another story .

la semilla evolutivo
la vida en la tierra, probablemente comenz hace unos 430 millones de
aos, aunque en ese momento que haba existido en el agua para quizs
tanto como 3 mil millones (3.000 millones de dlares) aos. cuando
pensamos en la primera vida en la tierra, es probable pensar en extraos
animales que se arrastran fuera de los ocanos. en la realidad, sin embargo,
los animales no podran haber sobrevivido si las plantas no haban surgido
primero. plantas tuvieron que ser bien establecida en la tierra mucho antes
de que llegaran los animales. que proporcionaron el hbitat y el alimento
necesario para la supervivencia de los primeros animales terrestres. ya que
las plantas son la nica forma de vida capaz de capturar y almacenar
energa.
las primeras plantas que existen fuera del agua eran probablemente ciertos
tipos de algas, que donde seguido por musgos y otras plantas que crecieron
cerca del suelo y agua en la que necesitan para propagar. una vez que se ha
dado el paso a la tierra, sin embargo, la evolucin tuvo lugar rpidamente.
para el final de 100 millones de aos, las plantas haban desarrollado races
complejas, y algunos haban adoptado formas arborescentes desde altura
era una gran ventaja en el acceso a la luz solar. en el perodo Carbonfero,
hace unos 300 milliom aos, gran parte del mundo estaba cubierto un poco
con los bosques de enormes helechos, clubmoss y cola de caballo rboles.
Yo la mayora de formas que eran como rboles modernos. tenan races, las
hojas, la madera en sus troncos y corteza alrededor de la madera, pero con
algunas excepciones que no haban desarrollado semillas.
este fracaso result fatal cuando la tierra es el clima cambi. esos rboles
que todava propagan a s mismos por medio de esporas (clulas
individuales, incapaces de existir en el aislamiento por perodos
prolongados) fueron incapaces de sobrevivir. algunos tipos de rboles, sin
embargo, haban tenido xito en la produccin de semillas (plantas
embrionarias, con un suministro autnomo de los alimentos) con alas. dos
de estas especies, la palma de sag y el ginkgo, todava existen hoy. porque
sus semillas podan viajar distancias considerables con la ayuda del viento y
porque podran sobrevivir durante largos perodos de tiempo, a la espera de
las condiciones climatolgicas favorables, estas dos especies fueron muy
exitosos. De hecho, ellos tuvieron tanto xito que, sin la competencia de
otras especies de rboles, que haban cubierto las reas terrestres del
mundo, desde Groenlandia hasta la antrtida en el momento en unos pocos
millones de aos haban pasado.
incluso estos dos rboles de gran xito, sin embargo, tenan una desventaja:
no haban cambiado el sistema de esporas de la fertilizacin, donde las

clulas femeninas y masculinas necesitan una cantidad diminuta de agua


para nadar, con el fin de reunirse. el rbol que eventualmente hizo esto fue
la Araucaria. lo hizo mediante la produccin de grandes cantidades de
clulas masculinas duras que el viento podra soplar alrededor de polvo.
ahora s haba aparecido polen el medio por el cual los rboles de pino
modernas se propagan en el mundo. slo una mejora fundamental an no
haba ocurrido. que fue el desarrollo que llev hoy es brillantes colores
verdes y otoales para el mundo y, en ltima instancia, los colores brillantes
a nuestros parques y jardines: la aparicin de plantas con flores y sus
semillas. Pero esa es otra historia.

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