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Isabella Westerberg, H11Jkand


Bachelor thesis in Journalism
Department of Journalism, Media and Communication (JMK)
Stockholm University
Winter 2011/2012
Supervisor: Merja Ellefson

ABSTRACT

     
 
    
        
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PURPOSE
3. QUESTIONS AT ISSUE
4. MATERIAL
5. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
5.1 Post-war Country with Restricted Media Climate
5.2 Media Ownership in Sri Lanka
5.3 Freedom of Speech and Media Guidelines
6. PREVIOUS RESEARCH
7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
7.1 Non-Western Media Studies
7.2 Comparing Media Systems
7.3 Media's and Journalists' Role in the Society
7.3.1 The Public Sphere
7.3.2 Journalistic Ideals and Political Interference in Media
7.4 Media and Democracy
7.4.1 Democracy Models
7.4.2 Media During Times of Election
7.4.3 Defining Democracy
8. METHODOLOGY
8.1 Qualitative Research
8.1.1 Semi-Structured Interviews
8.1.2 Observations
8.2 The Interview Guide
8.3 Selection and Contact with Newspapers
8.4 Conducting Interviews
8.4.1 The Interview Locations
8.4.2 Language Difficulties
8.4.3 Covering Themes
8.5 Analysing the Interviews
8.5.1 Transcriptions
8.5.2 Thematising the Content
8.5.3 Meaning Concentration
8.6 Validity and Reliability
9. ANALYSIS
10. MEDIA'S ROLE IN THE SOCIETY
10.1 Informing and Educating The People
10.2 Media's Effect
10.2.1 Two Reasons For Affecting the People
10.2.2 Affecting Politicians
10.3 Media as a Public Sphere
11. MEDIA AND POLITICS
11.1 The Ideal Political Reporting
11.2 Content of Political Reporting
11.2.1 The Difficulty of Finding Accurate Information
11.3 Guidelines and Restrictions
11.3.1 Censorship
11.4 Approach during Elections
11.4.1 The Honestly Biased
11.4.2 The Supposedly Unbiased
11.4.3 Influencing the People
11.5 The Connection between Media, Journalists and Politics
11.5.1 The Duality of State and Private Media
11.5.2 Why Upset a Friend
11.5.3 Journalism and Democracy
12. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
12.1 Ideals and Reality
12.2 A Substantial Connection between Journalism
and Politics
0

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12.3 Moving Forward


13. REFERENCES

p. 34
p. 36

IN APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1 Presentation of Newspapers
APPENDIX 2 Interview Guide
APPENDIX 3 Letter to Editors
APPENDIX 4 Transcriptions

1. INTRODUCTION
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka claims to be a democratic nation, but contrary to
this thought, the freedom of expression is constantly and consequently being called in to question
(!!!   $&%0; !!! "  $&; !!!     $&; !!! $0%1). Events such as
bombings at editorial offices, threats directed to individual journalists, kidnappings and murder have
been reported. This has created an anxious and unsafe professional field in a restricted media
environment. The intimidating occurrences are assumed to be executed by parties or groups
opposing the political content of the media (!!! "  $&; !!!   $&; !!!    %
$& Problematising the supposedly hostile media climate, it is essential to clarify the relationship
between journalism and politics. How do these factors correspond with each other?
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