Text File B 1.2 2 PDF

M.
CHKHEIDZE
TEXT FILE
UNIT 1. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

Globalization - certainly no word in recent memory has meant so many different things to
different people and has evoked as much emotion. Some see it as nirvana - a blessed state of
universal peace and prosperity - while others condemn it as a new kind of chaos.
The exponential growth in the exchange of goods, ideas and people that we see today is the
part of a long-term historical trend. Over the course of human history the desire for something
better and greater has motivated people to move themselves, their goods, and their ideas
around the world.
When the Romans built roads as they marched across Europe during their golden era of
conquest and empire-building, they were engaging in a form of globalization. When the Incas
created their own empire in the Andes they were also a globalizing force. When Marco Polo
traced the trade routes from Europe to central Asia, he was promoting globalization of trade.
The Dutch, the Spanish and the British empires of the sixteenth centuries were also further
steps in creating a new global world.
Historically there were four main motives that drove people to leave the sanctuary of their
family and village: conquest (the desire to ensure security and extend political power),
prosperity (the search for a better life), proselytizing (spreading the word of their God and
converting others to their faith), and a more mundane but still powerful force - curiosity and
wanderlust that seem basic to human nature. Therefore, the principal agents of globalization
were soldiers (and sailors), traders, preachers and adventurers. Thousands of years ago traders
carried goods from one part of the globe to another across oceans. Missionaries traversed
deserts and mountains and sailed the seas.
In place of solitary pilgrims and priests have come vast religious organizations that spread their
beliefs, along with their languages, literatures and architecture. The few intrepid adventurers
and travelers of past centuries who brought distant societies together have given way to
thousands and even millions of refugees and immigrants fleeing across borders, as well as
hundreds of millions of tourists jetting around the world. All these comings and goings deepen
and broaden the connections among far parts of the world and facilitate the transmission of
goods, ideas and cultures.
Ever since the term GLOBALIZATION was first used to make sense of large-scale changes,
scholars have debated its meaning and use.
The main debates:
Process vs. Project

New Era vs. Nothing New
Good vs. Bad
End vs. Revival of Nation-State

Sameness vs. Difference
Process vs. Project

According to one popular view, globalization is the "inexorable integration of markets, nationstates and technologies to a degree never witnessed before - in a way that is enabling
individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach round the world farther, faster, deeper and
cheaper than ever before" (T. Friedman). By contrast, some groups of scholars view
globalization not as an inexorable process but as a deliberate, ideological project of economic
liberalization.
New Era vs. Nothing New
Discussions of globalization often convey a sense that something new is happening to the
world: global practices, values, and technologies now shape people's lives to the point that we
are entering a "global age". Sceptics counter that there is nothing new under the sun.
Good vs. Bad
Globalization used to be widely celebrated as a new birth of freedom: better connections in a
more open world would improve people's lives by making new products and ideas universally
available, breaking down barriers to trade and democratic institutions, resolve tensions
between old adversaries, and empower more and more people. Politicians opposed to
America's global influence and now portray globalization as dangerous.
End vs. Revival of Nation-State
According to one line of argument, globalization constrains states: free trade limits the ability
of states to set policy and protect domestic companies; capital mobility makes generous welfare
states less competitive; global problems exceed the grasp of any individual state; and global
norms and institutions become more powerful. Others suggest that in a more integrated world
nation-states may even become more important: they have a special role in creating conditions
for growth and compensating for the effects of economic competition.
Sameness vs. Difference
A standard complaint about globalization is that it leads to cultural homogeneity: interaction
and integration diminish difference; many cultural flows, such as the provision of news, reflect
exclusively Western interests and control. The counterargument stresses new heterogeneity
that results from globalization: interaction is likely to lead to new mixtures of cultures and
integration is likely to provoke a defense of tradition; global norms or practices are necessarily
interpreted differently according to local tradition, and one such norm stresses the value of
cultural difference itself.
The question frequently asked about globalization is not whether it will continue, but at what
pace. Like a snowball rolling down a steep mountain, globalization seems to be gathering more
and more momentum.
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer.

Comprehension Questions:
1. Some see globalization as nirvana - a new kind of chaos.
TRUE
FALSE
2. The exponential growth in the exchange of goods, ideas and people that we see today is
a new political trend.
TRUE
FALSE
3. When the Romans built roads as they marched across Europe during their golden era of
conquest and empire-building, they were engaging in a form of globalization.
TRUE
FALSE
4. Historically there were two main motives that drove people to leave the sanctuary of
their family and village.
TRUE
FALSE
5. According to one popular view, globalization is the "inexorable integration of markets,

nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before.
TRUE
FALSE
6. Globalization has never been celebrated as a new birth of freedom.

TRUE
FALSE
7. A standard complaint about globalization is that it leads to cultural heterogeneity.

TRUE
FALSE
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences.
1. Globalization - no word in recent memory has meant so many different things

different people.
2. The exponential growth the exchange of goods, ideas and people is part of a
long-term historical trend.
3. Over the course of human history, the desire something better and greater has
motivated people to move themselves, their goods, and their ideas the world.
4. According one popular view, globalization is the "inexorable integration of
markets, nation-states and technologies a degree never witnessed before.
5. contrast, some groups of scholars view globalization not as an inexorable
process but as a deliberate, ideological project of economic liberalization.
6. Discussions of globalization convey a sense that something new is happening the

world: global practices, values, and technologies now shape people's lives the
point that we are entering a "global age".
7. Sceptics counter that there is nothing new the sun.
8. A standard complaint globalization is that it leads cultural
homogeneity.
Exercise 3. Make sentences using these phrases and translate them from English into Georgian.
To evoke emotion
Universal peace and prosperity
A new kind of chaos
Exchange of goods, ideas and people
A long-term historical trend
The desire for something better and greater
To promote globalization of trade
To be basic to human nature
To bring distant societies together
To deepen and broaden the connections among far parts of the world
To facilitate the transmission of goods, ideas and cultures
Inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies
To convey a sense
To enter a "global age"
To improve people's lives by making new products and ideas universally available
To break down barriers to trade and democratic institutions
To resolve tensions between old adversaries
To empower more and more people
To portray globalization as dangerous
To limit the ability of states to set policy
To have a special role in creating conditions for growth
To compensate for the effects of economic competition
To lead to cultural homogeneity
To diminish difference
To result from globalization
To provoke a defense of tradition
To gather more and more momentum
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
The discussion leaders job is to
read the text twice, and prepare at least five general questions about it;
make sure that everyone has a chance to speak and joins in the discussion;
guide the discussion and keep it going.
Usually the best discussion questions come from your own thoughts, feelings as you read.
MY QUESTIONS:
OTHER GENERAL IDEAS (Questions about the theme):
SUMMARIZER
The summarizers job is to
read the text and make notes about the ideas.

find the key points that everyone must know to understand and remember the text.
retell the text in a short summary in your own words.
talk about your summary to the group, using your writing to help you.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER
The word masters job is to

read the text, and look for words or short phrases that are new or difficult to
understand, or that are important in the text;
choose five words that you think are important for this text;
explain the meanings of these five words in simple English to the group;
tell the group why these words are important for understanding this text.
Your five words do not have to be new or unknown words. Look for words in the story that
really stand out in some way. These may be words that are:
repeated often;
used in an unusual way;
important to the meaning of the text.
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
The passage persons job is to

read the text, and find important, interesting, or difficult passages;
make notes about at least two passages that are important for the text;
read each passage to the group;
ask the group one or two questions about each passage.
You might choose a passage to discuss because it is:
*important
*informative
*confusing
*well-written
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE PASSAGE
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PASSAGES
Memorize these phrasal verbs.
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
make for
go to or toward
Her teen-aged children are always hungry.

As soon as they arrive home from school,
they make for the refrigerator.
make off with run away with
The thief made off with a valuable

necklace.
make out
pretend
Tim made out that he hadn't seen the No

Smoking sign.
Bob saw something on the horizon as he
was looking through his binoculars. At
first he couldn't make out what it was, but
after a few minutes he could just make out
the shape of a yacht.
make out
manage to see or
understand; to see, hear, or
understand (something or
someone), often with
difficulty; see / hear
something well enough to
understand what it means
make out a
cheque
make
someone out
to write (a cheque)
I made out a cheque for ten pounds.
understand someone's
behaviour
Janet is really odd. I can't make her out.
make up
to become friends again

after a quarrel
Yesterday Joan and Jack had a big

argument about politics. Earlier today they
decided to forget their differences and
make up.
make up
invent / create (imaginary)

information
Judy's story is hard to believe. I'm sure she

made it up.
make up
compensate for something I'm sorry I missed the test. May I make it
missed or not done by doing up?
extra or equivalent work
make up for a to compensate for

mistake
/doing or not
doing
something etc.
Our success makes up for all the hard

times.
put (someone) inconvenience someone

out
I hate to put you out, but I need a ride to

the train station and hope you can take me.
put across
communicate ideas
Harry is clever but he can't put his ideas

across.
put forward a to offer (a proposal / a plan

etc.) for consideration
proposal / a
plan / a
suggestion /
an idea etc.
Mr. Smith put forward the idea of

introducing traffic lights at the crossroads
as a way of preventing traffic jams.
apply for a job

put in for
put off / put to discourage, or distract,
(someone) off (someone) from doing
something, upset
Sue has put in for a teaching job.

Ron was trying to read, but the noise from
the television put him off and he had to
stop.
put on
try to make someone believe Don't believe a word of what Jim was
something that is ridiculous saying. He was just putting us on.
or untrue
put up
return something to the

proper place
Your toys are all over the floor, Timmy.

Please put them up.
put up
offer accommodation;
provide someone with a
place to sleep
There's no need for you to check into a

hotel. I'll be happy to put you up.
put up with
to suffer (a difficult situation When Uncle Mike comes to visit us, the
or person) without
children behave very badly. They hit him,
complaining
they play tricks on him and they make a lot

of noise. Uncle Mike must love them very
much because he puts up with everything
they do, and he never gets annoyed with
them.
put up with
tolerate; bear
I can't put up with all this noise!
burn up
cause someone to become

very angry
Did you hear how rudely Fred talked to

me? That really burned me up!
come about
happen
Let me explain how the situation came

about.
come down
with
become ill with something
George won't be at the office today. He

came down with the flu over the weekend.
come in for
receive - especially
criticism, blame
The government has come in for a lot of

criticism over the decision.
come into
money /
property / a
fortune etc
to receive something
Peter came into a fortune when his father
(usually money or property) died.
after someone's death.
come off
take place successfully
I'm afraid that deal didn't come off after

all.
come out
appear
When the news came out, everyone was

shocked.
come round
to regain consciousness
James fainted when the air-conditioning

stopped working. Two of his colleagues
took care of him until he came round.
come to
total
Your charges come to $124.38. Will you

pay by check, in cash, or with a credit
card?
come up
occur- usually a problem
Look, something has come up, and I can't

meet you.
come up
against
meet a difficulty
We've come up against a bit of a problem.
come up to
equal - especially
expectations
The play didn't come up to expectations.
come up with to think of; to produce; think We still haven't come up with a solution to
an idea/a
of - especially an answer, a the problem.
plan/a
plan, a solution
suggestion etc.
Exercise 4. Make sentences using these phrasal verbs.
make for
make out
_______________________________________________________________________________
make up
_______________________________________________________________________________
put someone out
_______________________________________________________________________________
put across
_______________________________________________________________________________
put in for
_______________________________________________________________________________
put off
_______________________________________________________________________________
put on
_______________________________________________________________________________
put up
_______________________________________________________________________________
put up with
burn up
come about
come down with
come in for
come into
come off
come out
come round
come to
come up
come up against
come up to
come up with
UNIT 2. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

Globalization implies the process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the
world's markets and businesses. This process has speeded up dramatically in the last two
decades as technological advances make it easier for people to travel, communicate, and do
business internationally. Two major recent driving forces are advances in telecommunications
infrastructure and the rise of the internet. In general, as economies become more connected to
other economies, they have increased opportunity but also increased competition. Thus, as
globalization becomes a more and more common feature of world economics, powerful proglobalization and anti-globalization lobbies have arisen
The pro-globalization lobby argues that globalization brings about much increased
opportunities for almost everyone, and increased competition is a good thing since it makes
agents of production more efficient.
The anti-globalization group argues that certain groups of people who are deprived in terms of
resources are not currently capable of functioning within the increased competitive pressure.
Even supporters of globalization agree that the benefits of globalization are not without risks.
But the risks are not a reason to reverse direction.
Economic "globalization" is a historical process, the result of human innovation and
technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world,
particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. The term
sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across
international borders.
The term "globalization" began to be used more commonly in the 1980s, reflecting
technological advances that made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same
market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity - village
markets, urban industries, or financial centers.
The growth in global markets has helped to promote efficiency through competition and the
division of labor - the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they
do best. Global markets also offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more diversified
and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital,
technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets. But markets do not necessarily ensure
that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to
embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries, may need the support of
the international community as they do so.
The broad reach of globalization easily extends to daily choices of personal, economic, and
political life. In the world of communications, it would facilitate commerce and education, and
allow access to independent media. Globalization can also create a framework for cooperation
among nations on a range of non-economic issues that have cross-border implications, such as
immigration, the environment, and legal issues.
Perhaps more importantly, globalization implies that information and knowledge get dispersed
and shared. Innovators - be they in business or government - can draw on ideas that have been
successfully implemented in one jurisdiction and tailor them to suit their own jurisdiction.
A core element of globalization is the expansion of world trade through the elimination or
reduction of trade barriers, such as import tariffs. Greater imports offer consumers a wider
variety of goods at lower prices, while providing strong incentives for domestic industries to
remain competitive. Exports, often a source of economic growth for developing nations,
stimulate job creation as industries sell beyond their borders. More generally, trade enhances
national competitiveness by driving workers to focus on those vocations where they, and their
country, have a competitive advantage. Trade promotes economic resilience and flexibility, as
higher imports help to offset adverse domestic supply shocks. Greater openness can also
stimulate foreign investment, which would be a source of employment for the local workforce
and could bring along new technologies, thus promoting higher productivity.
The world's financial markets have experienced a dramatic increase in globalization in recent
years. The most rapid increase has been experienced by advanced economies, but emerging
markets and developing countries have also become more financially integrated. As countries
have strengthened their capital markets they have attracted more investment capital, which
can enable a broader entrepreneurial class to develop, facilitate a more efficient allocation of
capital, encourage international risk sharing, and foster economic growth.
Some see financial globalization as a catalyst for economic growth and stability. Others see it as
injecting dangerous, and often costly, volatility into the economies of growing middle-income
countries.
Some support the view that countries must carefully weigh the risks and benefits of unfettered
capital flows. The evidence points to largely unambiguous gains from financial integration for
advanced economies. In developing countries, certain factors are likely to influence the effect
of financial globalization on economic volatility and growth: countries with well-developed
financial sectors, strong institutions, sound macroeconomic policies, and substantial trade
openness are more likely to gain from financial liberalization and less likely to risk increased
macroeconomic volatility and to experience financial crises.
A perennial challenge facing all of the worlds countries, is achieving financial stability,
economic growth, and higher living standards. There are many different paths that can be
taken to achieve these objectives, and every countrys path will be different given the
distinctive nature of national economies and political systems.

1. Globalization implies the process of hampering the connectivity and interdependence
of the world's markets and businesses.
TRUE
FALSE
2. As economies become more connected to other economies, they have increased

opportunity but also decreased competition.
TRUE
FALSE
3. The anti-globalization group argues that certain groups of people who are deprived in
terms of resources are not currently capable of functioning within the increased
competitive pressure.
TRUE
FALSE
4. Even supporters of globalization agree that the benefits of globalization are without any
risks. But the risks are not a reason to reverse direction.
TRUE
FALSE
5. The growth in global markets has helped to promote efficiency through competition
and the division of labor.
TRUE
FALSE
6. Global markets never offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more diversified
and larger markets around the world.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Markets necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all.
TRUE
FALSE
8. A core element of globalization is the expansion of world trade through the elimination
or reduction of trade barriers, such as import tariffs.
TRUE
FALSE
9. Greater imports offer consumers a wider variety of goods at higher prices, while
providing strong incentives for domestic industries to remain competitive.
TRUE
FALSE
10. Exports stimulate job creation as industries sell within their borders.
TRUE
FALSE
11. Trade promotes economic resilience and flexibility, as higher exports help to offset
adverse domestic supply shocks.
TRUE
FALSE
12. Some see financial globalization as a catalyst for economic growth and instability.
TRUE
FALSE

1. As economies become more connected other economies, they have increased
opportunity but also increased competition.
2. As globalization becomes a more and more common feature world economics,
powerful pro-globalization and anti-globalization lobbies have arisen.
3. The pro-globalization lobby argues that globalization brings much increased
opportunities for almost everyone.
4. The anti-globalization group argues that people who are deprived terms of
resources are not currently capable functioning the increased
competitive pressure.
5. Even supporters of globalization agree that the benefits of globalization are not
risks.
6. Economic globalization refers the increasing integration of economies around
the world, particularly the movement of goods, services, and capital
borders.
7. The growth global markets has helped to promote efficiency
competition and the division of labor - the specialization that allows people and
economies to focus what they do best.
8. Global markets also offer greater opportunity for people to tap more diversified
and larger markets around the world.
9. It means that they can have access more capital, technology, cheaper imports,
and larger export markets.
10. The broad reach globalization easily extends daily choices of personal,
economic, and political life.
11. Globalization can create a framework cooperation among nations a
range of non-economic issues that have cross-border implications.
12. Innovators - be they in business or government - can draw ideas that have been
successfully implemented in one jurisdiction and tailor them to suit their own
jurisdiction.
13. A core element of globalization is the expansion of world trade the elimination
or reduction of trade barriers.
14. Exports, often a source of economic growth developing nations, stimulate job
creation as industries sell their borders.
15. More generally, trade enhances national competitiveness driving workers to
focus on those vocations where they, and their country, have a competitive advantage.
Some see financial globalization as a catalyst economic growth and stability.
16. The evidence points largely unambiguous gains from financial integration for
advanced economies.
17. In developing countries, certain factors are likely to influence the effect of financial
globalization economic volatility and growth.
Connectivity and interdependence of the world's markets and businesses
Advances in telecommunications infrastructure and the rise of the internet
To bring about much increased opportunities for almost everyone
To be capable of functioning within the increased competitive pressure
To reverse direction
Increasing integration of economies around the world
To refer to an extension beyond national borders
To operate at all levels of human economic activity
To promote efficiency through competition and the division of labor
To tap into more diversified and larger markets
To have access to more capital, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets
To ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency
To embrace the policies needed
To extend to daily choices of personal, economic, and political life
To facilitate commerce and education
To allow access to independent media
To create a framework for cooperation
To draw on ideas that have been successfully implemented
Elimination or reduction of trade barriers
To offer consumers a wider variety of goods at lower prices
To provide strong incentives for domestic industries
To remain competitive
To stimulate job creation
To enhance national competitiveness
To promote economic resilience and flexibility
To offset adverse domestic supply shocks
To promote higher productivity
To experience a dramatic increase in globalization
Emerging markets and developing countries
To become more financially integrated
To enable a broader entrepreneurial class to develop
To facilitate a more efficient allocation of capital
To encourage international risk sharing
To foster economic growth
Middle-income countries
To weigh the risks and benefits of unfettered capital flows
To influence the effect of financial globalization on economic volatility and growth
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
*important *informative *confusing *well-written
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
drop off
something or
someone
to stop a vehicle and let

David drove his wife, Sue, into town and
someone get out; to take
dropped her off in the cinema.
something (or someone) to a
place and leave it there.
drop off
to fall asleep (often

unintentionally).
John sat in his favourite armchair and

dropped off.
drop off
drop out
drop out (of)
fall about
deliver something; deliver Yes, I can take those letters to the post
someone (by giving him/her office. I'll drop them off as I go home from
work.
a ride)
to withdraw from, or stop

Sam dropped out of the race because he
taking part in (a
felt tired and ill.
competition, a social group,
a school, a university, a job
etc.)
,
stop attending / leave school Paul isn't at the university. He dropped out.
or an organization
show amusement especially laughing
Every one fell about when Jane told her

joke.
fall back on
use as a last resort
If the worst comes to the worst, we've got

our savings to fall back on.
fall for
be deceived by
fall for
fall out
fall in love with

to quarrel
fall out with

fall through
quarrel with
fail to come to completion
It was an unlikely story but he fell for it.
I fell for you the moment I saw you.

George and Sam went out for dinner
together. The evening ended badly because
they fell out over who should pay the bill.
Peter has fallen out with his boss.

The plan fell through at the last minute.
( )
fall through
not happen (describes

We had originally intended to go to
something that was planned Mexico for our vacation, but our trip fell
but didn't happen.)
through when I got sick.

fill in (on)
supply information that

someone doesn't know

fill in for
I wasn't able to attend the meeting

yesterday, but I understand that it was
important. Could you fill me in? Could
you fill me in on what was discussed?
temporarily do someone
Professor Newton is in the hospital and
else's work; temporarily
won't be able to teach for the rest of the
substitute for another person term. Do you know who's going to fill in
for her?

fill out
follow up
become less thin; gain

weight
,
.
Jerry used to be really skinny, but in the

last year he's begun to fill out.
Thanks for the information about that

book. I'll follow it up.
act upon a suggestion

follow up
take more action
We'll follow up this lesson next week.
step down
resign
The Chairman has stepped down after

criticism from shareholders.
step up
increase
Production at the Leeds plant has been

stepped up.
butter up
praise someone excessively I guess Martin really wants to be

with the hope of getting
promoted. He's been buttering his boss up
some benefit
all week.
bear out
confirm the truth
Helen's alibi was borne out by her sister.
butt in
impolitely interrupt (a
conversation, an action)
Hey, you! Don't butt in! Wait for your

turn!
act up
misbehave (for people); not The baby sitter had a difficult time. The
work properly (for
children acted up all evening.
machines)
(
)
drop off
drop out
fall about
fall back on
fall for
fall out
fall through
fill in on
fill in for
follow up
step down
step up
--butter up
bear out
butt in
act up
UNIT 3. INCOME INEQUALITY AND POVERTY

Some argue that globalization is a classic situation when the rich get richer while the poor get
poorer. Today, the gap between rich and poor countries is expanding. The gap between the
rich and poor within these countries is also expanding.
Globalization is deeply controversial. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor

countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while
opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market
has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense () of local
enterprises, local cultures, and common people.
Globalization is irreversible(). In the long run globalization is likely to be an
unrelenting() phenomenon. But for significant periods of time its
momentum() can be hindered ( ) by a variety of factors. Indeed, the
world was thought to be on an irreversible path toward peace and prosperity early in the early
20th century, until the outbreak( ) of World War I. That war, coupled with the Great
Depression, and then World War II, dramatically set back global economic integration.
Financial shocks are reminders that a breakdown in globalization - meaning a slowdown in the
global flows of goods, services, capital, and people - can have extremely adverse(
) consequences.
Ensuring economic stability is critical as the poor suffer more than the rich during times of
economic crises. High rates of inflation typically hurt the poor disproportionately, as inflation
erodes() their real incomes.
Also the poor lack the extra reserves of funds for a rainy day which would allow them to spend
in tough economic times. And periods of economic instability are typically accompanied by
rising unemployment and long-term unemployment that exerts() downward
pressure on the real incomes of poor and low skilled households.
Over the past two decades, income inequality has risen in most regions and countries.
Consumption data( ) from groups of developing countries reveal the
striking inequality that exists between the richest and the poorest in populations across
different regions.
One must keep in mind that there are many sources of inequality. Contrary to popular belief,
increased trade globalization is associated with a decline( ) in inequality. The spread of
technological advances and increased financial globalization - and foreign direct investment in
particular - have instead contributed more to the recent rise in inequality by raising the
demand for skilled labor and increasing the returns to skills in both developed and developing
countries. Hence, while everyone benefits, those with skills benefit more.
It is important to ensure that the gains from globalization are more broadly shared across the
population. To this effect, reforms to strengthen education and training would help ensure that
workers have the appropriate skills for the evolving global economy. Equally important,
globalization should not be rejected because its impact has left some people unemployed. The
dislocation may be a function of forces that have little to do with globalization and more to do
with inevitable technological progress. And the number of people who "lose" under
globalization is likely to be outweighed () by the number of people who "win."
Indeed, globalization has helped to deliver extraordinary progress for people living in
developing nations. Globalization has contributed to a reduction in poverty as well as a
reduction in global income inequality. They found that in "globalizing" countries in the
developing world, income per person grew three-and-a-half times faster than in "nonglobalizing" countries during the 1990s.
Critics point to those parts of the world that have achieved few gains during this period and
highlight it as a failure of globalization. But that is to misdiagnose the problem. While serving
as Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan pointed out that "the main losers in
today's very unequal world are not those who are too much exposed to globalization. They are
those who have been left out."
1. Some argue that globalization is a classic situation when the rich get poorer while the
poor get richer.
TRUE
FALSE
2. Financial shocks are reminders that a breakdown in globalization can have extremely
adverse consequences.
TRUE
FALSE
3. Ensuring economic stability is critical as the rich suffer more than the poor during
times of economic crises.
TRUE
FALSE
4. The poor never lack the extra reserves of funds for a rainy day.
TRUE
FALSE
5. Periods of economic instability are typically accompanied by long-term unemployment.

TRUE
FALSE
6. Consumption data from groups of developing countries reveal the striking inequality
that exists between the richest and the poorest in populations across different regions.
TRUE
FALSE
7. There is only one source of inequality.

TRUE
FALSE
8. Contrary to popular belief, increased trade globalization is associated with a decline in

inequality.
TRUE
FALSE
9. Globalization has contributed to a reduction in poverty as well as a reduction in global

income inequality.
TRUE
FALSE
1. Today the gap rich and poor countries is expanding.

2. the long run, globalization is likely to be an unrelenting phenomenon.
3. But significant periods of time, its momentum can be hindered a
variety of factors.
4. The world was thought to be an irreversible path peace and
prosperity early in the early 20th century.
5. Financial shocks are reminders that a breakdown globalization can have
extremely adverse consequences.
6. High rates inflation typically hurt the poor disproportionately, as inflation
erodes their real incomes.
7. The poor lack the extra reserves of funds a rainy day.
8. Periods of economic instability are typically accompanied rising
unemployment.
9. Contrary popular belief, increased trade globalization is associated a
decline inequality.
10. It is important to ensure that the gains globalization are more broadly shared
across the population.
11. Globalization has contributed a reduction in poverty as well as a reduction in
global income inequality.
12. Critics point those parts of the world that have achieved few gains during this
period and highlight it as a failure of globalization.
To be deeply controversial
To create unfettered international free market
To be an unrelenting phenomenon
To be hindered by a variety of factors
To be on an irreversible path toward peace and prosperity
To set back global economic integration
Slowdown in the global flows of goods, services, capital, and people
To have extremely adverse consequences
To hurt the poor disproportionately
To erode real incomes
To lack the extra reserves of funds
To exert downward pressure on the real incomes
Consumption data
Sources of inequality
To be associated with a decline in inequality
To ensure that the gains from globalization are more broadly shared across the population
To deliver extraordinary progress
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON

MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
get across
get around
Examples
make something
Alan is really intelligent but sometimes
understood; communicate he has problems getting his ideas across.
something
understandably; be
understood - especially
get an idea across
avoid having to do
something
get around
get around to
get at
Teresa got around the required math

classes by doing well on a math
proficiency test.
move from place to place She doesn't have a car. She gets around
by bicycle, bus, or taxi.
do something eventually I really should wash the dishes, but I
don't feel like it. Maybe I'll get around
to them tomorrow morning.
imply - about personal

matters
What are you getting at exactly?
to escape
The prisoner got away from his guards

and ran into the forest.
get away
to do something wrong or
illegal without being
punished (usually without
, even being discovered or

caught)

get away with
get by
survive, financially, in a
difficult situation
Last year Jack robbed a bank and got

away with it; the police didn't even find
his fingerprints. Nowadays Jack lives a
life of luxury on a beautiful tropical
island. Jack got away with the bank
robbery.
It's going to be hard to pay the rent now

that you've lost your job, but somehow
we'll get by.

()
get down
make to feel depressed
This cold weather really gets me down.
begin to seriously deal

with
It's time we got down to some real work.
arrive
Do you know what time Fred's plane

gets in?
get down to

get in
be excused (for a period Some schools got President's Day off

of time) from work, class, but ours didn't. We had classes as usual.
or other regularly
scheduled activities
get off
make it possible for

someone to avoid
punishment

get off
get on
Everyone knew he was guilty, but his

lawyer was clever and got him off.
make progress especially in life
Sue is getting on very well in her new

job.
escape having to do
something
Lisa said she had a terrible headache

and got out of giving her speech today.
get out of

get over
finish (for individual

activities, not ones that
happen again and again)
get over illness /a recover from an illness or

an painful experience
failure/a
difficulty/a shock
etc.
come to the end of
get over with
something, usually
unpleasant
What time do your classes get over?
Katy was really upset when she failed

the test. She thought she would never
get over feeling so stupid.
I'll be glad to get this awful business
over with.
dismiss someone; fire

someone from a job;
cause someone to leave
The treasurer of the XYZ company was

spending too much money so the
president got rid of him.
get round
a problem / a difficulty
etc. to solve or avoid a
problem
Brian and Dan couldn't move the

wardrobe because it was too heavy.
They got round the problem by putting
the wardrobe on a trolley and pushing it.
get round someone to persuade someone to

do what you want; to
persuade someone to let
you do what you want

get round to
find time to do
Tim wanted some sweets, but his father

told him they were bad for his teeth.
After five minutes of persuasion, Tim
managed to get round his father and
they both went into the sweet shop.
Sorry, but I haven't got round to fixing
the tap yet.

get through
to contact someone
(usually by telephone)
get through some to finish; to complete

work / at ask / a
Jim (phoning his friend Roger): Hello,

Roger. I've been trying to get through to
you for hours! Roger: Sorry, Jim. I had
to make a lot of calls this morning.
Roger had a lot of work to do yesterday,

but he got through it all by five o'clock.
book etc.
get up to
do something - usually
bad when about children
The children are getting up to something

in the garden.

get across
______________________________________________________________________________
get around to
_______________________________________________________________________________
get at
_______________________________________________________________________________
get away with
_______________________________________________________________________________
get by
_______________________________________________________________________________
get down
_______________________________________________________________________________
get down to
_______________________________________________________________________________
get off
_______________________________________________________________________________
get on
_______________________________________________________________________________
get over
_______________________________________________________________________________
get over with
_______________________________________________________________________________
get round
_______________________________________________________________________________
get round to
_______________________________________________________________________________
get through
_______________________________________________________________________________
get up to
_______________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on
political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being
in societies around the world.
Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people - and, later, corporations have been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through
the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle
Ages. Likewise, for centuries people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other
countries. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those
prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War.
But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred increases in
cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world
has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Distinguishing this current
wave of globalization from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today
globalization is farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.
This current wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies
domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially
during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems,
vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for
international trade and investment. Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in
barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods,
services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets,
corporations have built foreign factories and established production with foreign partners. A
defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business
structure.
Technology has been the principal driver of globalization. Advances in information
technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information
technologies have given all sorts of individual economic actors - consumers, investors,
businesses - valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including
faster and more informed analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of
assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners.
The mankind has established the increasingly close contact day by day in the globalization
process of centuries. For instance: Jet airplane, cheap customer service, the computer, ocean
ship, the high-speed capital circulation, all these make world more interdependent than ever.
Along with the products and finance with idea and culture circulate freely. The impacts of
globalization in developing countries bring divide into three sections that include economics,
culture and environment. Each section contains two opposite sides, which are advantages and
disadvantages of globalization brought to the developing nations economically.
According to positive economic effects of globalization in developing nations, there are some
points to be listed. Firstly, globalization, which helps developing countries to absorb the
foreign capitals, remedy the deficiency of the domestic construction fund. Secondly, The
economic globalization helps developing countries to give play to the comparative advantage,
launch foreign trade freely. Thirdly, the economic globalization has offered the opportunity
for adjustment and upgrading of developing country's economic structure, thus narrow the
technological disparity with the developed country, additionally, it helps to promote the
system reform of developing countries.
On the other hand, the side effects of economic globalization reflect some points as well. First
of all, some people say that economic globalization makes the wealth more and more
centralized to a few developed countries and interest groups, which aggravated the
disequilibrium of economic development between the developed country and developing
country. Furthermore, globalization makes economic security of developing countries
threatened to developing nations. Moreover, global economics has strengthened the instability
of developing country's economy greatly.
In conclusion, although environment may do more harm to economic development in
developing countries. According to the field of the economics and culture, globalization brings
more healthy economic development to developing countries by opening a greater window to
developed country markets and an information transfer, which improves productivity and
higher living standards. Globalization brings many disadvantages to developing countries, for
example: firstly, developing countries will gain more capital or investment from developed
countries, secondly, developing countries would get more reputation and big right in economic
activities globally, thirdly, globalization helps improve the economic stability of developing
countries. For culture, it may benefit economic development to the developing nations. As a
whole, there are more advantages that globalization brings to the developing countries with
economic development. Therefore, globalization brings more advantages to developing
countries than disadvantages.
Yet growth has its cost, too. The reduction in poverty worldwide has negative environmental
consequences. Close to one percent of the world's rainforest is disappearing every year because
of expanding agriculture and trade in forest products. The closely knit global communication
network that makes growth possible has also made the world as a whole more vulnerable to
everything from disease and mischief to terror.
1. Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies,
and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology.
TRUE
FALSE
2. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades,
many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly decreasing their
own productive potential.
TRUE
FALSE
3. The impacts of globalization in developing countries bring divide into three sections
that include economics, culture and environment.
TRUE
FALSE
4. Globalization, which helps developing countries to absorb the foreign capitals, remedy
the efficiency of the domestic construction fund.
TRUE
FALSE
5. Some people say that economic globalization makes the wealth more and more
centralized to a few developed countries and interest groups.
TRUE
FALSE
6. There are more advantages that globalization brings to the developing countries with
health economic development.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Globalization brings more advantages to developing countries than disadvantages.

TRUE
FALSE
8. The reduction in poverty worldwide has positive environmental consequences.

TRUE
FALSE
9. Close to one percent of the world's rainforest is appearing every year because of
expanding agriculture and trade in forest products.
TRUE
FALSE
10. The closely knit global communication network that makes growth possible has also
made the world as a whole more invulnerable to everything from disease and mischief
to terror.
TRUE
FALSE

1. Globalization is a process interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international
trade and investment and aided information technology.
2. This process has effects the environment.
3. But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred
increases cross-border trade, investment, and migration.
4. This current wave of globalization has been driven policies that have opened
economies domestically and internationally.
5. Governments have negotiated dramatic reductions barriers to commerce and
have established international agreements to promote trade goods, services,
and investment.
6. Taking advantage new opportunities foreign markets, corporations
have built foreign factories and established production foreign partners.
7. The impacts of globalization in developing countries bring divide three

sections that include economics, culture and environment.
8. Each section contains two opposite sides, which are advantages and disadvantages of
globalization brought the developing nations economically.
9. According positive economic effects of globalization in developing nations,
there are some points to be listed.
10. Some people say that economic globalization makes the wealth more and more
centralized a few developed countries and interest groups, which aggravated
the disequilibrium of economic development the developed country and
developing country.
11. Furthermore, globalization makes economic security of developing countries
threatened developing nations.
12. In conclusion, although environment may do more harm economic
development in developing countries.
13. Globalization brings more healthy economic development developing
countries, by opening a greater window developed country markets and an
information transfer, which improves productivity and higher living standards.
14. The reduction poverty worldwide has negative environmental consequences.
15. Close one percent of the world's rainforest is disappearing every year because
expanding agriculture and trade in forest products.
16. The closely knit global communication network that makes growth possible has also
made the world as a whole more vulnerable everything from disease and
mischief terror.
Interaction and integration among the people
To be aided by information technology
To be driven by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally
To adopt free-market economic systems
To increase productive potential
To create myriad new opportunities for international trade and investment
To negotiate dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce
To establish international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment
To transform economic life
Valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities
To include faster and more informed analyses of economic trends
Easy transfers of assets
Collaboration with far-flung partners
To absorb the foreign capitals
To remedy the deficiency of the domestic construction fund
To launch foreign trade freely
To offer the opportunity for adjustment and upgrading of the country
To narrow the technological disparity
To promote the system reform of developing countries
To make the wealth more and more centralized to a few developed countries
To aggravate the disequilibrium of economic development
To strengthen the instability of developing country's economy
To do more harm to economic development in developing countries
To open a greater window to developed country markets and an information transfer
To improve productivity and higher living standards
To get more reputation and big right in economic activities globally
To benefit economic development
To have negative environmental consequences
To make the world more vulnerable to everything from disease and mischief to terror
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON

MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
run down
criticise
She's always running down her husband.
run down
lose power, allow to decline I think the batteries are running down.
run into
someone
run over
run to
meet by chance
run up
let a bill get longer without

paying
run up
against
encounter - usually a
problem
call off an
event / an
arrangement /
an activity etc.
cancel something that has

The Football Association called off the
been scheduled; to abandon match between England and Greece
something that has already because of bad weather.
begun
check
have enough money
I was on my way to work when I ran into

Jeremy Thomas. It was a lovely surprise!
Let's run over the plan once more.
I don't think we can run to a holiday
abroad this year.
I ran up a huge telephone bill at the hotel.
We've run up against a slight problem.
call on
ask someone for an answer

in class
I don't know why the teacher never calls

on you. You always know the answer.
call up
mobilise for military service Mark was called up when the war broke
out.
hold on
to wait (especially on the

telephone)
hold out
offer - especially with hope We don't hold out much hope that the price
will fall.
hold up
raise; lift to a higher-thannormal position
The winner of the race proudly held his

trophy up for all to see.
hold up
use as an example - i.e. a

model of good behaviour
Jack was always held up as an example to

me.
hold up a
person / a
bank / a
vehicle etc.
hold up
to rob, especially using a

weapon (e.g. a gun)
Earlier today a masked robber with a gun

held up the bank and escaped with a
hundred thousand pounds.
to stop; to delay
I'm sorry I'm late. There was an accident

on the freeway and traffic held me up.
hold up
rob; threaten someone with Sarah is very upset. When she was walking
harm unless he/she gives
home last night, two men held her up and
her/his money or other
took her purse and jewelry.
valuable things
hold with
agree with - an idea
George phoned his office because he

wanted some information. 'Hold on a
minute and I'll get it for you,' said his
assistant.
I don't hold with the idea of using force.
mark down
reduce the price (as an

incentive to buy)
These shoes were really a bargain! The

store marked them down by 40%!
mark up
increase the price (for

resale)
Mrs. White's import shop is profitable

because she buys things inexpensively and
then marks them up.
do in
to kill; to murder
The said that the murdered man was done

in between 10 and 11 o'clock last night.
do over
do something again
Oh, no! I forgot to save my report before I

turned the computer off! Now I'll have to
do it over!
When Bob and Sally bought their house it

do up a house to repair; to improve the
condition and appearance of was in a bad state, so they spent six
/ a room /a
months doing it up.
flat/an old car something; decorate
to fasten; to button; to zip;

do up a
to tie.
shoelace / a
zip / a dress
etc.
jump all over severely scold someone;
berate someone
It was a very cold day, so Brian did up all

the buttons on his overcoat.
Arthur is really upset. His boss jumped all

over him because he's been late for work
three times this week.

run down
run over
run to
run up
run up against

call off
call on
call up
hold on
hold out
hold up
hold with
mark down
mark up
do in
do over
do up
UNIT 5. WHAT IS CULTURE?

According to English Anthropologist Edward Taylor, culture is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society.
Culture is something that a person learns from his family and surroundings and is not
ingrained in him from birth. It does not have any biological connection because even if a
person is brought up in a culture different from that in which he was born, he imbibes the
culture of the society where he grows up.
Culture is a complex tool which every individual has to learn to survive in a society. It is the
means through which people interact with others in the society. It acts in a subconscious way
and whatever we see and perceive, seems to be normal and natural. Sometimes other societies
and people seem to be a little odd because they have a different culture from ours. We must
remember that every society has a distinct culture that forms the backbone of the society.
Culture does not remain stagnant, on the other, hand it is evolving constantly and is in fact
somewhat influenced by the other cultures and societies.
Every society has a different culture, where people share a specific language, traditions,
behavior, perceptions and beliefs. Culture gives them an identity which makes them unique
and different from people of other cultures. When people of different cultures migrate and
settle in another society the culture of that society becomes the dominant culture and those of
the immigrants from the subculture of the community. Usually people who settle in other
nations imbibe the new culture while at the same time strive to preserve their own.
Although every society has a specific culture, there are certain elements of culture that are
universal. They are known as cultural universals in which there are certain behavioral traits
and patterns that are shared by all cultures around the world. For instance, classifying relations
based on blood relations and marriage, differentiating between good and bad, having some
form of art, use of jewelry, classifying people according to gender and age are common in all
cultures of the world.
Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly
changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages,
governments, buildings, and other man-made things are merely the products of culture. They
are not culture in themselves. For this reason, archaeologists cant dig up culture directly in
their excavations. The broken pots and other artifacts of ancient people that they uncover are
only material remains that reflect cultural patterns - they are things that were made and used
through cultural knowledge and skills.
Culture and society are not the same thing. While cultures are complexes of learned behavior
patterns and perceptions, societies are groups of interacting organisms. People are not the only
animals that have societies. Flocks of birds, and hives of bees are societies. In the case of
humans, however, societies are groups of people who directly or indirectly interact with each
other. People in human societies also generally perceive that their society is distinct from other
societies in terms of shared traditions and expectations.
While human societies and cultures are not the same thing, they are inextricably connected
because culture is created and transmitted to others in a society. Cultures are not the product
of lone individuals. They are the continuously evolving products of people interacting with
each other. Cultural patterns such as language and politics make no sense except in terms of
the interaction of people.
Culture is vital because it enables its members to function with one another without the need
to negotiate meaning at every moment. Culture is learned and forgotten, so despite its
importance we are generally unconscious of its influence on the manner in which we perceive
the world and interact within it.
Culture affects every aspect of daily life - how we think and feel, how we learn and teach, or
what we consider to be beautiful or ugly. However, most people are unaware of their own
culture until they experience another! In fact, we don't usually think about our culture until
somebody violates a culturally-based expectation or we find ourselves in a situation where we
have the feeling that we violated somebody else's cultural expectations, but are uncertain how.
Cultural misunderstandings and conflicts arise mostly out of culturally-shaped perceptions and
interpretations of each other's cultural norms, values, and beliefs. Entering another culture is
like two icebergs colliding - the real clash occurs beneath the water where values and thought
patterns conflict.
There is a great debate in social science about what it is that shapes us both as individuals and
as members of society. With regard to individuals this debate is about "nature versus nurture,"
meaning whether it is our inherited genetic predisposition ("nature") or what we learn as we
grow up ("nurture") that predominantly shapes us and our differences as individuals. Similarly,
anthropologists ask how much of our behavior is pre-determined by geography, culture, or
history. Studies increasingly indicate what most of us know from common sense: these
differences between us as individuals and those between groups of people can be explained by
no single factor alone but by the complex interaction between them.
Great differences, as well as startling similarities, can be seen when comparing world cultures.
People around the globe are similar in their essential humanity: we communicate with each
other, we sustain ourselves with food, and when we sleep we often dream. Yet we speak
different languages, eat different foods, and dream different dreams. These are what we call
cultural differences. What causes them is not always obvious to the ordinary person.
The essential feature of culture that it is learned and transmitted from one generation to the
next, rests on the human capacity to think symbolically. Language, perhaps the most important
feature, is a symbolic form of communication. The word table, for example, is nothing other
than a symbol for the actual thing, a table. Language is a form of communication. Without
language culture could not be transmitted, people could not learn from one another across
generations, and there would be no cultural continuity.
Simply because culture is transmitted through symbols whose meanings remain more or less
constant doesn't mean that cultures are static and don't change. On the contrary, cultures are
never truly static. Which of us does not remember a grandparent comparing life today with
the one he/she grew up in? The changes that took place between his/her lifetime and ours
represent subtle cultural shifts in values, the things we use, and the way we use language.
What causes cultural change? Outside influences through a process known as cultural diffusion
may stimulate cultural change. An example of this is commercial or cross-cultural contacts like
the Silk Road, which brought silk to the West and Buddhism into China. Inventions and
technological developments from within a society, such as the steam engine or the automobile,
can also have an impact on culture. "Car culture," for example, is a term describing people's
dependence on the automobile. This dependence gave birth to the concept of "fast-food
restaurants" such as McDonald's where people get inexpensive hot food delivered to eat on the
go. "Fast-food restaurants" have spread through cultural diffusion to many parts of the world.
Over time, a culture may evolve into what is termed a civilization. A civilization is generally
understood as a more advanced form of organized life: civilizations usually have more complex
forms of social, political, military, and religious life.
There is no absolute threshold after which we can firmly state that a culture has evolved into a
civilization. Nor do all cultures necessarily become civilizations. We need to be mindful of the
fact that the term civilization is often a loaded one used to contrast so-called civilized
societies with so-called primitive ones. While these adjectives (civilized, primitive) may refer
to the level of complexity of a society they do not define the quality of life or the values of the
societies.
Culture can be understood as the totality of what a group of people think, how they behave,
and what they produce that is passed on to future generations, is what binds us together as
human beings but also separates us into our different communities. In today's world,
understanding both our similarities and our diversity becomes increasingly important.
Through an understanding and appreciation of cultural difference we will be better prepared
to live in an ever-shrinking global community. And increasingly our societies are becoming
miniature models of the global community itself.

1. Culture is something that a person learns from his family and surroundings, and is
ingrained in him from birth.
TRUE
FALSE
2. It has some biological connection because even if a person is brought up in a culture

different from that in which he was born, he imbibes the culture of the society where
he grows up.
TRUE
FALSE
3. Culture is a complex tool which every individual has to learn to survive in a society.
TRUE
FALSE
4. Every society has a distinct culture that forms the backbone of the society.
TRUE
FALSE
5. Culture remains stagnant, on the other hand it is evolving constantly and is in fact
somewhat influenced by the other cultures and societies.
TRUE
FALSE
6. Every society has a different culture, where people share a specific language,
traditions, behavior, perceptions and beliefs.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Culture gives them an identity which makes them unique and different from people
of other cultures.
TRUE
FALSE
8. When people of different cultures migrate and settle in another society, the culture of
that society doesnt become the dominant culture and those of the immigrants form
the subculture of the community.
TRUE
FALSE
9. Usually, people who settle in other nations imbibe the new culture, while at the same
time strive to preserve their own.
TRUE
FALSE
10. Although every society has a specific culture, there are certain elements of culture
that are unique.
TRUE
FALSE
11. Cultural universals, in which there are certain behavioral traits and patterns that are
shared by all cultures around the world.
TRUE
FALSE
12. Culture is a powerful human tool for survival and it is not a fragile phenomenon.
TRUE
FALSE
13. Culture is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds.
TRUE
FALSE
14. Our written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made things are
merely the products of culture.
TRUE
FALSE
15. Culture and society are the same thing.

TRUE
FALSE
16. While cultures are complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions, societies
are groups of interacting organisms.
TRUE
FALSE
17. People are not the only animals that have societies. Schools of fish, flocks of birds,
and hives of bees are societies.
TRUE
FALSE
18. While human societies and cultures are the same thing, they are inextricably
connected because culture is created and transmitted to others in a society.
TRUE
FALSE
19. Cultures are not the product of lone individuals.

TRUE
FALSE
20. Cultural patterns such as language and politics make no sense except in terms of the
interaction of people.
TRUE
FALSE
21. Culture is learned and forgotten, so despite its importance we are generally conscious
of its influence on the manner in which we perceive the world and interact within it.
TRUE FALSE
22. Cultural misunderstandings and conflicts arise mostly out of culturally-shaped
perceptions and interpretations of each other's cultural norms, values, and beliefs.
TRUE
FALSE
23. Great differences, as well as startling similarities, can be seen when comparing world
cultures.
TRUE
FALSE
24. People around the globe arent similar in their essential humanity.
TRUE
FALSE
25. The essential feature of culture, that it is learned and transmitted from one
generation to the next, rests on the human capacity to think symbolically.
TRUE
FALSE
26. Simply because culture is transmitted through symbols whose meanings remain more
or less constant means that cultures are static and don't change.
TRUE
FALSE
27. The changes that took place between his/her lifetime and ours represent subtle
cultural shifts in values, the things we use, and the way we use language.
TRUE
FALSE
28. Over time, a culture may evolve into what is termed a civilization.
TRUE FALSE
29. A civilization is generally understood as a more advanced form of organized life.
TRUE FALSE
30. Cultures usually have more complex forms of social, political, military, and religious
life.
TRUE
FALSE
31. There is no absolute threshold after which we can firmly state that a culture has
evolved into a civilization.
TRUE
FALSE
32. All cultures necessarily become civilizations.

TRUE
FALSE
1. Culture is something that a person learns his family and surroundings, and is
not ingrained him from birth.
2. It does not have any biological connection because even if a person is brought
in a culture different that in which he was born, he imbibes the culture of the
society where he grows up.
3. Every society has a distinct culture that forms the backbone the society.
4. Culture does not remain stagnant, the other hand it is evolving constantly and is
in fact somewhat influenced by the other cultures and societies.
5. When people of different cultures migrate and settle another society, the
culture of that society becomes the dominant culture and those of the immigrants from
the subculture of the community.
6. Classifying relations based blood relations and marriage, differentiating
good and bad, having some form of art, use jewelry, classifying people
according to gender and age are common all cultures of the world.
7. Culture is a powerful human tool survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon.
8. While cultures are complexes learned behavior patterns and perceptions,
societies are groups of interacting organisms.
9. In the case of humans, however, societies are groups of people who directly or
indirectly interact each other.
10. People in human societies also generally perceive that their society is distinct
other societies terms of shared traditions and expectations.
11. While human societies and cultures are not the same thing, they are inextricably
connected because culture is created and transmitted others in a society.
12. Cultures are not the product lone individuals.
13. Culture is vital because it enables its members to function with one another
the need to negotiate meaning at every moment.
14. Culture is learned and forgotten, so despite its importance we are generally unconscious
its influence the manner in which we perceive the world and interact
it.
15. Most people are unaware their own culture until they experience another.
16. People around the globe are similar their essential humanity.
17. The essential feature of culture, that it is learned and transmitted one
generation the next, rests the human capacity to think symbolically.
18. Culture is transmitted symbols whose meanings remain more or less constant.
19. The changes that took place his/her lifetime and ours represent subtle cultural
shifts values, the things we use, and the way we use language.
20. Over time, a culture may evolve what is termed a civilization.
21. We need to be mindful the fact that the term civilization is often a loaded
one, used to contrast so-called civilized societies so-called primitive ones.
To have no biological connection
To imbibe the culture of the society where he grows up
To act in a subconscious way
To be a little odd
To form the backbone of the society
To remain stagnant
To evolve constantly
To share a specific language, traditions, behavior, perceptions and beliefs
To give people an identity which makes them unique
To imbibe the new culture
Certain behavioral traits and patterns that are shared by all cultures
Classifying relations based on blood relations and marriage
To be a fragile phenomenon
Complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions
Groups of interacting organisms
Shared traditions and expectations
To be inextricably connected
Continuously evolving products
To negotiate meaning at every moment
To violate somebody else's cultural expectations
Culturally-shaped perceptions and interpretations of each other's cultural norms
Nature versus nurture
Inherited genetic predisposition
To be pre-determined by geography, culture, or history
Great differences and startling similarities
To rest on the human capacity to think symbolically
Cultural diffusion
To evolve into what is termed a civilization
To be a loaded one
Totality of what a group of people think, how they behave, and what they produce
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER

MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;

MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
set about
start working
We must set about re-organising the office.
set back
cause a delay in scheduling We've had some problems with the project
that have set us back at least two days.
set back
cost
I wonder how much Bill's new car set him

back?
set off
to start a journey
Barry set off on his camping holiday at six

o'clock in the morning and reached the
campsite, in France, at midday.
set on / set
(up) on
attack
We were set upon by a gang of hooligans.
set out
give in detail in writing
set out
arrange
This document sets out all the Union

demands.
I've set out the refreshments in the hall.
set out
start an action
Sue set out to write a biography hut it

became a novel.
set up
make arrangements for

something; establish
You'll see Mr. Thomas tomorrow. I've set

a meeting up for 9:30 AM.
break down
separate something into

component parts
break down
to lose control emotionally

or mentally
We spent a lot of money at the

supermarket. When we broke the total cost
down, we spent more on cleaning supplies
than food.
David broke down and wept when he
heard the news.
break in
wear something new until

it's / they're comfortable
These are nice shoes, but they're too stiff. I

hope it doesn't take too long to break them
in.
break in
train; get someone /
I hope I can learn my new job quickly. The
something accustomed to a
new routine
manager hasn't scheduled much time for

breaking me in.
to end; to interrupt; to
break off
discontinue, stop talking
talks /
negotiations /
an
engagement /
a relationship
etc.
Peace talks between Russia and the U.S.A.

have broken off after three days of serious
disagreement.
break out (of to start (usually suddenly)

unpleasant
things e.g.
wars,
epidemics,
fires, violence
etc.)
The War broke in August, 2008.
break out in to become covered by

spots / a rash / something
a cold sweat
Cyril broke out in spots this morning.
break up
disperse; come to an end
break up (of a to end; to separate

marriage / a
family / a
relationship
etc.)
break up an to stop
activity
break up
end a personal relationship
do away with abolish
What time did the party break up last

night?
Their marriage broke up in 1985 after only

two years.
The headmaster broke up the fight between

Roger and Clive.
Julie broke up with Tim!. I'm sure the

divorce will be difficult for the children."
Dog licenses have been done away with.
do away with murder
What if they do away with the old man?

set about
set back
set off
set on
set out
set up
break down
break in
break off
break out
break up
do away with
UNIT 6. CONFLICTS
Unfortunately, conflict is an integral part of our life. Conflicts can be observed everywhere,
starting from misunderstandings in our families to the tension in the world. "Conflict" is a
word that causes discomfort, anger, frustration, sadness, and pain.
The dictionary defines "conflict" as "a struggle to resist or overcome; contest of opposing forces
or powers; battle; a state or condition of opposition; antagonism; discord; a painful tension set
up by a clash between opposed and contradictory impulses." No matter how hard we try to
avoid it, conflict periodically enters our lives.
Conflicts arise when people are competing for the same resources (such as territory, jobs and
income, housing) when they aren't fairly distributed or when there aren't enough to go round.
The same applies to natural resources (cultivable land, fresh water).
Conflicts arise when people are unhappy with how they are governed. The most common
conflicts occur when a particular group wants to be independent from a central government,
or when their viewpoint isn't represented in the government, or when the government
oppresses them and doesn't respect or meet their basic needs.
Conflicts arise when people's beliefs clash. Religious and political views are particularly
sensitive, because people often depend on these for a sense of identity and belonging.
Sometimes the conflict is caused by a religious/political group being attacked; sometimes it is
because the group is eager to spread a particular belief and even enforce it on others. Some
leaders may aggravate religious and political differences as part of their tactics for keeping or
gaining power.
In the same way ethnic differences can cause conflict. Again, people's ethnicity gives them a
sense of identity and belonging, and it is threats to this sense which can cause violent
responses, just as individuals may lash out with angry words or gestures when they feel
threatened.
Indeed, conflicts of all kinds most frequently arise when people feel threatened - regardless of
whether the threat is real. It is harder to soothe and reassure people when they are frightened
or angry.
CONFLICT OF VALUES
A value is a belief, a mission, or a philosophy that is meaningful. Whether we are consciously
aware of them or not, every individual has a core set of personal values. Values can range from
the commonplace such as the belief in hard work and punctuality, to the more psychological
such as self-reliance, concern for others, and harmony of purpose.
Value conflicts are caused by perceived or actual incompatible belief systems. Values are
beliefs that people use to give meaning to their lives. Values explain what is "good" or "bad,"
"right" or "wrong," "just" or "unjust." Differing values need not cause conflict. People can live
together in harmony with different value systems. Value disputes arise only when people
attempt to force one set of values on others.
Since effective persuasive arguments are usually based on common values, profound
differences in values between conflicting parties can make effective persuasion difficult. If a
conflict is primarily value-based - that is, if it revolves around differing concepts of good and
bad, right and wrong - it can be very difficult to craft an effective persuasive argument. That is
because values usually cannot be changed simply by reason.
Values are deeply held beliefs - usually based on cultural traditions, long-held family and
religious teachings and long-lasting memories of personal experiences. Given their sources,
people's values seldom change, even when their more superficial desires (for instance, their
interests) are modified.
CULTURE AND GLOBALIZATION

Can culture and globalization come together in the today's world of interconnectedness and
cooperation? Is it possible to follow both concepts at the same time? Let's take a look...
Culture and globalization are two different concepts. Culture is a way of life adopted by a
certain group of people of a particular society at a specific time and place. While the second
term, globalization, is an economic interaction amongst more than two countries. It shows
global context than a limited interest of a country.
Every society has its own culture and way of life. Culture is established by a group of people
who live together and adhere to some principles in their society. In a broader sense, culture is a
phenomenon of inheritance, unconsciously adopted by a person who is born within that
group. When a culture is introduced to the globalization people find it detrimental to their
way of life. Such as they scared some inconsiderable concepts of other culture might take the
place of their culture.
What is culture in the national context? It is a way of life - an indigenous way of life - that
includes religion, spirituality, language, moral and social norms, family values, eating habits,
and so on. There is genuine concern that huge American corporations such as MacDonald's,
with their equally massive advertising and publicity budgets, are able to set up operations
almost anywhere they wish, and exert strong influence on local character and lifestyles. No
matter where we are, we view Hollywood movies, eat American food, and wear jeans.
The world's cultures and their forms of creation, presentation and preservation are deeply
affected by globalization in ways that are inadequately understood. An important and rather
legitimate point that is often raised against globalization derives from its perceived impact on
local culture. It is feared that as globalization spreads, it will obliterate local cultures
everywhere by homogenizing societies across the globe. In fact, this is probably the only point
on which most countries, except America, agree. The French, the Germans, even the British,
have problems accepting American cultural penetration that globalization entails.
Cultural globalization is perhaps best exemplified by pop entertainment culture. The newest
release of a musical group can be spread worldwide quickly through a variety of video sharing
websites; celebrity personalities achieve global pop icon status through the same means. It is
easier than ever before for people from divergent cultures to find common interests.
Those in favor of the concept of a "global village" often point to the benefits that the exchange
of knowledge and information can bring. Some say that this new widespread cultural
awareness could help reduce bigotry and discrimination, and might even smooth international
relations as a whole. As people of diverse backgrounds communicate more freely and enjoy
many of the same fads and tends, they might discover that they are not really so different as
they initially assumed.
Foremost among proponents of globalization is big business, since the more culture becomes
globalized, the easier it is for businesses to sell their products in other countries. Economic
globalization goes together with cultural globalization, and it is sometimes pointed out that
cultural globalization is more commercial-driven than country-driven.
The critics of cultural globalization often argue against its destructive effects on national
identities. They warn that unique cultural entities may vanish, and that languages spoken by
small populations could be at an increased risk of extinction. The specific values, traditions,
and history - the identity - of a culture could disappear. They fear the threat of dominant,
industrialized cultures overtaking and supplanting indigenous ones, silencing new and
different ideas.
To be fair, let us visualize some of the benefits of globalization in the cultural arena. Firstly, an
increased American cultural presence in our lives can have the two results: it might raise our
level of understanding of American culture and way of life, unifying positions, and thereby
reducing conflicts that arise from cultural misunderstanding. On the other hand, a better
understanding of American culture may bolster our confidence and pride in our own culture
and heritage, and enable people to stress cultural differences or similarities in more effective
ways for greater mutual understanding. It is entirely possible that exposure to alternative ways
of life and thought will help increase global awareness and appreciation of the unity of
humankind in all its diversity. This, however, will not be achieved if only one side is being
exposed. Cultural understanding, like everything else, is a two-way street.
Globalization brings increased interaction and adaptation between cultures. As happens in
interpersonal relationships, we usually learn and grow as we interact; societies and cultures
also get enhanced through interaction, observation, and mutual give and take.
One of the advantages of globalization is that it brings a worldwide identity. Everyone can
represent their own culture and business independently. A country can take part in business
deals as well as get a platform to share their culture with other countries.
Globalization is the one voice that represents world-wide communication. It welcomes all
countries of the world, to increase interdependency and bridge the economic gap between two
countries. After World War Two globalization brought forth a cosmopolitan approach in the
international market where all developed and developing countries could compete as well as
share their culture with each other.

1. Conflicts arise when people are competing for the same resources (such as territory,
jobs and income, housing) when they aren't fairly distributed or when there aren't
enough to go round.
TRUE
FALSE
2. Conflicts arise when the people are happy with how they are governed.
TRUE
FALSE
3. The most common conflicts occur when a particular group wants to be independent
from a central government, or when their viewpoint is represented in the government,
or when the government supports them and respect or meet their basic needs.
TRUE
FALSE
4. Conflicts arise when people's beliefs clash. Religious and political views are particularly
sensitive, because people never depend on these for a sense of identity and belonging.
TRUE
FALSE
5. People's ethnicity gives them a sense of identity and belonging, and it is threats to this
sense which can cause violent responses.
TRUE
FALSE
6. A value is a belief, a mission, or a philosophy that is meaningless.

TRUE
FALSE
7. Whether we are consciously aware of them or not, every individual has a core set of
personal values.
TRUE
FALSE
8. Values can range from the commonplace, such as the belief in hard work and
punctuality, to the more psychological, such as self-reliance, concern for others, and
harmony of purpose.
TRUE
FALSE
9. Value conflicts are caused by perceived or actual incompatible belief systems.

TRUE
FALSE
10. Since effective persuasive arguments are usually based on common values, profound
differences in values between conflicting parties can make effective persuasion easy.
TRUE
FALSE
11. If a conflict is primarily value-based it can be very easy to craft an effective persuasive
argument.
TRUE
FALSE
12. Globalization shows global context than a limited interest of a country.

TRUE
FALSE
13. Culture is a phenomenon of inheritance, unconsciously adopted by a person who is

born within that group.
TRUE
FALSE
14. When a culture is introduced to the globalization, people find it detrimental to their
way of life.
TRUE
FALSE
15. The world's cultures and their forms of creation, presentation and preservation are
deeply affected by globalization in ways that are adequately understood.
TRUE
FALSE
16. An important and rather legitimate point that is often raised against globalization
derives from its perceived impact on local culture.
TRUE
FALSE
17. It is feared that as globalization spreads, it will obliterate local cultures everywhere by
homogenizing societies across the globe.
TRUE
FALSE
18. The critics of cultural globalization often argue against its positive effects on national
identities.
TRUE
FALSE
19. Globalization brings increased interaction and adaptation between cultures.

TRUE
FALSE

1. Conflicts can be observed everywhere, starting misunderstandings in our
families the tension in the world.
2. Conflicts arise when people are competing the same resources (such as territory,
jobs and income, housing).
3. Conflicts arise when the people are unhappy how they are governed.
4. Some leaders may aggravate political differences as part of their tactics keeping
or gaining power.
5. Values can range the commonplace, such as the belief in hard work and
punctuality, the more psychological, such as self-reliance, concern for others,
and harmony of purpose.
6. People can live together harmony different value systems.
7. Value disputes arise only when people attempt to force one set of values others.
8. Every society has its own culture and way of life. Culture is established by a group of
people who live together and adhere some principles in their society.
9. a broader sense, culture is a phenomenon of inheritance, unconsciously adopted
by a person who is born that group.
10. When a culture is introduced the globalization, people find it detrimental to
their way of life.
11. The world's cultures and their forms of creation, presentation and preservation are
deeply affected by globalization ways that are inadequately understood.
12. An important legitimate point that is often raised against globalization derives
its perceived impact on local culture.
13. Economic globalization goes together cultural globalization, and it is
sometimes pointed that cultural globalization is more commercial-driven than
country-driven.
14. The critics of cultural globalization often argue its destructive effects on
national identities.
15. They warn that unique cultural entities may vanish, and that languages spoken by small
populations could be an increased risk of extinction.
To be observed everywhere
To causes discomfort, anger, frustration, sadness, and pain
A painful tension
To be set up by a clash between opposed and contradictory impulses
To compete for the same resources
To be fairly distributed
To oppresses people and doesn't respect or meet their basic needs
A sense of identity and belonging
To spread a particular belief and enforce it on others
To aggravate religious and political differences
Tactics for keeping or gaining power
To cause violent responses
To have a core set of personal values
Perceived or actual incompatible belief systems
To live together in harmony with different value systems
To attempt to force one set of values on others
To revolve around differing concepts of good and bad, right and wrong
To craft an effective persuasive argument
Interconnectedness and cooperation
To adhere to some principles
A phenomenon of inheritance
Unconsciously adopted
To be detrimental to our way of life
An indigenous way of life
To be inadequately understood
An important and rather legitimate point
To obliterate local cultures
To homogenize societies across the globe
To reduce bigotry and discrimination
To smooth international relations
To be more commercial-driven than country-driven
Unique cultural entities
To be at an increased risk of extinction
Increased interaction and adaptation between cultures
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER

MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
add up
make sense
His evidence just doesn't add up.
add up
logically fit together
His theory seems, at first, to be plausible,

but the facts in his research don't add up.
add up
find the total
What's the total of those bills? Could you

add them up and see?
add up to
to total
The bills add up to $734.96. That's more

than I expected!
carry off
complete successfully perhaps despite a problem
Jane had a difficult role to play, but she

carried it off.
carry out
complete a plan
The attack was successfully carried out.
to fulfill or perform
carry out
instructions / (something)
a duty / an
order / a
threat / a test
etc.
to disappoint someone
let down
(often by breaking a promise
or an agreement)
let in on
allow to be part of a secret
Sergeant Jones ordered Private Wilson to

push the waggon across the field. The
waggon was very heavy but Private
Wilson carried out his orders without
complaining.
Sorry to let you down, but I can't give you
a lift today.
We haven't let Kate in on the plans yet.
let off
to excuse (someone) from (a As Dave was young, the judge let him off
punishment, a duty, or doing with a fine. Bill should have been sent to
something)
prison for six months, but the judge
decided to let him off so that he could stay
out of prison and take care of his family.
let on
inform about a secret
let out
to allow (a person or an
They let Fred out of prison after five years.
animal) to leave (a place); to
release
become less intense or
It's been raining hard for a long time. Will
slower
it ever let up?
let up
We're planning a surprise for Helen, but

don't let on.
stand by
keep to an agreement
The company agreed to stand by its

original commitment.
stand for
represent
These letters seem to be an abbreviation.

Do you know what they stand for?
stand for
tolerate
I will not stand for this kind of behaviour

in my house!
stand in for
take the place of
Carol has kindly agreed to stand in for

Graham at the monthly meeting.
stand out
be noticeably better than

other similar people or
things
Good job, Ann! Your work really stands

out!
stand up
make a date but not keep it
Angela was supposed to go to the dance

with Fred, but she stood him up and went
with Chuck instead.
stand up to
resist, bear stress
The engine won 't stand up to the strain.
be off (of an
event / an
arrangement
etc.)
to be cancelled
The lead singer of the pop group is ill, so

tonight's concert is off.
be off (of
food)
to have gone bad
Nick decided to have a fried egg for

breakfast, but there was a terrible smell
when he cracked the egg. The egg was off.
be taken
aback
to be surprised and confused Jeff was taken aback when he opened the
door and discovered an elephant.
play up
behave or work badly
The car is playing up again. It won't start.
face up to
have courage to deal with especially responsibilities;

admit to; take responsibility
for
You have to face up to your

responsibilities. You can't pretend that
you're doing OK in this course, Joe.
Sooner or later, you'll have to face up to
the fact that you're failing it.
figure out
logically find the answer to For a long time I couldn't understand this
a problem; solve a problem problem, but I finally figured it out.
by thinking about it
carefully
wrap up
wear enough clothes to keep It's really cold today. Be sure you wrap up
warm
when you leave the house.
wrap up
finish something; bring

something to a conclusion
We've been talking about the problem for

nearly three hours. I hope we'll be able to
wrap the discussion up soon.
check off
make a mark to indicate that Here are the things you need to do. Please
something on a list has been check each one off when you've finished
completed
it.
drag on
last much longer than

expected or is necessary
I thought the meeting would be a short

one, but it dragged on for more than three
hours.
tick off
irritate someone; make

someone upset or angry
It really ticks her off when someone is late

for an appointment.
tick off
show that something has

Here are the things you need to do. Tick
been completed by putting a each one off when you finish it.
tick (check) beside it
pin someone
down
force to give a clear

statement
I asked Jim to name a suitable day, but I

couldn't pin him down.
chip in
contribute / donate (often

money) to something done
by a group
We're going to buy a birthday cake for our

boss and I'm collecting donations. Do you
want to chip in?
brush up
to improve your knowledge,

skill, or memory of
(something you used to
know, or do, but have now
partly forgotten).
Frank's visit to the international business

conference in Paris was a disaster because
his French was so bad. Frank must brush
up his French.
review / study thoroughly

for a short time
tell (someone) speak to someone bluntly
and negatively, saying
off
exactly what she/he did
wrong; to speak angrily to
someone who has done
something wrong; to find
fault with someone
brush up on
If you're going to travel to Peru, you'd

better brush up on your Spanish.
He told us off for being late.

add up
carry off
carry out
let down
let in on
let off
let out
let up
stand by
stand for
stand in for
stand out
stand up
stand up to
be off
be taken aback
play up
face up to
figure out
wrap up
check off
drag on
tick off
pin down
chip in
brush up
brush up on
tell off
UNIT 7. THE CONCEPT OF PROGRESS

Progress is a goal-relative concept. A goal may be accessible in the sense that it can be reached
in a finite number of steps in a finite time. A goal is utopian if it cannot be reached or even
approached.
If I wish to become ever better and better piano player, my improvement can be assessed
relative to my earlier stages, not to any ideal Perfect Pianist.
Progress can be defined in terms of coming closer and closer to the truth. Scientific progress
is what has helped out society gain the knowledge and insight to live better lives through the
advances in medical technology, the strategy of war, and the exploration of space. With change
comes progress and the hope that we can better our lives. Even though progress is a good
thing, we also feel that it can cause problems too. We just need to realize that in order to
produce new and better things we might have to go through some rough times on the way.
Machinery today keeps on getting better and better. New discoveries in technology allow us to
improve the quality of our machinery. New technologies have a huge affect on society. Many
people lose their jobs because of all the new high-tech machinery. For this reason, some
believe that progress is not always for the better. What if in the future, machinery started
dominating everyone's job, what would we do then?
Progress is going to continue as long as modern technology and science keep growing.
Outcomes from progress can usually be foreseen as positive, but negative aspects also might
occur. Progress can help make the path into the future a better one to travel on.
Over the years progress has improved the world. Cultural progress has made humans better,
and made this world a better place to live in, while, similarly, scientific progress has been
effective in eradicating diseases, providing better crops, improving transportation, and much
more. Literary progress has helped us better record history and ideas. Progress in
communication has brought this huge world together into a global village.
Generally, all aspects of progress have gone toward the betterment of the world. Since the
industrial revolution, technology has made our lives more and more convenient.
Is progress always good? Scientific progress brings us many conveniences and advanced
machines, such as computers, automobiles, and so on. Progress seems to have made life simpler
and more comfortable. But if we analyze it carefully we will find that progress is not always
good.
Modern industry brings us many conveniences. But at the same time, some problems emerge.
Maybe someday the oceans will swallow some big cities nearby them.
Progress enhances the efficiency of industrial production, but it also brings us another serious
problem - pollution. Pollution in some countries is so serious that ecological balance is
damaged and many animals and plants lose their living environment and become extinct
eventually. The air is polluted and it is not suitable for people. The water is also polluted and
people are facing deficiency of drinking water.
Progress makes the pace of life faster and faster. People have to work faster than before and it
makes them nervous. More and more physical and psychological problems disturb peoples life.
From the above statements, it can be concluded that progress is not always good. It has its own
negative influences on our life. I believe these problems can be solved by more progress.
With the evolution of civilization over the past several thousand years, man has made
tremendous progress in all aspects of human society. While enjoying all the convenience and
happiness brought about by this progress, we cannot deny that it has also caused severe
problems. Scientific advance is always praised and extolled by many as the most essential cause
of social development.
However, we shall not forget that one the other hand, major scientific inventions and
technical advancement sometimes also form big threats to human society. The two World
Wars happened during the past century witnessed the blood shedding battles that cost millions
of lives. Weapons made with modern technology have brought about such large causalities and
devastations that could never been done by people in the previous time. Environmental
problems have attracted more and more attention of the people around the world. With the
development of modern industry and farming, global environment has kept deteriorating.
Scientific researches indicate that the green house effect has contributed to the warming of the
earth.
We live in a much worse surrounding than our ancestors: polluted air and water, extreme high
temperatures in summer which are all harmful to our health. Progress is not always good! For
example, while progress has brought us many time-saving machines, it has also brought us
pollution. We can now live more convenient and productive lives but our quality of life is
reduced by the polluted environment. Another drawback of progress is that while progress has
made it easier for us to work and to obtain more things, it has also made us want more things.
When a product is invented or improved people immediately feel that their old possessions are
no longer good enough. This leads us to be continually dissatisfied. Finally, progress has
changed the way we live and the way we relate to other people. Some inventions, such as the
telephone, make it unnecessary for people to meet face-to-face. And because of television,
fewer people spend their free time talking or doing things together. Progress has made our
society more impersonal.
These are just a few examples of the drawbacks of progress. That is not to say that we should
fight against progress, for it brings us many wonderful advantages as well. We should simply
be aware of the effects that progress has on us and strive to diminish its negative influences.
After all, progress is inevitable.
The inclination to progress is one of the properties of humankind. It is acquired during the
evolution from animals to human beings. We can observe both tendencies by reading the
history of progress. The fields of agriculture and industry might provide a spectacular example
too. The early history of humanity is the history of struggling for survival and the history of
the birth of progress on the human genetic level. Using the simplest weapon, like stick, to
defeat more powerful beasts and survive was the naissance of progress in technique, while
gathering in groups for the same purpose presents example of social progress. The human`s
existence in the wild nature caused its genetic inclination to progress.
In the contemporary conditions of many nations, agriculture is the field in which people
struggle against hunger and for life. We see that the progress in chemistry increases crop yield
but engenders health problems. Thus, scientists try to avoid chemical poisoning and develop
natural means to increase harvest. Modern industry shows one more aspect of contradiction in
progress. We could not enjoy television, cars and Internet without achievements in industry,
but extensive industry produces a vast pollution.
Progress is proper to humankind and it is a controversial process, which contains favorable and
unfavorable manifestations. Society has to control it and prevent bad consequences.
It is impossible to stop the march of time, and likewise, it is impossible to stop progress. There
is no doubt that progress has brought us many wonderfu1 things, such as convenience,
improved health, and more leisure time. However, everything has its drawbacks!
1. A goal may be accessible in the sense that it can be reached in a finite number of steps
in a finite time.
TRUE FALSE
2. Even though progress is a good thing and it never causes problems.
TRUE FALSE
3. Many people lose their jobs because of all the new high-tech machinery.
TRUE FALSE
4. Progress is going to continue as long as modern technology and science keep growing.
Outcomes from progress can usually be foreseen as negative, but positive aspects also
might occur.
TRUE
FALSE
5. Progress enhances the insufficiency of industrial production, but it also brings us

another serious problem - pollution.
TRUE
FALSE
6. While enjoying all the convenience and happiness brought about by this progress, we
can deny that it has also caused severe problems.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Scientific advance is always praised and extolled by many as the most essential cause of
social development.
TRUE
FALSE
8. We live in a much better surrounding than our ancestors.

TRUE
FALSE
9. We can now live more convenient and productive lives, but our quality of life is
reduced by the polluted environment.
TRUE
FALSE
10. Another drawback of progress is that while progress has made it more difficult for us to
work and to obtain more things, it has also made us want more things.
TRUE
FALSE
11. When a product is invented or improved, people immediately feel that their old
possessions are no longer good enough.
TRUE
FALSE
12. In the contemporary conditions of many nations, agriculture is the field in which
people struggle against hunger and for life.
TRUE
FALSE
13. We see that the progress in chemistry increases crop yield but engenders health
problems.
TRUE
FALSE
14. Progress isnt proper to humankind and it is a controversial process, which contains
favorable and unfavorable manifestations.
TRUE
FALSE
1. A goal may be accessible the sense that it can be reached in a finite number of
steps in a finite time.
2. Progress can be defined terms of coming closer and closer to the truth.
3. We just need to realize that in order to produce new and better things we might have
to go some rough times on the way.
4. Outcomes progress can usually be foreseen as positive, but negative aspects
also might occur.
5. Progress can help make the path the future a better one to travel .
6. Scientific progress has been effective eradicating diseases, providing better
crops, improving transportation, and much more.
7. Generally, all aspects of progress have gone the betterment of the world.
8. With the evolution of civilization over the past several thousand years, man has made
tremendous progress all aspects of human society.
9. While enjoying all the convenience and happiness brought by progress, we

cannot deny that it has also caused severe problems.
10. Weapons made with modern technology have brought large causalities and
devastations.
11. Scientific researches indicate that the green house effect has contributed the
warming of the earth.
12. Progress has changed the way we live and the way we relate other people.
13. We should be aware the effects that progress has on us and strive to diminish
its negative influences.
14. The inclination progress is one of the properties of humankind.
15. The early history of humanity is the history of struggling for survival and the history of
the birth of progress the human genetic level.
A goal-relative concept
To gain the knowledge and insight to live better lives
To go through some rough times on the way
To start dominating everyone's job
Outcomes from progress
To be foreseen as positive
To be effective in eradicating diseases
To provide better crops
To record history and ideas
To go toward the betterment of the world
To enhance the efficiency of industrial production
To become extinct
To face deficiency of drinking water
To make the pace of life faster and faster
To enjoy all the convenience and happiness brought about by progress
To be praised and extolled
To form big threats to human society
To bring about large causalities and devastations
To contributed to the warming of the earth
To be inevitable
Genetic inclination to progress
To engender health problems
Extensive industry
A controversial process
To contain favorable and unfavorable manifestations
To prevent bad consequences
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON

MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
eat out
have a meal in a restaurant
I'm too tired to cook tonight. Why don't we

eat out?
give away
betray
His false identity papers gave him away.
give in
to stop resisting; to
surrender
give off
give out
send off a smell - liquid or

gas
be exhausted
give out books

/ examination
papers / pills
etc
to give (something or
things) to each person in a
group of people; to
distribute
The fight between Tom and Dick stopped

when Tom hurt his hand and had to give
in.
The cheese had begun to give off a strange
smell.
When our money gave out we had to
borrow.
The teacher gave out the books, so that the
pupils could read the story.
give over
abandon, devote
The rest of the time was given over to
playing cards.
give over
stop
Why don't you give over! You're getting

on my nerves!
give up / give to surrender oneself (usually The police surrounded the criminal's house
to someone)
and ordered him to give himself up. After
(oneself) up
a few minutes, he came out and they took
him to the police station. The criminal
gave himself up to the police.
look back on
to remember and think about When they looked back on their many
the past; reflect on / consider years together, they realized that their
something in the past
marriage had been a very happy one. The
Blacks have been married for many years.
They like talking about the past and
looking back on old times.
look down on hold in contempt; regard as It's not surprising that Fred has few
inferior
friends. He seems to look down on anyone
who doesn't like the same things that he
does.
look in on
visit in order to check

something's / someone's
condition
My father just came home from the

hospital. I plan to look in on him today
after I finish work.
look into a
situation / a
crime / a
problem /a
complaint etc.
(inseparable)
investigate / get more details The police have promised to look into the
about something; to
problem.
carefully examine a situation
or event and try to discover
the reasons for it
look on
consider
We look on this town as our real home.
look over
check; review; to examine
'That one looks good,' he said to the
some work / a (someone or something)

car / a house / carefully and fully
a document / a
suggestion / an
applicant etc.
(separable)
salesman. 'Give me some time to look it

over. If it's in good condition, I'll buy it.'
He looked the car over.
look up a word
/ a telephone
number / an
address / a
train time/ etc.
look up
to find (or try to find)

"I'm sorry, but I don't know what that word
something (e.g. a telephone means. I'll have to look it up."
number) in a book (e.g. a
telephone directory)
visit when in the area; find
where someone lives or
works and visit him/her
Thanks for giving me your brother's

address. When I'm in Chicago next month,
I'll be sure to look him up.
look up to
someone
to respect (someone); to
admire (someone)
Everyone looks up to Joyce because she

always makes time to help others.

eat out
give away
give in
give off
give out
give over
give up
look back on
look down on
look in on
look into
look on
look over
look up to
UNIT 8. WHAT IS DEMOCRACY ?

What do we mean when we talk about democracy? Each individual surely has his/her own
perception of what democracy means; however what is the real explanation to give? What is
democracy composed of? What are the required elements that would enable its establishment?
And what are the required activities that would help to consolidate such a form of
government? What are the advantages, where are the weaknesses?
The word democracy is a term that comes from Greek and it is made up with two other words
demos people - and - kratein - to govern, to rule. Democracy can then be literally
translated by the following terms: Government of the People or Government of the Majority.
Democracy, as a State form, is to be distinguished from monarchy, aristocracy and dictatorship.
You may have already heard about the most common definition of democracy: The
government of the people, by the people and for the people (Abraham Lincoln)? To put it
another way we can say that a government comes from the people; it is exercised by the
people, and for the purpose of the peoples own interests.
Freedom and democracy are often used interchangeably but the two are not synonymous.
Democracy is indeed a set of ideas and principles about freedom but it also consists of practices
and procedures that have been molded through a long, often tortuous history. Democracy is
the institutionalization of freedom.
People living in a democratic society must serve as the ultimate guardians of their own
freedom and must forge their own path toward the ideals set forth in the preamble to the
United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights: "Recognition of the inherent dignity
and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of
freedom, justice, and peace in the world."
Democracy is a word familiar to most but it is a concept still misunderstood and misused at a
time when dictators, single-party regimes, and military coup leaders alike assert popular
support by claiming the mantle of democracy. Yet the power of the democratic idea has
prevailed through a long and turbulent history, and democratic government, despite
continuing challenges, continues to evolve and flourish throughout the world.
Democracy is more than just a set of specific government institutions; it rests upon a wellunderstood group of values, attitudes, and practices all of which may take different forms and
expressions among cultures and societies around the world. Democracies rest upon
fundamental principles, not uniform practices.
Democracy rests upon the principles of majority rule and individual rights. Democracies guard
against all-powerful central governments and decentralize government to regional and local
levels, understanding that all levels of government must be as accessible and responsive to the
people.
Democracies understand that one of their prime functions is to protect such basic human rights
as freedom of speech and religion; the right to equal protection under law; and the opportunity
to organize and participate fully in the political, economic, and cultural life of society.
Citizens in a democracy have not only rights but also the responsibility to participate in the
political system that, in turn, protects their rights and freedoms. Democratic societies are
committed to the values of tolerance, cooperation, and compromise. In the words of Mahatma
Gandhi, Intolerance is itself a form of violence and an obstacle to the growth of a true
democratic spirit.
Human beings possess a variety of sometimes contradictory desires. People want safety, yet
relish adventure; they aspire to individual freedom, yet demand social equality. Democracy is
no different, and it is important to recognize that many of these tensions, even paradoxes, are
present in every democratic society.
Democracy is in many ways nothing more than a set of rules for managing conflict. At the
same time this conflict must be managed within certain limits and result in compromises,
consensus, or other agreements that all sides accept as legitimate. An overemphasis on one side
of the equation can threaten the entire undertaking. If groups perceive democracy as nothing
more than a forum in which they can press their demands, the society can shatter from within.
If the government exerts excessive pressure to achieve consensus, stifling the voices of the
people, the society can be crushed from above.
There is no easy solution to the conflict-consensus equation. Democracy is not a machine that
runs by itself once the proper principles are inserted. A democratic society needs the
commitment of citizens who accept the inevitability of intellectual and political conflict as
well as the necessity for tolerance. From this perspective, it is important to recognize that
many conflicts in a Democracy need both conflict and consensus.
Scholar Diane Ravitch observes: Coalition-building is the essence of democratic action. It
teaches interest groups to negotiate with others, to compromise, and to work within the
constitutional system. By working to establish coalition, groups with differences learn how to
argue peaceably, how to pursue their goals in a democratic manner, and ultimately how to live
in a world of diversity.
Self-government cannot always protect against mistakes, end ethnic strife, guarantee economic
prosperity, or ensure happiness. It does, however, allow for public debate to identify and fix
mistakes, permit groups to meet and resolve differences, offer opportunities for economic
growth, and provide for social advancement and individual expression.
Josef Brodsky, poet and Nobel Prize winner, wrote: A free man, when he fails, blames nobody.
It is true as well for the citizens of democracy who, finally, must take responsibility for the fate
of the society in which they themselves have chosen to live.

1. Freedom and democracy are often used interchangeably because the two are
synonymous.
TRUE
FALSE
2. Democracy is indeed a set of ideas and principles about freedom, but it also consists of
practices and procedures that have been molded through a long, often tortuous history.
TRUE
FALSE
3. Democracies rest upon uniform practices.

TRUE
FALSE
4. Democracy rests upon the principles of majority rule and individual rights.
Democracies support all-powerful central governments and centralize government to
regional and local levels.
TRUE
FALSE
5. Citizens in a democracy have not only rights, but also the responsibility to participate
in the political system that, in turn, violates their rights and freedoms.
TRUE
FALSE
6. Democratic societies are committed to the values of tolerance, cooperation, and

compromise.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Democracy is in many ways nothing more than a set of rules for managing conflict.
TRUE
FALSE
8. If groups perceive democracy as nothing more than a forum in which they can press
their demands, the society can shatter from within.
TRUE
FALSE
9. If the government exerts excessive pressure to achieve consensus, stifling the voices of
the people, the society can be crushed from above.
TRUE
FALSE
10. Democracy is a machine that runs by itself once the proper principles are inserted.
TRUE
FALSE

1. Each individual surely has his/her own perception what democracy means.
2. Democracy is a word familiar most, but it is a concept still misunderstood and

misused a time when dictators, single-party regimes, and military coup leaders
alike assert popular support by claiming the mantle of democracy.
3. Democracies rest fundamental principles, not uniform practices.
4. Democracies understand that all levels of government must be responsive to the
people.
5. Democracy is in many ways nothing more than a set of rules managing conflict.
6. This conflict must be managed certain limits and result compromises,
consensus, or other agreements that all sides accept as legitimate.
7. An overemphasis one side of the equation can threaten the entire undertaking.
8. There is no easy solution the conflict-consensus equation.
To be exercised by the people and for the purpose of the peoples own interests
To be used interchangeably
To be molded through a long, often tortuous history
To be misunderstood and misused
Single-party regimes
Military coup leaders
To assert popular support
Continuing challenges
To continue to evolve and flourish throughout the world
To rest upon the principles of majority rule and individual rights
All-powerful central governments
To decentralize government to regional and local levels
To possess a variety of sometimes contradictory desires
To relish adventure
To aspire to individual freedom
To demand social equality
To be managed within certain limits
To result in compromises
To threaten the entire undertaking
To shatter from within
To exert excessive pressure to achieve consensus
To protect against mistakes
To end ethnic strife
To identify and fix mistakes
To permit groups to meet and resolve differences
To offer opportunities for economic growth
To provide for social advancement and individual expression
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER

MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
*important
*informative
MY PASSAGE: 1
*confusing
*well-written
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
go back on
break a promise
The management has gone back on its

promise.
go down
to become less swollen
go for
Phil's cheek became swollen because he

had a bad tooth ache. The dentist treated
his bad tooth and his swollen cheek soon
went down.
a person, an animal to attack The dog went for Joe and hurt his arm.
go in for
make a habit of
I dont go in for that kind of thing.
go in for
enter a competition
Are you thinking of going in for the race?
go off
become bad - food
This milk has gone off.
go off (of
explosive
devices e.g.
bombs, guns
etc.)
to explode or fire; (of alarms Many people were killed when the bomb
or alarm clocks) to ring
went off.
suddenly
go out with
have a date with
You went out with Sharon last night, didn't

you?
go round
be enough
go through
to examine (something)
There weren't enough life-jackets to go

round.
When Ben entered this country, a custom's
officer went through his suitcase. The
officer took all of Ben's clothes out of his
suitcase and looked at them very carefully.
go through
with
complete a promise or plan - When it came to actually stealing the

usually unwillingly
money, Nora couldn't go through with it.
go with
to match or suit
(something); look pleasing
together. (for clothes,
furniture, etc.)
You should buy that shirt. It will go well

with your dark brown suit.
show up
arrive; appear
The boss was very upset when you didn't

show up for the meeting. What happened?
show up
do a noticeably better job

(often unexpectedly) than
someone else
Everyone thought Marsha would win, but

Jean did. Actually, Jean really showed
Marsha up.
cut back (on) use less of something
You should cut back on the amount of

coffee that you drink.
have it in for
be deliberately unkind to
someone - also as have got
have someone deceive

on
My teacher has (got) it in for me.

I don't believe you. You're having me on.
mistake for
to think wrongly that (one

thing or person) is (another
thing or person)
Last night I mistook a piece of old rope for

a dangerous snake.
pan out
succeed; happen as expected I'll be here next week after all. My trip to
(for plans). (almost always Chicago didn't pan out.
negative when in
statements.)
round off
change from a fraction to the Round all prices off to the closest wholenearest whole number
dollar amounts. For example, round $33.73
off to $34.00.
see through
realise the truth about
I saw through his intentions at once.
throw out
forcibly make someone

leave (usually because of
bad behavior)
Those people are drunk and making

everyone uncomfortable. The manager
should throw them out.

go back on
go down
go for
go in for
go off
go out with
go round
go through with
go with
show up
cut back on
have it in for
have someone on
mistake for
pan out
round off
see through
throw out
UNIT 9. DEMOCRACY AS A POLITICAL SYSTEM OF COMPETITION FOR POWER

Democracy is a means for the people to choose their leaders and to hold their leaders
accountable for their policies and their conduct in office. The people decide who will represent
them in parliament, and who will head the government at the national and local levels. They
do so by choosing between competing parties in regular, free and fair elections.
Government is based on the consent of the governed;

In a democracy the people are sovereign - they are the highest form of political
authority;
Power flows from the people to the leaders of government who hold power only
temporarily;
Laws and policies require majority support in parliament but the rights of minorities are
protected in various ways;
The people are free to criticize their elected leaders and representatives, and to observe
how they conduct the business of government;
Elected representatives at the national and local levels should listen to the people and
respond to their needs and suggestions;
Elections have to occur at regular intervals as prescribed by law. Those in power
cannot extend their terms in office without asking for the consent of the people again
in an election;
For elections to be free and fair, they have to be administered by a neutral, fair, and
professional body that treats all political parties and candidates equally;
All parties and candidates must have the right to campaign freely, to present their
proposals to the voters both directly and through the mass media;
Voters must be able to vote in secret, free of intimidation and violence;
Independent observers must be able to observe the voting and the vote counting to
ensure that the process is free of corruption, intimidation, and fraud;
There needs to be some impartial and independent tribunal to resolve any disputes
about the election results.
Any country can hold an election, but for an election to be free and fair requires a lot of
organization, preparation, and training of political parties, electoral officials, and civil society
organizations who monitor the process.
Democratic elections are free when citizens have the right to choose from several candidates or
parties that can run for the election without any restriction. They must also be free to decide
whether they want to use their right to vote or to abstain from doing so, if they prefer.
THR ROLE OF THE CITIZEN IN A DEMOCRACY

The key role of citizens in a democracy is to participate in public life. Citizens have an
obligation to become informed about public issues, to watch carefully how their political
leaders and representatives use their powers, and to express their own opinions and interests.
Voting in elections is another important civic duty of all citizens. But to vote wisely, each
citizen should listen to the views of the different parties and candidates, and then make his or
her own decision on whom to support.
Participation can also involve campaigning for a political party or candidate, standing as a
candidate for political office, debating public issues, attending community meetings,
petitioning the government, and even protesting. A vital form of participation comes through
active membership in independent, non-governmental organizations, what we call civil
society. These organizations represent a variety of interests and beliefs.
Political parties are vital organizations in a democracy, and democracy is stronger when
citizens become active members of political parties. However, no one should support a political
party because he is pressured or threatened by others. In a democracy citizens are free to
choose which party to support.
Democracy requires a permanent participation of the citizens because contrary to autocratic
State forms that require the subordination of submitted people, it can be strong only thanks to
the strength of responsible citizens.
Research outcomes have shown that the young do not feel concerned about politics. It is
supposed to be due to, among others, the fact that young people below the age of 18 often have
no right to speak/take the floor; consequently, they are not of any interest to politicians, given
that they do not represent any vote at the elections. When one has no right to speak, there is
obviously a decrease in the motivation to want to get committed at all. However, this is very
important because, indeed, it is those young people who can help print their values in society.
Furthermore, there are other paths and means to express or materialize ones engagement.
Participation does not necessarily mean that you want to become a politician. Participation
consists in willingly exercise influence on decision making processes.
POLITICAL EDUCATION
Nowadays, commitment can become a crucial problem in our democracies if it is present in the
least measure. People also talk about aversion for politics. This means that the majority of the
population does not want to take part in politics, to participate in elections or to get committed
in anything. We can also talk about a globally negative opinion vis--vis the political activities
and structures. There are several factors that may contribute to political aversion. First of all,
the relationship between the voters and the elect can deteriorate when the elect, for example,
do not respect laws and conventions, and that as a result, confidence disappears among voters.
Moreover, the expectations of the voters can be deceived when the elect do not react at all, or
react in an unsatisfactory way to existing issues. Evidence of the deteriorating relationship
between the voters and the elect can be noticed with the decreasing number of the political
party members, and also a decrease in turnout rate. The latter is particularly problematic
because at the same time, the legitimacy of the politicians goes down as well. Secondly,
aversion for politics comes up when political education is insufficient whereas political
processes are becoming more complex. Thirdly, people get the feeling that the diverse parties
do not differ much from each other because of lack of ideas, and so they are not motivated to
go to vote. Fourthly, the mass media have a tendency to talk about political events in a
negative way, rather than a positive manner. This image is transmitted to the population and
blocks the motivation to participate in politics. Fifthly, rules and institutions complicate
population participation.
In some countries that have experienced population movements in the framework of
democratic transition, certain parts of the population tend to have bad opinion of leaders
because the reforms and transitions requested by those voters and promised during election
period have not been realized. Apart from social and economic reforms, there are often
fundamental institutional reforms (among others the Constitution, election law, laws ruling
the parties, independence of the judiciary, governance, decentralisation, etc.), as well as the
change of behaviours in favour of democratic fundamental values and types of leadership.
In order to strengthen social commitment and awareness of the democratic values, particularly
among young democracies, political education is indispensable. Political education can make
political culture move toward democracy.

1. Democracy is a means for the people to choose their leaders and to hold their leaders
accountable for their policies.
TRUE
FALSE
2. Democratic elections are free when citizens have the right to choose from several
candidates or parties that can run for the election without any restriction.
TRUE
FALSE
3. Political parties are not vital organizations in a democracy.

TRUE
FALSE
4. Research outcomes have shown that the young feel concerned about politics.
TRUE
FALSE
5. When one has no right to speak, there is obviously a decrease in the motivation to want
to get committed.
TRUE
FALSE
6. Aversion for politics means that the majority of the population wants to take part in
politics, to participate in elections or to get committed in anything.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Aversion for politics comes up when political education is insufficient whereas

political processes are becoming more complex.
TRUE
FALSE

1. Democracy is a means for the people to choose their leaders and to hold their leaders
accountable their policies and their conduct office.
2. Power flows the people the leaders of government, who hold power
only temporarily.
3. Laws and policies require majority support in parliament, but the rights of minorities
are protected various ways.
4. Elected representatives the national and local levels should listen to the people
and respond their needs and suggestions.
5. Elections have to occur regular intervals, as prescribed by law.
6. Those in power cannot extend their terms in office without asking the consent
of the people again in an election.
7. All parties and candidates must have the right to campaign freely, to present their
proposals the voters both directly and through the mass media.
8. Voters must be able to vote secret, free of intimidation and violence;
9. Democratic elections are free when citizens have the right to choose from several
candidates or parties that can run the election any restriction.
10. They must also be free to decide whether they want to use their right to vote or to
abstain doing so, if they prefer.
11. Each citizen should listen to the views of the different parties and candidates, and then
make his or her own decision whom to support.
12. Participation can also involve campaigning a political party or candidate.
13. A vital form of participation comes active membership in independent, nongovernmental organizations.
14. Democracy requires a permanent participation of the citizens because contrary
autocratic State forms that require the subordination of submitted people, it can be
strong only thanks the strength of responsible citizens.
15. Research outcomes have shown that the young do not feel concerned politics.
16. Moreover, the expectations of the voters can be deceived when the elect do not react at
all, or react an unsatisfactory way existing issues.
17. Evidence of the deteriorating relationship between the voters and the elect can be
noticed the decreasing number of the political party members, and also a
decrease turnout rate.
18. The mass media have a tendency to talk about political events a negative way,
rather than a positive manner.
19. This image is transmitted the population and blocks the motivation to
participate in politics.
20. In some countries that have experienced population movements the
framework of democratic transition.
To head the government at the national and local levels
Free and fair elections
To be based on the consent of the governed
To be the highest form of political authority
To flow from the people to the leaders of government
To hold power temporarily
To require majority support in parliament
To occur at regular intervals
The right to campaign freely
To vote in secret
To observe the voting and the vote counting
The process free of corruption, intimidation, and fraud
Impartial and independent tribunal to resolve any disputes
To run for the election without any restriction
To become informed about public issues
Civic duty of all citizens
To vote wisely
Campaigning for a political party or candidate
Standing as a candidate for political office
Debating public issues
Petitioning the government
Research outcomes
To feel concerned about politics
Some decrease in the motivation to want to get committed
To print values in society
To exercise influence on decision making processes
Evidence of the deteriorating relationship between the voters and the elect
To experience population movements in the framework of democratic transition
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
*important
*informative
*confusing
*well-written
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
turn around
make changes so that

something that was
unprofitable is profitable
The company was doing poorly until it

hired a new president. He turned it around
in about six months and now it's doing
quite well.
turn down a to refuse or reject

(something or someone)
request / an
offer / an
applicant / an
application
etc.
Another company offered me a job but I

turned them down.
turn in
give / deliver / submit to

someone
I've written my report, but I haven't turned

it in.
turn in
go to bed
I'm pretty tired. I guess I'll turn in.
turn in
report or deliver wrongdoers Two days after the robbery, the thieves
to the authorities
turned themselves in.
turn off
bore; repel
turn on
interest very much; excite
turn out
happen to be in the end
He turned out to be an old friend of

Helen's.
turn out
come to a meeting or to
form a crowd
Thousands of fans turned out to welcome

the team.
That music turns me off. Please play

something else!
What kind of music turns you on?
turn up
be discovered by chance
back down
not follow a threat; yield in Tom was going to call the police when I
an argument
told him I'd wrecked his car, but he backed
down when I said I'd pay for the damages.
back up
move backward
You missed the lines in the parking space.

You'll have to back up and try again.
back up
drive a vehicle backwards
You're too close! Back your car up so I can

open the garage door.
back up
confirm a story, facts, or

information
If you don't believe me, talk to Dave. He'll

back me up.
back up
make a "protection" copy to When my computer crashed, I lost many

use if there are problems
files. It's a good thing I backed them up.
with the original
cause to happen
The crisis was brought about by Brenda's
resignation.
bring about
bring off
bring off
Don't worry about that missing book, it's

bound to turn up sooner or later.
succeed in doing something The team finally brought the competition

off.
accomplish something
No one thought Chuck could get an A in
difficult; accomplish
that course, but he brought it off.
something people had
considered impossible or
unlikely
bring on
cause trouble; to happen to

oneself
You have brought this on/upon yourself.
bring round
influence someone to your

point of view
After much discussion, I brought the

committee round to my point of view.
bring up
mention (as a topic of

discussion)
We planned to discuss overtime pay in the

meeting. Why didn't someone bring that
topic up? I feel I ought to bring up another
small matter.

turn around
turn down
turn in
turn off
turn on
turn out
turn up
back down
back up
bring about
bring off
bring on
bring round
bring up
UNIT 10. FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

The definition of freedom differs depending on who you ask. Politically speaking freedom
seems to be defined as 'You are free to do what we tell you! No society with laws and other
constraints over our choices could ever be deemed as free. Perhaps then the founding fathers
of the U.S. were being somewhat misleading when they gave the country the handle land of
the free, they should have continued to say Dont be surprised if you end up in prison if we
dont like your choices.
If everything in the world is made up of molecules, atoms etc, and everything physical
complies to the laws of cause and effect, then we have no freedom whatsoever, this is all just
one big inescapable chain of causation.
If democracy is to work, citizens must not only participate and exercise their rights, They must
also observe certain principles and rules of democratic conduct. People must respect the law
and reject violence. Nothing ever justifies using violence against your political opponents just
because you disagree with them. Every citizen must respect the rights of his or her fellow
citizens, and their dignity as human beings. No one should denounce a political opponent as
evil and illegitimate just because they have different views. People should question the
decisions of the government, but not reject the governments authority. Every group has the
right to practice its culture and to have some control over its own affairs but each group should
accept that it is a part of a democratic state. When you express your opinions you should also
listen to the views of other people, even people you disagree with. Everyone has a right to be
heard. Dont be so convinced of the rightness of your views that you refuse to see any merit in
another position. Consider different interests and points of view. When you make demands
you should understand that in a democracy, it is impossible for everyone to achieve everything
they want. Democracy requires compromise. Groups with different interests and opinions
must be willing to sit down with one another and negotiate. In a democracy, one group does
not always win everything it wants. Different combinations of groups win on different
issues. Over time, everyone wins something. If one group is always excluded and fails to be
heard, it may turn against democracy in anger and frustration. Everyone who is willing to
participate peacefully and respect the rights of others should have some say in the way the
country is governed.
Relationship of citizen and state is fundamental to democracy. In the words of the U.S.
Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776: We hold these truths to be
self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed. More specifically, in democracies, these fundamental or
inalienable rights include freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion and
conscience, freedom of assembly, and the right to equal protection before the law. This is by
no means an exhaustive list of the rights that citizens enjoy in a democracy but it does
constitute a set of the irreducible core rights that any democratic government worthy of the
name must uphold.
The development and evolution of human rights are only possible when humans live in a
democracy, given the fact that it is only within this system that the population itself can draw
up the laws that will rule and publicly control the three powers: the legislative power, the
executive power and the judiciary power. Moreover, human rights are only efficient when the
State power is linked to an autonomy and independence right and when all the individuals are
treated on equal terms in front of this justice. In the same way, it is essential in any democracy
to establish a clear separation of powers, so that the judiciary can be autonomous and
independent. The result will be a triangular relation between Democracy, Human Rights and
Separation of Powers, which thus represent interdependent elements. Human Rights are
inherent to the individuality of each person in terms of protection against any inclination of
the State to harm an individual; a human being is endowed with these rights the moment
he/she is born and the State cannot withdraw them from him/her. They form the very
foundations of the human relations that rule life in society, be it at international, national,
local or family level.
In a democracy, every citizen has certain basic rights that the state cannot take away from
them. These rights are guaranteed under international law.
You have the right to have your own beliefs and to say and write what you think;
No one can tell you what you must think, believe and say or not say;
There is freedom of religion. Everyone is free to choose their own religion and to
worship and practice their religion;
Every individual has the right to enjoy their own culture along with other members of
their group, even if their group is a minority;
You can choose between different sources of news and opinion to read in the
newspapers, to hear on the radio, and to watch on television;
You have the right to associate with other people and to form and join organizations of
your own choice;
You are free to move about the country and, if you wish, to leave the country;
You have the right to assemble freely and to protest government actions.
However, everyone has an obligation to exercise these rights peacefully, with respect for the
law and for the rights of others.
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
The freedom to express our thoughts is an important part of our individual identity. When we
talk and write about our opinions we are contributing ideas and participating in society.
Freedom of expression is covered in article 19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right
includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Freedom of expression is
widely acknowledged as a basic human right that should be available to all, playing a crucial
role in a fair and open society.
Many countries and organizations place limits on freedom of expression. These limitations can
be a way of controlling people. Restricting voting rights, censoring speech and art and
outlawing specific religious and political groups are some of the tools governments have used
to control public opposition. Even societies that consider themselves free and democratic
suppress opposing views.
Should there be no limits on freedom of expression? If we are entitled to express ourselves
freely we must accept that others will express ideas very different from our own. This might
include ideas that offend and possibly even hurt us. Should we censor ideas that damage and
promote cruelty? The content of a book, a song or a film may cross societal lines of morality
and decency. Should we censor art works that are violent, insulting or degrading? These are
some of the complex questions you must think about. Feeling intimidated and forced to
subscribe to traditional or mainstream beliefs is a violation of your personal freedom. But
sometimes authorities set rules and boundaries for good reason. Understanding why the rules
exist is more important than automatically obeying them.
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
Freedom of speech means the freedom to communicate ideas without government suppression
or interference or punitive action. It protects the individuals ability to think and to express his
thoughts in material form, whether spoken, written, filmed, staged, or otherwise depicted
visually. It does not, however, guarantee him the material means to implement this right. It
does not guarantee a writer that his book will be publishedonly that if someone chooses to
publish his book, the government cannot interfere. No private action qualifies as censorship:
the refusal to listen to others or to give them a platform to speak is an exercise of free speech not its abrogation. Freedom of speech protects all speech, however offensive or unpopular. It is
the bulwark of liberty. By leaving the realm of communication totally free, it gives men a
chance to fight to preserve individual rights and freedom - and a chance to reverse the course
of a country that has strayed from those ideals.

1. If democracy is to work, citizens must only participate and exercise their rights.
TRUE
FALSE
2. They must observe certain principles and rules of democratic conduct.

TRUE
FALSE
3. Nothing ever justifies using violence against your political opponents, just because you
agree with them.
TRUE
FALSE
4. People should not question the decisions of the government and reject the
governments authority.
TRUE
FALSE
5. Every group has the right to practice its culture and to have some control over its own
affairs, but each group should accept that it is a part of a democratic state.
TRUE
FALSE
6. In a democracy one group always wins everything it wants.

TRUE
FALSE
7. Different combinations of groups win on different issues.

TRUE
FALSE
8. Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed.
TRUE
FALSE
9. Human Rights arent inherent to the individuality of each person, in terms of

protection against any inclination of the State to harm an individual.
TRUE
FALSE
10. Freedom of speech means the freedom to communicate ideas without government
suppression or interference or punitive action.
TRUE
FALSE

1. If everything in the world is made of molecules, atoms etc, and everything
physical complies the laws of cause and effect, then we have no freedom.
2. Nothing ever justifies using violence your political opponents, just because you
disagree them.
3. Every group has the right to practice its culture and to have some control its
own affairs, but each group should accept that it is a part of a democratic state.
4. Dont be so convinced the rightness of your views that you refuse to see any
merit another position.
5. Groups different interests and opinions must be willing to sit down with one
another and negotiate.
6. Different combinations of groups win different issues.
7. If one group is always excluded and fails to be heard, it may turn democracy in
anger and frustration.
8. Relationship of citizen and state is fundamental democracy.
9. Governments are instituted men, deriving their just powers the consent
of the governed.
10. Human rights are only efficient when the State power is linked an autonomy
and independence right, and when all the individuals are treated equal terms in
front of this justice.
11. Human Rights are inherent the individuality of each person, in terms of
protection any inclination of the State to harm an individual.
12. A human being is endowed human rights the moment he/she is born and the
State cannot withdraw them him/her.
13. However, everyone has an obligation to exercise these rights peacefully,
respect the law and the rights of others.
14. Everyone has the right freedom of opinion and expression.
15. This right includes freedom to hold opinions interference and to seek, receive
and impart information and ideas any media and regardless frontiers.
16. Many countries and organizations place limits freedom of expression.
To be deemed as free
To handle land of the free
One big inescapable chain of causation
To observe certain principles and rules of democratic conduct
To respect the law and reject violence
To justify using violence against your political opponents
To denounce a political opponent as evil and illegitimate
To question the decisions of the government
To reject the governments authority
To have a right to be heard
To be convinced of the rightness of your views
To see no merit in another position
To consider different interests and points of view
To win on different issues
To be excluded and fail to be heard
To turn against democracy in anger and frustration
To be created equal
To be endowed with certain inalienable rights
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
To be instituted among men
To derive just powers from the consent of the governed
Fundamental or inalienable rights
An exhaustive list of the rights that citizens enjoy in a democracy
To constitute a set of the irreducible core rights
Worthy of the name
To draw up the laws
To rule and control the three powers: the legislative power, the executive power and the
judiciary power
To be linked to an autonomy and independence right
To be treated on equal terms in front of justice
To establish a clear separation of powers
A triangular relation between Democracy, Human Rights and Separation of Powers
To represent interdependent elements
To be inherent to the individuality of each person
Against any inclination of the State to harm an individual
To worship and practice religion
The right to associate with other people
To form and join organizations of your own choice
The right to assemble freely
To hold opinions without interference
To seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of
frontiers
To be available to all
To place limits on freedom of expression
Restricting voting rights, censoring speech
To suppress opposing views
To be entitled to express ourselves freely
To set rules and boundaries for good reason
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
bail out
jump out of an airplane

(usually when its going
to crash)
Luckily the pilot bailed out before his

plane hit the side of the mountain.
bail out
quit or stop doing something

(usually when experiencing
difficulties)
bail out
rescue someone from a difficult

situation
The congressional candidate bailed out

of the race because there was no hope
that he could raise enough money to win.
His friend bailed him out of the
financial problems.
grow on
become more liked
This new record is growing on me.
hit it off
get on well with
Mark and Sarah really hit it off at the

party.
hit upon/on
discover by chance - often

an idea
They hit upon the solution quite by chance.
take (it) out

on
make someone else suffer

because of one's own
sufferings
I know you are unhappy, but don't take it

out on me!
take in
to deceive (someone); to Don't be taken in by her apparent shyness.

cheat (someone)
take off
to rise from the ground
At the beginning of a journey an airplane

takes off. At the end of a journey an
airplane lands.
take off
leave; depart (often

suddenly or quickly)
Was something wrong with Jill? She took

off without saying goodbye.
take off
make arrangements to be
absent from work
Susan isn't here today. She's taking today

and tomorrow off.
take off
imitate
Dave takes off the Prime Minister really

well.
take on
acquire a new characteristic My grandmother has taken on a new lease

of life since her operation.
take on
do something extra
She has taken on too much with a full-time

job as well.
take out
sign an insurance
agreement)
Ann has taken out life insurance.
take over
gain control of; to assume

The army tried to take over the country.
responsibility for, or control
of, (something or a
situation)
take up
occupy time
to begin to study, practice,

take up a
or do (something)
hobby / a
sport / a job /
a habit etc.
wear off
to disappear gradually
The meeting took up a whole morning

He took up a new hobby. He took up
painting.
The pain in Jim's foot wore off after he

took some painkiller.
wear off
wear out
wear out
loose effect - especially a

drug
to use (something) until it
becomes unfit for further
use; to become unusable
after excessive use
These painkillers wear off after about two

hours.
Paul wore out his favourite jumper after
wearing it every day for ten years.
cause to become exhausted; I had four different meetings today. They

cause to become very tired wore me out.

bail out
grow on
hit it off
hit upon
take out on
take in
take off
take on
take out
take over
take up
wear off
wear out
UNIT 11. RULE OF LAW

In a Rule of Law there are fundamental principles and procedures that guarantee the freedom
of each individual and which allow participation in political life. There is, first of all, the right
to a free blossoming of individual personality. To sum it up, the power of the State is linked to
the laws that rule it. Thus, the notion of Rule of Law is directly opposed to that of Police
State or Despotic State .
In a democratic State all the citizens are equal in front of the law, even State employees and
administration. The latter can only take action when it has been vested with the accruing
responsibility by law or by the Constitution. Seen this way, a Rule of Law is then always
founded on the respect of law and Constitution. This is a system that holds the State
accountable for its acts in front of the citizens and it also gives the latter the opportunity to
take a stand and to react according to its acts. In this State ruled order citizens are completely
free to take part in political life as well.
In the Constitution of a Democratic State of Law, the notion of independence of the judiciary
is well rooted. This means that the judiciary is strictly distinguished from the executive and the
legislative powers. The executive power is the power that enforces laws while the legislative
one assigns the power to put forward bills and to turn them into laws.
It is necessary to make sure that the judiciary keeps the monopoly of the verdict. Indeed, what
would be the use of an accused being declared not guilty by a judge, and the police still
arresting him/her anyway? In a Rule of Law that works well any intervention of the police,
military or gendarmes in the private life of a citizen implies that a judge has been entitled to
give the order to do so.
Security Right constitutes as well another fundamental principle of Rule of Law which means
that each action of the State must be measurable and foreseeable. Citizens must be informed of
what the State has the right to do what they themselves can do and what is forbidden for them
to do. Nobody must be sanctioned without legal ground and in general, laws must not be
retroactive. In addition to the principle of right security there is the fact that the
administration is subject to laws. The latter has only the right to take action within a
framework assigned by the parliament majority. Each action initiated by the State must then
be backed by a law which, in turn, is made legitimate on the basis of democratic principle.
The control initiated by the judiciary must guarantee that the administration stays within what
is stipulated by laws. Any citizen who deems an administration act to be unfair has the right to
call on the judiciary to protest and to demand in this way a verification of the incriminated act.
Because administration subjection to law would only be a vain formula if a judge could not
freely take action, it is argued that the precedence of the Constitution in front of the law can
avoid some bad will of distorting facts. Thus, a Rule of Law ties politics to law and right,
submits any expression of the power under judiciary control and guarantees in this way the
citizens freedom.
In a democracy, the rule of law protects the rights of citizens, maintains order, and
limits the power of government;
All citizens are equal under the law. No one may be discriminated against on the basis
of their race, religion, ethnic group, or gender;
No one may be arrested, imprisoned, or exiled arbitrarily;
If you are detained you have the right to know the charges against you, and to be
presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law;
Anyone charged with a crime has the right to a fair, speedy, and public trial by an
impartial court;
No one may be taxed or prosecuted except by a law established in advance;
No one is above the law, not even a king or an elected president.
The law is fairly, impartially, and consistently enforced by courts that are independent
of the other branches of government;
Torture and cruel and inhumane treatment are absolutely forbidden;
The rule of law places limits on the power of government. No government official may
violate these limits;
No ruler, minister, or political party can tell a judge how to decide a case;
Office holders cannot use their power to enrich themselves. Independent courts and
commissions punish corruption, no matter who is guilty.
Democracy is a system of rule by laws not by individuals!
DEMOCRATIC PLURALISM
In a democracy, pluralism is considered and applied as a form of social order and policy. In the
field of politics, pluralism implies that a large number of interest groupings and associations
that get together freely are reciprocally in a situation of competition to win influence on social
and political life. These groupings can be of political, economic, religious, ethnic or of any
other nature. A plural society is characterized by respect, acceptation and recognition of all
points of view; no matter how different or diverging they can be; and their dissemination, as
well as their enforcement should not be faced with any obstacle. Pluralism is based on
controversial discussions whose results are often built on compromises which eventually
satisfy all the involved groups, or at the very least, are acceptable as a whole. In pluralism,
either dialogues, points of view exchanges or discussions, as well as ideas and opinions that are
debated there have a constructive feature within the framework of social processes of
expression of ideas and political will of citizens, even if they are either contrary to or opposed
to the regime in place or even closer to the opposition.
THE GOVERNMENT AND THE OPPOSITION

The leadership of a community will fare better if taken on by only one person or a small group,
as long as this community is expected to be able to act. You must already have noticed this in
your daily life, in a more reduced framework. When one class or working group has to discuss
something, the first thing to do is to elect a leader and maintain a structure. Without this
leader the debate takes place in a disorderly manner and coming up with results is difficult. If
we transpose this image to the case of the State we can see clearly why it is necessary to have a
government.
The government, which is always supported by the parliament or presidential majority party,
can only function with an intact and efficient state administration which enforce the decisions.
The administration helps not only in the drawing up of the new laws but also in their
enforcement. It is then possible to say that the state power is not taken on by the government
alone but it also calls for the concrete adhesion of the administration to manage a country in a
reasonable way. In democracies the administration is ideologically non identical to the
majority party. It stays permanent to serve the State and not the party of the majority, no
matter which party holds the majority and supports the regime in power.
In a democratic State there is always an opposition that exists parallel with the government.
During the elections and at the level of the different state organs, in most cases, there is one or
several opposition parties that confront the party of the power. The opposition controls the
government. Its presence is necessary to guarantee an exchange of points of view that are
characterized by useful controversies. Democracy in fact feeds its dynamic on such permanent
conflicts between points of views and on the discussions that result from them.
In the best cases, the opposition party is for that matter always the potential substitute of the
majority party and already exercises, for that reason, a pressure on the government. It criticizes
the measures taken by the government party and tries at the same time to put forward its own
program.
The opposition plays the role of expressing interests that are not taken into consideration by
the government as well as that of ensuring that all relevant issues have been discussed openly
and in depth.
To meet all those expectations the opposition must be vested with parliamentary rights. The
majority party must not have the right to change the rules of the game in such a way that it
could give rise to some disadvantage for the opposition. The latter must have the possibility of
challenging the government and of putting forward its criticisms. It is important anyway that
during election campaigns the opposition have the same advantages as the party in power.
This means, to go into some details, that it must have the same access to the press, the radio
and television and that its program can be presented freely in the streets. Despite all these
rules, a fair game between the government and the opposition is only possible if the two
parties respect the fundamental principles of democracy and if they are ready to willingly take
action according to these principles.
It may happen that a party stays in the opposition for years and, over time, loses its motivation
to continue leading hot discussions or to put forward its own program. Meanwhile, the
opposition is always obliged, through the different interest groups, to work with the
government party.
PUBLIC OPINION AND FRREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

Public opinion is of a decisive importance for democracy. Public opinion influences the
construction of political will. It is not possible to talk about only one, but of several public
opinions because in a plural society there are always several stands. Public opinion is then a
tool to control the politicians that lead the country. On the one hand, this is important for the
opposition as the latter is only potentially active in front of the government through this
public opinion. Indeed, what important changes would an opposition bring if it was only able
to express criticism in closed rooms? It is when the opposition represents its stands and
opinions, finds itself obliged to react, otherwise it is running the risks of disaffection or
destitution from its citizens.
Moreover, public opinion serves the whole population in its effort to display criticism and its
incitements to well defined actions. Each citizen has the right to gather information and to
contribute somehow to the expression of public opinion when he/she organizes, for instance, a
meeting in order to exchange information. In this context, political and social human rights
play an important role: the freedom of opinion, as well as freedom to hold meetings and to set
up associations which allow citizens to participate in the expression of public opinion, without
having to put up with any pressure. Public opinion then constitutes a controlling tool which is
very important in a democracy and which implies that it is only politicians who confront this
public opinion who can display true interest for citizens desiderata.
What articulates public opinion, or more accurately, public opinions? How can you know
what happens every day in politics? And what are the instances that inform you on the current
controversies concerning society?
In the current mass societies communication can only be carried out through mass media.
Interchanges of information can only be done through the direct contacts of dialogues because
over time our societies have become too populated. Political parties, particularly, must call on
the media to lay their projects and their stands in front of the population.
Democracies are not any more basically characterized by direct communication but rather by
media communication. The media are considered the forth power coming after the judiciary,
the executive and the legislative powers. The media constitute the most important controlling
tools of the public opinion.
However, the media can only play this role outside any form of state influence. The freedom of
the press, another fundamental freedom, also plays an important role in this context. There are
several organizations of public utility all over the world which are devoted to the observation
of the press freedom in each country as well as the protection of journalists who feel
threatened due to the researches that they carry out for their profession. You may have already
heard about the Freedom House organization? It publishes many times a year a report
entitled Freedom of the Press, in which the press of different countries are put into
categories for being free, partially free or not free.
In addition to possible state restrictions, there is also an internal evolution within the media
that represents a danger for plural expression in the publication of information intended for
public opinion. One can notice a recrudescence of monopolies, in fields as diverse as the press,
radio and television: several newspapers or several television broadcasting stations are under
the management of the same company. This is mostly due to the fact that, nowadays, a large
quantity of capital assets and technical knowledge is necessary to create a television station or a
newspaper. Consequence: it is not everybody that can participate in the expression of public
opinion. The main worry lies mostly in the fact that monopolies of opinion are set up through
such concentration which no longer allows any expression of opinion, any construction of
personal idea or global political will, any publication of information respecting pluralism. And
when we say that the media constitute a forth power, we can only question this evolution. It
is particularly a danger for the establishment of plural democracy in countries undertaking
transformation.
DEMOCRACY DOES NOT KEEP UP ALL ALONE!

You might have a feeling that a democracy endowed with all the key elements is firmly
established and will function as well forever! Democracy unfortunately is not considered as a
permanent building like a stable and well constructed house, for instance, that will stay
unchanged beyond the centuries.
Democracy is rather a process that must be maintained and consolidated permanently. It is not
just a type of State with simple procedures and simple mechanisms. It is not enough then to
have three separate State powers to have citizens ready to run for the legislative elections, that
a head of State or a mayor be elected every four or five years and that there are several political
parties, etc. Democracy must be taken on by the whole population and all the aggregate of
political elite. It can only be established and consolidated when it put forward a conviction
that is shared by all the members of society: thus, ways of thinking and behaving, e.g., the
political culture, must be based on and directed to democratic values.
DOES THE FUTURE BELONG TO DEMOCRACY?

Does all this mean that it is only in democracy that peace, welfare and liberty reign? Its not
easy to answer this question. Anyway, it is clear that democracy can bring an important
contribution in making citizens feel that it is good to live in a State, to express themselves
freely, to know that the economy is thriving and security guaranteed.
In this context, it is becoming more and more important that even different States cooperate
and make efforts to develop models that are common to their States. Due to this cooperation
wars can be avoided and that anarchy and chaos would not reign. With the help of modern
means of communication no State in the world should leave its citizens in ignorance or in
doubt regarding their rights and the freedom that take place in other countries. If the State
wants to avoid revolution or coups it must be ready to allot rights to its citizens in advance.
There is still a long way to go for all the States in the world to be democratically ruled and for
all authorities to stem from the people.

1. The power of the State is linked to the laws that rule it.
TRUE
FALSE
2. In the Constitution of a Democratic State of Law, the notion of dependence of the

judiciary is well rooted.
TRUE
FALSE
3. The judiciary isnt strictly distinguished from the executive and the legislative powers.
TRUE
FALSE
4. The legislative power is the power that enforces laws while the executive one assigns
the power to put forward bills and to turn them into laws.
TRUE
FALSE
5. The judiciary keeps the monopoly of the verdict.

TRUE
FALSE
6. Security Right constitutes as well another fundamental principle of Rule of Law, which
means that each action of the State must be measurable and foreseeable.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Nobody must be sanctioned without legal ground and in general, laws must not be
retroactive.
TRUE
FALSE
8. The administration isnt subject to laws.

TRUE
FALSE
9. The latter has only the right to take action within a framework assigned by the
parliament minority.
TRUE
FALSE
10. Each action initiated by the State must then be backed by a law which, in turn, is made
legitimate on the basis of democratic principle.
TRUE
FALSE
11. The control initiated by the judiciary must guarantee that the administration stays
within what is stipulated by laws.
TRUE
FALSE
12. The leadership of a community will fare better if not taken on by only one person or a
small group.
TRUE
FALSE
13. The government, which is always supported by the parliament or presidential majority
party, can only function with an intact and efficient state administration, which
enforce the decisions.
TRUE
FALSE
14. In democracies, the administration is ideologically identical to the majority party.

TRUE
FALSE
15. Democracy cant feed its dynamic on such permanent conflicts between points of
views, and on the discussions that result from them.
TRUE
FALSE
16. In the best cases, the opposition party is always the potential substitute of the majority
party and already exercises, for that reason, a pressure on the government.
TRUE
FALSE
17. The opposition plays the role of expressing interests that are taken into consideration
by the government.
TRUE
FALSE
18. The majority party must have the right to change the rules of the game in such a way
that it could give rise to some disadvantage for the opposition.
TRUE
FALSE
19. Public opinion doesnt influence the construction of political will.

TRUE
FALSE
20. It is not possible to talk about only one, but of several public opinions because in a
plural society, there is only one stand.
TRUE
FALSE
21. Public opinion serves the whole population in its effort to display criticism and its
incitements to well defined actions.
TRUE
FALSE
22. Public opinion never constitutes a controlling tool, which is very important in a
democracy and which implies that it is only politicians who confront this public
opinion who can display true interest for citizens desiderata.
TRUE
FALSE
23. Democracies are basically characterized by direct communication.

TRUE
FALSE
24. In addition to possible state restrictions, there is also an internal evolution within the
media that represents a danger for plural expression in the publication of information
intended for public opinion.
TRUE
FALSE
25. Democracy is a type of State with simple procedures and simple mechanisms.
TRUE
FALSE

1.
2.
3.
4.
The power of the State is linked the laws that rule it.
A Rule of Law is always founded the respect of law and Constitution.
This is a system that holds the State accountable its acts in front of the citizens.
The executive power is the power that enforces laws while the legislative one assigns
the power to put bills and to turn them laws.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Citizens must be informed what the State has the right to do.
Nobody must be sanctioned legal ground.
The administration is subject laws.
The latter has only the right to take action a framework assigned by the
parliament majority.
9. Administration subjection law would only be a vain formula if a judge could
not freely take action.
10. If you are detained, you have the right to know the charges you, and to be
presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law.
11. Anyone charged a crime has the right to a fair, speedy, and public trial by an
impartial court.
12. No one may be taxed or prosecuted except by a law established advance.
13. No one is the law, not even a king or an elected president.
14. The rule of law places limits the power of government.
15. The state power is not taken by the government alone, but it also calls
the concrete adhesion of the administration to manage a country a reasonable
way.
16. In democracies, the administration is ideologically non identical the majority
party.
17. In a democratic State, there is always an opposition that exists parallel the
government.
18. In the best cases, the opposition party criticizes the measures taken by the government
party and tries the same time to put its own program.
19. The opposition plays the role of expressing interests that are not taken
consideration by the government.
20. To meet all those expectations, the opposition must be vested parliamentary
rights.
21. The majority party must not have the right to change the rules of the game
such a way that it could give rise some disadvantage for the opposition.
22. In the current mass societies, communication can only be carried out mass
media.
23. The media are considered the forth power coming the judiciary, the
executive and the legislative powers.
24. However, the media can only play this role any form of state influence.
25. addition to possible state restrictions, there is also an internal evolution within
the media that represents a danger for plural expression the publication of
information intended public opinion.
The right to a free blossoming of individual personality
To be vested with the accruing responsibility by law or by the Constitution
To hold the State accountable for its acts in front of the citizens
To take a stand
To be well rooted
To enforce laws
To assign the power to put forward bills and to turn them into laws
To keep the monopoly of the verdict
To be declared not guilty by a judge
To be entitled to give the order
Measurable and foreseeable actions
To be sanctioned without legal ground
To be retroactive
To be subject to laws
To take action within a framework assigned by the parliament majority
To be backed by a law
The control initiated by the judiciary
To stay within what is stipulated by laws
The right to call on the judiciary to protest
To demand a verification of the incriminated act
To avoid some bad will of distorting facts
To maintain order
To be exiled arbitrarily
To know the charges against you
To be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law
To be charged with a crime
The right to a fair, speedy, and public trial by an impartial court
To be taxed or prosecuted
To be above the law
To be fairly, impartially and consistently enforced
To be independent of the other branches of government
Torture, cruel and inhumane treatment
To decide a case
To be applied as a form of social order and policy
To be characterized by respect, acceptation and recognition of all points of view
Dissemination and enforcement
To be faced with some obstacle
Controversial discussions
To be built on compromises
To have a constructive feature within the framework of social processes
Political will of citizens
In a more reduced framework
To take place in a disorderly manner
To come up with results
To call for the concrete adhesion
To manage a country in a reasonable way
To hold the majority and support the regime in power
To exist parallel with the government
To confront the party of the power
To guarantee an exchange of points of view that are characterized by useful controversies
To feed its dynamic on the permanent conflicts between points of views
The potential substitute of the majority party
To exercise some pressure on the government
To discuss all relevant issues openly and in depth
To meet some expectations
Challenging the government and putting forward criticisms
To have the same access to the press, the radio and television
To lose motivation to continue leading hot discussions
To influence the construction of political will
To represent some stands and opinions
To find oneself obliged to react
To run the risks of disaffection or destitution from citizens
An internal evolution within the media
To undertake transformation
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
pitch in
help; join together to

accomplish something
We'll be finished soon if everyone pitches

in.
to absorb; to become filled The sponge soaked up the spilt milk.

soak up a
with (something)
liquid /
information /
knowledge /
etc.
talk out of or dissuade from, persuade into Paul talked me into going skiing, against
my better judgement.
into
watch out for be careful of; beware of
There's a school at the end of this block.

Watch out for children crossing the street.
decline an invitation; ask to

be excused from doing
something
suddenly become quiet /
clam up
refuse to talk about
something
to draw attention to
point out
something or something or someone
someone
At first Lily said she would be at the party.

Later she begged off.
beg off
push on
continue with some effort
slip up
make a mistake
tie in with
be in agreement with
Lila wouldn't talk about the accident.

When I asked her what happened, she
clammed up.
I pointed out that I would be on holiday
anyway.
Let's push on and try to reach the coast by

tonight.
Someone slipped up and my application
was lost.
I'm afraid your party doesn't quite tie in

with our arrangements.
work out
exercise (usually in a gym, Instead of eating lunch on Monday,

etc.) to build muscles, body Wednesday, and Friday, Sheila goes to the
tone, etc
recreation center to work out.
work out a
problem /a
plan/a method
etc.
solve a problem / resolve a

difficult situation (usually
by working together); to
produce a way of dealing
with a problem or situation
by thinking
I know we disagree on many points, but I

believe we can work things out.
blow up
to destroy (something or
someone) by explosion; to
explode
Mr. Trent hated his house, so he blew it up

with dynamite and built a new one instead.
blow up
inflate
We needs lots of balloons for the party.

Will you blow them up?
blow up
suddenly become very angry When I told Jerry that I'd had an accident
with his car, he blew up.
bone up on

for a short time

better bone up on your Spanish.
sort out
find a solution
Don't worry, Mary will sort out your

problem.
stick up for
defend- especially yourself, You must learn to stick up for yourself.

your rights
bash in
damage something by hitting

it violently
Vandals bashed in the windows

of his new Lamborghini.

pitch in
soak up
talk out of
talk into
watch out for
beg off
clam up
point out
push on
slip up
tie in with
work out
blow up
bone up on
sort out
stick up for
bash in
UNIT 12. MANAGEMENT AND MANAGERS
All organizations have several elements in common. The most obvious of these basic elements
is a goal or purpose. The goal will vary but without it no organization would have a reason to
exist. All organizations also have some program or method for achieving their goals.
Organizations must also acquire and allocate the resources necessary to achieve their goals. All
organizations are made up of people and depend on other organizations for the resources they
need. Finally, all organizations have leaders or managers responsible for helping them achieve
their goals.
Organizations serve society. They are important because they are social institutions that reflect
certain culturally accepted values and needs. They allow us to live together in a civilized way
and to accomplish goals as a society. Organizations serve society by making the world a better,
safer, cheaper and more pleasant place to live.
How successful an organization achieves its objectives and satisfies social responsibilities,
depends on its managers. If managers do their jobs well, the organization will probably achieve
its goals. And if a nations major organizations achieve their goals, the nation as a whole will
prosper.
According to Peter Drucker, one of the most respected writers on management, efficiency
and effectiveness are the essential concepts for evaluating managers.
Efficiency is the ability to do things right. An efficient manager is one who achieves results
that measure up labor, materials and time used to achieve them. Managers who are able to
minimize the cost of the resources needed to achieve goals are acting efficiently.
Effectiveness is the ability to do the right things to achieve the right goals. A manager who
selects an inappropriate goal is an ineffective manager. Effectiveness is the key to an
organizations success.
Management has been called the art of getting things done through people. This definition,
by Mary Parker Follett, calls attention to the fact that, managers achieve organizational goals
by arranging for others to perform whatever tasks may be necessary not by performing the
tasks themselves.
Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of
organization members and using all other organizational resources to achieve stated
organizational goals.
Planning is the process of defining an organizations objectives and determining how to
achieve them. Managers plan today based on their assumptions about what will happen in the
future. They look for the opportunities for improving their organizations and solutions to
current problems in order to prevent future problems. In other words, managers plan so that
organizations can move forward with the best probability of success.
Once managers are armed with good plans, they must organize human and material resources
to carry them out. Resources must be gathered and allocated. Gathering resources includes
staffing and organizing human resources. It also includes purchasing materials, securing
financing and providing facilities. Getting organized means much more than defining
structures, assigning jobs and bringing together essential resources. Getting organized implies
the creation of a harmonious work environment and harmony is the result of effective
leadership.
Leadership implies a system of inequalities in which superiors influence subordinates in
other words, managers direct human behavior to achieve organizational objectives. Several
terms have been used interchangeably to describe the leadership function. These include
motivating, actuating and directing. They all have in common the assumption that
managers influence behavior.
Managers have the daily responsibility to keep things on track. This function of steering
performance toward desired results is called controlling. Managers must evaluate performance,
recognize problems and make hundreds of decisions. One aspect of the control process
involves setting standards for performance, especially determining the quality of products and
services. Another aspect of control process involves monitoring results. Yet another aspect
consists of making adjustments to improve performance.
Managers can be classified in two ways: by their level in the organization and by the range of
organizational activities they are responsible for.
The lowest level in an organization at which individuals are responsible for the work of others
is called first-line or first-level management.
First-line managers direct operation employees only; they do not supervise other managers.
The term middle management can include more than one level in an organization. Middle
managers direct the activities of lower-level managers and sometimes those of operating
employees as well. Middle managers principal responsibilities are to direct the activities that
implement their organizations policies and to balance the demands of their superiors with the
capacities of their subordinates.
Top manager is responsible for the overall management of the organization.
The hierarchy of management described as top, middle, and supervisory management is a
vertical division of labor. Management is also divided horizontally along functional lines of
authority. Functional management reflects a kind of specialization in which authority is vested
in managers according to their fields of expertise.
Managers are organizational planners, organizers, leaders and controllers. Actually, every
manager takes on a much wider range of roles to move the organization toward its stated
objectives. In a broad sense, a role consists of the behavior patterns expected of individuals
within a social unit.
Three interpersonal roles figurehead, leader, and liaison help managers keep their
organizations running smoothly.
As a figurehead, the manager performs ceremonial duties such as representing the firm at
public affairs and overseeing official company functions. Managers are symbols and personify
for both organizational members and outside observers an organizations success and failures.
Since leaders work with and through other people, they are responsible and accountable for
their subordinates actions as well as for their own. In fact their subordinates success or failure
is a direct measure of their own success or failures.
All managers act as liaisons between groups and individuals that are part of an organization.
All effective managers play politics in the sense that they develop networks of mutual
obligations with other managers in the organization.
Receiving and transmitting information are the most important aspects of a managers job.
Managers need information to make intelligent decisions and other people in the organization
depend on information received from or transmitted through managers. There are three
informational roles: monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Monitor. Managers are constantly looking for useful information both within and outside the
organization. They question subordinates and collect unsolicited information. The role of
monitor often makes managers the best-informed members of their groups.
Disseminator. Managers distribute important information to subordinates. It is the managers
responsibility to be sure subordinates have the information they need to carry out their duties.
Spokesperson.
Managers also transmit information to people outside their work units.
Keeping superiors well-informed is one of the most important aspects of this role. Managers
may also speak for their work unit within the organization or represent the entire organization
in dealing with customers, contractors or government officials.

1. All organizations also have some program or method for achieving their goals.
TRUE
FALSE
2. All organizations are made up of people and depend on other organizations for the
resources they need.

TRUE
FALSE
3. Organizations are important because they are social institutions that dont reflect
certain culturally accepted values and needs.

TRUE
FALSE
4. Organizations dont allow us to live together in a civilized way and to accomplish goals
as a society.
TRUE
FALSE
5. Organizations serve society by making the world a better, safer, cheaper and more
pleasant place to live.

TRUE
FALSE
6. How successful an organization achieves its objectives, satisfies social responsibilities,
depends on its managers.

TRUE
FALSE
7. An efficient manager is one who achieves results that measure up labor, materials and
time used to achieve them.

TRUE
FALSE
8. Managers who are not able to minimize the cost of the resources needed to achieve
goals are acting efficiently.

TRUE
9.
FALSE
Gathering resources doesnt include staffing, or the organization of human resources.

TRUE
FALSE
10. Managers must evaluate performance, recognize problems and make hundreds of
decisions.
TRUE
FALSE
11. One aspect of the control process involves setting standards for performance, especially
determining the quality of products and services.

TRUE
FALSE
12. The lowest level in an organization at which individuals are not responsible for the
work of others is called first-line or first-level management.

TRUE
FALSE
13. First-line managers direct operation employees only; they do not supervise other
managers.
TRUE
FALSE
14. The term middle management doesnt include more than one level in an organization.
TRUE
FALSE
15. Middle managers direct the activities of lower-level managers and sometimes those of
operating employees as well.

TRUE
FALSE
16. Middle managers principal responsibilities are to direct the activities that implement
their organizations policies and to balance the demands of their superiors with the
capacities of their subordinates.
TRUE
FALSE
17. Top manager is not responsible for the overall management of the organization.
TRUE
FALSE
18. Managers are organizational planners, organizers, leaders and controllers.
TRUE
FALSE
19. Actually, every manager takes on a much wider range of roles to move the organization
toward its stated objectives.

TRUE
FALSE
20. As a figurehead, the manager doesnt perform ceremonial duties such as representing
the firm at public affairs and overseeing official company functions.

TRUE
FALSE
21. Managers are symbols and personify, for both organizational members and outside
observers an organizations success and failures.

TRUE
FALSE
22. Since leaders work with and through other people, they are not responsible and
accountable for their subordinates actions as well as for their own.

TRUE
FALSE
23. Effective managers never play politics in the sense that they develop networks of
mutual obligations with other managers in the organization.

TRUE
FALSE
24. Receiving and transmitting information are the most important aspects of a managers
job.
TRUE
FALSE
25. Managers need information to make intelligent decisions and other people in the
organization depend on information received from or transmitted through managers.

TRUE
FALSE
26. Managers are constantly looking for useful information both within and outside the
organization.
TRUE
FALSE
27. Managers question subordinates and collect unsolicited information.
TRUE
FALSE
28. Managers never transmit information to people outside their work units.
TRUE
FALSE
29. Managers cant speak for their work unit within the organization or represent the
entire organization in dealing with customers, contractors or government officials.

TRUE
FALSE

1. All organizations have several elements .
2. The goal will but without it no organization would have a reason to

exist.
3. All organizations are people and depend on other
organizations for the resources they need.
4. Finally, all organizations have leaders or managers for

helping them achieve their goals.
5. Organizations society.
6. Organizations are important because they are social institutions that
certain culturally values and needs.
7. Organizations serve society the world a better, safer,
cheaper and more pleasant place to live.
8. They allow us to live together in a way and to accomplish
goals as a society.
9. How successful an organization achieves its objectives, social
responsibilities, depends on its managers.
10. If a nations major organizations achieve their goals, the nation will .
11. Efficiency and effectiveness are the essential concepts for
managers.
12. is the ability to do things right.
13. An efficient manager is one who achieves results that labor,
materials and time to achieve them.
14. Managers who are able to minimize the cost of the resources to
achieve goals are efficiently.
15. A manager who an inappropriate goal is an ineffective manager.
16. Management has been called the art of getting things done people.
17. Effectiveness is the to an organizations success.
18. Managers achieve organizational goals by arranging for others to
whatever tasks may be necessary.
19. Management is the of planning, organizing, leading and
controlling the efforts of organization members.
20. Planning is the process of an organizations objectives and
how to achieve them.
21. Managers plan today based on their about what will happen in
the future.
22. They look for the for improving their organizations and
to current problems in order to prevent future problems.
23. Managers plan so that organizations can move with the best
probability of success.
24. Once managers are armed with good plans, they must human and
material resources to carry them out.
25. Resources must be and allocated.
26. Gathering resources includes , or the organization of human
resources.
27. It also includes materials, financing and

facilities.
28. Getting organized means much more than structures,
jobs and bringing together essential resources.
29. Getting organized implies the of a harmonious work environment
and harmony is the of effective leadership.
30. Leadership implies a system of in which superiors influence
subordinates.
31. Managers direct human to achieve organizational objectives.
32. The lowest level in an organization at which individuals are responsible for the work of
others is called or first-level management.
33. First-line managers operation employees only; they do not
other managers.
34. The middle management can include more than one level in an
organization.
35. Middle managers the activities of lower-level managers and sometimes
those of operating employees as well.
36. Middle managers principal are to direct the activities that
implement their organizations policies and to balance the demands of their superiors
with the of their subordinates.
37. Top manager is responsible for the management of the organization.
38. The of management described by top, middle, and supervisory
management is a vertical division of labor.
39. Management is also divided along functional lines of authority.
40. Functional management a kind of specialization in which
is vested in managers according to their fields of expertise.
41. Actually, every manager takes on a much wider of roles to move the
organization toward its stated objectives.
42. In a broad sense, a role consists of the behavior expected of
individuals within a social unit.
43. Three interpersonal roles figurehead, leader, and liaison help managers keep their
organizations running .
44. As a figurehead, the manager ceremonial duties such as representing
the firm at public affairs and overseeing official company functions.
45. Managers are and personify for both organizational members and
outside observers an organizations success and failures.
46. Since leaders work with and through other people, they are responsible and
for their subordinates actions as well as for their own.
47. In fact their subordinates success or failure is a direct of their own
success or failures.
48. All managers act as liaisons between and that are part
of an organization.
49. All effective managers politics in the sense that they develop
networks of mutual obligations with other managers in the organization.
50. Receiving and transmitting information are the most important of
a managers job.
To acquire and allocate the resources necessary to achieve goals
To serve society
To reflect certain culturally accepted values and needs
To achieve results that measure up labor, materials and time used to achieve them
To minimize the cost of the resources
To act efficiently
The art of getting things done through people
To calls attention to the fact that
To perform whatever tasks may be necessary
The process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of organization
members
To plan today based on the assumptions about what will happen in the future
Solutions to current problems
To prevent future problems
To move forward with the best probability of success
To be armed with good plans
To be gathered and allocated
Staffing and organizing human resources
Purchasing materials, securing financing and providing facilities
Assigning jobs and bringing together essential resources
To create of a harmonious work environment
To imply a system of inequalities in which superiors influence subordinates
To direct human behavior to achieve organizational objectives
To keep things on track
Steering performance toward desired results
To evaluate performance, recognize problems and make hundreds of decisions
Setting standards for performance
Determining the quality of products and services
Making adjustments to improve performance
To direct the activities that implement organizations policies
Vertical division of labor
To be divided horizontally along functional lines of authority
Fields of expertise
To take on a wide range of roles to move the organization toward its stated objectives
To consist of the behavior patterns expected of individuals within a social unit
To keep organizations running smoothly
To perform ceremonial duties
To represent the firm at public affairs
To oversee company functions
To personify an organizations success and failures
To develop networks of mutual obligations with other managers in the organization
Receiving and transmitting information
To collect unsolicited information
To distribute important information to subordinates
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
mark down
reduce the price (as an

incentive to buy)
These shoes were really a bargain! The

store marked them down by 40%!
mark up
increase the price (for

resale)
Mrs. White's import shop is profitable

because she buys things inexpensively and
then marks them up.
do in
to kill; to murder
The said that the murdered man was done

in between 10 and 11 o'clock last night.
do over
do something again
do up a house
/ a room /a
flat/an old car
etc.
to repair; to improve the

When Bob and Sally bought their house it
condition and appearance of was in a bad state, so they spent six
something; decorate
months doing it up.
(colloquial)
to fasten; to button; to zip;

do up a
to tie.
shoelace / a
zip / a dress /
a coat etc.
jump all over severely scold someone;
berate someone
Oh, no! I forgot to save my report before I

turned the computer off! Now I'll have to
do it over!
It was a very cold day, so Brian did up all

the buttons on his overcoat.
Arthur is really upset. His boss jumped all

over him because he's been late for work
three times this week.
The car is playing up again. It won't start.
play up
behave or work badly
face up to
have courage to deal with especially responsibilities;

admit to; take responsibility
for
figure out
logically find the answer to For a long time I couldn't understand this
a problem; solve a problem problem, but I finally figured it out.
by thinking about it
carefully
wrap up
wear enough clothes to keep It's really cold today. Be sure you wrap up
warm
when you leave the house.
wrap up
finish something; bring

something to a conclusion
check off
You have to face up to your

responsibilities. You can't pretend that
you're doing OK in this course, Joe.
Sooner or later, you'll have to face up to
the fact that you're failing it.
We've been talking about the problem for

nearly three hours. I hope we'll be able to
wrap the discussion up soon.
make a mark to indicate that Here are the things you need to do. Please
something on a list has been check each one off when you've finished
completed
it.
drag on
last much longer than

expected or is necessary
I thought the meeting would be a short

one, but it dragged on for more than three
hours.
tick off
irritate someone; make

someone upset or angry
It really ticks her off when someone is late

for an appointment.
tick off
show that something has

Here are the things you need to do. Tick
been completed by putting a each one off when you finish it.
tick (check) beside it
pin someone
down
force to give a clear

statement
I asked Jim to name a suitable day, but I

couldn't pin him down.
chip in
contribute / donate (often

money) to something done
by a group
We're going to buy a birthday cake for our

boss and I'm collecting donations. Do you
want to chip in?
brush up
to improve your knowledge,

skill, or memory of
(something you used to
know, or do, but have now
partly forgotten).
Frank's visit to the international business

conference in Paris was a disaster because
his French was so bad. Frank must brush
up his French.
brush up on

for a short time

better brush up on your Spanish.
tell (someone) speak to someone bluntly

and negatively, saying
off
exactly what she/he did
wrong; to speak angrily to
someone who has done
something wrong; to find
fault with someone
He told us off for being late.
mark down
mark up
do in
do over
do up
play up
face up to
figure out
wrap up
check off
drag on
tick off
pin down
chip in
brush up
brush up on
tell off
UNIT 13. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, ACCOUNTING AND MARKETING

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING
Financial management consists of all those activities that are concerned with obtaining money
and using it effectively. Effective financial management involves careful planning. It begins
with a determination of the firms financial needs.
Money is needed to start a business. Income from sales could be used to provide a profit. But
sales revenue does not generally flow evenly. Income and expenses may vary from season to
season or from year to year. Temporary financing may be needed when expenses are high or
income is low. Then, the need to purchase a new facility or expand an existing facility may
require more than is available within a firm. In these cases the firm must look for outside
sources of financing. Usually it is short-or-long-term financing.
Short-term financing is money that will be used for one year or less and then repaid. There are
many short-term financing needs. The two deserve special attention. First, certain business
practices may affect a firms cash flow and create a need for short-term financing. Cash flow is
the movement of money into and out of an organization. A second need for short-term
financing that is related to a firms cash-flow problem is inventory.
Inventory requires considerable investment for most manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers.
The borrowed money is used to buy materials and supplies, to pay wages and rent, and to cover
inventory costs until the goods are sold. Then, the money is repaid out of sales revenue.
Long-term financing is money that will be used for longer period than one year. Long-term
financing is needed to start a new business. It is also needed for executing business expansions
and mergers, for developing and marketing new products, and for replacing equipment that
becomes obsolete or inefficient.
Today, it is impossible to manage a business operation without accurate and timely accounting
information. The primary users of accounting information are managers. The firms accounting
system provides the information dealing with revenues, costs, profits, return on investment,
and the like. Accounting information helps managers plan and set goals, organize, motivate,
and control. Lenders and suppliers need this accounting information to evaluate credit risks.
Stockholders and potential investors need this information to evaluate soundness of
investments.
The basis for the accounting process is the accounting equation. It shows the relationship
among the firms assets, liabilities, and owners equity.
Assets are the items of value that a firm owns cash, inventories, land, equipment, buildings,
patents, and the like.
Liabilities are the firms debts and obligations. Owners equity is the difference between a
firms assets and its liabilities.
A balance sheet is a summary of a firms assets, liabilities, and owners equity accounts. A
balance sheet must show that the firms assets are equal to its liabilities plus its owners equity.
The balance sheet is prepared at least once a year.
An income statement is a summary of firms revenues and expenses during a specific
accounting period.

1. Financial management consists of all those activities that are concerned with obtaining
money and using it effectively.
TRUE
FALSE
2. Effective financial management involves careful planning.

TRUE
FALSE
3. It begins with a determination of the firms financial needs.

TRUE
FALSE
4. Income from sales could be used to provide a profit.

TRUE
FALSE
5. But sales revenue generally flows evenly.

TRUE
FALSE
6. Then, the need to purchase a new facility or expand an existing facility may require
more than is available within a firm.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Inventory requires considerable investment for most manufacturers, wholesalers, and

retailers.
TRUE
FALSE
8. The borrowed money is used to buy materials and supplies, to pay wages and rent, and
to cover inventory costs until the goods are sold.
TRUE
FALSE
9. Today, it is possible to manage a business operation without accurate and timely

accounting information.
TRUE
FALSE
10. Lenders and suppliers need this accounting information to evaluate soundness of
investments.
TRUE
FALSE
11. Stockholders and potential investors need this information to evaluate to evaluate credit
risks.
TRUE
FALSE
12. The firms accounting system provides the information dealing with revenues, costs,
profits, return on investment, and the like.
TRUE
FALSE

1. Financial management of all those activities that are concerned with
obtaining money and using it effectively.
2. Effective financial management careful planning.
3. It begins with a of the firms financial needs.
4. Money is needed to a business.
5. Income from sales could be used to a profit.
6. But sales does not generally flow evenly.
7. Income and may vary from season to season or form year to year.
8. Temporary financing may be needed when expenses are or income is .
9. Then, the need to a new facility or expand an existing facility may
require more than is available within a firm.
10. In these cases the firm must look for outside of financing.
11. Short-term financing is that will be used for one year or less and then
repaid.
12. There are many short-term financing .
13. The two special attention.
14. First, certain business practices may a firms cash flow and create a need
for short-term financing.
15. Cash is the movement of money into and out of an organization.
16. A second for short-term financing that is related to a firms cash-flow

problem is inventory.
17. Inventory requires considerable for most manufacturers, wholesalers,
and retailers.
18. The borrowed money is used to materials and supplies, to pay wages and
rent, and to cover inventory costs until the goods are sold.
19. Then, the money is repaid out of revenue.
20. Long-term financing is money that will be used for period than one year.
21. Long-term financing is needed to a new business.
22. It is also needed for executing business and mergers, for
and marketing new products, and for equipment that becomes obsolete
or inefficient.
23. Today, it is impossible to a business operation without accurate and
timely accounting information.
24. The primary users of information are managers.
25. The firms accounting system the information dealing with
revenues, costs, profits, return on investment, and the like.
26. Accounting information helps managers and set goals, organize,
motivate, and control.
27. Lenders and need this accounting information to evaluate credit risks.
28. Stockholders and potential need this information to evaluate
soundness of investments.
29. The basis for the accounting process is the accounting .
30. It shows the among the firms assets, liabilities, and owners equity.
31. Assets are the of value that a firm owns cash, inventories, land,
equipment, buildings, patents, and the like.
32. Liabilities are the firms and obligations.
To be concerned with obtaining money
To begin with a determination of the firms financial needs
Income from sales
To provide a profit
Sales revenue
To flow evenly
To purchase a new facility
Outside sources of financing
Short-term financing
Short-term financing needs
To affect a firms cash flow
To create a need for short-term financing
To buy materials and supplies, to pay wages and rent, and to cover inventory costs until the
goods are sold
Long-term financing
Executing business expansions and mergers
Developing and marketing new products
Replacing equipment that becomes obsolete or inefficient
Accurate and timely accounting information
Revenues, costs, profits and return on investment
To evaluate credit risks
Stockholders and potential investors
To evaluate soundness of investments
Accounting equation
Firms assets, liabilities and owners equity
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
luck out
be unexpectedly lucky
Gloria was worried because she wasn't

prepared to give a report at the meeting,
but she lucked out because the meeting
was postponed.
nod off
fall sleep (usually

unintentionally)
The speech was so boring that several

people in the audience nodded off. before
it was finished.
draw out
prolong something (usually I thought that speech would never end. The
far beyond the normal
speaker could have said everything
limits)
important in about five minutes, but he
drew the speech out for over an hour!
pull off
pull over
manage to succeed
It was a tricky plan, but we pulled it off.
drive a vehicle to the side of When the policeman indicated that I
the rode
should pull over, I knew he was going to
give me a ticket.
draw up
come to a stop
chicken out
lose the courage or

Sam said he was going to ask Lulu for a
confidence to do something- date, but he chickened out.
-often at the last minute
crop up
happen unexpectedly
I can't come to your party, something has

cropped up.
pick on
intentionally try to make

someone upset
You should be ashamed of teasing your

little brother, Bob! Pick on someone your
own size!
A white sports car drew up outside the

door.
hand out
distribute
Why don't you have a course description

and list of assignments? The teacher
handed them out on the first day of class.
iron out
mutually reach an
Yes, I know we disagree on lots of things,
agreement; mutually resolve Susan, but we can iron them out.
difficulties
jack up
raise (used for prices)
The car dealer bought my old Ford for

$750 and jacked the price up to $1,500
when they sold it.

luck out
nod off
draw out
pull off
pull over
draw up
chicken out
crop up
pick on
hand out
iron out
jack up
MARKETING
Marketing is the process of planning and executing, pricing, promotion and distribution of
ideas, goods, and services to create exchange that satisfy individual and organizational
objectives. Marketing begins and ends with marketing information about customers first to
determine what customers need, and later to evaluate how well the firm is meeting those
needs.
A market consists of people with their needs, the ability to buy, and the desire and ability to
sell. A business firm controls four important elements of marketing called a marketing mix.
A firms marketing mix is the combination of the product, the price of the product, the means
for its distribution, and the promotion of the product to reach a firms target market.
The product ingredient of the marketing mix includes decisions about the products design,
brand name, packaging, and the like.
The pricing ingredient includes both base price and decisions of various kinds. Pricing
decisions are intended to maximize profit.
The distribution ingredient involves not only transportation and storage but also the selection
of intermediaries.
The promotion ingredient focuses on providing information to target markets. The major
forms of promoting include advertising and publicity.
The ingredients of the marketing mix are controllable elements. A firm can vary each of them
to suit its organizational goals, marketing goals, and target markets.
A marketing strategy is a plan for the best use of an organizations resources to reach its
objectives. Developing a marketing strategy involves selecting and analyzing a target market
and creating a marketing mix that will satisfy that market.
A target market is chosen through the market segmentation approach. A market segment is a
group of individuals or organizations within a market that have similar characteristics and
needs. The market segmentation approach directs a marketing mix at a segment of a market.
Market measurement and sales forecasting are used to estimate sales potential and predict
product sales in specific market segments. Strategies are then monitored and evaluated through
marketing research and marketing information system, which stores and processes internal and
external data in a form suitable for marketing decision making.

1. Marketing is the process of planning and executing, pricing, promotion and distribution
of ideas, goods, and services to create exchange that satisfy individual and
organizational objectives.
TRUE
FALSE
2. Marketing begins and ends with marketing information about customers first to
evaluate how well the firm is meeting those needs, and later to determine what
customers need.
TRUE
FALSE
3. A market consists of people with their needs, the ability to buy, and the desire and
ability to sell.
TRUE
FALSE
4. A firms marketing mix is the combination of the product, the price of the product, the
means for its distribution, and the promotion of the product to reach a firms target
market.
TRUE
FALSE
5. The product ingredient of the marketing mix doesnt include decisions about the
products design, brand name, packaging, and the like.
TRUE
FALSE
6. The pricing ingredient includes both base price and decisions of various kinds. Pricing
decisions are intended to maximize profit.
TRUE
FALSE
7. Developing a marketing strategy involves selecting and analyzing a target market and
creating a marketing mix that will satisfy that market.
TRUE
FALSE
8. A target market is not chosen through the market segmentation approach.

TRUE
FALSE
9. A market segment is a group of individuals or organizations within a market that have

similar characteristics and needs.
TRUE
FALSE
10. Market measurement and sales forecasting are not used to estimate sales potential and
predict product sales in specific market segments.
TRUE
FALSE

1. Marketing is the process of planning and executing, pricing, promotion and distribution
of ideas, goods, and services to create that satisfy individual and
organizational objectives.
2. Marketing and with marketing information about
customers first to determine what customers need, and later to how
well the firm is meeting those needs.
3. A market consists of people with their -, the ability to ,
and the desire and ability to sell.
4. A business firm four important elements of marketing which are called a
marketing mix.
5. A firms marketing mix is the of the product, the price of the product, the
means for its distribution, and the promotion of the product to reach a firms
market.
6. The product of the marketing mix includes decisions about the
products design, brand name, packaging, and the like.
7. The pricing ingredient includes both price and decisions of various kinds.
8. Pricing decisions are intended to profit.
9. The distribution ingredient involves not only and
but also the selection of intermediaries.
10. The promotion ingredient focuses on providing to target markets.
11. The major forms of promoting advertising and publicity.
12. The ingredients of the marketing mix are elements.
13. A firm can each of them to suit its organizational goals, marketing
goals, and target markets.
14. A marketing strategy is a for the best use of an organizations
to reach its objectives.
Planning, executing, pricing, promotion and distribution
To create exchange that satisfy individual and organizational objectives
The ability to buy and the desire and ability to sell
Marketing mix
Target market
Products design, brand name and packaging
To be intended to maximize profit
Transportation and storage
Selection of intermediaries
To focus on providing information to target markets
Selecting and analyzing a target market
Creating a marketing mix that will satisfy that market
Market segmentation approach
To estimate sales potential and predict product sales in specific market segments
To be monitored and evaluated through marketing research and marketing information system
To store and process internal and external data
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
WORD MASTER

repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
MY PASSAGE: 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
MY PASSAGE: 2
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal Verb
Meaning
Examples
zonk out
fall asleep quickly because

of exhaustion
I intended to go shopping after work, but I

was so tired that I zonked out as soon as I
got home.
lay down
state a rule- especially lay

down the law
The company has laid down strict

procedures for this kind of situation.
lay off
to stop employing (a
worker), often for a short
time because there is not
enough work (not because
of poor performance)
The company usually lays off workers

when business is very bad.
ask after
inquire about
Jim was asking after you.
ask out
ask for a date
Nancy has a new boyfriend. Joe asked her

out last night.
ball up
roll or form something into
When she does her laundry, instead
a round shape
of folding everything nicely when

its done, he just balls everything up
and throws it in a bag.
chew out
scold someone severely;

berate
Tom's father was really angry when Tom

didn't come home until 3:00 AM. He
chewed Tom out and then said Tom had to
stay at home for two weeks.
feel up to
I know the accident was a terrible shock.

Do you feel up to talking about it?
pass out
feel strong enough or

comfortable enough to do
something
faint; lose consciousness
pass out
distribute
hang up
end a phone conversation by I'd like to talk longer, but I'd better hang
replacing the receiver
up. My sister needs to make a call.
knock oneself work much harder than

normal or than what is
out
expected
When Ella heard that she'd won a million

dollars, she was so shocked that she passed
out.
Everyone in the room needs one of these
information sheets. Who will help me pass
them out?
We completed the project on time because

of Chuck. He knocked himself out to be
sure we didn't miss the deadline.
knock out
make unconscious
That medicine really knocked me out. I

slept for 14 hours straight!
end up
finish in a certain way, or

place; finally arrive at;
arrive at an unexpected
place
arrive somewhere as a result
or consequence
We got lost last night and ended up in the

next town.
urge / encourage greatly

toward doing something
(usually something
negative)
At first Bob and Chuck were just having a

mild argument, but Bob's friends egged
them on until they started fighting.
end up
egg on
You're working too hard. If you don't take

it easy, you'll end up in the hospital!
pack in
stop an activity
John has packed in his job.
send up
make fun of by imitating
Jean is always sending up the French

teacher.

zonk out
lay down
lay off
ask after
ask out
ball up
chew out
feel up to
pass out
hang up
knock out
end up
egg on
pack in
send up
VOCABULARY
ACCOUNT FOR - to explain
ACT UP - to behave poorly (human); to reoccur (disease); to malfunction (machine)
ADD ON - to increase or enhance something by joining or uniting something to it
ADD UP - to result in a certain total
ADD UP TO - to result in a certain total
ASK FOR - to deserve a negative consequence
ASK IN - to request someone to come in
ASK OUT - to request someone to go on a date with you
BACK AWAY - to retreat backwards
BACK DOWN - to concede in a disagreement
BACK UP - to make copies of computer files just in case something happens to the original files
BACK UP - to help or support
BACK UP - to go in reverse
BAIL OUT - to jump out of an airplane (usually when its going to crash)
BAIL OUT - to quit or stop doing something (usually when experiencing difficulties)
BAIL OUT - to rescue someone from a difficult situation
BALL UP - to roll or form something into a round shape
BASH IN - to damage something by hitting it violently
BEAT UP - to hurt someone by hitting and/or kicking them repeatedly
BLACK OUT - to lose consciousness momentarily
BLEND IN - to match or look the same as the surroundings

BLOW OFF - to remove with powerful force
BLOW UP - to suddenly become angry
BLOW UP - to explode or to destroy something with an explosion
BLOW UP - to inflate
BONE UP ON - to review, study, or practice a subject for a short period of time
BOSS AROUND - to tell someone what to do repeatedly
BREAK DOWN - to stop functioning
BREAK DOWN - to lose control of one's emotions
BREAK IN - to work or repeatedly use something so that it becomes comfortable or easily
usable
BREAK IN - to forcibly enter a building
BREAK INTO - to forcibly enter
BREAK OUT - to suddenly develop or erupt
BREAK UP - to cause to disperse or scatter
BREAK UP (WITH) - to end a relationship
BRING ABOUT - to make happen
BRING AROUND - to guide someone or convey something
RING AROUND - to persuade, to cause to some on to do something through persuasion
BRING DOWN - to cause to fall
BRING FORTH - to produce or give rise to
BRING IN - to arrest someone; to bring someone to the police station (usually for questioning)
BRING IN - to reach a verdict

BRING IN - to earn money
BRING ON - to cause to appear
BRING UP - to raise or rear
BRING UP - to mention
BRUSH UP ON - to practice; to improve your skill or knowledge
BURN DOWN - to destroy by fire
BUTT IN - to enter a conversation uninvited
CALL OFF - to cancel
CALL UP - to telephone
CATCH ON - to become popular
CHECK IN - to register (usually at a hotel, airport, or hospital)
CHEER ON - to support or encourage with shouts of praise
CHEER UP - to become happier or less miserable
CHICKEN OUT - not to do something because of fear
COLOR IN - to fill with color (usually an outline)
COME ABOUT - to happen
COME ALONG - to appear
COME ALONG - to accompany someone who takes the lead
COME ALONG - to progress
COME AROUND - to change ones opinion or position
COME BACK - to reply, retort
COME BACK - to even the score (sports)

COME BACK - to recall
COME BACK - to be restored
COME BY - to obtain (accidentally)
COME BY - to visit informally
COME DOWN - to become sick
COME DOWN - to reduce to the essential element
COME DOWN - to precipitate, fall from clouds
COME DOWN - to criticize
COME IN - to place in a race or contest
COME IN - to be received (signal)
COME INTO - to acquire
COME OFF - to appear
COME OFF - to fare, happen in a particular manner
COME OFF - to have recently completed or recovered from
COME ON - to advance progressively
COME ON - to project a particular personal image
COME ON - to start running, become available
COME OUT - to become known, to come into public view, to debut
COME OUT - to turn out, result
COME OUT - to declare ones position publicly
COME OVER - to change sides
COME OVER - to visit casually

COME THROUGH - to do what is expected or required
COME UP - to be mentioned
COME UP - to approach
COME UP WITH - to think of
COME UPON - to meet or discover by accident
CRANK UP - to increase the power or volume
DIE DOWN - to decrease
DIG UP - to look for and find hidden things or information
DISH OUT - to allocate, dispense, or distribute food from a container
DRAG ON - to continue for what seems to be an extremely long time
DRAW UP - to prepare
DREAM UP - to think of (something new)
DROP OFF - to unload or deliver (on the way to somewhere else)
DROP OFF - to decline (in number)
DROWN OUT - to make a sound inaudible with a louder sound
EAT OUT - to go out to a restaurant to eat
EAT UP - to finish a meal
EMPTY OUT - to remove everything from a container making it empty
EMPTY OUT - to be vacated by people
END UP - to arrive at a destination or result which may be unplanned or unexpected
EVEN OUT - to make something measure the same as something else
FALL APART - to come apart, disintegrate

FALL APART - to suffer an emotional breakdown
FALL FOR - to be deceived or to suddenly become attracted to someone or something
FIGHT OFF - to keep something or someone away
FILL IN - to complete where needed
FILL UP - to fill completely
FIND OUT - to learn or discover
FIT IN - to get along with others in a group
FREE UP - to make something available (it was previously unavailable)
GET ABOUT - to go from place to place
GET ACROSS - to communicate clearly or convincingly
GET ACROSS - to be convincing or clear
GET AHEAD - to make progress in becoming successful
GET ALONG - to advance (especially in years)
GET ALONG - to have a congenial relationship with someone
GET ALONG - to manage reasonably
GET AROUND - to evade, circumvent
GET AROUND - to go from place to place
GET AROUND - to become known, circulate
GET AT - to access or reach
GET AT - to hint, suggest, convey, or try to make understandable
GET AWAY - to escape
GET BY - to succeed with minimum effort and minimum achievement

GET BY - to survive or manage
GET BY - to proceed unnoticed, ignored, or without being criticized, or punished
GET DOWN - to give ones consideration or attention
GET DOWN - to depress, exhaust or discourage
GET INTO - to be involved with
GET OFF - to receive extreme pleasure
GET OFF - to receive a lesser punishment than what might be expected
GET OFF - to dismount
GET OFF - to give great pleasure
GET OUT - to become known
GET OVER - to overcome, recover from
GET THROUGH - to finish something completely; to arrive at the end of something
GET TO - to annoy
GIVE OUT - to distribute
GO ALONG - to cooperate
GO AROUND - to satisfy a demand or need
GO AROUND - to circulate
GO BY - to act in accordance
GO OFF - to explode; detonate
GO OFF - to happen in a particular manner
GO OVER - to gain approval
GO OVER - to check; examine

GO UNDER - to fail; to be defeated
HAND IN - to turn in or give work you have done
HAND OUT - to distribute
HANG AROUND - to spend time
HOLD BACK - to restrain
HOLD DOWN - to keep a job
HOLD ON - to wait
HUNT DOWN - to pursue to find or capture someone or something
IRON OUT to resolve by discussion/ to eliminate differences
JOT DOWN - to copy down or make a note of
KEEP UP - to stay informed
KEEP UP - to maintain a required pace or level in competition (often in lifestyle)
LAY OFF - to dismiss from a job
LINE UP - to put in a row
LINE UP - to stand in a line
LOOK DOWN ON - to consider inferior
LOOK INTO - to investigate
LOP OFF - to cut something off (a limb or branch of a tree)
MARK DOWN - to reduce prices
MEASURE UP - to reach a standard or expectation
NOD OFF - to fall asleep (usually not intending to)
OPEN UP - to talk openly

OPT OUT to decide not to participate
OWN UP - to admit or confess something
PASS OUT - to lose consciousness
PASS OUT - to distribute
PAY OFF - to pay all of the money you owe
PENCIL IN - to schedule someone or something tentatively
PERK UP - to become more cheerful or lively
PLAY DOWN - to make something seem less important
PUT ACROSS - to communicate; convey effectively
PUT AWAY - to discard; renounce
PUT AWAY - to confine; incarcerate; imprison
PUT DOWN - to insult or make disparaging remarks about someone
PUT DOWN - to kill a sick or injured animal (usually out of mercy)
PUT OFF - to postpone
PUT ON - to produce; perform
PUT OUT - to extinguish
PUT OUT - to publish; issue
PUT OUT - to exert, extend
PUT OUT - to expel
PUT THROUGH - to implement; bring to a successful conclusion
PUT THROUGH - to make a telephone connection for
PUT UP - to raise; erect; build

PUT UP - to accommodate; provide food a shelter to
PUT UP WITH - to tolerate
RACK UP - to accumulate in number (score)
READ OVER - to read something thoroughly
RIP OFF- to steal something
RIP UP - to tear something into pieces
RUN OVER - to hit with a vehicle
SCREW UP - to make a mistake or do something wrong
SELL OUT - to compromise one's values for personal gain
SELL OUT - to sell everything in the store
SET UP - to start, organize, or configure
SETTLE DOWN - to become calm; to start living a quiet family life
SHRUG OFF - to dismiss something as unimportant
SIMMER DOWN - to become less angry
SIT AROUND - to just sit not doing much
SORT OUT - to resolve problems or difficulties
STAND IN FOR - to take someone's place
STAND OUT - to be prominent or conspicuous
TAKE DOWN - to lower
TAKE DOWN - to dismantle; disassemble; take apart
TAKE DOWN - to lower one's self-esteem
TAKE IN - to reduce in size; make smaller

TAKE IN - to give shelter to; to receive as a guest, or lodger
TAKE IN - to see for enjoyment
TAKE OFF - to depart (aircraft)
TAKE ON to undertake; assume; acquire
TAKE ON - to contend against an opponent
TAKE OUT - to take someone on a date
TAKE OVER - to gain control
TAKE UP - to pursue; turn one's interest to
TAKE UP - to consume or fill time or space
TALK INTO - to persuade to do something
TALK OUT OF - to persuade not to do something
TANGLE UP - to twist and mix together into a confused mass
TIP OFF - to inform
TRADE IN - to exchange something (usually used) for payment or partial payment for
something else
TRY OUT - to test to see if something is suitable
TURN AWAY - to reject; refuse; dismiss
TURN AWAY - to repel; deflect
TURN AWAY - to move so that you are not facing someone
TURN DOWN - to decrease
TURN DOWN - to reject
TURN IN - to submit or give work done for someone

TURN OFF - to disgust
TURN ON - to excite pleasurably
TURN OVER - to invert; rotate
TURN UP - to increase
USE UP - to use all of
VOUCH FOR - to express confidence in, or guarantee something
WALK OUT - to leave as a sign of protest
WATER DOWN - to make weaker
WEAR DOWN - to cause to be worn or weak
WEAR OFF - not to affect someone any longer
WIPE OFF - to clean a surface by dragging a towel or sponge across it
ZIP UP - to close with a zipper
ZONK OUT - to fall asleep quickly because of exhaustion
CONTENTS
UNIT 1. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 2. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
23
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 3. INCOME INEQUALITY AND POVERTY
36
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
50
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 5. WHAT IS CULTURE?
64
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 6. CONFLICTS
80
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 7. THE CONCEPT OF PROGRESS

ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
100
UNIT 8. WHAT IS DEMOCRACY ?
115
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 9. DEMOCRACY AS A POLITICAL SYSTEM OF COMPETITION FOR POWER
129
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 10. FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
143
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 11. RULE OF LAW
158
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 12. MANAGEMENT AND MANAGERS
178
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
UNIT 13. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, ACCOUNTING AND MARKETING
198
ROLE PLAYING
PHRASAL VERBS
VOCABULARY
216

Text File B 1.2 2 PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Text File B 1.2 2 PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

M.

UNIT 1. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

Process vs. Project

End vs. Revival of Nation-State

Process vs. Project

Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer.

5. According to one popular view, globalization is the "inexorable integration of markets,

6. Globalization has never been celebrated as a new birth of freedom.

7. A standard complaint about globalization is that it leads to cultural heterogeneity.

Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences.

1. Globalization - no word in recent memory has meant so many different things

6. Discussions of globalization convey a sense that something new is happening the

Universal peace and prosperity

A new kind of chaos

Exchange of goods, ideas and people

A long-term historical trend

The desire for something better and greater

To promote globalization of trade

To be basic to human nature

To bring distant societies together

To facilitate the transmission of goods, ideas and cultures

Inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies

To enter a "global age"

To break down barriers to trade and democratic institutions

To resolve tensions between old adversaries

To empower more and more people

To portray globalization as dangerous

To limit the ability of states to set policy

To have a special role in creating conditions for growth

To compensate for the effects of economic competition

To lead to cultural homogeneity

To result from globalization

To provoke a defense of tradition

To gather more and more momentum

OTHER GENERAL IDEAS (Questions about the theme):

read the text and make notes about the ideas.

The word masters job is to

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD

The passage persons job is to

REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE PASSAGE

REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE PASSAGE

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PASSAGES

Memorize these phrasal verbs.

Her teen-aged children are always hungry.

make off with run away with

The thief made off with a valuable

Tim made out that he hadn't seen the No

I made out a cheque for ten pounds.

Janet is really odd. I can't make her out.

to become friends again

Yesterday Joan and Jack had a big

invent / create (imaginary)

Judy's story is hard to believe. I'm sure she

make up for a to compensate for

Our success makes up for all the hard

put (someone) inconvenience someone

I hate to put you out, but I need a ride to

Harry is clever but he can't put his ideas

put forward a to offer (a proposal / a plan

Mr. Smith put forward the idea of