ChE 31

INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

2nd sem. 2013-2014

Prepared by: JACapunitan

PROCESS VARIABLES PART 3

ESTIMATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA:

DENSITIES OF SOLIDS & LIQUIDS

Methods for Determining Physical Properties

Look it up.
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th ed. RH Perry
& DW Green, Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, ___.
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed. D
Lide, Ed., Chemical Rubber Company, Boca Raton, FL.
1998.
Estimate it.
Use empirical correlations (Reid, Prausnitz & Poling. The
Properties of Gases and Liquids. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1986.)
Measure it.
Determine properties experimentally using published
methods or techniques.

Incompressible substances

substances whose densities do not significantly

change with changes in pressure and temperature
Solids & liquids

Sources of Densities
REFERENCE

TABLE or PAGE NO.

DETAILS

Felder & Rousseau

Table B.1, Appendix B

Different substances at
a single temp.

Perrys ChE
Handbook, 7th ed.

pp. 2-7 to 2-47; 2-91 to 2120

Different substances

pp. 2-91 to 2-93

Liquid water & mercury

at different temp.

pp. 2-128 to 2-131; pp. 2358 to 2-361

Expressions for density

calculations of many
substances at different
temp.

pp. 2-99 to 2-118

Liquid mixtures or
solutions of a solid in a
liquid

Densities of Mixtures

Can be estimated from component mass fractions xi

Assumption: volume additivity

i 1

xi

For mixtures of liquid species with

similar molecular structures (e.g.
straight-chain hydrocarbons)

xi i
i 1

No general rule; rely on empirical

findings

Sample Problem

Determine the density (g/cm3) of a 50 wt% aqueous solution

of H2SO4 at 20oC, both by (1) looking up a tabulated value
and (2) assuming volume additivity of the solution components.

(a) Referring to Table 2-101, p. 2-107, Perry, 7th ed.

(b) Obtain pure component densities from Perry:

(H2O, 20 oC) = 0.998 g/cm3
(H2SO4, 18 oC) = 1.834 g/cm3 (neglect density change
with temp.)
1 (0.500 / 0.998 0.500 / 1.834) 0.7736cm3 / g

1.29 g / cm3

ESTIMATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA:

DENSITIES OF IDEAL GASES

EQUATION OF STATE

relates the molar quantity and volume of a gas to temperature and

pressure
The simplest & most widely used Ideal Gas Equation of State

PV nRT
Where:
P = absolute pressure of a gas
V or V = volume or volumetric
flow rate of the gas
n or n = number of moles or
molar flow rate of the gas
R = the gas constant
T = absolute temperature of the
gas

PV nRT
IDEAL GAS EQUATION - derived
from the kinetic theory of gases with
the assumptions that gas molecules:
have negligible volume
exert no forces on each other
collide elastically with the walls of
their container.

IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Does not require a knowledge of the gas species: 1 mol of an ideal gas at
0 oC and 1 atm occupies 22.415 Liters
Gas constant R units:
(pressure x volume)/(mole x temperature)
(energy)/(mole x temperature)

Only an approximation; applicability: T above about 0 oC and P<1atm

Videal RT / P

RULE OF THUMB: Error in the estimated value is less than 1% when:

Videal > 5 L/mol (80 ft3/lb-mole)

Videal > 20 L/mol (320 ft3/lb-mole)

(diatomic gases)
(other gases)

Sample Problem

One hundred grams of nitrogen is stored in a container at

23.0oC and 3.00 psig.
(1) Assuming ideal gas behavior, calculate the container
volume in liters.
(2) Verify that the ideal gas equation of state is a good
approximation for the given conditions.

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Standard cubic meters (SCM) m3

Standard cubic feet (SCF) ft3
Example:
18.2 SCMH 18.2 m3/h at 0oC and 1 atm.

Standard and True Volumetric Flow Rates

The flow rate of a methane stream at 285oF and 1.30 atm is

measured with an orifice meter. The calibration chart for the
meter indicates that the flow rate is 3.95 x 105 SCFH.
Calculate the molar flow rate and the true volumetric flow rate
of the stream.

IDEAL GAS MIXTURES

DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
PA + PB + = (yA + yB +) P = P
Where: Pi = the pressure that would be exerted
by ni moles of i alone in the same total volume V
at the same temperature T
AMAGATS LAW
vA + vB + = (yA + yB +) V = V
Where: yi = mole fraction of component i in the
gas mixture
vi = volume of pure component i

Sample Problems

An ideal gas mixture at 10 bar absolute and 200oC in a 100m3 tank contains 50 mole% H2 and 50 mole% N2. What is the
partial pressure of H2? What is the pure-component volume of
H2? What would happen to PH2 and VH2 if the temperature
were raised?
An ideal gas mixture at 10 atm absolute contains 50 wt% H2
and 50 wt% N2. Is the partial pressure of H2 less than, equal
tp, or greater than 5 atm?

CLASS DISMISSED

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