*

*A patient is to be given a blood

transfusion.
*The blood is to flow through a tube
from a raised bottle to a needle
inserted in the vein (refer to the
figure).
*The inside diameter of the 4.0-cmlong needle is 0.40 mm and the
required flow rate is 40 cm3 of blood
per minute.
*How high h should the bottle be
placed above the needle?
(blood = 1.05 103 kg m-3 and blood = 4
10-3 Pa s)
*Assume the blood pressure is 18 torr =
2399.8 Pa above atmospheric pressure.

*
*The fluid pressure must be 18 torr higher than air pressure as it
exits the needle, so that the blood will enter the vein.

*The pressure at the entrance to the needle must be higher than

18 torr, due to the viscosity of the blood.

*To produce that excess pressure, the blood reservoir is placed

above the level of the needle.

*Use Poiseuilles equation to calculate the excess pressure needed

due to the viscosity, and then use the equation = gh to find the
height of the blood reservoir necessary to produce that excess
pressure.

*
! R 4 ( P2 ! P1 )
8! LQ
Q=
" P2 = P1 + blood4 = # blood g#h "
8!blood L
"R
1 $
8!blood LQ '
#h =
P
+
& 1
)
# blood g %
" R4 (
$ 2399.8 Pa +
'
&
)
!5
3'
$
& 8 4 *10 !3 Pa s 4.0 *10 !2 m 4.0 *10 m )
1
&
))
=
(
)
(
)
&
60
s
$
'
%
(
2
3 kg
&
)
9.81
m
s
&1.05 *10
)
4
3
!3
&
)
%
(
m
! ( 0.20 *10 m )
%
(

= 1.88 m

*
*The block of ice (temperature 0C)
shown in the figure is drawn over a
level surface lubricated by a layer
of water 0.10 mm thick.

*Determine the magnitude of the

force F needed to pull the block

with a constant speed of 0.50 ms-1.

*At 0C, the viscosity of water has

the value = 1.79 x 103 N s/m2.

*
*From the definition of the coefficient of viscosity, the
required force is

! A" (1.79 !10 "3 Pa.s)[(0.800 m !1.20 m)](0.50 ms"1 )

F=
=
= 8.6 N
"3
d
0.10 !10 m

*
*(a) If cholesterol builds up in major arteries so that their

diameter is reduced by 10%, what effect will the shrinkage have

on blood flow? That is, by what percentage will blood flow be
reduced.

*(b) If cholesterol builds up enough to reduce the diameter by

20%, what effect does this have?

*
*Poiseuilles law gives the flow rate through a tube with circular
cross-section and radius R as:

!V ! R 4 (P1 " P2 )
Q=
=
!t
8" L

*If the radius is changed to R with all other factors unchanged,

the ratio of the new flow rate to the original one is

*
*(a)

If the diameter (and hence the radius) of an artery is

reduced by 10%, then R = 0.90 R and Q /Q = (0.90)4 = 0.66.
Thus, the flow rate through the reduced artery is only 66% of
the original rate, or there has been a 34% reduction in the flow.

*(b) With a 20% reduction in the diameter of the artery,

R = 0.80 R and we find Q/Q = (0.80)4 = 0.41.
The new flow rate is 41% of the original rate, or a 20%
reduction in artery diameter causes a 59% reduction in the
flow.

*
*When an object falls through a fluid, a
viscous drag acts on it

*The resistive force on a small, spherical

object of radius r falling through a
viscous fluid is given by Stokes Law:

Fr = 6rv

*
*As the object falls, three
forces act on the object

*As its speed increases, so does

the resistive force

*At a particular speed, called

the terminal speed, the net
force is zero

2r 2g
vt =
( f )
9