Experiment 1

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

A. TYPES OF DISPERSED SYSTEM

Properties

True solution

Colloid

Suspension

Particle size

<10-9m or 1nm

1 -1000nm

More than 1000nm

Effect of a beam
of light

none -- light passes through,

particles do not reflect light

variable

light is dispersed by
colloidal particles

Visibility

Particles are invisible

Particles can be observed

by Tyndall effect

Particles are visible

Appearance

Clear, Transparent, and

Homogeneous

Translucent, Uniform, and

Homogeneous

Opaque, Cloudy, and

Heterogeneous

1. Can the beam of light passed through the dispersed systems be used
to classify?
2. How can the component of solutions be physically separated? What is
the basis for the separation?
- 1.
Precipitation- (basis for separation) converts solutes to an easily
separated solid form.
2. Filtration- (basis for separation) collects solid particles on a filter.
3. Condensation- (basis for separation) phase separation by condensing gases in
the mixture to liquids.

3. Cite the importance of colloidal dispersion.

-Because of colloidal dispersion we are able to see the water droplets
from the cloud or raindrops because of the intense light scattering
disperse the light in all directions. We are able to understand and see
the reason behind why milk, fog, fire extinguisher and clouds appear to
be white. As the density of particles (or particle size) increases the light
scattering may become great enough to produce a cloudy effect as
in the image of the smoke filled room.
4. What is Tyndall effect?
- The scattering of a beam of visible light by the particles in a colloidal
dispersion.
B. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ON FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

After obtaining 3 test tubes and labelling them 1, 2, and 3, we put

distilled water to test tube 1, 1.00 m sucrose to test tube 2, and 1.00 m NaCl
solution to the test tube 3. We then prepare ice/salt bath containing 50 g of
rock salt and 500 mL beaker half-filled with crushed ice, with the
temperature of about -10C. Obtaining the setup illustrated below.

ILLUSTRATION OF THE SETUP

The table below shows the result of our experiment.

Test tube #
1
2
3

Test tube contents

Distilled water
Sucrose
NaCl solution

Temperature
0C
-8C
-10C

The recorded temperature was taken by the time the ice crystals begin to
form.
Based on the data obtained, the temperature descends from 0 C to -10 C.
The freezing point of the solution is lower than that of the pure liquid. Salt and
sucrose are used to depress or to lower the freezing point. Therefore, the
temperature of the sucrose and NaCl solution dropped/reduced as the two
freezes. They both attained a freezing point lower than 0C, the freezing
point of distilled water.
The reason behind why ice crystals formed is, the heat is the motion of
molecules, more heat energy more molecule movement so the colder the
water gets, the more those molecules slow down. At 32F, those molecules
which are all the same size and shape line up nice and neatly side by side
forming crystals. This is where water goes from liquid to solid, and it is
technically known as phase change: a change from one phase (solid, liquid,
or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition. But if you add
a solute like salt on sugar to the solvent, those water molecules cant line up
neatly, so it takes lower temperature freezing point depression in order to
slow the water molecule down enough to form crystals.

C. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ON OSMOTIC PRESSURE

We first dissolved 52.267 g of rock salt to 250 ml distilled water in a
beaker. We then cut two potato cubes and wash them properly. We put one
potato cube to a rock salt solution and the other cube to distilled water. We
keep our set up inside the locker and do the observation the next meeting.

ILLUSTRATION OF THE SETUP

As we observed, there is no change in the characteristics of the potato cube

that was submerged in distilled water. While the potato that was submerged
in rock solution shrunk: there are many salts in the potato.
If the solute concentration outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell,
the solution is hypertonic. The water will flow out of the cell, and crenation
results. In contrast to this, if the solute concentration outside the cell is less
than that inside the cell, the solution is hypotonic. Water will flow into the
cell, and hemolysis results.

Hypertonic Solution
Solution

Hypotonic

D. BONUS EXPERIMENT QUESTION:

1. The salt reduces/lowers the freezing point of water and this allows the
ice to attain a temperature lower than zero degree Celsius. This allows
for more rapid and uniform cooling and also makes the ice cream
creamier.
2. Using percentage by weight (w/v):
solution=

dry massgrams of solute

x 100
volume of solutionmL

Example: Grab a 100 ml bottle, add 20 gram of NaCl to your bottle and bring the
volume up to

100 ml.

Using Molar Sloutions:

moles of solute
solution=
x 100
L of solution
Example: Dissolve 20g of NaCl in a volume of 1L.