A Project Report On

LASER SECURITY SYSTEMS

Submitted by-

Submitted To-

Shivam Baronia

Electrical Engineering

0901EE131058

Department

Electrical 3rd year

6th semester

Contents
1. Introduction- Laser security system
2. Components
3. IC 555
4. BC 547 NPN Transistor
5. Colour Code Resistor
6. Capacitors
7. Light Dependent Resistor
8. Variable Resistor
9. Working of Laser Security System
10. Advantages
11. References

Acknowledgement
This project consumed huge amount of work, research and dedication. Still,
implementation would not have been possible if we did not have a support of many
individuals and organizations. Therefore we would like to extend our sincere gratitude
to all of them.
First of all we are thankful to Madhav Institute Of Technology And Science for their
financial and logistical support and for providing necessary guidance concerning
projects implementation.
We are also grateful to Electrical Engineering Department, Madhav Institute Of
Technology And Science for provision of expertise, and technical support in the
implementation. Without their superior knowledge and experience, the Project would
like in quality of outcomes, and thus their support has been essential.
Nevertheless, we express our gratitude toward our families and colleagues for their kind
co-operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this project.

Laser Security System

Wireless security systems can be easily controllable through a wireless remote or a
touch tone phone from any place. Here main components of the laser security system
are infrared motion sensors and a basic alarm unit. It works based on heat detection
from a persons body in case of any security fault. Based on this alarm unit is triggered.
The system alerts the security monitoring person and the local law enforcement body if
required. At the same time a high pitched sound also sirens. There are two types of
laser beams are available, green and infrared modules. System via an infrared module
will be not visible. Another beam like green would be visible to the naked eye and serve
as a deterrent purpose.

Laser Security System Locks Working Along With Circuit Diagram

Laser door alarm is based on the interruption of Laser beam. The laser pointer is used
as the source of light beam. If somebody tries to break the laser path, then an alarm will
be generated in a few seconds. Normally laser door alarm circuit will have two sections.
First one, laser transmitter is a laser pointer readily available. This is powered with 3 volt
DC supply and fixed on one side of the door frame. The receiver will have a Photo
transistor at the front end. We use L14F1 NPN Darlington photo transistor as a laser
sensor. Here IC1 is used as a voltage comparator with its inverting input tied to a
potential divider R2-R3. We use the inverting input to keep at half supply voltage.

Basics of a Laser Security System

1.

These are wireless security systems that can easily be controlled through a
wireless remote or a touch tone phone from any location.

2.

The vital components of the laser system are infrared motion sensors and a
basic alarm unit.

3.

The infrared motion sensor works based on heat detection from a persons body
in case of any security breach.

4.

Subsequently, the alarm unit is triggered off.

5.

It alerts the security monitoring company and the local law enforcement body.

6.

Simultaneously a high pitched sound also sirens off.

7.

Two types of laser beams are available green and infrared modules.

8.

The security system via an infrared module will be unseen.

9.

The green laser beams would be visible to naked eye and serve as a deterrent
to a potential intruder.

IC 555
IC 555 timer is a well-known component in the electronic circles but what is not known
to most of the people is the internal circuitry of the IC and the function of various pins
present there in the IC. Let me tell you a fact about why 555 timer is called so, the
timer got its name from the three 5 kilo-ohm resistor in series employed in the internal
circuit of the IC.
IC 555 timer is a one of the most widely used IC in electronics and is used in various
electronic circuits for its robust and stable properties. It works as square-wave form
generator with duty cycle varying from 50% to 100%, Oscillator and can also provide
time delay in circuits. The 555 timer got its name from the three 5k ohm resistor
connected in a voltage-divider pattern which is shown in the figure below. A simplified
diagram of the internal circuit is given below for better understanding as the full internal
circuit consists of over more than 16 resistors, 20 transistors, 2 diodes, a flip-flop and
many other circuit components.
The 555 timer comes as 8 pin DIP (Dual In-line Package) device. There is also a 556
dual version of 555 timer which consists of two complete 555 timers in 14 DIP and a
558 quadruple timer which is consisting of four 555 timer in one IC and is available as a
16 pin DIP in the market.

Basics Concepts:

Comparator: The Comparator are the basic electronic component which

compares the two input voltages i.e. between the inverting (-) and the non-inverting (+)
input and if the non-inverting input is more than the inverting input then the output of the
comparator is high. Also the input resistance of an ideal comparator is infinite.

Voltage Divider: As we know that the input resistance of the comparators is infinite
hence the input voltage is divided equally between the three resistors. The value being
Vin/3 across each resistor.

Flip/Flop: Flip/Flop is a memory element of Digital-electronics. The output (Q) of

the flip/flop is high if the input at S terminal is high and R is at Low and the output
(Q) is low when the input at S is low and at R is high.
Function of different Pins:1.
Ground: This pin is used to provide a zero voltage rail to the Integrated circuit to
divide the supply potential between the three resistors shown in the diagram.
2.
Trigger: As we can see that the voltage at the non-inverting end of the comparator
is Vin/3, so if the trigger input is used to set the output of the F/F to high state by
applying a voltage equal to or less than V in/3 or any negative pulse, as the voltage at the
non-inverting end of the comparator is Vin/3.

3.
Output: It is the output pin of the IC, connected to the Q (Q-bar) of the F/F with an
inverter in between as show in the figure.
4.
Reset: This pin is used to reset the output of the F/F regardless of the initial
condition of the F/F and also it is an active low Pin so it connected to high state to
avoid any noise interference, unless a reset operation is required. So most of the time it
is connected to the Supply voltage as shown in the figure.
5.
Control Voltage: As we can see that the pin 5 is connected to the inverting input
having a voltage level of (2/3) V in. It is used to override the inverting voltage to change
the width of the output signal irrespective of the RC timing network.
6.
Threshold: The pin is connected to the non-inverting input of the first comparator.
The output of the comparator will be high when the threshold voltage will be more than
(2/3) Vin thus resetting the output (Q) of the F/F from high to low.
7.
Discharge: This pin is used to discharge the timing capacitors (capacitors involved
in the external circuit to make the IC behave as a square wave generator) to ground
when the output of Pin 3 is switched to low.
8.
Supply: This pin is used to provide the IC with the supply voltage for the
functioning and carrying of the different operations to be fulfilled with the 555 timer.
Uses:The IC 55 timer is used in many circuits, for example One-shot pulse generator in
Monostable mode as an Oscillator in Astable Mode or in Bistable mode to produce a
flip/flop type action. It is also used in many types of other circuit for achievement of
various purposes for instance Pulse Amplitude Modulatin (PAM), Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) etc.

BC547 NPN TRANSISTOR

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of
resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a
larger current at collector & emitter terminals.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum
current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the
transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at
base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter
configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For
switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal
at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

Pin Diagram:

COLOR CODE RESISTORS

To distinguish left from right there is a gap between the C, G and D bands.

band A is the first significant figure of component value (left side)

band B is the second significant figure (some precision resistors have a third
significant figure, and thus five bands).

band C is the decimal multiplier

band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no band means 20%)

For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold has first digit 4 (yellow
in table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold
signifies that the tolerance is 5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between
4,465 and 4,935 ohms.
Resistors manufactured for military use may also include a fifth band which indicates
component failure rate (reliability); refer to MIL-HDBK-199 for further details.
Tight tolerance resistors may have three bands for significant figures rather than two, or
an additional band indicating temperature coefficient, in units of ppm/K.
All coded components have at least two value bands and a multiplier; other bands are
optional.
The standard color code per EN 60062:2005 is as follows:

Color

Significant
figures

Temp.
Multiplier

Tolerance

Coefficient
(ppm/K)

Black

100

250

Brown

101

1%

100

Red

102

2%

50

Orange

103

15

Yellow

104

(5%)

25

Green

105

0.5%

20

Blue

106

0.25%

10

Violet

107

0.1%

Gray

108

White

109

Gold

101

5%

Silver

102

10%

None

20%

1.

0.05%
(10%)

Any temperature coefficient not assigned its own letter shall be marked "Z", and the
coefficient found in other documentation.

2.

For more information, see EN 60062.

3.

Yellow and Gray are used in high-voltage resistors to avoid metal particles in the
lacquer.[3]

CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates)
separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized).
The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive
electrolyte, etc. The no conducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge
capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic
film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts
of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal
capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of
an electrostatic field between its plates.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is
attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing
positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge Q to collect on the
other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time,
no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied
across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, its capacitance.
Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge Q on each conductor to the
potential difference V between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is
equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical capacitance values range from about
1 pF (1012 F) to about 1 mF (103 F).
The larger the surface area of the "plates" (conductors) and the narrower the gap
between them, the greater the capacitance is. In practice, the dielectric between the
plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength
limit, known as the breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an
undesired inductance and resistance.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output
of power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies.
In electric power transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow.

LDR( Light Dependent Resistor)

An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers resistance in
response to the ambient light. The resistance decreases as the intensity of
incident light increases, and vice versa. In the absence of light, LDR exhibits
a resistance of the order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred
ohms in the presence of light. It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage
drop can be obtained in accordance with the varying light. It is made up of
cadmium sulphide (CdS).
An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device, i.e.,
conducts in both directions in same fashion.

VARIABLE RESISTOR
A variable resistor is a device that is used to change the resistance according to our
needs in an electronic circuit. It can be used as a three terminal as well as a two
terminal device. Mostly they are used as a three terminal device. Variable resistors are
mostly used for device calibration.
As shown in the diagram below, a variable resistor consists of a track which provides the
resistance path. Two terminals of the device are connected to both the ends of the track.

The third terminal is connected to a wiper that decides the motion of the track. The
motion of the wiper through the track helps in increasing and decreasing the resistance.

Variable Resistors

The track is usually made of a mixture of ceramic and metal or can be made of carbon
as well. As a resistive material is needed, carbon film type variable resistors are mostly
used. They find applications in radio receiver circuits, audio amplifier circuits and TV
receivers. For applications of small resistances, the resistance track may just be a coil of
wire. The track can be in both the rotary as well as straight versions. In a rotary track
some of them may include a switch. The switch will have an operating shaft which can
be easily moved in the axial direction with one of its ends moving from the body of
variable resistor switch.

Working Of Laser Security System Along

With Circuit Diagram
Non inverting input receives a variable voltage based on the conduction of T1. At the
opposite door frame receiver should be fixed and should be properly aligned to the laser
beam. The laser beam illuminates the face of photo transistor and starts conducting the
voltage. So, this keeps the voltage at pin 3 lower than pin 2 of the IC.

Laser Security System Circuit Diagram

By this output of comparator remains low. Both LED and Buzzer remains off in this state. While
a person crossing the door laser beam breaks and T1 cease to conduct. The voltage at collector
T1 rises, the voltage at pin 3 of comparator increases and its output rises. Then LED is

activated and also buzzer. The base of T2 is kept high by the capacitor C1 for a few seconds
after the output of IC1 becomes low. The C2 gives current to the buzzer for a few seconds after
T2 turns off.

Laser Security System

LASER System

The word LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
These are available in different types like semiconductor, infrared, GaAs laser diode.
This has an energy wavelength of approximately 900 nanometers with a beam
divergence of 3 million radians i.e. equal to a beam width small beam width.
Laser technology products will calculate distance by measuring the time of flight of very
short pulses of infrared light. It is different from the traditional surveying instrument
method of measuring phase shifts by comparing the incoming wavelength with the
phase of the outgoing light pulse.

Laser Security System For Home

Solid objects will reflect back a certain percentage of the emitted light energy. It only
needs to be a small percentage for our sensitive detector to pick it. We can measure the
time it takes for a laser pulse to travel to the target and back with a reflection. By
knowing the constant speed of light we can calculate the distance traveled.

Laser based security system

To get increased accuracy our laser process as many as sixty pulses in a single
measurement period. Target acquisition times range will be half second. Sophisticated
accuracy validation algorithms are in place to ensure a reliable reading.
LTI lasers are completely eye safe and meets FDA Class 1. The radiated light power of
our lasers is on the order of 50 micro watts. i.e. approximately one twentieth the light
power of a typical TV remote control.
The Laser security systems are high tech innovations that have gained popularity in
home and office security systems. These are used to be expensive solutions for security
needs. Depending on cost and fast technological advancements laser security systems
becoming more adoptable. The features and specifications of the laser security system
can be had in detail from the security system dealers who provide high end solutions
based on requirement.

Advantages of a Laser Security System

Easy to install and work; both within as well as outside homes.
Very effective perimeter alarm systems around properties like parks, pools,
garages or even driveways.
Indoor systems utilize the normal power outlets and jacks making them
inconspicuous.
Outdoors, they can easily be hidden behind the bushes or plants without causing
any harm.
Consume less power, though the laser system on the whole is expensive.

References

www.wikipedia.com
www.engineersgarage.com
www.circuitstoday.com
www.allaboutcircuits.com
www.edgefx.com
www.acknowledgementsample.com
www.modulight.com
www.teachengineering.org
www.instructables.com