DESIGN AND DETAILING OF STEEL IN COMBINED FOOTINGS

(For class held from 14-22 MAY 07)

Dr. M. C. Nataraja,
Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Sri Jayachamarajendra Collge of Engineering, Mysore-5a70 006
Phone: 0821-2343521, 9880447742
e-mail: nataraja96@yahoo.com
Combined footing
Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing, it is
called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are generally the economical.
Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as
i)
When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings
ii)
Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings
iii)
Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building
column.
The combined footing may be rectangular, trapezoidal or Tee-shaped in plan. The geometric
proportions and shape are so fixed that the centeroid of the footing area coincides with the
resultant of the column loads. This results in uniform pressure below the entire area of
footing.
Trapezoidal footing is provided when one column load is much more than the other. As a
result, the both projections of footing beyond the faces of the columns will be restricted.
Rectangular footing is provided when one of the projections of the footing is restricted or the
width of the footing is restricted.
Rectangular combined footing
Longitudinally, the footing acts as an upward loaded beam spanning between columns and
cantilevering beyond. Using statics, the shear force and bending moment diagrams in the
longitudinal direction are drawn. Moment is checked at the faces of the column. Shear force is
critical at distance d from the faces of columns or at the point of contra flexure. Two-way
shear is checked under the heavier column.
The footing is also subjected to transverse bending and this bending is spread over a
transverse strip near the column.
Combined footing may be of slab type or slab and beam type or slab and strap beam type.

Design:
1. Locate the point of application of the column loads on the footing.
2. Proportion the footing such that the resultant of loads passes through the center of
footing.
3. Compute the area of footing such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
4. Calculate the shear forces and bending moments at the salient points and hence draw
SFD and BMD.
5. Fix the depth of footing from the maximum bending moment.
6. Calculate the transverse bending moment and design the transverse section for depth
and reinforcement. Check for anchorage and shear.
7. Check the footing for longitudinal shear and hence design the longitudinal steel
8. Design the reinforcement for the longitudinal moment and place them in the
appropriate positions.
9. Check the development length for longitudinal steel
10. Curtail the longitudinal bars for economy
11. Draw and detail the reinforcement
12. Prepare the bar bending schedule

d/2

Section 1-1, 2-2, 5-5, and 6-6 are sections for critical
moments
Section 3-3, 4-4 are sections for critical shear (one
way)
CRITICAL
SECTIONS
MOMENTS
AND
Section
for critical
two wayFOR
shear
is abcd
SHEAR
P1

P2

L/2

L/2

TRANSVERSE BEAM BELOW

COLUMS

P1

P2

L/2
x

L/2

Combined footing with loads, (Slab type)

Types of combined footings (Plan)

Design of combined footing Slab and Beam type

Two interior columns A and B carry 700 kN and 1000 kN loads respectively. Column A is
350 mm x 350 mm and column B is 400 mm X 400 mm in section. The centre to centre
spacing between columns is 4.6 m. The soil on which the footing rests is capable of providing
resistance of 130 kN/m2. Design a combined footing by providing a central beam joining the
two columns. Use concrete grade M25 and mild steel reinforcement.
Solution: Data
fck = 25 Nlmm2,
fy= 250 N/mm2,
f b (SBC)= l30 kN/m2,
Column A = 350 mm x 350 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 4.6 m ,
PA = 700 kN and PB = 1000kN
Required: To design combined footing with central beam joining the two columns.
Ultimate loads
PuA= 1.5 x 700 = 1050 kN, PuB = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
Proportioning of base size
Working load carried by column A = PA
= 700 kN
Working load carried by column B = PB = 1000 kN
Self weight of footing 10 % x (PA + PB) = 170 kN
Total working load = 1870 kN
Required area of footing = Af = Total load /SBC=1870/130 = 14.38 m2
Let the width of the footing = Bf = 2m
Required length of footing = Lf = Af /Bf = 14.38/2 = 7.19m
Provide footing of size 7.2m X 2m, Af = 7.2 x 2 = 14.4 m2
For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of the footing should coincide with the C.G. of
column loads. Let x be the distance of C.G. from the centre line of column A

700 kN

1000 kN

a=900
C

4600 mm

b=1700

pu=177 kN/m2
wu=354 kN/m

Combined footing with loads

Then x = (PB x 4.6)/(PA + PB) = (1000 x 4.6)/(1000 +700) = 2.7 m from column A.
If the cantilever projection of footing beyond column A is a
then, a + 2.7 = Lf /2 = 7.2/2, Therefore a = 0.9 m
Similarly if the cantilever projection of footing beyond B is 'b'
then, b + (4.6-2.7) = Lf /2 = 3.6 m, Therefore b = 3.6 - 1.9 = 1.7 m
The details are shown in Figure
Total ultimate load from columns = Pu = 1.5(700 + 1000) = 2550 kN.
Upward intensity of soil pressure wu= P/Af= 2550/14.4 = 177 kN/m2 1.5 SBC or UBC
Design of slab:
Intensity of upward pressure = pu =177 kN/m2
Consider one meter width of the slab (b=1m)
Load per m run of slab at ultimate = 177 x 1 = 177 kN/m

Rectangular Footing with Central Beam:-Design of Bottom slab.

Cantilever projection of the slab (For smaller column) =1000 - 350/2 = 825 mm
Maximum ultimate moment = 177 x 0.8252/2 = 60.2 kN-m.

1m
pu=177 kN/m2
For M25 and Fe 250, Q u max = 3.71 N/mm2
Required effective depth = (60.2 x 106/(3.71 x 1000)) = 128 mm
Since the slab is in contact with the soil, clear cover of 50 mm is assumed.
Using 20 mm diameter bars
Required total depth = 128 + 20/2 + 50 =188 mm say 200 mm
Provided effective depth = d = 200-50-20/2 = 140 mm
To find steel
Mu/bd2 =3.073.73, URS
Pt=1.7%
Ast = 2380 mm2
Use 20 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 314 / 23 84 say 130 mm
Area provided =1000 x 314 / 130 = 2415 mm2
Check the depth for one - way shear considerations
Design shear force=Vu=177x(0.825-0.140)=121kN
Nominal shear stress=v=Vu/bd=121000/(1000x140)=0.866MPa
Permissible shear stress
Pt = 100 x 2415 /(1000 x 140 ) = 1.7 %, uc = 0.772 N/mm2
Value of k for 200 mm thick slab = 1.2
Permissible shear stress = 1.2 x 0.772 = 0.926 N/mm2
uc > v and hence safe
The depth may be reduced uniformly to 150 mm at the edges.
Check for development length
Ldt= [0.87 x 250 / (4 x 1.4)] =39 = 39 x 20 = 780 mm
Available length of bar = 825 - 25 =800mm > 780 mm and hence safe.
Transverse reinforcement
Required A st = 0.15 bD / 100 = 0.15 x 1000 x 200/100 = 300mm2
Using 8 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 50 / 300 = 160 mm
Provide distribution steel of 8 mm at 160 mm c/c

(c) Design of Longitudinal Beam:

Two columns are joined by means of a beam monolithic with the footing slab. The load from the slab will
be transferred to the beam. As the width of the footing is 2 m, the net upward soil pressure per meter
length of the beam
= wu = 177 x 2 = 354 kN/m
Shear Force and Bending Moment
VAC = 354 x 0.9 = 318.6 kN, VAB = 1050-318.6 = 731.4 kN
VBD = 354 x 1.7 = 601.8kN, VBA = 1500-601.8 = 898.2 kN
Point of zero shear from left end C
X1 = 1050/354 = 2.97m from C or X2 = 7.2-2.97 = 4.23 m from D
Maximum B.M. occurs at a distance of 4.23 m from D
M uE = 354 x 4.232 / 2 - 1500 (4.23 - 1.7) = -628 kN.m
Bending moment under column A = M uA = 354 x 0.92 / 2 = 143.37 kN.m
Bending moment under column B = M uB = 354 x 1.72 = 511.5 kN-m
Let the point of contra flexure be at a distance x from the centre of column A
Then, Mx= I050x - 354 (x + 0.9 )2/ 2 = 0
Therefore x = 0.206 m and 3.92 m from column A i.e. 0.68 m from B.

0.9 m

4.6 m

1050 kN

1.7 m
1500 kN

E
354 kN/m

ME=628 kN-m
0.68m

0.206 m
.+

MA=143.37 kN-m
BMD at Ultimate

MB=511.5 kN-m

V3=898.2 kN

V1=318.6 kN
E

+
-

_-

V4=601.8 kN

V2=731.4 kN

2.97 m

4.23 m
SFD

Depth of beam from B.M. Considerations

The width of beam is kept equal to the maximum width of the column i.e. 400 mm. Determine the
depth of the beam where T- beam action is not available. The beam acts as a rectangular section in
the cantilever portion, where the maximum positive moment = 511.5 kN/m.
d = (511.5 x 106/ (3.73 x 400)) = 586 mm

Provide total depth of 750 mm. Assuming two rows of bars at an effective cover of 70 mm. Effective
depth provided = d= 750-70 = 680 mm (Less than 750mm and hence no side face steel is
needed).
Check the depth for Two-way Shear
The column B can punch through the footing only if it shears against the depth of the beam along its
two opposite edges, and along the depth of the slab on the remaining two edges. The critical section
for two-way shear is taken at distance d/2 (i.e. 680/2 mm) from the face of the column. Therefore, the
critical section will be taken at a distance half the effective depth of the slab (ds/2) on the other side as
shown in Fig.

0.825m

0.8m

A 350 x 350

400

1.9m

2.7m
a=0.9m

400 x 400 B

4.6m

1.5m

2000
mm

b=1.7m

7200 mm

B=400 x 400 mm
D+db/2

D+ds

2000

D
D+db

In this case b = D = 400 mm, db = 680 mm, ds = 140 mm

Area resisting two - way shear
= 2(b x d b + d s x d s) + 2 (D + d b)ds
= 2 ( 4 0 0 x 6 8 0 + 140 x 140) + 2 (4 0 0 +680) 140
= 885600 mm2

10

Design shear=Pud= column load W u x area at critical section

= 1500 - 177 x(b + d s) x (D + d b)
=1500-177 x (0.400+0.140) x (0.400+ 0.680)
=1377.65kN
v=Pud/bod= 1377.65x1000/885600=1.56 MPa
Shear stress resisted by concrete = uc = uc x K s
where, uc = 0.25 f ck= 0.25 25 = 1.25 N/mm2
K s = 0.5 + d / D = 0.5 + 400/400 = 1.5 1 Hence K s = 1
uc = 1 x 1.25 = 1.25 N/mm2
Therefore unsafe and the depth of slab need to be increased. However the same depth is taken.
Area of Reinforcement
Cantilever portion BD
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 1.7 - 0.4 / 2 = 1.5 m.
Ultimate moment at the face of column = 354 x 1.52 / 2 = 398.25 kN-m
Mumax = 3.71 x 400 x 6802 x 106 = 686 kN.m >398.25 kN-m
Therefore Section is singly reinforced.
Mu/bd2 =398.25x106/(400x6802) =2.15 3.73, URS
Pt=1.114%
Ast =3030 mm2
Provide 3 - 32 mm + 4 - 16 mm at bottom face, Area provided = 3217 mm2
Ld = 39 x 32 =1248 mm
Curtailment
All bottom bars will be continued up to the end of cantilever. The bottom bars of 3 - 32 will be
curtailed at a distance d (= 680 mm) from the point of contra flexure ( = 680 mm) in the portion
BE with its distance from the centre of support equal to 1360 mm from B.
Cantilever portion AC
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 900 - 350 / 2 = 725 mm
Ultimate moment = 354 x 0.7252 /2 = 93 kN-m
Mu/bd2 =93x106/(400x6802) =0.52 3.73, URS
Pt=0.245% (Greater than minimum steel)
A st =660 mm2
Provide 4 - 16 mm at bottom face, Area provided = 804 mm2
Continue all 4 bars of 16 mm diameter through out at bottom.
Region AB between points of contra flexures
The beam acts as an isolated T- beam.
bf = [L o /( L o / b +4)] + b w, where,
L o = 4.6 - 0.206 - 0.68 = 3.714 m = 3714 mm
b= actual width of flange = 2000 mm, b w = 400 mm
bf = [3714 / (3714 / 2000 + 4) + 400] =1034mm < 2000mm

11

D f = 200 mm, Mu = 628 kN-m

Moment of resistance Muf of a beam for x u = D f is :
(Muf) = [0.36 x 25 x 1034 x 200 (680 - 0.42x200)] x10-6
= 1109 kN.m > Mu ( = 628 kN-m)
Therefore Xu <D f
Mu=0.87fyAst(d-fyAst/fckbf)
Ast= 4542 mm2
Provide 5 bars of 32 mm and 3 bars of 16 mm,
Area provided = 4021+ 603 = 4624 mm2 >4542 mm2
pt= 100 x 4624/(400x680) = 1.7 %
Curtailment
Consider that 2 - 32 mm are to be curtailed
No. of bars to be continued = 3 - 16 + 3 - 32 giving area = Ast =3016 mm2
Moment of resistance of continuing bars
Mur= (0.87 x 250 x 3016 ( 680 ((250 x 3016) / (25 x 400) x 10-6 = 396.6 kN-m
Let the theoretical point of curtailment be at a distance X from the free end C, then
Muc= Mur Therefore -354 x2 / 2 + 1050 (x- 0.9) = 396.6
x2-5.93x + 7.58 =0, Therefore x = 4.06m or 1.86m from C
Actual point of curtailment = 4.06 + 0.68 = 4.74 m from C or 1.86 - 0.68 = 1.18 m from C
Terminate 2 - 32 mm bars at a distance of 280 mm (= 1180 - 900) from the column A and
760mm (= 5500 - 4740) from column B. Remaining bars 3 - 32 shall be continued beyond
the point of inflection for a distance of 680 mm i.e. 460 mm from column A and up to the
outer face of column B. Remaining bars of 3 - 16 continued in the cantilever portion.
Design of shear reinforcement
Portion between column i.e. AB
In this case the crack due to diagonal tension will occur at the point of contra flexure because
the distance of the point of contra flexure from the column is less than the effective depth d(=
680mm)
(i) Maximum shear force at B = Vumax = 898.2 kN
Shear at the point of contra flexure = VuD - 898.2-354 x 0.68 = 657.48 kN
v=657000/(400x680) =2.42 MPa c,max.
Area of steel available 3 - 16 + 3 - 32 , Ast = 3016 mm2
pt = 100 x 3016 / (400 x 680) = 1.1%
c=0.664MPa
v > c
Design shear reinforcement is required.
Using 12 mm diameter 4 - legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 250 x (4 x 113) /(2.42-0.664)x400 =139 mm say 120 mm c/c
Zone of shear reinforcements between v to c
= m from support B towards A
(ii) Maximum shear force at A = Vu max
= 731.4 kN.
Shear at the point contra flexure = VuD = 731.4 - 0.206 x 354 = 658.5 kN

12

v=658500/(400x680) =2.42MPa c,max.

Area of steel available = 4624 mm2, pt= 100 x 4624 / (400 * 680) = 1.7 %
uc = 0.772 N/ mm2
v > c
Design shear reinforcement is required.
Using 12 mm diameter 4 - legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 250 x (4 x 113) /(2.42-0.774)x400 =149 mm say 140 mm c/c
Zone of shear reinforcement.
From A to B for a distance as shown in figure
For the remaining central portion of 1.88 m provide minimum shear reinforcement using 12
mm diameter 2 - legged stirrups at
Spacing , s = 0.87 x 250 x (2 x 1 1 3 ) / (0.4 x 400) = 300 mm c/c< 0.75d
Cantilever portion BD
Vumax = 601.8kN, VuD = 601.8 - 354(0.400 / 2 + 0.680) = 290.28kN.
v=290280/(400x680) =1.067MPa c,max.
Ast = 3217 mm2 Therefore pt = 100 x 3217/(400 x 680) = 1.18%
c =0.683N/mm2
(Table IS:456-2000)
v > c and v - c0.4. Provide minimum steel.
Using 12 mm diameter 2- legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 250 x (2 x 113) /(0.4x400) =307.2 mm say 300 mm c/c
Cantilever portion AC
Minimum shear reinforcement of 12 mm diameters 2 - legged stirrups at 300mm c/c will be
sufficient in the cantilever portions of the beam as the shear is very less.

13

350x350

400x400

0.9 m

4.6 m

3- 16

5-32 + 3- 16

1.7 m
3-32 + 3- 16

3- 16

Side face
2- 12
3-32
+
4-16

12@300,
2L Stp

12@140,
4L Stp

12@120,
4L Stp

12@300,
2L Stp

400
400
3-16

5-32
3-16

750

750
4-16
200
3-32
4-16

2000
C/S at Centre

C/S at the junction

(Right of B)

20@130

8@160

2000 mm

12@300,
2L Stp

7200 mm
Plan of footing slab

14

Design of combined footing Slab and Beam type-2

Design a rectangular combined footing with a central beam for supporting two columns
400x400 mm in size to carry a load of 1000kN each. Center to center distance between the
columns is 3.5m. The projection of the footing on either side of the column with respect to
center is 1m. Safe bearing capacity of the soil can be taken as 190kN/m 2. Use M20 concrete
and Fe-415 steel.
Solution: Data
fck = 20Nlmm2,
fy= 415mm2,
f b (SBC)= l90 kN/m2,
Column A = 400 mm x 400 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 3.5,
PA = 1000 kN and PB = 1000 kN
Required: To design combined footing with central beam joining the two columns.
Ultimate loads
PuA= 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN, PuB = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
Proportioning of base size
Working load carried by column A = PA
= 1000 kN
Working load carried by column B = PB = 1000 kN
Self weight of footing 10 % x (PA + PB) = 200 kN
Total working load = 2200 kN
Required area of footing = Af = Total load /SBC=2200/190 = 11.57 m2
Length of the footing Lf = 3.5 +1 +1 =5.5m
Required width of footing = b= Af /Lf = 11.57/5.5 = 2.1m
Provide footing of size 5.5 x 2.1 m
For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of the footing should coincide with the C.G. of
column loads. As the footing and columns loads are symmetrical, this condition is satisfied.

15

1000 kN

1000 kN

1m

3.5 m

x
R

1m

p=173.16 kN/m2
(safe)
w=363.64 kN/m

The details are shown in Figure

Total load from columns = P = (1000 + 1000) = 2000 kN.
Upward intensity of soil pressure=Column loads, P/Af= 2000/5.5 x2.1 =173.16 kN/m2< SBC
Design of slab:
Intensity of Upward pressure = p =173.16 kN/m2
Consider one meter width of the slab (b=1m)
Load per m run of slab at ultimate = 173.16 x 1 = 173.16 kN/m
Cantilever projection of the slab (For smaller column) =1050 - 400/2 = 850mm
Maximum ultimate moment = 173.16 x 0.8502/2 = 62.55 kN-m. (Working condition)

1m
p=173.16
kN/m2
For M20 and Fe 415, Q u max = 2.76 N/mm2
Required effective depth = (62.15 x1.5 x 106/(2.76 x 1000)) = 184.28 mm
Since the slab is in contact with the soil clear cover of 50 mm is assumed.
Using 20 mm diameter bars, effective cover =20/2 +50 say 75 mm
Required total depth = 184.28 + 75 = 259.4 mm. However provide 300 mm from shear
consideration as well. Provided effective depth = d = 300-75 = 225 mm
To find steel
Mu/bd2 =1.5 x 62.15 x106/1000 x 2252 = 1.84 2.76, URS
Pt=0.584 %

16

Ast = 1314 mm2

Use #20 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 314 / 1314 =238.96 mm say 230 mm c/c
Area provided =1000 x 314 / 230 = 1365 mm2. Hence safe. This steel is required for the entire
length of the footing.
Check the depth from one - way shear considerations
Design shear force=Vu=1.5 x173.16 x (0.850-0.225) = 162.33 kN
Nominal shear stress = v= Vu/bd =162330/(1000x225) =0.72 MPa
Permissible shear stress
Pt = 100 x 1365 /(1000 x 225 ) = 0.607 %, uc = 0.51 N/mm2
Value of k for 300 mm thick slab = 1
Permissible shear stress = 1 x 0.51= 0.51 N/mm2
uc < v and hence unsafe.
The depth may be increased to 400 mm so that d = 325mm
Mu/bd2 =1.5 x 62.15 x106/1000 x 3252 = 0.883 2.76, URS
Pt=0.26 %, Ast = 845 mm2
Use #16 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 201 / 845 =237.8 mm, say 230 mm c/c
Area provided =1000 x 201 / 230 = 874 mm2.
Check the depth from one - way shear considerations
Design shear force=Vu=1.5 x 173.16 x (0.850-0.325)= 136.36 kN
Nominal shear stress = v = Vu/bd =136360/(1000x325) = 0.42 MPa
Permissible shear stress
pt = 100 x 874/(1000 x 325 ) = 0.269 %, uc = 0.38 N/mm2
Value of k for 400 mm thick slab = 1
Permissible shear stress = 1 x 0.38= 0.38 N/mm2
Again uc < v and hence slightly unsafe.
However provide steel at closure spacing, #16 @150 mm c/c.
Ast=201 x 1000/150 =1340 mm2 and pt =0.41% and hence uc=0.45 MPa and safe.
Check for development length
Ldt= 47 times diameter = 47x16=768 mm
Available length of bar = 850 - 25 =825mm > 768 mm and hence safe.
Transverse reinforcement
Required A st = 0.12 bD / 100 = 0.12 x 1000 x 400/100 = 480mm2
Using 10 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 79 / 480 = 164.58 mm
Provide distribution steel of #10 mm at 160 mm c/c
Design of Longitudinal Beam
Two columns are joined by means of a beam monolithic with the footing slab. The load from the slab will
be transferred to the beam. As the width of the footing is 2.1 m, the net upward soil pressure per meter
length of the beam under service.
= w = 173.16 x 2.1 = 363.64 kN/m
Shear Force and Bending Moment at service condition
VAC = 363.64 x 1 = 363.14 kN, VAB = 1000-363.14 = 636.36 kN
VBD = 363.14 kN, VBA = 636.36 kN

17

Point of zero shear is at the center of footing at L/2, i.e., at E

Maximum B.M. occurs at E
ME = 363.64 x 2.752 / 2 - 1000 (2.75 - 1) = -375 kN.m
Bending moment under column A = MA = 363.64 x 12 / 2 = 181.82 kN.m
Similarly bending moment under column B = MB = 181.82 kN-m
Let the point of contra flexure be at a distance x from C
Then, Mx= 363.63x2/2 1000(x-1) = 0
Therefore x = 1.30 m and 4.2m from C
Depth of beam from B.M. Considerations:
The width of beam is kept equal to the maximum width of the column i.e. 400 mm. Determine the
depth of the beam from absolute maximum BM. This is in the central part where T- beam action is
available. Assume the beam as rectangular at the center of span where the moment is maximum,
we have,
d = (375 x 1.5 x 106/ (2.76 x 400)) = 713.8 mm
Provide total depth of 800 mm. Assuming two rows of bars at an effective cover of 75 mm, the
effective depth provided = d= 800-75 = 725 mm.

18

Check the depth for Two-way Shear:

The column B can punch through the footing only if it shears against the depth of the beam along its
two opposite edges, and along the depth of the slab on the remaining two edges. The critical section
for two-way shear is taken at distance d/2 (i.e. 680/2 mm) from the face of the column. Therefore, the
critical section will be taken at a distance half the effective depth of the slab (ds/2) on the other side as
shown in Fig.
1000 kN

1000 kN

363.64 kN/m

MC=375 kN-m
0.3
m

0.3
m

+
BMD at
working

MA=181.82 kN-m

MB=181.82 kN-m

V2=636.36 kN

V4=363.63 kN
+

V1=363.63 kN

+
SFD
V3=636.36 kN

19

0.85m
A 4000 x 400

400

1.75m

1.75m
a=1 m

400 x 400

3.5m

B
0.8m

2100
mm

b=1
m

5500 mm

db/2
400
400

D+ds

2100

D
D+db

In this case b = D = 400 mm, d b = 725 mm, d s = 325 mm

Area resisting two - way shear
= 2(b x d b + d s x d s) + 2 (D + d b)ds
= 2 ( 4 0 0 x 7 2 5 + 325 x 325) + 2 (4 0 0 +725) 325 = 1522500 mm2
Design shear=Pud= column load W u x area at critical section
= 1500 173.16 x1.5 x(b + d s) x (D + d b)
=1500-173.16 x 1.5 x (0.400+0.325) x (0.400+
0.725)
=1288.14 kN
v=Pud/bod= 1288.14x1000/1522500=0.845 MPa
Shear stress resisted by concrete = uc = uc x K s
where, uc = 0.25 f ck= 0.25 20 = 1.11 N/mm2
K s = 0.5 + d / D = 0.5 + 400/400 = 1.5 1 Hence K s = 1
uc = 1 x 1.11 = 1.11 N/mm2 , Therefore safe
Area of Reinforcement
Cantilever portion BD and AC
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 0.8 m.
Ultimate moment at the face of column = 363.64x1.5 x 0.82 / 2 = 177.53 kN-m
Mumax = 2.76 x 400 x 7252 x 10 -6 = 580.29 kN.m >177.53 kN-m
Therefore Section is singly reinforced.
Mu/bd2 =177.53x106/(400x7252) =0.844 2.76, URS
20

Pt=0.248%, A st =719.2 mm2

Provide 4 - 16 mm at bottom face, Area provided = 804 mm2, pt=0.278%
Ld = 47x16 =752 mm
Curtailment: All bottom bars will be continued up to the end of cantilever for both columns. If
required two bottom bars of 2-16mm will be curtailed at a distance d (= 725 mm) from the point
of contra flexure in the portion BE as shown in figure.
Region AB between points of contra flexures
The beam acts as an isolated T- beam.
bf = [ L o /( L o /b + 4 )] + b w, where,
L o = 4.2-1.3=2.9 m = 2900 mm
b= actual width of flange = 2100 mm, b w = 400 mm
bf = [2900 / (2900 / 2100) + 4] + 400 =938.9mm < 2100mm
D f = 400 mm, Mu = 1.5 x 375=562.5 kN-m
Moment of resistance Muf of a beam for x u = D f is :
(Muf) = [0.36 x 20 x 938.9 x 400 (725 - 0.42x400)] x10-6
= 1506 kN.m > Mu ( = 562.5 kN-m)
Therefore Xu <D f
Mu=0.87fyAst(d-fyAst/fckbf)
Ast= 2334 mm2
Provide 4 bars of 25 mm and 2 bars of 16 mm,
Area provided = 2354 mm2 >2334 mm2
pt = 100 x 2334/(400x725) = 0.805 %
Curtailment: Curtailment can be done as explained in the previous problem. However extend
all bars up to a distance d from the point of contra flexure i.e up to 225 mm from the outer
faces of the columns. Extend 2-16mm only up to the end of the footing.
Design of shear reinforcement
Portion between column i.e. AB
In this case the crack due to diagonal tension will occur at the point of contra flexure because
the distance of the point of contra flexure from the column is less than the effective depth d(=
725mm)
(i) Maximum shear force at A or B = Vumax = 1.5 x 636.36 =954.54 kN
Shear at the point of contra flexure = 954.54-1.5x 363.64x0.3 = 790.9 kN
v=790900/(400x725) =2.73 MPa c,max.(2.8 MPa)
Area of steel available = 2354 mm2, 0.805 %
c=0.59MPa, v > c
Design shear reinforcement is required.
Using 12 mm diameter 4 - legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 415 x (4 x 113) /(2.73-0.59)x400 =190.6 mm say 190 mm c/c
Zone of shear reinforcements is between v to c
= m from support B towards A
Cantilever portion BD and AC
Vumax = 363.64 x 1.5 = 545.45 kN,
Shear from face at distance d = VuD = 545.45-363.64 x1.5(0.400 / 2 + 0.725) = 40.90 kN
v=40900/(400x 725) =0.14 MPa c,max. This is very small

21

Steel at this section is 4 16 mm, Area provided = 804 mm2, pt=0.278%

c =0.38N/mm2
(Table IS:456-2000). No shear steel is needed.
Provide minimum steel.
Using 12 mm diameter 2- legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 415 x (2 x 113) /(0.4x400) =509.9 mm say 300 mm c/c

400x400
1m
2-#16

400x400
3.5 m

1m

4-#25 + 2-#16

2-#16

Side face
2-#12
4-#16

2-#16
#12@300,
2L Stp

#12@190,
4L Stp

#12@300,
2L Stp

#12@190,
4L Stp

#12@300,
2L Stp

22